, LinkedIn data, it can be also used to investigate more general questions in labour economics, such as: does education mobility influences the labour market career path

, Certaines personnes se déplacent à la recherche d'opportunités économiques, pour rejoindre leur famille ou pour étudier ; d'autres se déplacent pour fuir des conflits, la persécution, le terrorisme ou des violations des droits de l'homme. De nos jours, de plus en plus de personnes fuient les effets néfastes du changement climatique

, le nombre de migrants dans le monde est passé de 173 à 258 millions d'individus et la part des migrants dans la population mondiale est passée de 2,8% à 3,4%. Ainsi, aujourd'hui, plus de personnes que jamais vivent dans un pays différent de celui dans lequel elles sont nées, Entre, 2000.

, Cela peut être dû à l'augmentation des niveaux d'éducation dans le monde et à la demande croissante de main-d'oeuvre qualifiée, en particulier dans les économies développées. En outre, de meilleurs salaires et conditions d'emploi, une meilleure information, le recrutement et des coûts de transport moins élevés encouragent les migrants qualifiés à rechercher un emploi dans les économies développées, 1990.

, Les diplômés en sciences, technologie, ingénierie et mathématiques (STIM) contribuent de manière significative à ce flux, en particulier les flux reliant la Chine, l'Inde et l'Europe de l'Est aux États-Unis et à d'autres pays anglophones (Docquier & Rapoport, 2012.

, Cette thèse se compose de trois chapitres liés qui examinent autant de questions. Le chapitre 1 traite du manque de données sur la migration des travailleurs STIM et décrit la méthodologie utilisée pour créer la source de données principale pour les chapitres suivants, à savoir le jeu de données « Linked Inventor ». La base de données Linked Inventor associe des informations sur les inventeurs, extraites de LinkedIn (un média social à vocation professionnelle), à des données de brevets collectées auprès de l'Office des brevets et des marques de commerce des États-Unis (USPTO), de l'Office européen des brevets (OEB) et de l'Organisation mondiale de la propriété intellectuelle. (OMPI). Le résultat est un ensemble d'informations très détaillées sur les inventeurs, Cette question soulève plusieurs questions sur le rôle des migrants dans le processus d'innovation dans leurs pays de destination et d'origine

J. Adams, H. , R. Page, and J. , Do international migration and remittances reduce poverty in developing, pp.1645-1669, 2005.

R. Agarwal, M. Ganco, and R. H. Ziedonis, Reputations for toughness in patent enforcement: Implications for knowledge spillovers via inventor mobility, Strategic Management Journal, issue.13, pp.1349-1374, 2009.

A. Agrawal, D. Kapur, and J. O. Mchale, Brain drain or brain bank? The impact of skilled emigration on poor-country innovation, Journal of Urban Economics, issue.1, pp.43-55, 2011.

A. Alesina, J. Harnoss, and H. Rapoport, Birthplace diversity and economic prosperity, Journal of Economic Growth, vol.21, issue.2, pp.101-138, 2016.
URL : https://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/hal-01304131

K. Allan, Linguistic metatheory, Language Sciences, issue.6, pp.533-560, 2003.

P. Almeida and B. Kogut, Localization of knowledge and the mobility of engineers in regional networks. Management science, pp.905-917, 1999.

A. Asiedu, Some benefits of migrants' return visits to Ghana. Population, Space and Place, pp.1-11, 2005.

J. Baer, Fall 2018 Intenational Student Enrollment Hot Topics Survey, s.l.: IIE Center for Academic Mobility, 2018.

B. Barham and S. Boucher, Migration, remittances, and inequality: estimating the net effects of migration on income distribution, Journal of development economics, issue.2, pp.307-331, 1998.

G. A. Barnett and R. Y. Wu, The international student exchange network: 1970 & 1989. Higher Education, pp.353-368, 1995.

J. Batalova and M. Fix, New brain gain: Rising human capital among recent immigrants to the United States, 2017.

G. S. Becker, Investment in human capital: A theoretical analysis, Journal of political economy, issue.5, pp.9-49, 1962.

G. S. Becker, A Theory of the Allocation of Time. The economic journal, pp.493-517, 1965.

M. Beine, F. Docquier, and H. Rapoport, Measuring international skilled migration: a new database controlling for age of entry, vol.21, pp.249-254, 2007.

S. Bertoli, The battle for brains: how to attract talent.. CEPR project, Fondazione Rodolfo Debenedetti, 2009.

J. Bhagwati and K. Hamada, The brain drain, international integration of markets for professionals and unemployment: a theoretical analysis, Journal of Development Economics, issue.1, pp.19-42, 1974.

J. N. Bhagwati, Taxing the brain drain, Challenge. pp, vol.19, issue.3, pp.34-38, 1976.

G. Borjas and B. Bratsberg, Who leaves? The outmigration of the foreign, Review of Economics and Statistics, 1996.

G. J. Borjas, The earnings of male Hispanic immigrants in the United States, ILR Review, issue.3, pp.343-353, 1982.

G. J. Borjas, Assimilation, changes in cohort quality, and the earnings of immigrants, Journal of labor Economics, issue.3, pp.463-489, 1985.

G. J. Borjas, Self-selection and the earnings of immigrants, 1987.

G. J. Borjas, S. G. Bronars, and S. J. Trejo, Self-selection and internal migration in the United States, Journal of urban Economics, issue.2, pp.159-185, 1992.

G. J. Borjas and K. B. Doran, The collapse of the Soviet Union and the productivity of American mathematicians, The Quarterly Journal of Economics, issue.3, pp.1143-1203, 2012.

S. Breschi and C. Lenzi, Spatial patterns of inventors' mobility: Evidence on US urban areas, Papers in Regional Science, issue.2, pp.235-250, 2010.

S. Breschi, C. Lenzi, F. Lissoni, and A. Vezzulli, The geography of knowledge spillovers: the role of inventors' mobility across firms and in space. The Handbook of Evolutionary Economic Geography, pp.353-369, 2010.

S. Breschi and F. Lissoni, Mobility and social networks: localised knowledge spillovers revisited, 2005.

, Annales d'economie et de statistique

S. Breschi and F. Lissoni, Mobility of skilled workers and co-invention networks: an anatomy of localized knowledge flows, Journal of economic geography, issue.9, pp.439-468, 2009.

S. Breschi, F. Lissoni, and E. Miguelez, Return Migrants' Self-selection: Evidence For Indian Inventors, The Role of Immigrants and Foreign Students in Science, Innovation, and Entrepreneurship, 2018.
URL : https://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/hal-02271673

S. Breschi, F. Lissoni, and F. Montobbio, The scientific productivity of academic inventors: new evidence from Italian data, Econ. Innov. New Techn, issue.2, pp.101-118, 2007.

S. Breschi, F. Lissoni, and G. Tarasconi, Inventor Data for Research on Migration and innovation: A Survey and a Pilot, 2014.

S. Breschi, F. Lissoni, and G. Tarasconi, Inventor data for research on migration and innovation, 2017.
URL : https://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/hal-02485415

B. A. Campbell, R. Coff, and D. Kryscynski, Rethinking sustained competitive advantage from human capital, pp.376-395, 2012.

B. A. Campbell, M. Ganco, A. M. Franco, and R. Agarwal, Who leaves, where to, and why worry? Employee mobility, entrepreneurship and effects on source firm performance, Strategic Management Journal, issue.1, pp.65-87, 2012.

R. Cappelli, D. Czarnitzki, T. Doherr, and F. Montobbio, Inventor mobility and productivity in Italian regions, Regional Studies, issue.1, pp.43-54, 2019.

G. Carliner, Wages, earnings and hours of first, second, and third generation American males. Economic Inquiry, vol.18, pp.87-102, 1980.

M. W. Carrington and M. E. Detragiache, How big is the brain drain, International Monetary Fund, pp.98-102, 1998.

G. Chellaraj, K. E. Maskus, and A. Mattoo, The contribution of skilled immigration and international graduate students to US innovation, 2005.

D. Chiquiar and G. H. Hanson, International migration, self-selection, and the distribution of wages: Evidence from Mexico and the United States, Journal of political Economy, issue.2, pp.239-281, 2005.

B. R. Chiswick, The effect of Americanization on the earnings of foreign-born men, Journal of political Economy, issue.5, pp.897-921, 1978.

R. Chiswick, High-skilled immigration in a global labor market, 2011.

A. Constant and D. S. Massey, Return migration by German guestworkers: Neoclassical versus new economic theories. International migration, pp.5-38, 2002.

E. A. Corley and M. Sabharwal, Foreign-born academic scientists and engineers: producing more and getting less than their US-born peers?, pp.909-940, 2007.

A. Cuecuecha, The Characteristics of the Immigrants from Mexico to the US. ITAM, CIE, JEL F 22, p.25, 2005.

M. Czaika, High-skilled Migration: Drivers and Policies, 2018.

M. Czaika and C. R. Parsons, The gravity of high-skilled migration policies. Demography, pp.603-630, 2017.

A. De-coulon and M. Piracha, Self-selection and the performance of return migrants: the source country perspective, Journal of Population Economics, vol.18, issue.4, pp.779-807, 2005.

D. Haas, H. Fokkema, T. Fihri, and M. F. , Return migration as failure or success, Journal of international migration and integration, pp.415-429, 2015.

C. Defoort, Tendances de long terme des migrations internationales: analyse à partir des six principaux pays receveurs, Population, issue.2, pp.317-351, 2008.

D. Lorenzo, F. Almeida, and P. , The role of relative performance in inter-firm mobility of inventors, Research Policy, issue.6, pp.1162-1174, 2017.

F. Docquier, B. L. Lowell, and A. Marfouk, A gendered assessment of highly skilled emigration, 2009.

, Population and Development Review, issue.2, pp.297-321

F. Docquier and A. Marfouk, International migration by education attainment, 1990.

, International migration, remittances and the brain drain, pp.151-199

F. Docquier and H. Rapoport, Globalization, brain drain, and development, Journal of Economic Literature, issue.3, pp.681-730, 2012.

J. C. Dumont and G. Spielvogel, Return migration: A new perspective., s.l.: rganization for Economic Cooperation and Development (OECD), International Migration Outlook, 2008.

C. Dustmann and A. Glitz, Migration and education. Handbook of the Economics of Education, pp.327-439, 2011.

C. Dustmann and O. Kirchkamp, The optimal migration duration and activity choice after remigration, Journal of development economics, issue.2, pp.351-372, 2002.

C. Dustmann and Y. Weiss, Return migration: theory and empirical evidence from the UK, British Journal of Industrial Relations, pp.236-256, 2007.

L. Eddy, The effect of student mobility on student achievement, 2011.

O. Ejermo and T. Jung, Team experience of inventors and inventive performance, Paper submitted for the 6th Annual Conference of the EPIP Association, 2011.

T. Elms, Lexical distance among the languages of europe, 2008.

M. P. Feldman, A. N. Link, and D. S. Siegel, The economics of science and technology: an overview of initiatives to foster innovation, entrepreneurship, and economic growth, 2012.

A. Fernandez-zubieta, A. Geuna, and C. Lawson, What do we know of the mobility of research scientists and impact on scientific production. Global mobility of research scientists, 2015.

E. Ferrucci and F. Lissoni, Foreign inventors in Europe and the United States: Diversity and Patent Quality, 2019.
URL : https://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/hal-02271284

T. Fokkema and H. De-haas, Pre-and Post-Migration Determinants of Socio-Cultural Integration of African Immigrants in Italy and Spain, International Migration, issue.6, pp.3-26, 2015.

C. F. Foley and W. R. Kerr, Ethnic innovation and US multinational firm activity, Management Science, issue.7, pp.1529-1544, 2013.

R. B. Freeman, Globalization of scientific and engineering talent: international mobility of students, workers, and ideas and the world economy, Economics of Innovation and New Technology, issue.5, pp.393-406, 2010.

A. Gambardella, D. Harhoff, and B. Verspagen, The value of patented inventions at the extensive and intensive margins, 2012.

A. Gambardella, H. D. Verspagen, and B. , The value of patents, EPIP Conference, 2006.

R. Genuer, J. M. Poggi, and C. Tuleau-malot, Variable selection using random forests, Pattern Recognition Letters, issue.14, p.31, 2010.
URL : https://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/hal-00755489

Z. Griliches, Patent statistics as economic indicators: a survey. R&D and productivity: the econometric evidence, vol.287, 1998.

K. Gürüz, Higher Education and International Student Mobility in the Global Knowledge Economy, 2008.

N. Y. Albany and . State,

B. H. Hall, The NBER patent citation data file: Lessons, insights and methodological tools, National Bureau of Economic Research, 2001.

B. H. Hall, J. M. Turner, and L. , Identifying age, cohort, and period effects in scientific research productivity: discussion and illustration using simulated and actual data on French physicists, Econ. Innov. New Techn, vol.16, issue.2, pp.159-177, 2007.

B. Hall, A. Jaffe, and M. Trajtenberg, The NBER Patent Citations Data File: Lessons, Insights and Methodological Tools.. NBER Working paper, 2001.

G. H. Hanson and C. Liu, High-Skilled Immigration and the Comparative Advantage of Foreign-Born Workers across US Occupations, pp.7-40, 2017.

N. U. Haque and S. J. Kim, Human capital flight": Impact of migration on income and growth. Staff Papers, pp.577-607, 1995.

K. Hoisl, Tracing mobile inventors-the causality between inventor mobility and inventor productivity. Study of Inventors, pp.65-119, 2007.

K. Hoisl, Does mobility increase the productivity of inventors, The Journal of Technology Transfer, pp.212-225, 2009.

K. Hoisl and G. De-rassenfosse, Knowledge fit and productivity gains from mobility, 2014.

H. Horta, Holding a post-doctoral position before becoming a faculty member: does it bring benefits for the scholarly enterprise, Higher Education, pp.689-721, 2009.

J. Hunt, Are migrants more skilled than non-migrants? Repeat, return, and same-employer migrants, 2004.

, Canadian Journal of Economics, issue.4, pp.830-849

J. Hunt, Which immigrants are most innovative and entrepreneurial? Distinctions by entry visa, Journal of Labor Economics, issue.3, pp.417-457, 2011.

J. Hunt and M. Gauthier-loiselle, How much does immigration boost innovation?, American Economic Journal: Macroeconomics, issue.2, pp.31-56, 2010.

S. M. Iacus, G. King, and G. Porro, Causal inference without balance checking: Coarsened exact matching, pp.1-24, 2012.

P. Ibarraran and D. Lubotsky, Mexican immigration and self-selection: New evidence from the, 2000.

, In Mexican immigration to the United States, pp.159-192

, Global migration indicators, Berlin: Global Migration Data Analysis Centre (GMDAC) International Organization for Migration, IOM, 2018.

S. Kahn and M. Macgarvie, he effects of the foreign Fulbright program on knowledge creation in science and engineering, The rate and direction of inventive activity revisited, pp.161-197, 2011.

S. P. Kerr, W. Kerr, C. Ozden, and C. Parsons, Global talent flows, 2016.

S. P. Kerr, W. Kerr, Ç. Özden, and C. Parsons, High-skilled migration and agglomeration, Annual Review of Economics, issue.9, pp.201-234, 2017.

W. R. Kerr, The Ethnic Composition of US Inventors, pp.8-14, 2007.

W. R. Kerr, Ethnic scientific communities and international technology diffusion. The Review of Economics and Statistics, pp.518-537, 2008.

W. R. Kerr, The Gift of Global Talent: How Migration Shapes Business, 2018.

W. R. Kerr and W. F. Lincoln, The supply side of innovation: H-1B visa reforms and US ethnic invention, Journal of Labor Economics, issue.3, pp.473-508, 2010.

B. Khadria, Demography,Diaspora and Development: Migration in India's Transformation to a "Superpower" in the 21st Century. International Labor Migration, p.246, 2012.

B. Knerr, R. Tlatlik, and Z. Xi, The benefits of international student mobility. A comparison between Chinese and Indian students in Germany, 2010.

K. Koser and J. Salt, The geography of highly skilled international migration, International Journal of Population Geography, issue.3, pp.285-303, 1997.

W. Latham, C. Le-bas, and D. Volodin, Value of invention, prolific inventor productivity and mobility: evidence from five countries, 1975.
URL : https://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/halshs-00654501

C. Lenzi, Workers' mobility and patterns of knowledge diffusion: evidence from Italian data, The Journal of Technology Transfer, pp.651-670, 2010.

F. Lissoni, P. Llerena, M. Mckelvey, and B. Sanditov, Academic patenting in Europe: New evidence from the KEINS database, pp.87-102, 2008.

F. Lissoni, F. Montobbio, and L. Zirulia, Inventorship and Authorship as Attribution Rights: An Equiry in the Economics of Scientific Credit, Journal of Economic Behavior & Organization, vol.95, pp.49-69, 2013.

S. Mahroum, Europe and the immigration of highly skilled labour, International Migration, issue.5, pp.27-43, 2001.

M. Mariani and M. Romanelli, Stacking" and "picking" inventions: The patenting behavior of European inventors, Research Policy, vol.36, pp.1128-1142, 2007.

M. Marx, D. Strumsky, and L. Fleming, Mobility, skills, and the Michigan non-compete experiment, Management Science, issue.6, pp.875-889, 2009.

K. Mayr and G. Peri, Brain drain and brain return: theory and application to Eastern-Western Europe, 2009.

, The BE Journal of Economic Analysis & Policy, issue.1, p.9

E. Miguelez and C. Fink, Measuring the international mobility of inventors: A new database. World Intellectual Property Organization-Economics and Statistics Division, 2013.

K. Miyagiwa, Scale economies in education and the brain drain problem, International Economic Review, pp.743-759, 1991.

J. F. Moraga and .. , New Evidence on Emigrant Selection. The Review of Economics and Statistics, pp.72-96, 2011.

, Immigrants Play a Key Role in STEM Fields, Cambridge: s.n, 2016.

G. I. Ottaviano and G. Peri, The economic value of cultural diversity: evidence from US cities, Journal of Economic geography, issue.6, pp.9-13, 2006.

C. Ozgen, P. Nijkamp, and J. Poot, Immigration and innovation in European regions. Migration impact assessment: New horizons, pp.261-300, 2012.

M. Parey, J. Ruhose, F. Waldinger, and N. Netz, The selection of high-skilled emigrants, Review of Economics and Statistics, issue.5, pp.776-792, 2017.

M. Parey and F. Waldinger, Studying abroad and the effect on international labour market mobility: Evidence from the introduction of ERASMUS, The Economic Journal, issue.551, pp.194-222, 2011.

P. Parrotta, D. Pozzoli, and M. Pytlikova, The nexus between labor diversity and firm's innovation, Journal of Population Economics, issue.2, pp.303-364, 2014.

G. Peri, Higher Education, Innovation and Growth, 2007.

M. Pezzoni, F. Lissoni, and G. Tarasconi, ow to kill inventors: testing the Massacrator algorithm for inventor disambiguation, 2014.

, Scientometrics, issue.1, pp.477-504

J. Pinheiro, Linear and nonlinear mixed effects models, pp.1-89, 2007.

M. Piracha and F. Vadean, Return migration and occupational choice: Evidence from Albania, World Development, issue.8, pp.1141-1155, 2010.

V. Rodríguez and C. Egea, Return and the social environment of Andalusian emigrants in Europe, 2006.

, Journal of Ethnic and Migration Studies, issue.8, pp.1377-1393

L. Rosenkopf and P. Almeida, Overcoming local search through alliances and mobility. Management science, pp.751-766, 2003.

S. Ruggles, Integrated Public Use Microdata Series (IPUMS): Version 5.0. Minneapolis: University of Minnesota, 2010.

A. Saxenian, The new argonauts: Regional advantage in a global economy, 2006.

A. M. Saxenian and X. Quan, Local and global networks of immigrant professionals in Silicon Valley, Public Policy Instit. of CA, 2002.

F. Schettino, A. Sterlacchini, and F. Venturini, Inventive productivity and patent quality: evidence from Italian inventors, Journal of Policy Modelling, issue.6, pp.1043-1056, 2013.

J. C. Shin, J. Jung, G. A. Postiglione, and N. Azman, Research productivity of returnees from study abroad in Korea, 2014.

L. A. Sjaastad, The costs and returns of human migration, Journal of political Economy, issue.5, pp.80-93, 1962.

H. Skirgard, S. G. Roberts, and L. Yencken, Why are some languages confused for others? Investigating data from the great language game, PloS one, issue.4, p.12, 2017.

D. Somaya, I. O. Williamson, and N. Lorinkova, Gone but not lost: The different performance impacts of employee mobility between cooperators versus competitors, pp.936-953, 2008.

O. Stark, C. Helmenstein, and A. Prskawetz, A brain gain with a brain drain, Economics letters, issue.2, pp.227-234, 1997.

P. E. Stephan and S. G. Levin, Exceptional contributions to US science by the foreign-born and foreign-educated. Population research and Policy review, pp.59-79, 2001.

T. Straubhaar and M. Wolburg, Brain drain and brain gain in Europe: An evaluation of the East-European migration to Germany, 1998.

R. Tibshirani, Regression shrinkage and selection via the lasso, Journal of the Royal Statistical Society, pp.267-288, 1996.

R. Topel and M. Ward, Job mobility and the careers of yound men.. The Quarterly journal of Economics, vol.107, pp.439-479, 1992.

M. Trajtenberg, The mobility of inventors and the productivity of research. Conference presentation, 2005.

M. Trajtenberg and R. Shalem, Software patents, inventors and mobility. Inventors and Mobility, 2009.

L. Turner and J. Mairesse, Individual productivity differences in public research: How important are non-individual determinants? An econometric study of French physicists' publications and citations, 1986.

K. Tyshchenko, , 1999.

, UNESCO, 2009.

, Facts and Figures, UNESCO, 2018.

V. Wadhwa, B. Rissing, A. Saxenian, and G. Gereffi, Education, entrepreneurship and immigration: America's new immigrant entrepreneurs, 2007.

J. P. Walsh and S. Nagaoka, Who invents? Evidence from the Japan&US inventor survey, 2009.

S. Widmaier and J. C. Dumont, Are recent immigrants different? A new profile of immigrants in the OECD based on DIOC, p.6, 2005.

C. Wurm, On the Metatheory of Linguistics, 2013.

T. Zwick, K. Frosch, K. Hoisl, and D. Harhoff, The power of individual-level drivers of inventive performance, vol.46, pp.121-137, 2017.