, Symptômes dépressifs

, IMC : Indice de la masse corporelle

, Les variables catégorielles sont décrites avec des pourcentages, alors que les variables continues sont décrites avec des moyennes ± écart-types. Références 1. Espérance de vie -Mortalité ? Tableaux de l'économie française | Insee

, mentation 2. Association AP. Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders (DSM-5®)

, American Psychiatric Pub, 2019.

, Maladie d'Alzheimer et autres démences

F. Santé-publique, , 2019.

, Dementia

G. Livingston, A. Sommerlad, V. Orgeta, S. G. Costafreda, J. Huntley et al., Dementia prevention, intervention, and care, Lancet, vol.390, pp.2673-734, 2017.

M. L. Ancelin, S. Artero, F. Portet, A. Dupuy, J. Touchon et al., Non-degenerative mild cognitive impairment in elderly people and use of anticholinergic drugs: longitudinal cohort study, BMJ, vol.332, issue.7539, pp.455-464, 2006.
URL : https://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/inserm-00000025

S. L. Gray, M. L. Anderson, S. Dublin, J. T. Hanlon, R. Hubbard et al., Cumulative use of strong anticholinergics and incident dementia: a prospective cohort study, JAMA Intern Med, vol.175, issue.3, pp.401-408, 2015.

E. Tulving, Organization of memory: Quo vadis? In: The cognitive neurosciences, pp.839-53, 1995.

E. Tulving, Episodic and semantic memory, p.423, 1972.

N. S. Clayton, L. H. Salwiczek, and A. Dickinson, Episodic memory. Current Biology, vol.17, pp.189-91, 2007.
URL : https://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/hal-02268035

D. Tromp, A. Dufour, S. Lithfous, T. Pebayle, and O. Després, Episodic memory in normal aging and Alzheimer disease: Insights from imaging and behavioral studies, Ageing Res Rev, vol.24, pp.232-62, 2015.

S. Brédart, M. Van-der-linden, and . Mémoire, , 1999.

A. and P. Guyard-a, Les faux souvenirs : à la frontière du normal et du pathologique, PSYCHOLOGIE & NEUROPSYCHIATRIE DU VIEILLISSEMENT, vol.2, pp.127-161, 2006.

. Références-|-172,

E. J. Newman and D. S. Lindsay, False memories: What the hell are they for? Applied Cognitive Psychology, vol.23, pp.1105-1126, 2009.

J. L. Mcgaugh, Memory--a century of consolidation, Science, vol.287, issue.5451, pp.248-51, 2000.

F. Bermudez-rattoni, Is memory consolidation a multiple-circuit system?, vol.107, pp.8051-8053, 2010.

V. Sterpenich, G. Albouy, M. Boly, G. Vandewalle, A. Darsaud et al., Sleep-Related Hippocampo-Cortical Interplay during Emotional Memory Recollection. PLOS Biology, vol.5, p.282, 2007.

S. Diekelmann, H. Landolt, O. Lahl, J. Born, and U. Wagner, Sleep Loss Produces False Memories, PLOS ONE, vol.3, issue.10, p.3512, 2008.

A. Diamond, Executive functions, Annu Rev Psychol, vol.64, pp.135-68, 2013.

R. Chan, D. Shum, T. Toulopoulou, and E. Chen, Assessment of executive functions: Review of instruments and identification of critical issues. Archives of Clinical Neuropsychology, vol.23, pp.201-217, 2008.

R. C. Petersen, G. Smith, E. Kokmen, R. J. Ivnik, and E. G. Tangalos, Memory function in normal aging, Neurology, vol.42, issue.2, pp.396-401, 1992.

D. B. Carr, S. Gray, J. Baty, and J. C. Morris, The value of informant versus individual's complaints of memory impairment in early dementia, Neurology, vol.55, issue.11, pp.1724-1730, 2000.

, Longitudinal cohort studies in neurodegeneration research, p.92, 2013.

T. Mura, H. Amieva, M. Goldberg, J. Dartigues, J. Ankri et al., Effect size for the main cognitive function determinants in a large cross-sectional study, Eur J Neurol, 2016.
URL : https://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/inserm-01355388

C. J. Pike, Sex and the development of Alzheimer's disease, J Neurosci Res, vol.95, issue.1-2, pp.671-80, 201702.

S. Artero, M. Ancelin, F. Portet, A. Dupuy, C. Berr et al., Risk profiles for mild cognitive impairment and progression to dementia are gender specific, J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry, vol.79, issue.9, pp.979-84, 2008.
URL : https://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/inserm-00294905

E. M. Crimmins, Y. Saito, J. K. Kim, Y. S. Zhang, I. Sasson et al., Educational Differences in the Prevalence of Dementia and Life Expectancy with Dementia: Changes from 2000 to 2010, J Gerontol B Psychol Sci Soc Sci, vol.73, issue.suppl_1, pp.20-28, 201816.

D. Tsuang, J. B. Leverenz, O. L. Lopez, R. L. Hamilton, D. A. Bennett et al., APOE ?4 Increases Risk for Dementia in Pure Synucleinopathies, JAMA Neurol, 2013.

, Feb, vol.1, issue.2, pp.223-231

Y. Chuang, K. M. Hayden, M. C. Norton, J. Tschanz, J. Breitner et al., Association between APOE ?4 Allele and Vascular Dementia: The Cache County Study, Dement Geriatr Cogn Disord, vol.29, issue.3, pp.248-53, 2010.

|. Références,

Y. Yin, J. Li, J. Wang, B. Li, Y. Pi et al., Association between apolipoprotein E gene polymorphism and the risk of vascular dementia: A meta-analysis, Neuroscience Letters, vol.514, issue.1, pp.6-11, 2012.

R. Srinivasan, Y. Davidson, L. Gibbons, A. Payton, A. Richardson et al., The apolipoprotein E ?4 allele selectively increases the risk of frontotemporal lobar degeneration in males, J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry, vol.77, issue.2, pp.154-162, 2006.

L. Wu and L. Zhao, ApoE2 and Alzheimer's disease: time to take a closer look, Neural Regen Res, vol.11, issue.3, pp.412-415, 2016.

M. A. Beydoun, H. A. Beydoun, A. A. Gamaldo, A. Teel, A. B. Zonderman et al., Epidemiologic studies of modifiable factors associated with cognition and dementia: systematic review and meta-analysis, BMC Public Health, vol.14, p.643, 2014.

B. L. Plassman, Systematic Review: Factors Associated With Risk for and Possible Prevention of Cognitive Decline in Later Life, Annals of Internal Medicine, vol.153, issue.3, p.182, 2010.

M. J. Prince, World Alzheimer Report 2014: Dementia and Risk Reduction

J. K. Cataldo, J. J. Prochaska, and S. A. Glantz, Cigarette Smoking is a Risk Factor for Alzheimer's Disease: An Analysis Controlling for Tobacco Industry Affiliation, Journal of Alzheimer's Disease, vol.19, issue.2, pp.465-80, 2010.

J. Mc-kenzie and . Who-|, Tobacco use knowledge summaries: tobacco use and dementia

G. Zhong, Y. Wang, Y. Zhang, J. J. Guo, and Y. Zhao, Smoking Is Associated with an Increased Risk of Dementia: A Meta-Analysis of Prospective Cohort Studies with Investigation of Potential Effect Modifiers, PLOS ONE, vol.10, issue.3, p.118333, 2015.

M. Rusanen, M. Kivipelto, C. P. Quesenberry, J. Zhou, and R. A. Whitmer, Heavy Smoking in Midlife and Long-term Risk of Alzheimer Disease and Vascular Dementia, Arch Intern Med, vol.171, issue.4, pp.333-342, 2011.

S. Sabia, A. Elbaz, A. Dugravot, J. Head, M. Shipley et al., Impact of smoking on cognitive decline in early old age: the Whitehall II cohort study, Arch Gen Psychiatry, vol.69, issue.6, pp.627-662, 2012.
URL : https://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/inserm-00677216

G. Hagger-johnson, S. Sabia, E. J. Brunner, M. Shipley, M. Bobak et al., Combined impact of smoking and heavy alcohol use on cognitive decline in early old age: Whitehall II prospective cohort study, Br J Psychiatry, vol.203, issue.2, pp.120-125, 2013.
URL : https://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/inserm-01153653

K. J. Anstey, H. A. Mack, and N. Cherbuin, Alcohol Consumption as a Risk Factor for Dementia and Cognitive Decline: Meta-Analysis of Prospective Studies. The American Journal of Geriatric Psychiatry, vol.17, pp.542-55, 2009.

R. Peters, J. Peters, J. Warner, N. Beckett, and C. Bulpitt, Alcohol, dementia and cognitive decline in the elderly: a systematic review, Age Ageing, vol.37, issue.5, pp.505-517, 2008.

. Références-|-174,

E. J. Neafsey and M. A. Collins, Moderate alcohol consumption and cognitive risk

, Neuropsychiatric Disease and Treatment, 2011.

K. J. Mukamal, M. A. Mittleman, W. T. Longstreth, A. B. Newman, L. P. Fried et al., Self-Reported Alcohol Consumption and Falls in Older Adults: Cross-Sectional and Longitudinal Analyses of the Cardiovascular Health Study, Journal of the American Geriatrics Society, vol.52, issue.7, pp.1174-1183, 2004.

M. Stahre, J. Roeber, D. Kanny, R. D. Brewer, and X. Zhang, Contribution of Excessive Alcohol Consumption to Deaths and Years of Potential Life Lost in the United States, Prev Chronic Dis, vol.11, 2014.

L. A. Profenno, A. P. Porsteinsson, and S. V. Faraone, Meta-Analysis of Alzheimer's Disease Risk with Obesity, Diabetes, and Related Disorders. Biological Psychiatry, vol.67, pp.505-517, 2010.

K. S. Sellbom and J. Gunstad, Cognitive Function and Decline in Obesity, vol.30, pp.89-95, 2012.

M. Loef and H. Walach, Midlife obesity and dementia: Meta-analysis and adjusted forecast of dementia prevalence in the united states and china, Obesity, vol.21, issue.1, pp.51-56, 2013.

K. J. Anstey, N. Cherbuin, M. Budge, and J. Young, Body mass index in midlife and late-life as a risk factor for dementia: a meta-analysis of prospective studies, Obesity Reviews, vol.12, issue.5, pp.426-463, 2011.

D. R. Gustafson, K. Bäckman, E. Joas, M. Waern, S. Östling et al., 37 Years of Body Mass Index and Dementia: Observations from the Prospective Population Study of Women in Gothenburg, Journal of Alzheimer's Disease, vol.28, issue.1, pp.163-71, 2012.

A. L. Fitzpatrick, L. H. Kuller, O. L. Lopez, P. Diehr, E. S. O'meara et al., Midand Late-Life Obesity: Risk of Dementia in the Cardiovascular Health Cognition Study, Arch Neurol, vol.66, issue.3, pp.336-378, 2009.

D. E. Barnes, K. E. Covinsky, R. A. Whitmer, L. H. Kuller, O. L. Lopez et al., Predicting risk of dementia in older adults, Neurology, vol.73, issue.3, pp.173-182, 2009.

D. R. Gustafson and J. A. Luchsinger, High adiposity: risk factor for dementia and Alzheimer's disease? Alzheimer's Research & Therapy, vol.5, p.57, 2013.

Y. Lee, J. H. Back, J. Kim, S. Kim, D. L. Na et al., Systematic review of health behavioral risks and cognitive health in older adults. International Psychogeriatrics, vol.22, pp.174-87, 2010.

F. Sofi, D. Valecchi, D. Bacci, R. Abbate, G. F. Gensini et al., Physical activity and risk of cognitive decline: a meta-analysis of prospective studies, Journal of Internal Medicine, vol.269, issue.1, pp.107-124, 2011.

S. J. Blondell, R. Hammersley-mather, and J. L. Veerman, Does physical activity prevent cognitive decline and dementia?: A systematic review and meta-analysis of longitudinal studies, vol.14, p.510, 2014.

J. E. Ahlskog, Y. E. Geda, N. R. Graff-radford, and R. C. Petersen, Physical Exercise as a Preventive or Disease-Modifying Treatment of Dementia and Brain Aging. Mayo Clinic Proceedings, vol.86, pp.876-84, 2011.

P. Smith, J. Blumenthal, B. Hoffman, H. Cooper, T. Strauman et al., Aerobic Exercise and Neurocognitive Performance: A Meta-Analytic Review of Randomized Controlled Trials. Psychosomatic Medicine, vol.72, pp.239-52, 2010.

L. Bherer, K. I. Erickson, and T. Liu-ambrose, A Review of the Effects of Physical Activity and Exercise on Cognitive and Brain Functions in Older Adults, J Aging Res, 2013.

M. Angevaren, G. Aufdemkampe, H. Verhaar, A. Aleman, and L. Vanhees, Physical activity and enhanced fitness to improve cognitive function in older people without known cognitive impairment. Cochrane Database Syst Rev, p.5381, 2008.

D. E. Barnes, W. Santos-modesitt, G. Poelke, A. F. Kramer, C. Castro et al., The Mental Activity and eXercise (MAX) Trial: A Randomized Controlled Trial to Enhance Cognitive Function in Older Adults, JAMA Intern Med, vol.173, issue.9, pp.797-804, 2013.

D. H. Paterson and D. E. Warburton, Physical activity and functional limitations in older adults: a systematic review related to Canada's Physical Activity Guidelines. International Journal of Behavioral Nutrition and Physical Activity, vol.7, p.38, 2010.

N. T. Lautenschlager, K. L. Cox, L. Flicker, J. K. Foster, F. M. Bockxmeer et al., Effect of Physical Activity on Cognitive Function in Older Adults at Risk for Alzheimer Disease: A Randomized Trial, JAMA, vol.300, issue.9, pp.1027-1064, 2008.

J. G. Abell, M. Kivimäki, A. Dugravot, A. G. Tabak, A. Fayosse et al., Association between systolic blood pressure and dementia in the Whitehall II cohort study: role of age, duration, and threshold used to define hypertension, Eur Heart J, vol.39, issue.33, pp.3119-3144, 201801.

G. Cheng, C. Huang, H. Deng, and H. Wang, Diabetes as a risk factor for dementia and mild cognitive impairment: a meta-analysis of longitudinal studies, Internal Medicine Journal, vol.42, issue.5, pp.484-91, 2012.

K. Gudala, D. Bansal, F. Schifano, and A. Bhansali, Diabetes mellitus and risk of dementia: A meta-analysis of prospective observational studies, Journal of Diabetes Investigation, vol.4, issue.6, pp.640-50, 2013.

R. O. Roberts, D. S. Knopman, R. H. Cha, M. M. Mielke, V. S. Pankratz et al., Diabetes and Elevated Hemoglobin A1c Levels Are Associated with Brain Hypometabolism but Not Amyloid Accumulation, J Nucl Med, vol.55, issue.5, pp.759-64, 2014.

C. Cooper, A. Sommerlad, C. G. Lyketsos, and G. Livingston, Modifiable Predictors of Dementia in Mild Cognitive Impairment: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis, AJP, 2015.

B. Mcguinness, D. Craig, R. Bullock, and P. Passmore, Statins for the prevention of dementia. Cochrane Database Syst Rev, p.3160, 2016.

. Références-|-176,

K. Bettermann, A. M. Arnold, J. Williamson, S. Rapp, K. Sink et al., Statins, risk of dementia, and cognitive function: secondary analysis of the ginkgo evaluation of memory study, J Stroke Cerebrovasc Dis, vol.21, issue.6, pp.436-480, 2012.

D. E. Barnes, A. Kaup, K. A. Kirby, A. L. Byers, R. Diaz-arrastia et al., Traumatic brain injury and risk of dementia in older veterans, Neurology, vol.83, issue.4, pp.312-321, 2014.

R. C. Gardner and K. Yaffe, Traumatic brain injury may increase risk of young onset dementia, Annals of Neurology, vol.75, issue.3, pp.339-380, 2014.

S. Shively, A. I. Scher, D. P. Perl, and R. Diaz-arrastia, Dementia Resulting From Traumatic Brain Injury, Arch Neurol, vol.69, issue.10, pp.1245-51, 2012.

D. H. Smith, V. E. Johnson, and W. Stewart, Chronic neuropathologies of single and repetitive TBI: substrates of dementia?, Nature Reviews Neurology, vol.9, issue.4, pp.211-232, 2013.

R. L. Ownby, E. Crocco, A. Acevedo, V. John, and D. Loewenstein, Depression and Risk for Alzheimer Disease: Systematic Review, Meta-analysis, and Metaregression Analysis. Arch Gen Psychiatry, vol.63, pp.530-538, 2006.

B. S. Diniz, M. A. Butters, S. M. Albert, M. A. Dew, and C. F. Reynolds, Late-life depression and risk of vascular dementia and Alzheimer's disease: systematic review and meta-analysis of community-based cohort studies, The British Journal of Psychiatry, vol.202, issue.5, pp.329-364, 2013.

D. E. Barnes, K. Yaffe, A. L. Byers, M. Mccormick, C. Schaefer et al., Mid-life versus late-life depressive symptoms and risk of dementia: Differential effects for Alzheimer's disease and vascular dementia, Arch Gen Psychiatry, vol.69, issue.5, pp.493-501, 2012.

V. M. Dotson, M. A. Beydoun, and A. B. Zonderman, Recurrent depressive symptoms and the incidence of dementia and mild cognitive impairment, Neurology, vol.75, issue.1, pp.27-34, 2010.

F. Panza, V. Frisardi, C. Capurso, D. 'introno, A. Colacicco et al., Late-Life Depression, Mild Cognitive Impairment, and Dementia: Possible Continuum?, The American Journal of Geriatric Psychiatry, vol.18, issue.2, pp.98-116, 2010.

W. Chang, M. Liu, C. Yang, A. C. Ku, Y. Pai et al., Sleep Apnea and the Risk of Dementia: A Population-Based 5-Year Follow-Up Study in Taiwan, PLOS ONE, vol.8, issue.10, p.78655, 2013.

R. Sterniczuk, O. Theou, B. Rusak, and K. Rockwood, Sleep disturbance is associated with incident dementia and mortality, Curr Alzheimer Res, vol.10, issue.7, pp.767-75, 2013.

A. Lim, M. Kowgier, L. Yu, A. S. Buchman, and D. A. Bennett, Sleep Fragmentation and the Risk of Incident Alzheimer's Disease and Cognitive Decline in Older Persons, Sleep, vol.36, issue.7, pp.1027-1059, 2013.

R. S. Osorio, T. Gumb, E. Pirraglia, A. W. Varga, S. Lu et al., Sleep-disordered breathing advances cognitive decline in the elderly, Neurology, vol.84, pp.1964-71, 2015.

K. E. Vytal, B. R. Cornwell, N. E. Arkin, A. M. Letkiewicz, and C. Grillon, The complex interaction between anxiety and cognition: insight from spatial and verbal working memory. Front Hum Neurosci, vol.7, 2013.

S. Köhler, J. Allardyce, F. Verhey, I. G. Mckeith, F. Matthews et al., Cognitive Decline and Dementia Risk in Older Adults With Psychotic Symptoms: A Prospective Cohort Study, The American Journal of Geriatric Psychiatry, vol.21, issue.2, pp.119-147, 2013.

Z. Ismail, L. Agüera-ortiz, H. Brodaty, A. Cieslak, J. Cummings et al., The Mild Behavioral Impairment Checklist (MBI-C): A rating scale for neuropsychiatric symptoms in pre-dementia populations, Journal of Alzheimer's disease : JAD, vol.56, issue.3, p.929, 2017.

M. Hersi, B. Irvine, P. Gupta, J. Gomes, N. Birkett et al., Risk factors associated with the onset and progression of Alzheimer's disease: A systematic review of the evidence, Neurotoxicology, vol.61, pp.143-87, 2017.

R. Malouf, A. Sastre, and A. , Vitamin B12 for cognition, Database Syst Rev, issue.3, p.4326, 2003.

N. Farina, M. Isaac, A. R. Clark, J. Rusted, and N. Tabet, Vitamin E for Alzheimer's dementia and mild cognitive impairment. Cochrane Database Syst Rev, vol.11, p.2854, 2012.

B. Woods, E. Aguirre, A. E. Spector, and M. Orrell, Cognitive stimulation to improve cognitive functioning in people with dementia. Cochrane Database Syst Rev, p.5562, 2012.

L. Iversen, S. Iversen, E. Bloom, F. , H. Roth et al., Introduction to Neuropsychopharmacology, vol.576, 2009.

J. Besheer and R. A. Bevins, CHAPTER 2 . 4 Acetylcholine : II . Nicotinic Receptors, 2018.

E. J. Mufson, S. E. Counts, S. E. Perez, and S. D. Ginsberg, Cholinergic system during the progression of Alzheimer's disease: therapeutic implications, Expert Rev Neurother, vol.8, issue.11, pp.1703-1721, 2008.

M. Pákáski and J. Kálmán, Interactions between the amyloid and cholinergic mechanisms in Alzheimer's disease, Neurochem Int, vol.53, issue.5, pp.103-114, 2008.

M. Rangel-gomez and M. Meeter, Neurotransmitters and Novelty: A Systematic Review, J Psychopharmacol, vol.30, issue.1, pp.3-12, 2016.

S. L. Risacher, B. C. Mcdonald, E. F. Tallman, J. D. West, M. R. Farlow et al., Association Between Anticholinergic Medication Use and Cognition, Brain Metabolism, and Brain Atrophy in Cognitively Normal Older Adults, JAMA Neurol, vol.73, issue.6, pp.721-753, 201601.

M. Sarter, W. J. Gehring, and R. Kozak, More attention must be paid: the neurobiology of attentional effort, Brain Res Rev, vol.51, issue.2, pp.145-60, 2006.

P. Bentley, P. Vuilleumier, C. M. Thiel, J. Driver, and R. J. Dolan, Cholinergic enhancement modulates neural correlates of selective attention and emotional processing, Neuroimage, vol.20, issue.1, pp.58-70, 2003.

A. V. Terry and J. J. Buccafusco, The cholinergic hypothesis of age and Alzheimer's diseaserelated cognitive deficits: recent challenges and their implications for novel drug development, J Pharmacol Exp Ther, vol.306, issue.3, pp.821-828, 2003.

M. Feinberg, The problems of anticholinergic adverse effects in older patients. Drugs Aging, vol.3, pp.335-383, 1993.

L. E. Tune, Anticholinergic Effects of Medication in Elderly Patients, J Clin Psychiatry, vol.62, pp.11-15, 2001.

M. S. Salahudeen, S. B. Duffull, and P. S. Nishtala, Impact of anticholinergic discontinuation on cognitive outcomes in older people: a systematic review, Drugs Aging, vol.31, issue.3, pp.185-92, 2014.

M. S. Salahudeen, P. S. Nishtala, and S. B. Duffull, The Influence of Patient Characteristics on Anticholinergic Events in Older People. Dement Geriatr Cogn Dis Extra, vol.5, pp.530-571, 2015.

N. Lechevallier-michel, M. Molimard, J. Dartigues, C. Fabrigoule, and A. Fourrier-réglat, Drugs with anticholinergic properties and cognitive performance in the elderly: results from the PAQUID Study, Br J Clin Pharmacol, vol.59, issue.2, pp.143-51, 2005.

J. Ness, A. Hoth, M. J. Barnett, R. I. Shorr, and P. J. Kaboli, Anticholinergic medications in community-dwelling older veterans: prevalence of anticholinergic symptoms, symptom burden, and adverse drug events, Am J Geriatr Pharmacother, vol.4, issue.1, pp.42-51, 2006.

L. Tune and J. T. Coyle, Serum levels of anticholinergic drugs in treatment of acute extrapyramidal side effects. Arch Gen Psychiatry, vol.37, pp.293-300, 1980.

R. M. Carnahan, B. C. Lund, P. J. Perry, and B. G. Pollock, A critical appraisal of the utility of the serum anticholinergic activity assay in research and clinical practice, Psychopharmacol Bull, vol.36, issue.2, pp.24-39, 2002.

P. S. Miller, J. S. Richardson, C. A. Jyu, J. S. Lemay, M. Hiscock et al., Association of low serum anticholinergic levels and cognitive impairment in elderly presurgical patients, Am J Psychiatry, vol.145, issue.3, pp.342-347, 1988.

P. Lampela, P. Lavikainen, J. A. Garcia-horsman, J. S. Bell, R. Huupponen et al., Anticholinergic drug use, serum anticholinergic activity, and adverse drug events among older people: a population-based study, Drugs Aging, vol.30, issue.5, pp.321-351, 2013.

R. M. Carnahan, B. C. Lund, P. J. Perry, B. G. Pollock, and K. R. Culp, The Anticholinergic Drug Scale as a Measure of Drug-Related Anticholinergic Burden: Associations With Serum Anticholinergic Activity, The Journal of Clinical Pharmacology, vol.46, issue.12, pp.1481-1487, 2006.

S. N. Hilmer, D. E. Mager, E. M. Simonsick, Y. Cao, S. M. Ling et al., A drug burden index to define the functional burden of medications in older people, Arch Intern Med, vol.167, issue.8, pp.781-788, 2007.

J. L. Rudolph, M. J. Salow, M. C. Angelini, and R. E. Mcglinchey, The anticholinergic risk scale and anticholinergic adverse effects in older persons, Arch Intern Med, vol.168, issue.5, pp.508-521, 2008.

M. Boustani, M. S. Baker, N. Campbell, S. Munger, S. L. Hui et al., Impact and Recognition of Cognitive Impairment among Hospitalized Elders, J Hosp Med, vol.5, issue.2, pp.69-75, 2010.

H. Kersten and T. B. Wyller, Anticholinergic Drug Burden in Older People's Brain -How well is it Measured?, Basic & Clinical Pharmacology & Toxicology, vol.114, issue.2, pp.151-160, 2014.

|. Références,

M. Boustani, N. Campbell, S. Munger, I. Maidment, and C. Fox, Impact of anticholinergics on the aging brain: a review and practical application. Aging Health, vol.4, pp.311-331, 2008.

C. E. Durán, M. Azermai, and R. H. Vander-stichele, Systematic review of anticholinergic risk scales in older adults, Eur J Clin Pharmacol, vol.69, issue.7, pp.1485-96, 2013.

I. Carrière, A. Fourrier-reglat, J. Dartigues, O. Rouaud, F. Pasquier et al., Drugs with anticholinergic properties, cognitive decline, and dementia in an elderly general population: the 3-city study, Arch Intern Med, vol.169, issue.14, pp.1317-1341, 2009.

N. L. Campbell, M. A. Boustani, K. A. Lane, S. Gao, H. Hendrie et al., Use of anticholinergics and the risk of cognitive impairment in an African American population, Neurology, vol.75, issue.2, pp.152-161, 2010.

C. Fox, K. Richardson, I. D. Maidment, G. M. Savva, F. E. Matthews et al., Anticholinergic medication use and cognitive impairment in the older population: the medical research council cognitive function and ageing study, J Am Geriatr Soc, 2011.

Y. Cao, D. E. Mager, E. M. Simonsick, S. N. Hilmer, S. M. Ling et al., Physical and cognitive performance and burden of anticholinergics, sedatives, and ACE inhibitors in older women, Clin Pharmacol Ther, vol.83, issue.3, pp.422-431, 2008.

I. Cancelli, G. L. Gigli, A. Piani, B. Zanchettin, F. Janes et al., Drugs with anticholinergic properties as a risk factor for cognitive impairment in elderly people: a population-based study, J Clin Psychopharmacol, vol.28, issue.6, pp.654-663, 2008.

J. Uusvaara, K. H. Pitkala, P. J. Tienari, H. Kautiainen, R. S. Tilvis et al., Association between anticholinergic drugs and apolipoprotein E epsilon4 allele and poorer cognitive function in older cardiovascular patients: a cross-sectional study, J Am Geriatr Soc, vol.57, issue.3, pp.427-458, 2009.

R. C. Shah, A. L. Janos, J. E. Kline, L. Yu, S. E. Leurgans et al., Cognitive Decline in Older Persons Initiating Anticholinergic Medications, PLoS ONE

L. Han, J. V. Agostini, and H. G. Allore, Cumulative anticholinergic exposure is associated with poor memory and executive function in older men, J Am Geriatr Soc, 2008.

L. Low, K. J. Anstey, and P. Sachdev, Use of medications with anticholinergic properties and cognitive function in a young-old community sample, Int J Geriatr Psychiatry, vol.24, issue.6, pp.578-84, 2009.

V. Dauphinot, C. Mouchoux, S. Veillard, F. Delphin-combe, and P. Krolak-salmon, Anticholinergic drugs and functional, cognitive impairment and behavioral disturbances in patients from a memory clinic with subjective cognitive decline or neurocognitive disorders, vol.9, p.58, 2017.

L. L. Drag, S. L. Wright, and L. A. Bieliauskas, Prescribing Practices of Anticholinergic Medications and Their Association With Cognition in an Extended Care Setting, J Appl Gerontol, vol.31, issue.2, pp.239-59, 2012.

H. Kersten, E. Molden, T. Willumsen, K. Engedal, B. Wyller et al., Higher anticholinergic drug scale (ADS) scores are associated with peripheral but not cognitive markers of cholinergic blockade. Cross sectional data from 21 Norwegian nursing homes, Br J Clin Pharmacol, vol.75, issue.3, pp.842-851, 2013.

X. Cai, N. Campbell, B. Khan, C. Callahan, and M. Boustani, Long-term anticholinergic use and the aging brain, Alzheimers Dement, vol.9, issue.4, pp.377-85, 2013.

L. Pasina, C. D. Djade, U. Lucca, A. Nobili, M. Tettamanti et al., Association of anticholinergic burden with cognitive and functional status in a cohort of hospitalized elderly: comparison of the anticholinergic cognitive burden scale and anticholinergic risk scale: results from the REPOSI study, Drugs Aging, vol.30, issue.2, pp.103-115, 2013.

D. Gnjidic, L. Couteur, D. G. Naganathan, V. Cumming, R. G. Creasey et al., Effects of drug burden index on cognitive function in older men, J Clin Psychopharmacol, vol.32, issue.2, pp.273-280, 2012.

I. Arevalo-rodriguez, N. Smailagic, M. Roqué-i-figuls, A. Ciapponi, E. Sanchez-perez et al., Mini-Mental State Examination (MMSE) for the detection of Alzheimer's disease and other dementias in people with mild cognitive impairment (MCI), Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews

, , 2015.

G. Sittironnarit, D. Ames, A. I. Bush, N. Faux, L. Flicker et al., Effects of anticholinergic drugs on cognitive function in older Australians: results from the AIBL study, Dement Geriatr Cogn Disord, vol.31, issue.3, pp.173-181, 2011.

L. J. Whalley, S. Sharma, H. C. Fox, A. D. Murray, R. T. Staff et al., Anticholinergic drugs in late life: adverse effects on cognition but not on progress to dementia, J Alzheimers Dis, vol.30, issue.2, pp.253-61, 2012.

F. Montastruc, J. Benevent, A. Touafchia, L. Chebane, M. Araujo et al., Atropinic (anticholinergic) burden in antipsychotic-treated patients. Fundam Clin Pharmacol, 2009.

S. L. Harrison, O. Kouladjian, L. Donnell, C. E. Bradley, R. Milte et al., Associations between the Drug Burden Index, Potentially Inappropriate Medications and Quality of Life in Residential Aged Care, Drugs Aging, vol.35, issue.1, pp.83-91, 2018.

M. Zins and M. Goldberg, The French CONSTANCES populationbased cohort: design, inclusion and follow-up, Eur J Epidemiol, vol.30, issue.12, pp.1317-1345, 2015.

F. Ruiz, M. Goldberg, S. Lemonnier, A. Ozguler, E. Boos et al., High quality standards for a large-scale prospective population-based observational cohort: Constances, vol.16, p.877, 2016.
URL : https://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/inserm-01356135

J. Bezin, M. Duong, R. Lassalle, C. Droz, A. Pariente et al., The national healthcare system claims databases in France, SNIIRAM and EGB: Powerful tools for pharmacoepidemiology, Pharmacoepidemiol Drug Saf, vol.26, issue.8, pp.954-62, 2017.

, Notre environnement : la Sécurité sociale

, SNDS : Système National des Données de Santé | CNIL

W. Index,

J. T. Hanlon, R. M. Boudreau, Y. F. Roumani, A. B. Newman, C. M. Ruby et al., Number and dosage of central nervous system medications on recurrent falls in community elders: the Health, Aging and Body Composition study, J Gerontol A Biol Sci Med Sci, vol.64, issue.4, pp.492-500, 2009.

E. Grober, H. Buschke, H. Crystal, S. Bang, and R. Dresner, Screening for dementia by memory testing, Neurology, vol.38, issue.6, pp.900-903, 1988.

J. G. Borkowski, A. L. Benton, and O. Spreen, Word fluency and brain damage. Neuropsychologia, vol.5, pp.135-175, 1967.

D. Cardebat, B. Doyon, M. Puel, P. Goulet, and Y. Joanette, Formal and semantic lexical evocation in normal subjects. Performance and dynamics of production as a function of sex

, Acta Neurol Belg, vol.90, issue.4, pp.207-224, 1990.

. D. Wechsler, Wechsler Adult Intelligence Scale-Revised. Psychological Corporation, 1981.

, The Fundamentals of Clinical Neuropsychiatry

T. J. Boll and R. M. Reitan, Effect of age on performance of the Trail Making Test, Percept Mot Skills, vol.36, issue.3, pp.691-695, 1973.

T. Miner and F. R. Ferraro, The role of speed of processing, inhibitory mechanisms, and presentation order in trail-making test performance, Brain Cogn, vol.38, issue.2, pp.246-53, 1998.

A. Barona, C. R. Reynolds, and R. Chastain, A demographically based index of premorbid intelligence for the WAIS-R, Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology, vol.52, issue.5, pp.885-892, 1984.

M. Dion, O. Potvin, S. Belleville, G. Ferland, M. Renaud et al., Normative data for the Rappel libre/Rappel indicé à 16 items (16-item Free and Cued Recall) in the elderly Quebec-French population, Clin Neuropsychol, vol.28, issue.1, pp.1-19, 2015.

S. Karimi, S. P. Dharia, D. S. Flora, and P. W. Slattum, Anticholinergic burden: clinical implications for seniors and strategies for clinicians, Consult Pharm, vol.27, issue.8, pp.564-82, 2012.

P. Gerretsen and B. G. Pollock, Drugs with anticholinergic properties: a current perspective on use and safety, Expert Opinion on Drug Safety, vol.10, issue.5, pp.751-65, 2011.

B. Voss, R. Thienel, M. Reske, T. Kellermann, A. J. Sheldrick et al., Cholinergic blockade under working memory demands encountered by increased rehearsal strategies: Références | 182 evidence from fMRI in healthy subjects, Eur Arch Psychiatry Clin Neurosci, 2012.

K. Ellett, L. M. Pratt, N. L. Ramsay, E. N. Barratt, J. D. Roughead et al., Multiple anticholinergic medication use and risk of hospital admission for confusion or dementia, J Am Geriatr Soc, vol.62, issue.10, pp.1916-1938, 2014.

F. Montastruc, E. Retailleau, V. Rousseau, H. Bagheri, and J. Montastruc, Atropinic burden of prescription forms in France: a study in community pharmacies in 2013, Eur J Clin Pharmacol, vol.70, issue.9, pp.1147-1155, 2014.

N. L. Campbell, A. J. Perkins, P. Bradt, S. Perk, R. C. Wielage et al., Association of Anticholinergic Burden with Cognitive Impairment and Health Care Utilization Among a Diverse Ambulatory Older Adult Population, Pharmacotherapy, vol.36, issue.11, pp.1123-1154, 2016.

J. C. De-la-torre, Pathophysiology of neuronal energy crisis in Alzheimer's disease. Neurodegener Dis, vol.5, pp.126-158, 2008.

S. Mebarki and C. Trivalle, Évaluation de la charge anticholinergique en gériatrie à l'aide de 3 échelles. NPG Neurologie -Psychiatrie -Gériatrie, vol.14, pp.81-88, 2014.

S. Billioti-de-gage, Y. Moride, T. Ducruet, T. Kurth, H. Verdoux et al., Benzodiazepine use and risk of Alzheimer's disease: case-control study, BMJ, vol.349, p.5205, 2009.

S. S. Sawilowsky, New Effect Size Rules of Thumb, Journal of Modern Applied Statistical Methods, vol.8, issue.2, pp.597-606, 2009.

G. Papenberg, L. Bäckman, L. Fratiglioni, E. J. Laukka, J. Fastbom et al., Anticholinergic drug use is associated with episodic memory decline in older adults without dementia, Neurobiol Aging, vol.55, pp.27-32, 2017.

R. Bender and S. Lange, Adjusting for multiple testing-when and how, Journal of Clinical Epidemiology, vol.54, issue.4, pp.343-352, 2001.

K. A. Bottiggi, J. C. Salazar, L. Yu, A. M. Caban-holt, M. Ryan et al., Longterm cognitive impact of anticholinergic medications in older adults, Am J Geriatr Psychiatry, vol.14, issue.11, pp.980-984, 2006.

T. Mayer, W. E. Haefeli, and H. M. Seidling, Different methods, different results--how do available methods link a patient's anticholinergic load with adverse outcomes?, Eur J Clin Pharmacol, vol.71, issue.11, pp.1299-314, 2015.

G. Désaméricq, F. Schurhoff, A. Meary, A. Szöke, I. Macquin-mavier et al., Long-term neurocognitive effects of antipsychotics in schizophrenia: a network meta-analysis, Eur J Clin Pharmacol, vol.70, issue.2, pp.127-161, 2014.

S. Dublin, R. L. Walker, S. L. Gray, R. A. Hubbard, M. L. Anderson et al., Prescription Opioids and Risk of Dementia or Cognitive Decline: A Prospective Cohort Study, J Am Geriatr Soc, vol.63, issue.8, pp.1519-1545, 2015.

J. R. Ellis, K. A. Ellis, C. F. Bartholomeusz, B. J. Harrison, K. A. Wesnes et al., Muscarinic and nicotinic receptors synergistically modulate working memory and attention in humans, International Journal of Neuropsychopharmacology, vol.9, issue.2, pp.175-89, 2006.

|. Références,

A. Ziad, R. Olekhnovitch, F. Ruiz, C. Berr, B. Bégaud et al., Anticholinergic drug use and cognitive performances in middle age: findings from the CONSTANCES cohort, J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry, 2018.
URL : https://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/hal-02316638

K. Richardson, C. Fox, I. Maidment, N. Steel, Y. K. Loke et al., Anticholinergic drugs and risk of dementia: case-control study, BMJ, vol.361, p.1315, 2018.

M. H. Trivedi and T. L. Greer, Cognitive dysfunction in unipolar depression: Implications for treatment, Journal of Affective Disorders, vol.152, pp.19-27, 2014.

H. Hori, H. Noguchi, R. Hashimoto, T. Nakabayashi, M. Omori et al., Antipsychotic medication and cognitive function in schizophrenia, Schizophrenia Research, vol.86, issue.1, pp.138-184, 2006.

H. Vulser, E. Wiernik, N. Hoertel, M. Melchior, M. Thibault et al., Depression, Cognitive Functions, and Impaired Functioning in Middle-Aged Adults From the CONSTANCES Cohort, J Clin Psychiatry, vol.79, issue.6, 2018.
URL : https://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/hal-02307478

R. Lagnaoui, F. Depont, A. Fourrier, A. Abouelfath, B. Bégaud et al., Patterns and correlates of benzodiazepine use in the French general population, Eur J Clin Pharmacol, vol.60, issue.7, pp.523-532, 2004.

, médicale (Inserm) I national de la santé et de la recherche, Médicaments psychotropes : Consommations et pharmacodépendances

, Les éditions Inserm, pp.38-43, 2012.

N. Campbell, M. Boustani, T. Limbil, C. Ott, C. Fox et al., The cognitive impact of anticholinergics: a clinical review, Clin Interv Aging, vol.4, pp.225-258, 2009.

K. Rockwood, R. Walsh, E. Martin, and S. Darvesh, Potentially procholinergic effects of medications commonly used in older adults, Am J Geriatr Pharmacother, vol.9, issue.1, pp.80-87, 2011.

A. R. Kaup, A. L. Byers, C. Falvey, E. M. Simonsick, S. Satterfield et al., Trajectories of Depressive Symptoms in Older Adults and Risk of Dementia, JAMA Psychiatry, vol.73, issue.5, pp.525-556, 201601.

H. K. Greenblatt and D. J. Greenblatt, Use of Antipsychotics for the Treatment of Behavioral Symptoms of Dementia, J Clin Pharmacol, vol.56, issue.9, pp.1048-57, 2016.

A. Busse, A. Hensel, U. Gühne, M. C. Angermeyer, and S. G. Riedel-heller, Mild cognitive impairment: Long-term course of four clinical subtypes, Neurology, vol.67, issue.12, pp.2176-85, 2006.

A. Morin, G. Moullec, C. Maïano, L. Layet, J. Just et al., Psychometric properties of the Center for Epidemiologic Studies Depression Scale (CES-D) in French clinical and nonclinical adults, Rev Epidemiol Sante Publique, vol.59, issue.5, pp.327-367, 2011.

I. Tammenmaa-aho, R. Asher, K. Soares-weiser, and H. Bergman, Cholinergic medication for antipsychotic-induced tardive dyskinesia, Internet], 2018.

A. From,

P. R. Rosenbaum and D. B. Rubin, The Central Role of the Propensity Score in Observational Studies for Causal Effects, 1983.

. Références-|-184,

R. Mitra, P. Jerome, and . Reiter, A comparison of two methods of estimating propensity scores after multiple imputation, Stat Methods Med Res, vol.25, issue.1, pp.188-204, 2016.

K. Raghunathan, J. B. Layton, T. Ohnuma, and A. D. Shaw, Observational Research Using Propensity Scores. Adv Chronic Kidney Dis, vol.23, pp.367-72, 2016.

M. Sarazin, C. Berr, D. Rotrou, J. Fabrigoule, C. Pasquier et al., Amnestic syndrome of the medial temporal type identifies prodromal AD: a longitudinal study, Neurology, vol.69, issue.19, pp.1859-67, 2007.
URL : https://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/inserm-00169640

K. Mori, H. Yamashita, M. Nagao, J. Horiguchi, and S. Yamawaki, Effects of anticholinergic drug withdrawal on memory, regional cerebral blood flow and extrapyramidal side effects in schizophrenic patients, Pharmacopsychiatry, vol.35, issue.1, pp.6-11, 2002.

S. Rémillard, E. Pourcher, and H. Cohen, Long-term effects of risperidone versus haloperidol on verbal memory, attention, and symptomatology in schizophrenia, Journal of the International Neuropsychological Society, vol.14, issue.1, pp.110-118, 2008.

P. Zaninotto, G. D. Batty, M. Allerhand, and I. J. Deary, Cognitive function trajectories and their determinants in older people: 8 years of follow-up in the English Longitudinal Study of Ageing, J Epidemiol Community Health, vol.72, issue.8, pp.685-94, 2018.

D. M. Lipnicki, S. R. Makkar, J. D. Crawford, A. Thalamuthu, N. A. Kochan et al., Determinants of cognitive performance and decline in 20 diverse ethno-regional groups: A COSMIC collaboration cohort study, PLoS Med, vol.16, issue.7, p.1002853, 2019.
URL : https://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/hal-02399913

D. M. Lipnicki, P. S. Sachdev, J. Crawford, S. Reppermund, N. A. Kochan et al., Risk Factors for Late-Life Cognitive Decline and Variation with Age and Sex in the Sydney Memory and Ageing Study, PLoS One, vol.8, issue.6, 2013.

A. Britton, M. Shipley, A. Singh-manoux, and M. G. Marmot, Successful aging: the contribution of early-life and midlife risk factors, J Am Geriatr Soc, vol.56, issue.6, pp.1098-105, 2008.
URL : https://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/inserm-00291635

I. Evans, D. J. Llewellyn, F. E. Matthews, R. T. Woods, C. Brayne et al., Social isolation, cognitive reserve, and cognition in healthy older people, PLoS One, 2018.

, Aug, vol.17, issue.8

J. W. Williams, B. L. Plassman, J. Burke, and S. Benjamin, Preventing Alzheimer's disease and cognitive decline, Evid Rep Technol Assess (Full Rep), issue.193, pp.1-727, 2010.

C. Proust, H. Jacqmin-gadda, J. Taylor, J. Ganiayre, and D. Commenges, A nonlinear model with latent process for cognitive evolution using multivariate longitudinal data, Biometrics, vol.62, issue.4, pp.1014-1038, 2006.
URL : https://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/inserm-00130040

P. S. Costa, N. C. Santos, P. Cunha, J. Cotter, and N. Sousa, The Use of Multiple Correspondence Analysis to Explore Associations between Categories of Qualitative Variables in Healthy Ageing, J Aging Res, p.302163, 2013.

E. Sosso and F. A. , Brain Disorders: Correlation between Cognitive Impairment and Complex Combination. Ment Health Fam Med, vol.12, 2016.

M. Marcucci, C. Franchi, A. Nobili, P. M. Mannucci, and I. Ardoino, Defining Aging Phenotypes and Related Outcomes: Clues to Recognize Frailty in Hospitalized Older Patients, J Gerontol A Biol Sci Med Sci, vol.72, issue.3, pp.395-402, 2017.

F. Ruiz, T. Vallet, A. Pensé-lhéritier, and A. Aoussat, Standardized method to assess medicines' acceptability: focus on paediatric population, J Pharm Pharmacol, 2017.

T. Vallet, F. Ruiz, M. Lavarde, A. Pensé-lhéritier, and A. Aoussat, Standardised evaluation of medicine acceptability in paediatric population: reliability of a model, J Pharm Pharmacol, vol.70, issue.1, pp.42-50, 2018.

T. Vallet, E. Belissa, S. Laribe-caget, A. Chevallier, F. Chedhomme et al., A Decision Support Tool Facilitating Medicine Design for Optimal Acceptability in The Older Population, Pharm Res, vol.35, issue.7, p.136, 2018.
URL : https://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/hal-01793642

F. Ruiz, T. Vallet, D. Wojcicki, A. Belissa, É. Fontan et al., Dosage form suitability in vulnerable populations: A focus on paracetamol acceptability from infants to centenarians, PLoS One, vol.14, issue.8, 2019.

F. Ruiz, A. Keeley, P. Léglise, C. Tuleu, C. Lachuer et al., Sex Differences in Medicine Acceptability: A New Factor to Be Considered in Medicine Formulation, Pharmaceutics, vol.11, issue.8, 2019.

E. Belissa, T. Vallet, S. Laribe-caget, A. Chevallier, F. Chedhomme et al., Acceptability of oral liquid pharmaceutical products in older adults: palatability and swallowability issues, BMC Geriatr, vol.19, 2019.
URL : https://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/hal-02922911

, Quelle place pour les benzodiazépines dans l'anxiété ?, HAS

H. Autorité-de-santé, , 2018.

R. B. Cattell, The Meaning and Strategic Use of Factor Analysis, Handbook of Multivariate Experimental Psychology

M. A. Boston and U. S. Springer, Perspectives on Individual Differences, pp.131-203, 1988.

J. Josse, Principal component methods -hierarchical clustering -partitional clustering: why would we need to choose for visualizing data?, 2010.

P. Good, Permutation Tests: A Practical Guide to Resampling Methods for Testing Hypotheses, Springer Series in Statistics, 2000.

G. Airagnes, C. Lemogne, A. Renuy, M. Goldberg, N. Hoertel et al., Prevalence of prescribed benzodiazepine long-term use in the French general population according to sociodemographic and clinical factors: findings from the CONSTANCES cohort, vol.19, 2019.
URL : https://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/inserm-02295511

R. Pearson, D. Mundfrom, and A. Piccone, A Comparison of Ten Methods for Determining the Number of Factors in Exploratory Factor Analysis, vol.39, p.15, 2013.

. Références-|-186,

J. E. Yun, H. Kimm, Y. J. Choi, S. H. Jee, and K. B. Huh, Smoking Is Associated With Abdominal Obesity, Not Overall Obesity, in Men With Type 2 Diabetes, J Prev Med Public Health, vol.45, issue.5, pp.316-338, 2012.

J. Wang, F. Mann, B. Lloyd-evans, R. Ma, and S. Johnson, Associations between loneliness and perceived social support and outcomes of mental health problems: a systematic review, BMC Psychiatry [Internet], vol.18, 2018.

. Gage-sb-de, B. Bégaud, F. Bazin, H. Verdoux, J. Dartigues et al., Benzodiazepine use and risk of dementia: prospective population based study. The BMJ [Internet, vol.345, 2012.

B. Gulpers, I. Ramakers, R. Hamel, S. Köhler, O. Voshaar et al., Anxiety as a Predictor for Cognitive Decline and Dementia: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis

, The American Journal of Geriatric Psychiatry, vol.24, issue.10, pp.823-865, 2016.

F. Buffon, R. Porcher, K. Hernandez, A. Kurtz, S. Pointeau et al., Cognitive profile in CADASIL, Neurosurgery & Psychiatry, vol.77, issue.2, pp.175-80, 2006.

K. Rockwood, A. Mitnitski, M. Richard, M. Kurth, P. Kesslak et al., Neuropsychiatric symptom clusters targeted for treatment at earlier versus later stages of dementia, International Journal of Geriatric Psychiatry, vol.30, issue.4, pp.357-67, 2015.

M. J. Barker, K. M. Greenwood, M. Jackson, and S. F. Crowe, Cognitive effects of long-term benzodiazepine use: a meta-analysis, CNS Drugs, vol.18, issue.1, pp.37-48, 2004.

S. A. Stewart, The effects of benzodiazepines on cognition, J Clin Psychiatry, vol.66, issue.2, pp.9-13, 2005.

M. J. Barker, K. M. Greenwood, M. Jackson, and S. F. Crowe, Persistence of cognitive effects after withdrawal from long-term benzodiazepine use: a meta-analysis. Arch Clin Neuropsychol, vol.19, pp.437-54, 2004.

R. Lagnaoui, M. Tournier, Y. Moride, C. Wolfson, T. Ducruet et al., The risk of cognitive impairment in older community-dwelling women after benzodiazepine use, Age Ageing, vol.38, issue.2, pp.226-234, 2009.

Y. Zhang, X. Zhou, D. H. Meranus, L. Wang, and W. A. Kukull, Benzodiazepine use and cognitive decline in elderly with normal cognition, vol.30, p.113, 2016.

C. Tannenbaum, P. Martin, R. Tamblyn, A. Benedetti, and S. Ahmed, Reduction of inappropriate benzodiazepine prescriptions among older adults through direct patient education: the EMPOWER cluster randomized trial, JAMA Intern Med, vol.174, issue.6, pp.890-898, 2014.

M. Boustani, K. S. Hall, K. A. Lane, H. Aljadhey, S. Gao et al., The association between cognition and histamine-2 receptor antagonists in African Americans, J Am Geriatr Soc, vol.55, issue.8, pp.1248-53, 2007.

S. N. Hilmer, D. E. Mager, E. M. Simonsick, S. M. Ling, B. G. Windham et al., Drug burden index score and functional decline in older people, Am J Med, 2009.

|. Références,

R. A. Merchant, B. Li, K. Yap, and T. Ng, Use of drugs with anticholinergic effects and cognitive impairment in community-living older persons, Age Ageing, 2009.

C. Fox, G. Livingston, I. D. Maidment, S. Coulton, D. G. Smithard et al., The impact of anticholinergic burden in Alzheimer's dementia-the LASER-AD study. Age Ageing, vol.40, pp.730-735, 2011.

E. J. Geller, A. K. Crane, E. C. Wells, B. L. Robinson, M. L. Jannelli et al., Effect of Anticholinergic Use for the Treatment of Overactive Bladder on Cognitive Function in Postmenopausal Women, Clin Drug Investig, vol.32, issue.10, pp.697-705, 2012.

M. Rehse, M. Bartolovic, K. Baum, D. Richter, M. Weisbrod et al., Influence of Antipsychotic and Anticholinergic Loads on Cognitive Functions in Patients with Schizophrenia

, Schizophrenia Research and Treatment, 2016.

Y. Yeh, C. Liu, L. Peng, M. Lin, and L. Chen, Potential benefits of reducing medication-related anticholinergic burden for demented older adults: a prospective cohort study, Geriatr Gerontol Int, vol.13, issue.3, pp.694-700, 2013.

C. Coupland, T. Hill, T. Dening, R. Morriss, M. Moore et al., Anticholinergic Drug Exposure and the Risk of Dementia: A Nested Case-Control Study, JAMA Intern Med, vol.179, issue.8, pp.1084-93, 2019.

P. D. Harvey, M. F. Green, S. R. Mcgurk, and H. Y. Meltzer, Changes in cognitive functioning with risperidone and olanzapine treatment: a large-scale, double-blind, randomized study. Psychopharmacology (Berl), vol.169, pp.404-415, 2003.

R. B. Lipton, K. Kolodner, and K. Wesnes, Assessment of cognitive function of the elderly population: effects of darifenacin, J Urol, vol.173, issue.2, pp.493-501, 2005.

G. Kay, T. Crook, L. Rekeda, R. Lima, U. Ebinger et al., Differential effects of the antimuscarinic agents darifenacin and oxybutynin ER on memory in older subjects, Eur Urol, vol.50, issue.2, pp.317-343, 2006.

K. A. Wesnes, C. Edgar, R. N. Tretter, and J. Bolodeoku, Exploratory pilot study assessing the risk of cognitive impairment or sedation in the elderly following single doses of solifenacin 10 mg, Expert Opin Drug Saf, vol.8, issue.6, pp.615-641, 2009.

. Wagg, 689 Solifenacin and cognitive function in elderly people with mild cognitive impairment: The SENIOR study, European Urology Supplements, vol.11, issue.1, pp.689-689, 2012.

R. Cruce, R. Vosoughi, and M. S. Freedman, Cognitive impact of anticholinergic medication in MS: Adding insult to injury? Mult Scler Relat Disord, vol.1, pp.156-61, 2012.

S. Eum, S. K. Hill, L. H. Rubin, R. M. Carnahan, J. L. Reilly et al., Cognitive burden of anticholinergic medications in psychotic disorders, vol.190, p.129, 2017.