Practical simulation of buildings and air-conditioning systems in the transient domain, vol.263, 1993. ,
Theoretical and experimental studies of stratified thermocline storage of hot water, Energy Conversion and Management, vol.22, pp.275-285, 1982. ,
Closed and open thermochemical energy storage: energy and exergy based comparisons. Energy, vol.41, pp.83-92, 2011. ,
An experimental study of a stratified thermal storage under variable inlet temperature for different inlet designs, International Journal of Heat and Mass Transfer, vol.35, issue.8, pp.1927-1934, 1992. ,
, , 2011.
Review of energy storage technologies for sustainable power networks, Sustain Energy Technol Assess, vol.8, pp.74-91, 2014. ,
Effect of geometry on static thermal stratification, the Second Arab Int. Solar Energy Conference, 2004. ,
Degradation of a stratified thermocline in a solar storage tank, International Journal of Energy Research, vol.17, pp.183-191, 1993. ,
Analytical and experimental investigation of thermal stratification in storage tanks, International Journal of Energy Research, vol.17, pp.77-88, 1993. ,
A numerical study for the prediction of turbulent mixing factor in thermal storage tanks, Applied Thermal Engineering, vol.17, pp.1173-1181, 1997. ,
Effect of obstacles on thermal stratification in hot water storage tanks, Applied thermal Engineering, vol.25, pp.2285-2298, 2005. ,
Multilayer fabric stratification pipes for solar tanks, Solar Energy, vol.81, pp.1219-1226, 2007. ,
Calibration and validation of a thermal energy storage model: influence on simulation results, Applied Thermal Engineering, vol.67, issue.1-2, pp.190-200, 2014. ,
, ANSYS, 2016.
,
Stratified Tanks for Heat Storage-Interface Control and Re-establishment, CHEMECA Conference, 2008. ,
Optimal operation of thermal energy storage units based on stratified and f ully mixed water tanks, Applied Thermal Engineering, vol.24, pp.2101-2116, 2004. ,
Analyse exergétique. Les techniques de l'Ingénieur, BE8015, vol.15, 2002. ,
Mixing in thermally stratified energy stores, Solar Energy, vol.58, pp.203-211, 1996. ,
Literature study: Tank Inlets, Thermal storage in solar storage tanks, SOLNET workshop, 2007. ,
Modélisation et validation expérimentale de nouveaux concepts de ballons solaires à forte stratification, vol.187, 2010. ,
Global, Regional, and National Fossil-Fuel CO2 Emissions, 2016. ,
Numerical analysis of transient mixed convection flow in storage tank : influence of fluid properties and aspect ratios on stratification, Renewable Energy, vol.25, pp.555-567, 2002. ,
Potential of solar heat pipe vacuum collectors in the desiccant cooling process: Modelling and experimental results, Solar Energy, vol.82, issue.12, pp.1209-1219, 2008. ,
URL : https://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/hal-00533660
, BP Statistical Review of World Energy, 2014.
Sensible Heat Storage in Liquids, Sandia Labs Report, 1974. ,
Thermal energy storage, Comprehensive Renewable Energy, pp.211-253, 2012. ,
Advances in Thermal Energy Storage Systems, 2015. ,
Heat storage for large low flow solar heating systems, ISES Solar World Congress, 1993. ,
Experimental study using PCM in brick constructive solutions for passive cooling, Energy and Buildings, vol.42, pp.534-540, 2010. ,
Dimensionless numbers used to characterize stratification in water tanks for discharging at low flow rates, Renewable Energy, vol.35, pp.2192-2199, 2010. ,
Grid-scale energy storage applications in renewable energy integration: a survey, Energy Convers Manage, vol.87, pp.885-894, 2014. ,
A review of chemical heat pumps, thermodynamic cycles and thermal energy storage technologies for low grade heat utilisation, Applied Thermal Engergy, vol.50, pp.1257-1273, 2012. ,
l'efficacité d'usage énergétique: pour une meilleure gestion de l'énergie électrique intégrant les occupants dans les bâtiments, vol.279, 2012. ,
Progress in electrical energy storage system: a critical review, Prog Nat Sci, vol.19, pp.291-312, 2009. ,
Progress in electrical energy storage system: a critical review, Prog Nat Sci, vol.19, pp.291-312, 2009. ,
A design approach for solar processes, Solar Energy, vol.11, pp.112-122, 1977. ,
, Centre National de Recherche Textuelles et Lexicales, Définition du terme "rendement" Dictionnaire lexicographique, 2016.
Thermally stratified tanks, ASHRAE Transactions, vol.88, issue.2, pp.1005-1017, 1982. ,
COMSOL Multiphysics and CFD Modules, Version 4.2: User's Manuals, 2011. ,
Virtual prototyping of storage tanks by means of three-deimensional CFD and heat transfer numerical simulation, Solar Energy, vol.77, pp.179-191, 2004. ,
Thermochemical energy storage and conversion: A state of the art review of the experimental research under practical condistions, Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews, vol.16, pp.5207-5224, 2012. ,
Transient cooling of petroleum by natural convection in cylindrical storage tanks: 2-Effect of heat transfer coefficient, aspect ration and temperature-dependant viscosity, Int. J. Heat and Mass Transfer, vol.36, pp.2175-2182, 1993. ,
Plume entrainment effects in solar domestic hot water systems employing variable-flow-rate control strategies, Solar Energy, vol.49, issue.6, pp.497-505, 1992. ,
Validation of a CFD Model Simulating Charge and Discharge of a Small Heat Storage Test Module based on a Sodium Acetate Water Mixture, Energy Procedia, vol.57, pp.2451-2460, 2014. ,
A coefficient to characterize mixing in solar water storage tanks, Solar Energy Engineering, vol.116, pp.94-99, 1994. ,
Comparison between models for the simulation of hot water storage tanks, Solar Energy, vol.75, pp.121-134, 2003. ,
A note on a mesh for use with polar coordinates, Numerical Heat Transfer, vol.9, pp.511-537, 1979. ,
, , 1995.
THERMAL ENERGY STORAGE, systems and applications, 2002. ,
Solar Engineering of Thermal Process, Second Edition, 1991. ,
Solar Engineering of Thermal Processes, 1980. ,
Recent developments on the latent heat storage, International Journal of Heat and Technology, vol.22, issue.1, pp.75-83, 2004. ,
The effect of tank geometry on thermally stratified sensible heat storage subject to low reynolds number flows, Int. J. Heat and Mass Transfer, vol.41, pp.2131-2142, 1998. ,
, ECES, 2016.
,
, European Energy Research Alliance, EERA, 2016.
,
Thermal energy storage: how previous findings determine current research priorities. Energy, vol.39, pp.246-257, 2012. ,
Selection of materials with potential in sensible thermal energy storage, Solar Energy Materials and Solar Cells, vol.94, pp.1723-1729, 2010. ,
Experimental analysis of a domestic electric hot water storage tank. Part I. Static mode of operation, Applied Thermal Engineering, vol.27, pp.139-136, 2007. ,
Experimental analysis of a domestic electric hot water storage tank. Part II: Dynamic mode of operation, Applied Thermal Engineering, vol.27, pp.137-144, 2007. ,
Process intergation, modelling and optimisation for energy saving and pollution reduction, Applied Thermal Engineering, vol.30, pp.2270-2280, 2010. ,
Solar thermal energy storage, 1985. ,
Study of the influence of inner lining material on thermal stratification in hot water storage tank, Applied Thermal Engineering, vol.75, pp.344-356, 2015. ,
Energy storage system-based power control for grid-connected wind power farm, Electr Power Energy Syst, vol.44, pp.115-122, 2012. ,
Numerical study of the effect of inlet geometry on mixing in thermocline thermal energy storage, Numerical Heat Transfer-PartA, vol.19, pp.65-83, 1991. ,
State of the art on high temperature thermal energy storage for power generation. Part 1 -concepts, materials and modellization, Renew Sustain Energy Rev, vol.14, pp.31-55, 2010. ,
, , 2016.
An experimental and analytical study of thermal stratification in an enclosed water region due to thermal energy discharge, Energy Conversion and Management, vol.22, pp.63-70, 1982. ,
Numerical study of flow and heat transfer characteristics in hotwater stores, Solar Energy, vol.64, pp.9-18, 1998. ,
Methods to determine stratification efficiency of thermal energy storage processes-Review and theoretical comparison, Solar Energy, vol.83, pp.1847-1860, 2009. ,
A method to determine stratification efficiency of therml energy processes independently from the storage heat losses, Solar Energy, vol.84, pp.997-1007, 2010. ,
Computer simulation of a solar energy system with a viscousentrainement liquid storage tank model, Proceedings of the Third Southeastern Conference, pp.165-182, 1978. ,
Thermal stratification within the water tank, Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews, vol.13, pp.1014-1026, 2009. ,
Temperature stratification in hot-water storage tanks, vol.16, pp.977-982, 1991. ,
Thermal Energy Storage for Sustainable Energy Consumption : Fundementals, case Studies and Design, pp.393-408, 2007. ,
On the thermal interaction of building structure and heating and ventilating system, vol.197, 1991. ,
An experimental and numerical study on the effect of the wall in a cylindrical enclosure-I, Solar Energy, vol.28, pp.145-152, 1982. ,
Performance of improved design for storage type domestic electric water heaters, Applied Energy, vol.71, pp.287-306, 2002. ,
SOLA: A Numerical Solution Algorithm for Transient Fluid Flows, 1975. ,
Linking COMIS multi-zone airflow model with the EnergyPlus Building Energy Simulation Program, International Building Performance Simulation Association, 1999. ,
A multigrid method based on the additive correction strategy, Numerical Heat Transfer, Part B, issue.9, pp.511-537, 1986. ,
Energy storage systems -characteristics and comparisons, Renew Sustain Energy Rev, vol.12, pp.1221-1250, 2007. ,
, ETSAP and IRENA Technology Brief E17, IEA, 2013.
, Key world energy statistics, IEA, 2014.
Numerical simulation of three-dimensional flow dynamics in a hot water storage tank, Applied Energy, vol.86, pp.2604-2614, 2009. ,
Models of liquid storage tanks, International Journal of Energy Research, vol.22, pp.805-815, 1997. ,
Optimum selection of the aspect ratio of solar tank. Eurosun'96, pp.251-255, 1996. ,
Intergration of airflow and energy simulation using CONTAM and TRNSYS, ASHRAE Transactions, vol.109, issue.1, pp.1-14, 2003. ,
Heat and Cold Storage with PCM: An Up to Date Introduction into Basics and Applications, 2008. ,
Thermodynamic optimization of a stratified thermal storage device, Applied Thermal Engineering, vol.29, pp.2344-2349, 2009. ,
Thermochimical process for seasonal storage of solar energy : characterization and modeling of a high density reactive bed. Energy, vol.47, pp.553-563, 2012. ,
Experimental investigation of an innovative thermochemical process operating with a hydrate salt and moist air for thermal storage of solar energy: global performance, Appl. Energy, vol.129, pp.177-186, 2014. ,
URL : https://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/hal-00997765
Effect of conducting wall on a stratified fluid in a cylinder, AIAA 12th Thermophysics Conference, vol.77, p.792, 1977. ,
Experiments on stratified chilled water tanks, International Journal of Refrigeration, vol.22, pp.216-234, 1999. ,
Combined constructal and exergy optimisation of thermochemical reactors for high temperature heat storage, Energy Convers. Manage, vol.71, pp.186-198, 2013. ,
Modeling of storage solar tanks, 1995. ,
Analysis of stratified thermal storage systems: An overview, Heat Mass Transfer, vol.50, pp.1017-1030, 2014. ,
A new method of characterization for stratified thermal energy stores, Solar Energy, vol.81, pp.1043-1054, 2007. ,
Joint operation of wind farm, photovoltaic, pump-storage and energy storage devices in energy and reserve markets, Electr Power Energy Syst, vol.64, pp.275-284, 2014. ,
A review on high temperature thermochemical heat energy storage, Renew Sustain Energy, vol.32, pp.591-610, 2014. ,
URL : https://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/hal-01345714
Numerical Heat Transfer and Fluid Flow, 1980. ,
What is energy efficiency? Concepts, indicators and methodological issues, Energy policy, vol.24, issue.5, pp.377-390, 1996. ,
Mass and energy transfer in hot liquid energy storage system, Proceedings of the American Section of the International Solar Energy Society, 1977. ,
Global energy storage demand for a 100% renewable electricity supply, Energy Procedia, vol.46, pp.22-31, 2013. ,
Modeling and control of a solar thermal power plant with thermal energy storage, Chemical Engineering Science, vol.71, pp.138-145, 2012. ,
PV-Cooling, 2016. ,
,
, Ergonomie: concepts et méthodes. Toulouse: Octarès, 2002.
Energy analysis of thermal energy storages with grid configurations, Applied Energy, vol.117, pp.54-61, 2014. ,
Energy, exergy and environmental analysis of cold thermal energy storage (CTES) systems, Renew Sustain Energy Rev, vol.16, pp.5741-5746, 2012. ,
Effect of stratification on energy and exergy capacities in thermal storage systems, International Journal of Energy Research, vol.28, pp.177-193, 2004. ,
Development of thermal stratification in two dimensional cavity: a numerical study, Int.J. Heat Mass Transfer, vol.37, pp.2017-2024, 1994. ,
, SBC energy institute analysis based on US DOE energy storage program planning document, SBC, 2011.
Laminar natural convection in a cylindrical enclosure with different end temperature, International Journal of Heat and Mass Transfer, vol.35, issue.2, pp.545-557, 1992. ,
Review on thermal energy storage with phase change materials and applications, Renew Sustain Energy Rev, vol.13, pp.318-345, 2009. ,
Latent heat storage materials and systems: a review, Int J Green Energy, vol.2, pp.1-56, 2005. ,
Co-simulation for performance prediction of innovative integrated mechanical energy systems in buildings, vol.173, 2008. ,
Co-simulation of innovative intergrated HVAC systems in buidlings, Journal of Building Performance Simulation, vol.2, pp.209-230, 2009. ,
World Population Prospects, the 2015 Revision ,
Modelling of two-layer stratififed stores, Solar energy, vol.67, pp.65-78, 1999. ,
Thermocline management of stratified tanks for heat storage, Chemical Engineering Transactions, vol.18, pp.231-236, 2009. ,
Integrated simulation through the source-code coupling of component models from modular simulation environment into a comprehensive building performance simulation tool, Journal of Building Performance Simulation, vol.2, issue.2, pp.115-126, 2009. ,
TRNFLOW: Integration of COMIS into TRNSYS TYPE 56, 2002. ,
, Proceedings of AIVC 23rd conference -EPIC 2002 AIVC (in conjunction with 3rd
, European Conference on Energy Performance and Indoor Climate in Buildings), vol.3
A modular building controls virtual test bed for the integration of heterogeneous systems, Proceedings of SimBuild, 3rd National Conference of IBPSA-USA: International Building Performance Simulation Association, pp.69-76, 2008. ,
A summary of experience with stratified chilled water tanks, ASHRAE Transactions, vol.92, pp.956-976, 1985. ,
Three-dimensional unsteady CFD simulations of a thermal storage tank performance for optimum design, Applied Thermal Engineering, vol.60, pp.152-163, 2013. ,
A review on cool thermal energy storage technologies and operating strategies, Renew Sustain Energy Rev, vol.15, pp.787-797, 2012. ,
Investigation of a new tube-in-tube helical flow distributor design to improve temperature stratification inside hot water storage tanks operated with coildetube heat exchangers, International Journal of Heat and Mass Transfer, vol.63, pp.150-161, 2013. ,
Numerical analyses of the impact of plates for thermal stratification inside a storage tank with upper and lower inlet flows, Solar Enegry, vol.74, pp.287-302, 2003. ,
Review on thermal energy storage with phase change: materials, heat transfer analysis and applications, Applied Thermal Engineering, vol.23, pp.251-283, 2003. ,
Developing an intergated building design tool by coupling building energy simulation and computational fluid dynamics programs, vol.277, 2003. ,
A review of energy storage technologies for marine current energy systems, Renew Sustain Energy, vol.18, pp.390-400, 2012. ,
URL : https://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/hal-00757890
Stratified thermal energy storage tank inlet mixing characterization, Applied Energy, vol.30, pp.99-111, 1988. ,
Stratified thermal storage tank inlet mixing characterization, Applied Energy, vol.30, pp.99-111, 1998. ,
Influence of inlet geometry on mixing in thermocline thermal energy storage, International journal of Heat and Mass transfer, vol.34, pp.115-125, 1991. ,
, parameter SIunits.Length DistanceNodeZTop[NR, NT
|Grid-Main|Top Distance between Nodes along, Algorithms.NodeDistanceZTop ,
, Length DistanceNodeTop = ThicknessVolume[NZ] / 2 "|Grid-Main| Distance between the last Node along Z and the Top boundry, parameter SIunits
, Length DistanceNodeBottom = ThicknessVolume[1] / 2 "|Grid-Main| Distance between the last Node along Z and the Bottom boundry, parameter SIunits
|Grid-Main| Distance between Nodes along Z except for the distance with the Top Boundry ,
|Grid-Main| Horizontal surface of each zone on main grid except of top, parameter SIunits.Area HSurfacezone ,
, parameter SIunits.Area HSurfaceVolume[NR, NT
|Grid-Main| Horizontal surface of each volume on main grid except for top surfaces ,
|Grid-main| Horizontal surface of top surfaces, parameter SIunits.Area HSurfaceVolumeTop = HSurfaceVolume ,
, Radial Surfaces parameter SIunits.Area RSurfaceVolumeNorth[NR, NT
|Grid-main| Radial North Surface for each ,
, parameter SIunits.Area RSurfaceVolumeSouth[NR, NT
|Grid-main| Radial South Surface for each ,
, |Grid-Main| R-Distance between volumes
, parameter SIunits.Area ASurfaceVolume[NR, NT
|Grid-main| Angular Surface for each, Algorithms.AngularSurfaces ,
|Geometry-main| Volume surrounding each node, Algorithms.NodeVolume ,
, Properties Parameters parameter SIunits.Density dstart
,
, Pressure Pp[NZ](each min = -100000, each max = +100000) = dstart * Constants.g_n * ThicknessVolume, Pressure Initialization parameter SIunits
, Pressure Pstatic[NR, NT, NZ](each min = -100000, each max = +100000) =, parameter SIunits
|Grid-Pressure| Static Pressure At the base of each layer, Algorithms.StaticPressure ,
, |Grid-Pressure| Initial Pressure At each Node
, |Grid-Pressure| Initial west Pressure-Difference between Angular Nodes
, |Grid-Pressure| Initial east Pressure-Difference between Angular Nodes
|Grid-Pressure| Initial south Pressure-Difference between Radial Nodes, Algorithms.DifferencePressureR ,
, |Grid-Pressure| Initial north Pressure-Difference between Radial Nodes
, |Grid-Pressure| Initial bottom Pressure-Difference between Vertical Nodes
|Grid-Pressure| Initial top Pressure-Difference between Vertical Nodes"; annotation(Documentation(info = "<html> <p> This model calculates Geometrical data (Areas,Volumes,Distances, etc...) related to a cylindrical grid distribution: </p> <p> The user, Algorithms.DifferencePressureZt ,