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, Ainsi les essais réalisés par ailleurs dans le projet PREAMISSE, ont montré la difficulté sur vigne de répéter les injections avec parfois l'apparition de fuites d'un point d'injection à l'autre et par les plaies de taille. Néanmoins, l'intérêt d'utiliser une méthode avec un

, D'autres risques pour l'arbre liés à l'injection n'ont pas été abordés dans cette thèse

. L'un-d'eux-est-le-risque-d'embolie, Ce phénomène pourrait être accru par la viscosité des injectâts qui augmentent les pertes de charge dans ces mêmes vaisseaux. Plus il y a de vaisseaux sectionnés, plus le phénomène sera important. Cela valide encore plus l'utilisation d'aiguille d'injection de faible diamètre. Des aiguilles lenticulaires introduites verticalement entre les fibres du bois, limitant la section des vaisseaux, 2001.

;. Cependant and . Martin, En injectant des substances actives, notamment des fongicides ou des antibiotiques, une partie de ces endophytes pourrait être affectée, modifiant ainsi l'équilibre physiologique des arbres. Ce point peut être particulièrement pertinent à surveiller dans le cas d'arbres ornementaux ou forestiers en place depuis longtemps et qui ne subissent que très rarement des traitements. En revanche, en arboriculture où les arbres sont souvent très contraints et « agressés » par la main de Chapitre 6 : Discussion générale et perspectives saison d'injection peut aussi avoir une influence puisque les flux ne sont pas les mêmes, injecter aux heures où les flux de sèves sont réduits pourrait limiter le risque de rupture de la colonne d'eau, 2011.

. La-méthode-est-elle-rentable, Malgré les avantages que pourrait présenter cette méthode de lutte, dans l'état des connaissances et avancées actuelles, il est encore difficile de savoir si la méthode de microinjection peut être rentable pour l'arboriculteur ou le forestier puisque son coût va dépendre de la problématique à traiter. De toute manière, il faut considérer que s'il s'agit de traitement d'arbres ornementaux ou de verger

L. Smic and . Coût, A cela s'ajoutera le coût du matériel, négligeable comparé au pulvérisateur, et le coût de la substance active. A titre d'exemple, dans le cadre du projet, des résultats satisfaisants ont été obtenus contre le puceron vert du pommier avec le flonicamide (Teppeki ® , Belchim Crop Protection, France) en une seule application avec 5% de la dose utilisée en pulvérisation

, Avec la pulvérisation, sachant qu'il faut environ 45 min pour traiter 1 ha à une vitesse moyenne de 6 km/h, le coût humain au SMIC serait de 8,5 euros. Le coût relatif au matériel (carburant, entretien) est en moyenne de 10 euros par ha. Bien sûr le coût d'amortissement d'un matériel, à l'achat est bien plus élevé

, Dans l'exemple précédent de l'utilisation du Teppéki ® , cela revient à 41,5 ?/ha

, Le delta de coût à l'ha entre les deux méthodes serait donc d'environ 300 ? en défaveur de la micro-injection, ce qui semble a priori prohibitif par rapport à un traitement classique. Evidemment, la méthode d'injection n'en est qu'à ses PREAMISSEs et elle peut probablement être optimisée, ne serait-ce qu'en augmentant le rendement d'injection

, Un prélèvement de feuilles à cette période, permettrait d'évaluer ce risque. Enfin, si des substances actives à systémie phloémienne venaient à être utilisées, il serait intéressant d'en évaluer le risque de contamination du sol par les exudations racinaires, tomber au sol et risquent ainsi de contaminer les organismes vivants dans celui-ci, comme dans le cas d'une pulvérisation foliaire

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. Berger-cyndel, Mediouni Louisa (1), Laurent François

, INRA UMR 1331 Toxalim, 180 chemin de Tournefeuille, 31300 Toulouse -cyndel.berger@inra.fr (2) Cetev, La Pousaraque, 31460 Le Faget -arenier@cetev.fr Prix de la meilleure présentation orale du 31 mai

, En arboriculture conventionnelle, la pulvérisation de produits phytosanitaires est la méthode la plus employée pour lutter contre les parasites et les maladies cryptogamiques

. Cependant, atteint pas la cible, le feuillage, à cause de retombées sur le sol, de dérive de pulvérisation, etc. Afin de réduire la contamination de l'environnement, des restrictions réglementaires sur les produits phytosanitaires ont été édictées

, Cela signifie que des solutions alternatives à la pulvérisation doivent être développées. Pour cela, l'injection de substances actives dans le tronc des arbres semble être une méthode prometteuse. Cette injection doit permettre de délivrer la quantité nécessaire et suffisante de substance active. Le concept est de délivrer les produits directement dans le système vasculaire xylémien pour éviter la barrière cuticulaire, le flux xylémien assurant la dispersion de la molécule dans l'arbre. Cela devrait être une méthode respectueuse de l, L'objectif de ces restrictions est de parvenir à une utilisation des produits phytosanitaires compatible avec la notion de développement durable et protéger les populations environnantes

C. Dans-ce, le projet PREAMISSE* a pour but de développer une méthode permettant l'injection de faibles volumes de solutions concentrées de substances actives, assurant un traitement efficace tout en limitant les dommages sur les arbres traités et les possibles impacts non-intentionnels sur l'homme

, Au sein de ce projet collaboratif, l'objectif de notre travail est de comprendre comment les produits phytosanitaires sont distribués dans différentes essences (pommier, vigne, pin et châtaigner) et de déterminer, au sein du modèle pommier, les paramètres physico-chimiques, physiologiques, ou anatomiques qui contrôlent leur transfert. Pour cela, 4 axes de travail sont explorés

, une injection très localisée de colorant ou produits phytosanitaires radio-marqués en fonction de leurs caractéristiques physico-chimiques et de l'anatomie des différentes essences (ii) L'évaluation de l'impact de l'injection de solutions très concentrées sur le flux de sève xylémien en fonction de la structure des systèmes vasculaires (iii), L'évaluation de l'impact de la perforation de l'aubier nécessaire à l'injection sur la santé de l'arbre, durant les années suivantes (1 à 3 ans) par la réalisation de coupes tissulaires au niveau de la perforation et une analyse par diverses méthodes microscopiques (stéréomicroscopie de fluorescence) permettant de mesurer la résilience de la blessure. (iv) La réalisation de dosage des résidus dans les feuilles, par HPLC/MS-MS et par radio-HPLC

, De manière générale, les concentrations des molécules sont plus élevées en partie basse des arbres qu'en haut. L'injection de faible volume limite la dispersion latérale de l'injectât. De plus, les flux xylémiens sont très sectorisés et la première branche située sur le faisceau xylémien injecté intercepte pratiquement la totalité de l'injectât, limitant ainsi cette dispersion. D'autre part, les molécules plus lipophiles ont tendance à s'adsorber sur les vaisseaux du xylème, réduisant leur déplacement. L'observation des blessures d'injection montre, dans la plupart des cas, une cicatrisation rapide. Une assise subéro-ligneuse se met en place pour isoler la blessure du milieu extérieur et le cambium retrouve sa fonctionnalité après un an, Les premiers résultats de cette étude montrent une distribution hétérogène des composés dans les arbres en fonction des espèces

J. and P. , Annexe 3 : Blessure d'injection chez le châtaignier Observations macroscopiques de coupes transversales de sites d'injection chez le châtaignier 5 mois après injection de difénoconazole. (a) Coupe en lumière visible montrant la structure d'une blessure d'injection. Cette image montre la présence de bois de plaie (WW) qui s'est formé. Le bois présent dans l'axe de l'injection est très peu coloré. (b) Observation en fluorescence d'un agrandissement de la zone impactée par l'injection. Une assise subéroligneuse (flèche noire) apparait autour de la zone impactée dans l'écorce. (C) Zoom sur la limite de la zone impactée par l'injection. Des thylles bouchent les vaisseaux à l'interface (flèches blanches), * : PREAMISSE : Protection des arbres par micro-injection sécurisée (18eme AAP FUI) Partenaires : Lauragri Services (porteur), INRA (Toxalim, équipe Metabolisme des Xénobiotiques), CETEV (Centre d'Expertise en Techniques Environnementales et Végétales), CTIFL (Centre Technique interprofessionnel des Fruits et Légumes), IFV (Institut Français de la Vigne et du Vin)