J. F. Addicott, Ecological Neighborhoods: Scaling Environmental Patterns, Oikos, vol.49, issue.3, p.340, 1987.

S. N. Alhadidi, J. N. Griffin, and M. S. Fowler, Natural enemy composition rather than richness determines pest suppression, BioControl, vol.63, issue.4, pp.575-584, 2018.

M. A. Altieri and D. K. Letourneau, Vegetation management and biological control in agroecosystems, Crop Protection, vol.1, issue.4, pp.405-430, 1982.

D. Bailey, Effects of habitat amount and isolation on biodiversity in fragmented traditional orchards, Journal of Applied Ecology, vol.47, issue.5, pp.1003-1013, 2010.

J. S. Bale, Herbivory in global climate change research: Direct effects of rising temperature on insect herbivores, Global Change Biology, vol.8, issue.1, pp.1-16, 2002.

-. Barrios and D. Neill, Fortune favours the bold: A higher predator reduces the impact of a native but not an invasive intermediate predator, Journal of Animal Ecology, vol.83, issue.3, pp.693-701, 2014.

R. G. Barry, Mountain climatology and past and potential future climatic changes in mountain regions: a review, Mountain Research & Development, vol.12, issue.1, pp.71-86, 1992.

R. G. Barry and R. J. Chorley, Atmosphere, weather and climate', Routledge, 2009.

C. Bellard, Impacts of climate change on the future of biodiversity, Ecology Letters, pp.365-377, 2012.
URL : https://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/hal-01359347

A. F. Bennett, Linkages in the landscape : the role of corridors and connectivity in wildlife conservation, IUCN. Gland and Cambridge, 2003.

J. Boisclair and B. Estevez, Lutter contre les insectes nuisibles en agriculture biologique: Intervenir en harmonie face à la complexité', in Phytoprotection, pp.83-90, 2006.

N. Boissot, B. Reynaud, and P. Letourmy, Temporal Analysis of Western Flower Thrips (Thysanoptera: Thripidae) Population Dynamics on Reunion Island, Environmental Entomology, vol.27, issue.6, pp.1437-1443, 1998.
URL : https://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/hal-02697980

E. Boncourt, Quantifier la perméabilité des domaines skiables pour la Grenouille rousse (Rana temporaria) : une approche combinant suivi GPS et génétique du paysage, p.155, 2019.

D. Bonte, Costs of dispersal, Biological Reviews, vol.87, issue.2, pp.290-312, 2012.

J. Bournier, Les Thysanoptères de l'île de la Réunion : Terebrantia', Bulletin de la Société entomologique de France. Persée -Portail des revues scientifiques en SHS, vol.105, pp.65-108, 2000.

G. Brehm, D. Süssenbach, and K. Fiedler, Unique elevational diversity patterns of geometrid moths in an Andean montane rainforest, Ecography, vol.26, issue.4, pp.456-466, 2003.

G. Brust, D. Egel, and E. Maynard, Organic Vegetable Production, pp.1-19, 2003.

F. Burel and J. Baudry, Ecologie du paysage. Concepts, méthodes et applications. Tec & Doc, 1999.
URL : https://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/hal-01210029

L. Cadet, La Ve?ge?tation de l'i?le de la Re?union: Etude Phytoecologique et, 1980.

I. Phytosociologique and . Cazal, Saint-Denis, p.18, 2020.

M. E. Cammell and J. D. Knight, Effects of Climatic Change on the Population Dynamics of Crop Pests, Advances in Ecological Research, vol.22, pp.117-162, 1992.

B. J. Cardinale, Biodiversity and biocontrol: Emergent impacts of a multienemy assemblage on pest suppression and crop yield in an agroecosystem, Ecology Letters, 2003.

, , pp.857-865

A. Casado, Etude de la structure et de la dynamique des paysages de montagne, 2007.

, Exemple du bassin versant de La Voireuze, affluent de l'Alagnon entre, p.51, 1948.

P. Casula, A. Wilby, and M. B. Thomas, Understanding biodiversity effects on prey in multi-enemy systems, Ecology letters, vol.9, issue.1, pp.995-1004, 2006.

D. Chamberlain, Alpine bird distributions along elevation gradients: the consistency of climate and habitat effects across geographic regions, vol.181, pp.1139-1150, 2016.

P. Chesson, Mechanisms of Maintenance of Species Diversity, Annual Review of Ecology and Systematics, vol.31, issue.1, pp.343-358, 2000.

R. I. Colautti, Is invasion success explained by the enemy release hypothesis?, Ecology Letters, pp.721-733, 2004.

R. K. Colwell and D. C. Lees, The mid-domain effect: Geometric constraints on the geography of species richness', Trends in Ecology and Evolution, pp.70-76, 2000.

D. Corcos, Environmental heterogeneity effects on predator and parasitoid insects vary across spatial scales and seasons : a multi-taxon approach, Insect Conservation and Diversity, vol.10, issue.6, pp.462-471, 2017.

D. Corcos, Predator and parasitoid insects along elevational gradients: role of temperature and habitat diversity, 2018.

D. J. Currie, Predictions and tests of climate-based hypotheses of broad-scale variation in taxonomic richness, Ecology Letters, pp.1121-1134, 2004.

M. Dainese, A global synthesis reveals biodiversity-mediated benefits for crop production, pp.1-14, 2019.
URL : https://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/hal-02361657

J. Deguine, P. Ferron, and D. Russell, Protection des cultures: de l'agrochimie à Introduction générale l'agroécologie', Editions Quaie, 2008.

. Guine,+jean-philippe and . +ferron,

. W0v-qp74_, , p.18, 2020.

M. Denoth, L. Frid, and J. H. Myers, Multiple agents in biological control: Improving the odds?, Biological Control, vol.24, issue.1, pp.20-30, 2002.

W. A. Dick, Agroecology: Ecological Processes in Sustainable Agriculture, Journal of Environment Quality, vol.28, issue.1, p.354, 1999.

S. Diehl and M. Feissel, Intraguild prey suffer from enrichment of their resources: A microcosm experiment with ciliates, Ecology. Ecological Society of America, vol.82, issue.11, pp.2977-2983, 2001.

R. Duflot, He?te?roge?ne?ite? fonctionnelle et biodiversite? : quel est le rôle des interfaces ou lisières dans les paysages agricoles ?, 2013.

J. B. Dunning, B. J. Danielson, and H. R. Pulliam, Ecological processes that effect populations in complex landscapes, Oikos, vol.65, pp.169-175, 1992.

S. P. Ellner and L. Becks, Rapid prey evolution and the dynamics of two-predator food webs, Theoretical Ecology, vol.4, issue.2, pp.133-152, 2011.

E. Étilé, Pratiques agricoles favorisant la re?pression des ravageurs des cultures par leurs pre?dateurs naturels, Agriculture et Agroalimentaire Canada, 2013.

R. M. Ewers and R. K. Didham, Confounding factors in the detection of species responses to habitat fragmentation, Biological Reviews of the Cambridge Philosophical Society, pp.117-142, 2006.

L. Fahrig, Effects of Habitat Fragmentation on Biodiversity, Annual Review of Ecology, Evolution, and Systematics, pp.487-515, 2003.

L. Fahrig, Functional landscape heterogeneity and animal biodiversity in Introduction générale agricultural landscapes, Ecology Letters, vol.14, issue.2, pp.101-112, 2011.

L. Fahrig, Rethinking patch size and isolation effects: The habitat amount hypothesis, Journal of Biogeography, vol.40, issue.9, pp.1649-1663, 2013.

L. Fahrig, Ecological Responses to Habitat Fragmentation Per Se, Annual Review of Ecology, Evolution, and Systematics, vol.48, issue.1, pp.1-23, 2017.

L. Fahrig, Habitat fragmentation: A long and tangled tale, Global Ecology and Biogeography, vol.28, issue.1, pp.33-41, 2019.

L. Fahrig, Is habitat fragmentation bad for biodiversity?', Biological Conservation, vol.230, pp.179-186, 2018.

L. Fahrig and W. K. Nuttle, Population Ecology in Spatially Heterogeneous Environments', in Ecosystem Function in Heterogeneous Landscapes, pp.95-118, 2007.

D. L. Finke and R. F. Denno, Intra-guild predation relaxes natural enemy impacts on herbivore populations, Ecological Entomology, vol.28, issue.1, pp.67-73, 2003.

D. L. Finke and R. F. Denno, Spatial refuge from intraguild predation: Implications for prey suppression and trophic cascades, Oecologia, vol.149, issue.2, pp.265-275, 2006.

R. J. Fletcher, Is habitat fragmentation good for biodiversity?', Biological Conservation, vol.226, pp.9-15, 2018.

K. D. Floate, Conservation Biological Control, Environmental Entomology, vol.29, issue.3, pp.669-669, 2000.

M. M. Fonseca, How to evaluate the potential occurrence of intraguild predation, Experimental and Applied Acarology, vol.72, issue.2, pp.103-114, 2017.

M. M. Fonseca, Ontogenetic stage-specific reciprocal intraguild predation, 2018.

, Oecologia, vol.188, issue.3, pp.743-751

R. Forman, Land Mosaics: The Ecology of Landscapes and Regions, p.17, 1995.

R. T. Forman and M. Godron, Landscape Ecology, 1986.

E. Frago, Interactions between parasitoids and higher order natural enemies : intraguild predation and hyperparasitoids', Current Opinion in Insect Science, vol.14, pp.81-86, 2016.

E. Frago and H. C. Godfray, Avoidance of intraguild predation leads to a long-term positive trait-mediated indirect effect in an insect community, Oecologia, vol.174, issue.3, pp.943-952, 2014.

A. B. Franklin, B. R. Noon, and T. L. George, What is habitat fragmentation?, Studies in Avian Biology, issue.25, pp.20-29, 2002.

D. Frey, Predation risk shaped by habitat and landscape complexity in urban environments, Journal of Applied Ecology, vol.55, issue.5, pp.2343-2353, 2018.

G. L. Fry, Landscape ecology of insect movement in arable ecosystems', in Ecology and Integrated Farming Systems, pp.177-202, 1995.

T. Fukami, Above-and below-ground impacts of introduced predators in seabird-dominated island ecosystems, Ecology Letters, vol.9, issue.12, pp.1299-1307, 2006.

A. È. Gagnon, G. E. Heimpel, and J. Brodeur, The ubiquity of intraguild predation among predatory arthropods, PLoS ONE, vol.6, issue.11, p.28061, 2011.

H. K. Gill, Onion thrips (Thysanoptera: Thripidae) biology, ecology, and management in onion production systems, Journal of Integrated Pest Management, vol.6, issue.1, 2015.

J. Grilli, Higher-order interactions stabilize dynamics in competitive network models, Nature, vol.548, issue.7666, pp.210-213, 2017.

N. L. Haan, Y. Zhang, and D. A. Landis, Predicting Landscape Configuration Effects on Agricultural Pest Suppression', Trends in Ecology and Evolution, 2019.

N. M. Haddad, Order of invasion affects the spatial distribution of a reciprocal intraguild predator, Science Advances, vol.1, issue.2, pp.79-89, 2010.

T. Hance, Impact of Extreme Temperatures on Parasitoids in a Climate Change Perspective, Annual Review of Entomology, vol.52, issue.1, pp.107-126, 2007.
URL : https://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/hal-00085740

R. A. Hansen, Effects of habitat complexity and composition on a diverse litter microarthropod assemblage, Ecology. Ecological Society of America, vol.81, issue.4, pp.1120-1132, 2000.

R. Harrington, R. A. Fleming, and I. P. Woiwod, Climate change impacts on insect management and conservation in temperate regions: Can they be predicted?, Agricultural and Forest Entomology, pp.233-240, 2001.

B. A. Hawkins, Energy, water, and broad-scale geographic patterns of species richness, Ecology, pp.3105-3117, 2003.
URL : https://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/hal-02393050

N. Helyer, N. D. Cattlin, and K. C. Brown, Biological Control in Plant Protection, 2014.

K. Henein, J. Wegner, and G. Merriam, Population Effects of Landscape Model Manipulation on Two Behaviourally Different Woodland Small Mammals, Oikos. JSTOR, vol.81, issue.1, p.168, 1998.

L. Herbertsson, Competition between managed honeybees and wild bumblebees depends on landscape context, Basic and Applied Ecology. Elsevier GmbH, vol.17, issue.7, pp.609-616, 2016.

N. A. Hessein and M. Parrella, Predatory mites help control thrips on floriculture crops, vol.44, pp.19-21, 1990.

R. Hillerislambers and U. Dieckmann, Competition and predation in simple food webs: Intermediately strong trade-offs maximize coexistence, Proceedings of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences, vol.270, pp.2591-2598, 1533.

V. Hin, Coexistence of predator and prey in intraguild predation systems with ontogenetic niche shifts, American Naturalist, vol.178, issue.6, pp.701-714, 2011.

M. S. Hoddle and L. A. Mound, The genus Scirtothrips in Australia (Insecta, Thysanoptera, Thripidae)', Zootaxa, vol.268, p.1, 2003.

I. D. Hodkinson, Terrestrial insects along elevation gradients: species and community responses to altitude, Biological Reviews, vol.80, issue.03, pp.489-513, 2005.

R. D. Holt and G. R. Huxel, Alternative prey and the dynamics of intraguild predation: Theoretical perspectives, Ecology, vol.88, issue.11, pp.2706-2712, 2007.

R. D. Holt and G. A. Polis, A theoretical framework for intraguild predation, American Naturalist, vol.149, issue.4, pp.745-764, 1997.

J. Iantas, F. C. Gruchowski-woitowicz, and M. L. Buschini, Habitat modification and alpha-beta diversity in trap nesting bees and wasps (Hymenoptera: Aculeata) in southern Brazil', Tropical Zoology, vol.30, pp.83-96, 2017.

M. Jacquot, Arthropod diversity is governed by bottom-up and top-down forces in a tropical agroecosystem, Ecosystems & Environment, vol.285, p.106623, 2019.
URL : https://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/hal-02285805

A. Janssen, Habitat structure affects intraguild predation, Ecology, vol.88, issue.11, pp.2713-2719, 2007.

G. A. Jones and K. E. Sieving, Intercropping sunflower in organic vegetables to augment bird predators of arthropods, Agriculture, Ecosystems and Environment, vol.117, issue.2-3, pp.171-177, 2006.

M. Jonsson, R. Kaartinen, and C. S. Straub, Relationships between natural enemy diversity and biological control', Current Opinion in Insect Science, pp.1-6, 2017.

C. Körner, The use of "altitude" in ecological research, Trends in Ecology and Evolution, vol.22, issue.11, pp.569-574, 2007.

A. Kruess and T. Tscharntke, Effects of Habitat Fragmentation on Plant-Insect Communities, Interchanges of Insects between Agricultural and Surrounding Landscapes, pp.53-70, 2000.

C. L'europe and . De, , 2000.

L. Laanisto, Microfragmentation concept explains non-positive environmental heterogeneity -diversity relationships, Oecologia, vol.171, issue.1, pp.217-226, 2013.

D. A. Landis, S. D. Wratten, and G. M. Gurr, Habitat Management to Conserve Natural Enemies of Arthropod Pests in Agriculture, Annual Review of Entomology, vol.45, issue.1, pp.175-201, 2000.

V. Lefebvre, Altitudinal, temporal and trophic partitioning of flower-visitors in Alpine communities, Scientific Reports. Springer US, vol.8, issue.1, pp.1-12, 2018.
URL : https://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/hal-01757820

D. K. Letourneau, Effects of Natural Enemy Biodiversity on the Suppression of, 2009.

, Arthropod Herbivores in Terrestrial Ecosystems, Annual Review of Ecology

. Systematics, , vol.40, pp.573-592

S. A. Levin, Community Equilibria and Stability, and an Extension of the Competitive Exclusion Principle', The American Naturalist, vol.104, pp.413-423, 1970.

J. E. Losey and R. F. Denno, Positive Predator-Predator Interactions: Enhanced Predation Rates and Synergistic Suppression of Aphid Populations, Ecology, vol.79, issue.6, pp.2143-2152, 1998.

É. Lucas, Prédation intraguilde et lutte biologique, 2001.

É. Lucas, Intraguild predation among aphidophagous predators, European Journal of Entomology, pp.351-364, 2005.

È. Lucas, D. Coderre, and J. Brodeur, Intraguild predation among aphid predators: Introduction générale Characterization and influence of extraguild prey density, Ecology, vol.79, issue.3, pp.1084-1092, 1998.

G. W. Luck, A review of the relationships between human population density and biodiversity, Biological Reviews, pp.607-645, 2007.

R. H. Macarthur and E. O. Wilson, The Theory of Island biogeography, 1967.

A. Macleod, J. Head, and A. Gaunt, An assessment of the potential economic impact of Thrips palmi on horticulture in England and the significance of a successful eradication campaign, Crop Protection, vol.23, issue.7, pp.601-610, 2004.

R. V. Marques, Reciprocal intraguild predation and predator coexistence, Ecology and Evolution, vol.8, issue.14, pp.6952-6964, 2018.

M. Marullo-rita and . Laurence, Thrips and tospoviruses, Thrips and Tospoviruses: Proc. 7th, 2002.

, Intl. Symp. ?. Available

C. M. Mccain, Global analysis of bird elevational diversity, Global Ecology and Biogeography, vol.18, issue.3, pp.346-360, 2009.

C. M. Mccain, Elevational gradients in diversity of small mammals, Ecology, vol.86, issue.2, pp.366-372, 2005.

C. M. Mccain, Area and mammalian elevational diversity, Ecology, vol.88, issue.1, pp.76-86, 2007.

C. M. Mccain and J. Grytnes, Elevational Gradients in Species Richness, Encyclopedia of Life Sciences, pp.1-10, 2010.

K. Mcgarigal and S. A. Cushman, Comparative evaluation of experimental approaches to the study of habitat fragmentation effects', Ecological Applications, pp.335-345, 2002.

R. B. Mckane, Resource-based niches provide a basis for plant species diversity and dominance in arctic tundra, Nature, issue.6867, pp.68-71, 2002.

G. L. Melo, Testing the habitat amount hypothesis for South American small mammals', Biological Conservation, vol.209, pp.304-314, 2017.

G. J. Messelink, Biological control of aphids in the presence of thrips and their enemies, Biocontrol, vol.58, issue.1, pp.45-55, 2013.

M. Milne and G. H. Walter, The significance of prey in the diet of the phytophagous thrips, Frankliniella schultzei, Ecological Entomology, vol.22, issue.1, pp.74-81, 1997.

M. Milne and G. H. Walter, Significance of mite prey in the diet of the onion thrips Thrips tabaci Lindeman (Thysanoptera: Thripidae), Australian Journal of Entomology, vol.37, issue.2, pp.120-124, 1998.

M. Milne and G. H. Walter, Feeding and breeding across host plants within a locality by the widespread thrips Frankliniella schultzei, and the invasive potential of polyphagous herbivores, Diversity and Distributions, vol.6, issue.5, pp.243-257, 2000.

G. G. Mittelbach, Evolution and the latitudinal diversity gradient: Speciation, extinction and biogeography, Ecology Letters, pp.315-331, 2007.

M. Montserrat, Invasion success in communities with reciprocal intraguild predation depends on the stage structure of the resident population, Oikos, vol.121, pp.67-76, 2012.

D. C. Morris and L. A. Mound, Molecular relationships between populations of South African citrus thrips (Scirtothrips aurantii Faure) in South Africa and Queensland, Australia, Australian Journal of Entomology, vol.43, issue.4, pp.353-358, 2004.

J. G. Morse and M. S. Hoddle, INVASION BIOLOGY OF THRIPS, Annual Review of Entomology, vol.51, issue.1, pp.67-89, 2006.

L. A. Mound, THYSANOPTERA : Diversity and Interactions', Review Literature Introduction générale, 2005.

, And Arts Of The Americas, vol.50, pp.247-269

L. A. Mound and G. Kibby, Thysanoptera: an identification guide, Cab International. CAB INTERNATIONAL, 1998.

L. A. Mound and K. Minaei, Australian thrips of the Haplothrips lineage (Insecta: Thysanoptera), Journal of Natural History, vol.41, pp.2919-2978, 2007.

L. A. Mound and A. K. Walker, Terebrantia (Insecta: Thysanoptera), vol.1, 1982.

C. B. Müller and J. Brodeur, Intraguild predation in biological control and conservation biology, Biological Control, pp.216-223, 2002.

J. H. Myers, C. Higgins, and E. Kovacs, How Many Insect Species are Necessary for the Biological Control of Insects?, Environmental Entomology, vol.18, issue.4, pp.541-547, 1989.

T. D. Northfield, B. T. Barton, and O. J. Schmitz, A spatial theory for emergent multiple predator-prey interactions in food webs, Ecology and Evolution, vol.7, issue.17, pp.6935-6948, 2017.

D. M. Pavuk, H. Charles, R. L. Pickett, and . Bugg, Enhancing Biological Control: Habitat Management to Promote Natural Enemies of Agricultural Pests, The Quarterly Review of Biology, vol.74, issue.4, pp.489-489, 1999.

R. S. Pfannenstiel and K. Yeargan, Identification and Diel Activity Patterns of Predators Attacking Helicoverpa zea (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae) Eggs in Soybean and Sweet Corn, Environmental Entomology, vol.31, issue.2, pp.232-241, 2002.

J. Pizzol, Diversity of Thysanoptera species and associated host plants in Southern France, Journal of Mediterranean Ecology, 2017.

G. A. Polis, W. B. Anderson, and R. D. Holt, Toward an integration of landscape and food web ecology: The dynamics of spatially subsidized food webs, Annual Review of Ecology and Systematics, pp.289-316, 1997.

G. A. Polis and R. D. Holt, Intraguild predation: The dynamics of complex trophic Introduction générale interactions', Trends in Ecology and Evolution, pp.151-154, 1992.

G. A. Polis, C. A. Myers, and R. D. Holt, The ecology and evolution of intraguild predation: potential competitors that eat each other, Annual Review of Ecology and Systematics, vol.20, issue.1, pp.297-330, 1989.

K. K. Prescott and D. A. Andow, Co-occurrence among Intraguild Predators: Avoidance or Aggregation?, Environmental Entomology, vol.47, issue.3, pp.559-566, 2018.

C. Rahbek, The role of spatial scale and the perception of large-scale species-richness patterns, Ecology Letters, vol.8, issue.2, pp.224-239, 2005.

R. A. Ramirez and W. E. Snyder, Scared sick? predator-pathogen facilitation enhances exploitation of a shared resource, Ecology, vol.90, issue.10, pp.2832-2839, 2009.

P. Reynaud, Thrips (Thysanoptera), BioRisk, vol.4, issue.2, pp.767-791, 2010.
URL : https://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/hal-02661347

J. A. Rosenheim, Intraguild predation among biological-control agents: Theory and evidence, Biological Control, vol.5, issue.3, pp.303-335, 1995.

T. Roslin, Higher predation risk for insect prey at low latitudes and elevations, Science, vol.356, issue.6339, pp.742-744, 2017.

M. R. Rossetti, Responses of insect herbivores and herbivory to habitat fragmentation: a hierarchical meta-analysis, Ecology Letters, vol.20, issue.2, pp.264-272, 2017.

K. Sam, B. Koane, and V. Novotny, Herbivore damage increases avian and ant predation of caterpillars on trees along a complete elevational forest gradient in Papua New Guinea, Ecography, vol.38, issue.3, pp.293-300, 2015.

C. Sampson and W. D. Kirk, Predatory mites double the economic injury level of Frankliniella occidentalis in strawberry, BioControl, issue.6, pp.661-669, 2016.

N. J. Sanders, J. Moss, and D. Wagner, Patterns of ant species richness along Introduction générale elevational gradients in an arid ecosystem, Global Ecology and Biogeography, vol.12, issue.2, pp.93-102, 2003.

S. Saura, Ö. Bodin, and M. J. Fortin, EDITOR'S CHOICE: Stepping stones are crucial for species' long-distance dispersal and range expansion through habitat networks, Journal of Applied Ecology. Edited by J. Frair, vol.51, issue.1, pp.171-182, 2014.

T. Schellekens and T. Van-kooten, Coexistence of two stage-structured intraguild predators, Journal of Theoretical Biology, vol.308, pp.36-44, 2012.

O. J. Schmitz, Predators have large effects on ecosystem properties by changing plant diversity, not plant biomass, Ecology. Ecological Society of America, vol.87, issue.6, pp.1432-1437, 2006.

O. J. Schmitz, Predator Diversity and Trophic Interactions, Ecology, vol.88, issue.10, pp.2415-2426, 2007.

S. Shakya, M. Coll, and P. G. Weintraub, Incorporation of Intraguild Predation Into a Pest Management Decision-Making Tool: The Case of Thrips and Two Pollen-Feeding Predators in Strawberry, Journal of Economic Entomology, vol.103, issue.4, pp.1086-1093, 2010.

A. Sih, Predation risk and the evolutionary ecology of reproductive behaviour, Journal of Fish Biology, vol.45, pp.111-130, 1994.

A. Sih, G. Englund, and D. Wooster, Emergent impacts of multiple predators on prey, Trends in Ecology and Evolution, vol.13, issue.9, pp.1437-1439, 1998.

J. Silvertown, Plant coexistence and the niche', Trends in Ecology and Evolution, pp.605-611, 2004.

A. C. Smith, L. Fahrig, and C. M. Francis, Landscape size affects the relative importance of habitat amount, habitat fragmentation, and matrix quality on forest birds, Ecography, vol.34, issue.1, pp.103-113, 2011.

T. W. Smith and J. T. Lundholm, Environmental geometry and heterogeneitydiversity relationships in spatially explicit simulated communities, Journal of Vegetation Science, vol.23, issue.4, pp.732-744, 2012.

G. B. Snyder, D. L. Finke, and W. E. Snyder, Predator biodiversity strengthens aphid suppression across single-and multiple-species prey communities, Biological Control, vol.44, issue.1, pp.52-60, 2008.

L. Sokol-hessner and O. J. Schmitz, Aggregate effects of multiple predator species on a shared prey, Ecology. Ecological Society of America, vol.83, issue.9, pp.2367-2372, 2002.

P. Stassart, L'agroécologie : trajectoire et potentiel Pour une transition vers des systèmes alimentaires durables, p.18, 2012.

I. Steffan-dewenter, Scale-Dependent Effects of Landscape Context on Three Pollinator Guilds, Ecology, vol.83, issue.5, pp.1421-1432, 2002.

A. Stein and H. Kreft, Terminology and quantification of environmental heterogeneity in species-richness research, Biological Reviews, vol.90, issue.3, pp.815-836, 2015.

D. Strasberg, An Assessment of habitat diversity and transformation on La Réunion Island (Mascarene Islands, Indian Ocean) as a basis for identifying broad-scale conservation priorities, Biodiversity and Conservation, vol.14, issue.12, pp.3015-3032, 2005.

C. S. Straub, D. L. Finke, and W. E. Snyder, Are the conservation of natural enemy biodiversity and biological control compatible goals?, Biological Control, vol.45, issue.2, pp.225-237, 2008.

S. Y. Strauss and R. Karban, Selection, Dispersal and Mode of Reproduction: Attributes Contributing to Local Adaptation by Apterothrips apteris to Erigeron glaucus, 1995.

T. Biology, . Management, . Springer, and . Us, , pp.537-544

M. K. Sundqvist, N. J. Sanders, and D. A. Wardle, Community and Ecosystem Responses to Elevational Gradients: Processes, Mechanisms, and Insights for Global Change, Evolution, and Systematics, vol.44, issue.1, pp.261-280, 2013.

C. Thenail, The contribution of crop-rotation organization in farms to crop, 2009.
URL : https://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/halsde-00419540

B. Barto?, MuMIn: Multi-Model Inference, 2019.

D. Bates, M. Maechler, B. Bolker, and S. Walker, lme4: Linear mixed-effects models using Eigen and S4. R package version 1, pp.1-7, 2014.

P. Breheny and W. Burchett, Visualization of regression models using visreg, R Journal, 2017.

S. Dray, D. Bauman, G. Blanchet, D. Borcard, S. Clappe et al., adespatial: Multivariate Multiscale Spatial Analysis, 2018.

J. Fox, S. Weisberg, D. Adler, D. Bates, G. Baud-bovy et al., car: Companion to Applied Regression, 2018.

R. J. Hijmans, raster: Geographic Data Analysis and Modeling. R package version 2.9-5, 2019.

T. C. Hsieh, K. H. Ma, and A. Chao, iNEXT: an R package for rarefaction and extrapolation of species diversity (Hill numbers), Methods in Ecology and Evolution, vol.7, issue.12, pp.1451-1456, 2016.

D. Luo, S. Ganesh, and J. Koolaard, predictmeans: Calculate Predicted Means for Linear Models, 2018.

J. Oksanen, F. G. Blanchet, M. Friendly, R. Kindt, P. Legendre et al., , 2017.

E. Paradis and K. Schliep, Ape 5.0: An environment for modern phylogenetics and evolutionary analyses in R, Bioinformatics, 2019.
URL : https://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/ird-01920132

L. Cadet, La Ve?ge?tation de l'i?le de la Re?union: Etude Phytoecologique et, 1980.

I. Phytosociologique and . Cazal, Saint-Denis, p.18, 2020.

L. Fahrig, Rethinking patch size and isolation effects: The habitat amount hypothesis, Journal of Biogeography, vol.40, issue.9, pp.1649-1663, 2013.

R. J. Fletcher, Is habitat fragmentation good for biodiversity?', Biological Conservation, vol.226, pp.9-15, 2018.

N. M. Haddad, Habitat fragmentation and its lasting impact on Earth's ecosystems, Science Advances, vol.1, issue.2, pp.1-10, 2015.
URL : https://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/hal-02960235

P. Legendre and M. De-cáceres, Beta diversity as the variance of community data: Dissimilarity coefficients and partitioning, Ecology Letters, vol.16, issue.8, pp.951-963, 2013.

R. H. Macarthur and E. O. Wilson, The Theory of Island biogeography, 1967.

A. S. Mori, F. Isbell, and R. Seidl, ?-Diversity, Community Assembly, and Ecosystem Functioning', Trends in Ecology and Evolution, vol.33, pp.549-564, 2018.

H. M. Pereira, Scenarios for global biodiversity in the 21st century, Science, pp.1496-1501, 2010.

M. R. Rands, Biodiversity conservation: Challenges beyond, 2010.

, , pp.1298-1303

R. Bournier and A. , Deux espèces nouvelles de Thysanoptères muscicoles de l'île de la Réunion, vol.84, pp.147-153, 1979.

A. Bournier, Nouvelles espèces muscicoles de la Réunion, vol.5, pp.67-78, 1988.

A. Bournier, Thysanoptères muscicoles de la Réunion III. L'entomologiste, vol.46, pp.301-310, 1990.

J. Bournier, Les Thysanoptères de l'île de la Réunion: Terebrantia. Bulletin de la Société entomologique de France, vol.105, pp.65-108, 2000.

D. Eliyahu, A. C. Mccall, M. Lauck, A. Trakhtenbrot, and J. L. Bronstein, Minute pollinators: The role of thrips (Thysanoptera) as pollinators of pointleaf manzanita, Arctostaphylos pungens (Ericaceae), Journal of pollination Ecology, vol.16, pp.64-71, 2015.

P. Garcia-fayos and A. Goldarazena, The role of thrips in pollination of Arctostaphyllos uva-ursi, International Journal of Plant Sciences, vol.169, issue.6, pp.776-781, 2008.

L. A. Mound, Species of the genus Thrips (Thysanoptera, Thripidae) from the Afro-tropical region, Zootaxa, issue.1, pp.1-24, 2010.

L. A. Mound and R. Marullo, The thrips of Central and South America: an introduction (Insecta: Thysanoptera), Memoirs on Entomology, International, vol.6, pp.1-488, 1996.

J. M. Palmer, Thrips (Thysanoptera) from Pakistan to the Pacific: a review, Bulletin British Museum Natural History, Entomology, issue.1, pp.1-76, 1992.

A. Plenet, Parasites animaux des principales plantes cultivées à la Réunion. Congrès de la protection des cultures tropicales: C.R. des travaux, Chambre de commerce et d'industrie, pp.203-216, 1965.

. Thripswiki, ThripsWiki -providing information on the World's thrips, 2019.

R. Zur-strassen, On Thysanoptera (Insecta) from Mascarene Islands in the Indian Ocean, Zoology (Journal of Pure and Applied Zoology), vol.4, pp.445-457, 1993.

S. N. Alhadidi, J. N. Griffin, and M. S. Fowler, Natural enemy composition rather than richness determines pest suppression, BioControl, vol.63, issue.4, pp.575-584, 2018.

P. Amarasekare, Competitive coexistence in spatially structured environments: A synthesis, Ecology Letters, vol.6, issue.12, pp.1109-1122, 2003.

S. Arthurs, Evaluation of Neoseiulus cucumeris and Amblyseius swirskii (Acari: Phytoseiidae) as biological control agents of chilli thrips, Scirtothrips dorsalis (Thysanoptera: Thripidae) on pepper, Biological Control, vol.49, issue.1, pp.91-96, 2009.

L. Bao-fundora, Intraguild predation of Geocoris punctipes on Eretmocerus eremicus and its influence on the control of the whitefly Trialeurodes vaporariorum, Pest Management Science, vol.72, issue.6, pp.1110-1116, 2016.
URL : https://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/hal-02630930

K. Bolckmans, Y. M. Van-houten, and H. Hoogerbrugge, Biological Control Of Whiteflies And Western Flower Thrips In Greenhouse Sweet Peppers With The Phytoseiid Predatory Mite Amblyseius Swirskii Athias-Henriot (Acari: Phytoseiidae), Second International Symposium on Biological Control of Arthropods, p.28, 2005.

R. Buitenhuis, L. Shipp, and C. Scott-dupree, Dispersal of Amblyseius swirskii Athias-Henriot (Acari: Phytoseiidae) on potted greenhouse chrysanthemum, Biological Control, vol.52, issue.2, pp.110-114, 2010.

R. Buitenhuis, L. Shipp, and C. Scott-dupree, Intra-guild vs extra-guild prey: Effect on predator fitness and preference of Amblyseius swirskii (Athias-Henriot) and Neoseiulus cucumeris (Oudemans) (Acari: Phytoseiidae), Bulletin of Entomological Research, vol.100, issue.2, pp.167-173, 2010.

P. Casula, A. Wilby, and M. B. Thomas, Understanding biodiversity effects on prey in multi-enemy systems, Ecology letters, vol.9, issue.1, pp.995-1004, 2006.

D. W. Crowder, Organic agriculture promotes evenness and natural pest control, Nature, vol.466, issue.7302, pp.109-112, 2010.

M. Dainese, A global synthesis reveals biodiversity-mediated benefits for crop production, pp.1-14, 2019.
URL : https://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/hal-02361657

M. Denoth, L. Frid, and J. H. Myers, Multiple agents in biological control: Improving the odds?, Biological Control, vol.24, issue.1, pp.2-6, 2002.

K. Embar, Predator facilitation or interference: A game of vipers and owls, vol.174, pp.1301-1309, 2014.

D. L. Finke and R. F. Denno, Spatial refuge from intraguild predation: Implications for prey suppression and trophic cascades, Oecologia, vol.149, issue.2, pp.265-275, 2006.

M. M. Fonseca, Ontogenetic stage-specific reciprocal intraguild predation, vol.188, pp.743-751, 2018.

J. Fox and S. Weisberg, An {R} Companion to Applied Regression. Second. Sage. Available, 2011.

E. Frago and H. C. Godfray, Avoidance of intraguild predation leads to a long-term positive trait-mediated indirect effect in an insect community, Oecologia, vol.174, issue.3, pp.943-952, 2014.

O. Friard and M. ;. Gamba, BORIS: a free, versatile open-source event-logging software for video/audio coding and live observations', Methods in Ecology and Evolution, vol.7, pp.79-89, 2010.

, Chapitre 2 -Effets de la diversité des ennemis naturels sur les communautés de thrips

D. P. Harrington and T. R. Fleming, A class of rank test procedures for censored survival data, Biometrika, vol.69, issue.3, pp.553-566, 1982.

F. M. Hoda, Effect of different types of food on fecundity of predacious mite Amblyseius swirskii Athias-Henriot (Acari: Phytoseiidae).', Bulletin de la Société Entomologique d'Égypte, p.28, 1986.

R. D. Holt and G. R. Huxel, Alternative prey and the dynamics of intraguild predation: Theoretical perspectives, Ecology, vol.88, issue.11, pp.2706-2712, 2007.

H. Hoogerbrugge, Screening of three phytoseiid mite species as biocontrol agents of Echinothrips americanus', IOBC WPRS Bulletin. International Organization for Biological and Integrated Control of Noxious Animals and Plants (OIBC/OILB), West Palaearctic Regional Section, vol.102, pp.97-101, 2014.

T. Hothorn, F. Bretz, and P. Westfall, Simultaneous inference in general parametric models, Biometrical Journal, pp.346-363, 2008.

D. D. Ingram, D. M. Makuc, and J. J. Feldman, Re: "Time-to-event analysis of longitudinal follow-up of a survey: choice of the time-scale, American journal of epidemiology, pp.528-529, 1997.

J. M. Kneitel and J. M. Chase, Trade-offs in community ecology: Linking spatial scales and species coexistence, Ecology Letters, pp.69-80, 2004.

V. Kumar, Effect of Pollens of Various Ornamental Pepper Cultivars on the Development and Reproduction of Amblyseius swirskii (Acari: Phytoseiidae)', Florida Entomologist, vol.97, pp.367-373, 2014.

D. K. Letourneau, Effects of Natural Enemy Biodiversity on the Suppression of, 2009.

, Arthropod Herbivores in Terrestrial Ecosystems, Annual Review of Ecology

. Systematics, , vol.40, pp.573-592

J. M. Levine and M. Rees, Coexistence and relative abundance in annual plant assemblages: The roles of competition and colonization, American Naturalist, vol.160, issue.4, pp.452-467, 2002.

R. Levins and D. Culver, Regional Coexistence of Species and Competition between Rare Species, Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, vol.68, pp.1246-1248, 1971.

J. E. Losey and R. F. Denno, Positive Predator-Predator Interactions: Enhanced Predation Rates and Synergistic Suppression of Aphid Populations, Ecology, vol.79, issue.6, pp.2143-2152, 1998.

R. V. Marques, Reciprocal intraguild predation and predator coexistence, Ecology and Evolution, vol.8, issue.14, pp.6952-6964, 2018.

G. J. Messelink, Biological control of thrips and whiteflies by a shared predator: Two pests are better than one, Biological Control, vol.44, issue.3, pp.372-379, 2008.

G. J. Messelink, Biological control of aphids in the presence of thrips and their enemies, Biocontrol, vol.58, issue.1, pp.45-55, 2013.

M. Montserrat, Invasion success in communities with reciprocal intraguild predation depends on the stage structure of the resident population, Oikos, vol.121, pp.67-76, 2012.

K. K. Prescott and D. A. Andow, Co-occurrence among Intraguild Predators: Avoidance or Aggregation?, Environmental Entomology, vol.47, issue.3, pp.559-566, 2018.

, R: A language and environment for statistical computing, R Development Core Team, 2009.

, R Foundation for Statistical Computing, p.22, 2009.

A. H. Rasmy, G. M. Abou-el-ella, and H. E. Hussein, Cannibalism and interspecific predation of the phytoseiid mite, Amblyseius swirskii, Journal of Pest Science, vol.77, issue.1, pp.23-26, 2004.

A. Rodríguez, G. Jansson, and H. Andrén, Composition of an avian guild in spatially structured habitats supports a competition-colonization trade-off, Proceedings of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences, vol.274, pp.1403-1411, 1616.

P. Schausberger and B. A. Croft, Cannibalism and intraguild predation among phytoseiid mites: Are aggressiveness and prey preference related to diet specialization?, Experimental and Applied Acarology, vol.24, issue.9, pp.709-725, 2000.

T. Schellekens and T. Van-kooten, Coexistence of two stage-structured intraguild predators, Journal of Theoretical Biology, vol.308, pp.36-44, 2012.

O. J. Schmitz, Predator Diversity and Trophic Interactions, Ecology, vol.88, issue.10, pp.2415-2426, 2007.

A. Sih, G. Englund, and D. Wooster, Emergent impacts of multiple predators on prey, Trends in Ecology and Evolution, vol.13, issue.9, pp.1437-1439, 1998.

E. Swirski, S. Amitai, and N. Dorzia, Laboratory Studies on the Feeding, Development and Reproduction of the Predaceous Mites Amblyseius rubini Swirski and Amitai and Amblyseius swirskii Athias (Acarina: Phytoseidae) on various kinds of food substances, Israel Journal of Agricultural Research, vol.17, issue.2, p.28, 1967.

J. M. Tylianakis and C. M. Romo, Natural enemy diversity and biological control: Making sense of the context-dependency, Basic and Applied Ecology, vol.11, issue.8, pp.657-668, 2010.

Z. L. Wang, Competition and coexistence in regional habitats, American Naturalist, vol.159, issue.5, pp.498-508, 2002.

D. Wimmer, D. Hoffmann, and P. Schausberger, Prey suitability of western flower thrips, Frankliniella occidentalis, and onion thrips, Thrips tabaci, for the predatory mite Amblyseius swirskii, Biocontrol Science and Technology, vol.18, issue.6, pp.541-550, 2008.

I. D. Zannou and R. Hanna, Clarifying the identity of Amblyseius swirskii and Amblyseius rykei (Acari: Phytoseiidae): Are they two distinct species or two populations of one species?, Experimental and Applied Acarology, vol.53, issue.4, pp.339-347, 2011.

, Comparison tests adult A. swirkii -no adult adult P. mexicanus -no adult adult A. swirkii -adult P. mexicanus

. Snyder, De nombreuses études portant sur le contrôle biologique, contre les insectes ravageurs de cultures, utilisent une combinaison d'ennemis naturels généralistes et de spécialistes, 2008.

. Sih, Ce qui peut entraîner une complémentarité dans l'exploitation des proies et ainsi augmenter de manière synergique le taux de consommation des proies, Les prédateurs généralistes et les parasitoïdes présentent généralement des différences claires dans leurs stratégies de recherche de nourriture, 1998.

;. Au-regard-de-notre-Étude and . Bolckmans, ) : la chasse active, la chasse de type « sit-and-pursue » et la chasse d'embuscade ou de type « sitand-wait ». La chasse est dite active lorsque le prédateur cherche sa proie en se déplaçant régulièrement. C'est le cas chez les acariens prédateurs. La chasse de type « sit-and-pursue », lorsque le prédateur attend sa proie et la poursuit activement une fois qu'il l'a identifiée. C'est le cas, par exemple, des araignées Misumenops spp. La chasse de type « sit-and-wait » lorsque le prédateur reste essentiellement immobile et n'attaque la proie que lorsque celle-ci se trouve à sa portée, à distance de capture immédiate. C'est le cas des punaises Nabis spp. Les chasseurs actifs générèrent généralement plus de mortalité dans les populations des proies parce qu'ils Discussion générale sont moins prévisibles. Tandis que les chasseurs de types « sit-and-pursue » et « sit-and-wait », moins actifs, plus prévisibles, causent moins de mortalité, 2005.

, Au regard de notre étude, le mode de chasse ne peut pas être le trait fonctionnel expliquant la complémentarité entre P. mexicanus et A. swirskii. Les deux acariens sont des chasseurs actifs, ils cherchent leur proie en se déplaçant régulièrement

. Preisser, L'habitat étroit d'un prédateur peut faire partie du vaste habitat de l'autre prédateur, on parle alors de chevauchement spatial des niches. L'habitat étroit d'un prédateur peut aussi être juxtaposé du vaste habitat de l'autre prédateur, on parle alors de ségrégation spatiale des niches. Schmitz (2007) explique ainsi que les prédateurs sont complémentaires dans la suppression des proies lorsqu'ils occupent des habitats qui couvrent entièrement l'habitat des proies, et ont différents modes de chasse. Si les prédateurs ont le même mode de chasse, p.2007, 2007.

, Au regard de notre étude, la ségrégation spatiale des niches d'A. swirkii et de P

R. Buitenhuis, L. Shipp, and C. Scott-dupree, Dispersal of Amblyseius swirskii, 2010.

. Athias-henriot, Acari: Phytoseiidae) on potted greenhouse chrysanthemum, vol.52, pp.110-114

J. Byrnes, Predator diversity strengthens trophic cascades in kelp forests by modifying herbivore behaviour, Ecology Letters, vol.9, issue.1, pp.61-71, 2006.

B. J. Cardinale, Biodiversity and biocontrol: Emergent impacts of a multienemy assemblage on pest suppression and crop yield in an agroecosystem, Ecology Letters, vol.6, issue.9, pp.857-865, 2003.

P. Casula, A. Wilby, and M. B. Thomas, Understanding biodiversity effects on prey in multi-enemy systems, Ecology Letters, vol.9, issue.9, pp.995-1004, 2006.

D. Chamberlain, Alpine bird distributions along elevation gradients: the consistency of climate and habitat effects across geographic regions, Oecologia, 2016.

B. Heidelberg, , vol.181, pp.1139-1150

D. Corcos, Predator and parasitoid insects along elevational gradients: role of temperature and habitat diversity, 2018.

M. Dainese, A global synthesis reveals biodiversity-mediated benefits for crop production, pp.1-14, 2019.
URL : https://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/hal-02361657

M. Denoth, L. Frid, and J. H. Myers, Multiple agents in biological control: Improving the odds?, Biological Control, vol.24, issue.1, pp.20-30, 2002.

P. Descombes, Community-level plant palatability increases with elevation as insect herbivore abundance declines, Journal of Ecology, vol.105, issue.1, pp.142-151, 2017.

R. R. Dunn, Climatic drivers of hemispheric asymmetry in global patterns of ant species richness, Ecology Letters, vol.12, issue.4, pp.324-333, 2009.

J. B. Dunning, B. J. Danielson, and H. R. Pulliam, Ecological processes that effect populations in complex landscapes, Oikos, vol.65, pp.169-175, 1992.

R. M. Ewers and R. K. Didham, Confounding factors in the detection of species responses to habitat fragmentation, Biological Reviews of the Cambridge Philosophical Society, pp.117-142, 2006.

L. Fahrig, Effects of Habitat Fragmentation on Biodiversity, Annual Review of Ecology, Evolution, and Systematics, pp.487-515, 2003.

L. Fahrig, Functional landscape heterogeneity and animal biodiversity in agricultural landscapes, Ecology Letters, vol.14, issue.2, pp.101-112, 2011.
URL : https://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/hal-00566627

L. Fahrig, Rethinking patch size and isolation effects: The habitat amount hypothesis, Journal of Biogeography, vol.40, issue.9, pp.1649-1663, 2013.

L. Fahrig, Ecological Responses to Habitat Fragmentation Per Se, 2017.

, Evolution, and Systematics, vol.48, issue.1, pp.1-23

L. Fahrig, Is habitat fragmentation bad for biodiversity?', Biological Conservation, vol.230, pp.179-186, 2018.

D. L. Finke and R. F. Denno, Intraguild predation diminished in complex-structured vegetation: Implications for prey suppression, Ecology. Ecological Society of America, vol.83, issue.3, pp.643-652, 2002.

D. L. Finke and R. F. Denno, Spatial refuge from intraguild predation: Implications for prey suppression and trophic cascades, Oecologia, vol.149, issue.2, pp.265-275, 2006.

E. Frago and H. C. Godfray, Avoidance of intraguild predation leads to a long-term positive trait-mediated indirect effect in an insect community, Oecologia, vol.174, issue.3, pp.943-952, 2014.

M. M. Gardiner, D. A. Landis, C. Gratton, and N. Schmidt, Landscape composition influences patterns of native and exotic lady beetle abundance', Diversity and Distributions, Ltd, vol.15, issue.4, pp.554-564, 2009.

M. M. Gardiner, D. A. Landis, C. Gratton, and C. D. Difonzo, Landscape diversity enhances biological control of an introduced crop pest in the north-central USA', Ecological Applications, Ltd, vol.19, issue.1, pp.143-154, 2009.

A. Goldarazena, A new species of the genus Thrips (Thysanoptera, Thripidae) from the Malagasy Region, Zootaxa, pp.443-446, 2020.

A. Greenop, Functional diversity positively affects prey suppression by invertebrate predators: a meta-analysis, Ecology, issue.8, pp.1771-1782, 2018.

N. L. Haan, Y. Zhang, and D. A. Landis, Predicting Landscape Configuration Effects on Agricultural Pest Suppression', Trends in Ecology and Evolution, pp.175-186, 2019.

I. D. Hodkinson, Terrestrial insects along elevation gradients: species and community responses to altitude, Biological Reviews, vol.80, issue.03, pp.489-513, 2005.

R. D. Holt, Food Webs in Space: An Island Biogeographic Perspective', in Food Webs, pp.313-323, 1996.

L. Jiang and P. J. Morin, Predator Diet Breadth Influences the Relative Importance of Bottom-Up and Top-Down Control of Prey Biomass and Diversity, The American Naturalist, vol.165, issue.3, pp.350-363, 2005.

M. Jonsson, R. Kaartinen, and C. S. Straub, Relationships between natural enemy diversity and biological control', Current Opinion in Insect Science, pp.1-6, 2017.

M. Kaspari, S. Donnell, and J. R. Kercher, Energy, density, and constraints to species richness: Ant assemblages along a productivity gradient, vol.155, pp.280-293, 2000.

A. Kruess and T. Tscharntke, Habitat fragmentation, species loss, and biological control, Science. American Association for the Advancement of Science, vol.264, issue.5165, pp.1581-1584, 1994.

A. Kruess and T. Tscharntke, Effects of Habitat Fragmentation on Plant-Insect Communities, Interchanges of Insects between Agricultural and Surrounding Landscapes, pp.53-70, 2000.

D. A. Landis, S. D. Wratten, and G. M. Gurr, Habitat Management to Conserve Natural Enemies of Arthropod Pests in Agriculture, Annual Review of Entomology, vol.45, issue.1, pp.175-201, 2000.

D. K. Letourneau, Effects of Natural Enemy Biodiversity on the Suppression of, 2009.

, Arthropod Herbivores in Terrestrial Ecosystems, Annual Review of Ecology

. Systematics, , vol.40, pp.573-592

J. E. Losey and R. F. Denno, Positive Predator-Predator Interactions: Enhanced Predation Rates and Synergistic Suppression of Aphid Populations, Ecology, vol.79, issue.6, pp.2143-2152, 1998.

C. M. Mccain, Global analysis of bird elevational diversity', Global Ecology and Discussion générale, 2009.

. Biogeography, , vol.18, pp.346-360

C. M. Mccain and J. Grytnes, Elevational Gradients in Species Richness, Encyclopedia of Life Sciences, pp.1-10, 2010.

G. J. Messelink, Biological control of thrips and whiteflies by a shared predator: Two pests are better than one, Biological Control, vol.44, issue.3, pp.372-379, 2008.

G. J. Messelink, Biological control of aphids in the presence of thrips and their enemies, Biocontrol, vol.58, issue.1, pp.45-55, 2013.

J. R. Miller, J. M. Ament, and O. J. Schmitz, Fear on the move: Predator hunting mode predicts variation in prey mortality and plasticity in prey spatial response, Journal of Animal Ecology, vol.83, issue.1, pp.214-222, 2014.

E. M. O'brien, Biological relativity to water-energy dynamics, Journal of Biogeography, vol.33, issue.11, pp.1868-1888, 2006.

E. L. Preisser, J. L. Orrock, and O. J. Schmitz, Predator Hunting Mode and Habitat Domain Alter Nonconsumptive Effects in Predator-Prey Interactions, Ecology, vol.88, issue.11, pp.2744-2751, 2007.

C. Rahbek, The role of spatial scale and the perception of large-scale species-richness patterns, Ecology Letters, pp.224-239, 2005.

S. Rasmann, Climate-driven change in plant-insect interactions along elevation gradients', Functional Ecology, Ltd, vol.28, issue.1, pp.46-54, 2014.

O. Ronce, How Does It Feel to Be Like a Rolling Stone? Ten Questions About Dispersal Evolution, Evolution, and Systematics, vol.38, issue.1, pp.231-253, 2007.
URL : https://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/halsde-00299463

T. Roslin, Higher predation risk for insect prey at low latitudes and elevations, Science, vol.356, issue.6339, pp.742-744, 2017.

O. J. Schmitz, Predator Diversity and Trophic Interactions, Ecology, vol.88, issue.10, 2007.

O. J. Schmitz, Effects of Predator Hunting Mode on Grassland Ecosystem Function, Science, pp.952-955, 2008.

O. J. Schmitz, Effects of predator functional diversity on grassland ecosystem function, Ecology, vol.90, issue.9, pp.2339-2345, 2009.

O. J. Schmitz, V. Krivan, and O. Ovadia, Trophic cascades: The primacy of traitmediated indirect interactions, Ecology Letters, pp.153-163, 2004.

A. Sih, G. Englund, and D. Wooster, Emergent impacts of multiple predators on prey, Trends in Ecology and Evolution, vol.13, issue.9, pp.1437-1439, 1998.

H. Turin and P. J. Boer, Changes in the distribution of carabid beetles in The Netherlands since 1880. II. Isolation of habitats and long-term time trends in the occurence of carabid species with different powers of dispersal (Coleoptera, Carabidae), Biological Conservation, vol.44, issue.3, pp.90101-90103, 1988.

J. Zabel and T. Tscharntke, Does fragmentation of Urtica habitats affect phytophagous and predatory insects differentially?, Oecologia, vol.116, issue.3, pp.419-425, 1998.