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, House of Commons Historic Hansard, « Cross-Media Ownership, vol.260, p.709, 1995.

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. Ibid, , pp.167-168

N. Couldry, T. Markham, and . Celebrity, Culture and Public Connection: Bridge or Chasm?, International Journal of Cultural Studies, vol.10, p.407, 2007.

J. Abell and E. Stokoe, Broadcasting the Royal Role: Constructing culturally situated identities in the Princess Diana Panorama interview, British Journal of Social Psychology, vol.40, p.421, 2001.

J. Chancey, , p.163

, taylor-for-168-years-news-of-the-world-was-as-english-as-roast-beef-2308954.html, p.167

P. Eye and !. Gotcha, , p.1

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M. Culture and S. Committee, « Uncorrected Transcript of Oral Evidence: Rupert Murdoch, James Murdoch and Rebekah Brooks Questioned by MPs, 2011.

. Ibid, , pp.382-385

D. Berkowitz and M. Carlson, The Emperor Lost his Clothes': Rupert Murdoch, News of the World and Journalistic Boundary Work in the UK and USA, Journalism, vol.15, p.395, 2014.

D. Kellner, D. Sabbagh, N. Watt, P. Wintour, and . Rupert, Murdoch gives up BSkyB takeover bid' », in The Guardian, le 14 juillet, 1171.

, House believes that it is in the public interest for Rupert Murdoch and News Corporation to withdraw their bid for BSkyB, p.390

D. Kellner, , p.1171

, House of Commons Hansard, « Rupert Murdoch and News Corporation Bid for BskyB, pp.411-412

, Broadcasting Act, op. cit., article, vol.3, issue.3, 1990.

N. Fletcher, FTSE lifted as City speculates on BSkyB bid and Diageo move for Beam, 2014.

. Ofcom, Decision under section 3(3) of the Broadcasting Act 1990 and section 3(3) of the Broadcasting Act 1996: Licences held by British Sky Broadcasting Limited, septembre 2012

, ] media lobbying behind the scenes » : LEVESON, Brian, An Inquiry into the Culture, Practices and Ethics of the Press, vol.III, p.1319

, Where the public interest and private media interests can collide, however, care must be taken to ensure that the former prevails and the latter is recognised for what it is [?] What this analysis does reveal, however, is that 366 BRADLEY, Karen, « Fox-Sky Merger -in the House of Commons at 11:02am on 20 th, « It involved political lobbying by News Corp, wholly without regard to the restricted ambit of the plurality test, 2017.

, Broadcasting Act, op. cit., article, vol.3, issue.3, 1990.

. Ofcom, Decision under 3(3) of the Broadcasting Act 1990 and section 3(3) of the Broadcasting Act 1996: Licenses Held by British Sky Broadcasting Limited, p.1

. Ofcom, Update on Fit and Proper Assessment of Sky, 2017.

. Uk-gov and . Fox, Sky Deal Referred to CMA for in Depth Investigation, pp.20-2017

, Inc and Sky Plc: A report on the anticipated acquisition by 21 st Century Fox, Inc of Sky Plc, p.7, 2018.

. Ibid,

M. Garrahan and . Comcast, Completes Sky Deal, Financial Times, 2018.

D. Freedman, 19 ; HUNT, Jeremy, lettre ouverte du Département de la culture, des médias et des sports, le 16 mai, The Phone-Hacking Scandal: Implications for Regulation, 2011.

. Ibid,

. Ibid,

, House of Lords Select Committee on Communications, Media Plurality, vol.120, pp.5-6

M. Hancock, Oral Statement to Parliament: Leveson Consultation Response, 2018.

, Challenge over Government Decision to Cancel Leveson 2, Press Gazette, « High Court Judges Reject Press Victims, vol.29, 2018.

, recognition and identification of different, genuine perceptions of the truth; learning; healing; catharsis; prescribing; and accountability » : House of Commons Public Administration Select Committee, Government by Inquiry First Report of Session, HC 51-I, Londres : The Stationery Office, p.9, 2004.

, genuinely independent and effective system of self-regulation » : LEVESON, Brian, An Inquiry into the Culture, Practices and Ethics of the Press, op. cit., Executive Summary, p.13

, is essential that there should be legislation to underpin the independent self-regulatory system, p.17

. Ibid,

B. Leveson, An Inquiry into the Culture, Practices and Ethics of the Press, op. cit, vol.IV, p.1767

M. Conboy, , pp.58-61

T. O'malley and C. Soley, , p.97

F. Mayhew and . Newspaper, Publishers Drop Legal Challenge Over Recognition of Press Regulator Impress Under Royal Charter », op. cit. ; PONSFORD, Dominic, « News Industry Challenge to Status of Press Regulator Impress Rejected by High Court

D. Boyle, Newspaper Industry Launches Judicial Review to Derail Government Royal Charter Plan

L. O'carroll and . Press, Regulation: Publishers seek judicial review of royal charter decision, The Guardian, 2013.

«. News, PressBoF issues Royal Charter judicial review claim against eight Privy Councillors, The International Forum for Responsible Media Blog, 2013.

. Ibid,

, Committee of the Privy Council, pp.3-4

«. About, I. , O. Leveson, and B. , An Inquiry into the Culture, Practices and Ethics of the Press, op. cit., Executive Summary, p.11

. Ibid,

A. Moses and M. Tee, Witness Evidence at the House of Lords Communications Committee Meeting on Press Regulation, vol.20

, Independent Press Standards Organisation, « UK Regulated Publications », date non indiquée

, Information Commissioner's 602 Ibid

. Ctb, News Group Newspapers Limited (2) Imogen Thomas, vol.1232, 2011.

A. Murray, , p.148

». «-a-premier-league-star, G. Shea, and . Footie, Star's Affair with Big Brother's Imogen Thomas, The Sun, 2011.

. Ctb, News Group Newspapers Limited (2) Imogen Thomas, p.1

. Ibid,

. Ibid, , p.2

G. «-ryan, Only Exposed Because He Took On Twitter' », le 24 mai, Channel, vol.4, 2011.

. Ctb, News Group Newspapers Limited (2) Imogen Thomas

D. Leigh and . Trafigura, Drops Bid to Gag Guardian Over MP's Question

C. Fernandez and . The, Banker' who Unmasked Ryan Giggs on Twitter within Hours of Injunction », in The Daily Mail, le 30 mai, Leftie, Activist, 2011.

. ;. Ibid and J. Webley, The Unknown James

C. Fernandez,

, « There is nothing like being told you cannot know something to pique your interest. Curiosity got the better of me

G. Coren, . Giles-coren-on, and . Twitter,

, Voir par exemple : BBC, « Footballer Obtains Twitter Disclosure Order, 2011.

M. Evans, Journalist Could be Jailed over Twitter Comments About Injunctions, 2011.

A. Murray, , p.150

A. Taylor and . What, And Why Does a UK Football Star Want to Sue Twitter?, Business Insider, 2011.

M. Evans and . Journalist, Could be Jailed over Twitter Comments About Injunctions », op. cit. ; VERKAIK, Robert, « TV Star is First to Face Jail over Tweets after England Footballer Claims they Breach Injunction: Judge Reports Top Journalist to Attorney-General », in The Daily Mail, le 22 mai, 2011.

T. Guardian and . Ryan, Giggs Front Pages -Gallery, 2011.

C. House-of, «. Hansard, and . Injunctions, , p.633, 2011.

«. What, s happening here is that judges are basically using the European Convention of Human Rights to deliver a sort of privacy law without Parliament saying so, BBC, « Cameron 'Uneasy' About Use of Injunctions, 2011.

. Ibid,

, House of Lords House of Commons Joint Committee on Privacy and Injunctions, Privacy and Injunctions, HL Paper 273/HC 1443, p.53

C. House-of, «. Hansard, and . Injunctions, , p.633, 2011.

B. Leveson, An Inquiry into the Culture, Practices and Ethics of the Press, op. cit, vol.II, pp.736-737

, Summary Judgment: DPP (Cth) v Brady & others, vol.246, 2015.

«. Wikileaks and . Australia, Bans Reporting of Multi-Nation Corruption Case Involving Malaysia, Indonesia and Vietnam, vol.29, 2014.

J. Bosland, Wikileaks and the Not-So-Super Injunction: The Suppression Order in DPP (Cth) v

. Brady, Media and Arts Law Review, vol.728, pp.1-28, 2016.

M. Kumar, R. , and D. An, Appetite for Suppression: Non-Publication Orders, Open Justice and the Protection of Privacy, Sydney Law School Legal Studies Research

. Ibid,

C. Order, Q. Brady, &. Ors, and L. , , 2014.

, Summary Judgment: DPP (Cth) v Brady & others, vol.246, 2015.

N. Wilkinson, . Secrecy, and . Media, The Official History of the United Kingdom's D-Notice System, Routledge, 1 re édition, p.37, 2009.

O. Gay and L. Maer, Official Secrecy, n° SN/PC/02023, Londres : House of Commons Library, le 30 décembre, 2008.

, Official Secrets Act, vol.16, issue.4, 1989.

H. Barnett, C. , and A. Law, Londres et New York : Routledge, 12 ème édition, p.550, 2017.

, Official Secrets Act 1989, op. cit.; YAHALOM LEINWAND, Tali, op. cit, p.163

, Official Secrets Act, p.12, 1989.

Y. Leinwand and . Tali, , p.165

G. Barlett and M. Everett, The Official Secrets Acts and Official Secrecy, n° CBP07422, Londres: House of Commons Library, pp.9-10, 2017.

Y. Leinwand and . Tali, , vol.162, pp.164-65

. Ibid,

. Barnett and O. Hilaire, , p.551

O. Gay and L. Maer, , p.6

J. Griffith, . Leinwand, and . Tali, , p.164

Y. Leinwand and . Tali, , p.165

R. Costigan, . Stone, and . Richard, , pp.335-336

, Official Secrets Act, 1989.

. Barnett and O. Hilaire, , p.538

. Ibid, . Gill, . Peter, and . Reasserting, Control: Recent Changes in the Oversight of the UK Intelligence Community, Intelligence and National Security, vol.11, issue.2, p.313, 1996.

. Ibid, Londres : The Stationery Office, Intelligence Services Act, 1994.

. Ibid,

P. Gill, , p.313

T. Blair, discours prononcé lors de la cérémonie annuelle de remise des prix par l'organisation Campaign for Freedom of Information

, op. cit., articles, vol.24, p.26, 2000.

J. Griffith, , pp.273-290

, Official Secrets Act, 1989.

Y. Leinwand and . Tali, , p.166

. Ibid,

N. Wilkinson, , p.458

, The Defence and Security Media Advisory Committee, « From D-Notices to DA-Notices », dernière mise à jour le 6 août, 2015.

. Barnett, . Hilaire, . Leinwand, and . Tali, , p.157

N. Grimley and «. Discretion, Can the Modern Media Keep a Secret? », in BBC, le 22 août 2011, 2012.

«. Bbc, ». Bombs-missed-kosovo-targets, O. Sengupta, . Kim, . Smith et al., The Guardian, « Most Kosovo Bombs "Off-Target" », op. cit

. Ibid,

. Ibid,

A. International and . Kosovo, Amnesty International Concerns Relating to NATO Bombings », le 18 mai 1999

, New Figures on Civilian Deaths in Kosovo War, 2000.

R. Norton-taylor and . Mod, Leak Reveals Kosovo Failure, The Guardian, le 15 août, 2000.

R. Donnelly, Labour Accused of Cover-Up Over RAF Low Bombing Success Rate, The Irish Times, le 15 août, 2000.

, The Guardian, « Most Kosovo Bombs "Off-Target" », op. cit

T. Ripley, . Penney, . Stewart, and . Kosovo, Bombing Misses the Target, Says MoD Report, Flight International

. Ibid,

«. Bbc, ». Bombs-missed-kosovo-targets, O. Sengupta, . Kim, . Smith et al., The Guardian, « Most Kosovo Bombs "Off-Target" », op. cit

. Ibid,

J. Marcus and «. Raf, s Embarassing Statistics, BBC, le 14 août, 2000.

, The Guardian, « Most Kosovo Bombs "Off-Target" », op. cit

T. Ripley, . Penney, and . Stewart,

. Ibid,

K. Sengupta, . Smith, and . Michael, Voir par exemple : BBC, « Bombs Missed Kosovo Targets

. Ibid,

«. Bbc and . Row, Between Wikileaks and Guardian Over Security Breach », le 1 er septembre, 2011.

G. Greenwald, Facts and Myths in the Wikileaks / Guardian Saga », in Salon, le 2 septembre, 2011.

M. Andrejevic, . Wikileaks, and T. Surveillance, International Journal of Communication, vol.8, pp.312-313, 2014.

R. Bosua, . Dreyfus, . Suelette, R. Lederman, S. Milton et al., We Handle the Truth? Whistleblowing to the Media in the Digital Age, Global Media Journal: Australian Edition, vol.5, issue.1, p.3, 2011.

S. Walters, New Wikileaks Files 'to Reveal American Criticism of Mandela' », in The Daily Mail, le 28 novembre, 2010.

. Ibid,

K. Ghattas and . Wikileaks, Diplomatic Cables Release 'Attack on World' », in BBC, le 29 novembre, 2010.

. Ibid,

. Ibid,

. Marcel, . Stark, «. Holger, and . Nsa, Snoops on 500 Million German Data Connections, Der Spiegel

B. Gellman, &. Code-name-'verax, and . Snowden, Made Clear he Knew Risks, Exchanges with Post Reporter, 2013.

S. Levy, How the NSA Almost Killed the Internet », in Wired, 2014.

, The Washington Post, « NSA Slides Explain the PRISM Data Collection Program

R. Greenslade and . Edward, Snowden Leaks Cause Editorial Split at The Washington Post, The Guardian, le 5 juillet 2013

«. The-washington-post and . Post's-view, , vol.17

. Pulitzer, Prize Winners By Year: 2014 Pulitzer Prizes

L. Boerma, J. Nolen, and . Snowden, s NSA Leak an 'Act of Treason, CBS News, le 12 juin 2013

L. Tomlinson and . Director, Snowden Should be 'Hanged' if Convicted for Treason, vol.17

. Ibid,

E. Ackerley, . Francis, . Brian, . Pearson, . Jayn et al., Identifying the Top Cases in The Times, The Howard Journal of Criminal Justice, vol.41, issue.5, pp.401-422, 2002.

I. Field, The Moors Murders: The media, cultural representations of Ian Brady, Myra Hindley, and the English landscape, c. 1965-1967, thèse de doctorat en études d'histoire culturelle, sous la direction de JONES, 2016.

T. Clark, Why was Myra Hindley Evil? » [communication présentée lors d'une conférence intitulée: « York Deviancy Conference: Critical perspectives on crime, deviance, disorder and social harm, pp.11-14

P. Gould and «. Letters, Inside the Mind of the Moors Murderer

T. Clark, , pp.12-13

J. Law, Murder (Abolition of Death Penalty) Act, The Stationery Office, p.86, 1965.

. Ibid,

I. Cummins, M. Foley, and M. King, « The Strange Case of Ian Stuart Brady and the Mental Health Review Tribunal, p.2, 2016.

N. Dorman and . Moors, Murderer Ian Brady's 'Hunger Strike' Exposed as a SHAM, The Daily Mirror, 2016.

M. Kettle and I. Brady, Escaped Hanging -and Defined Attitudes to the Death Penalty, The Guardian, 2017.

J. Schone and . The, Hardest Case of All: Myra Hindley, Life Sentences, and the Rule of Law, International Journal of the Sociology of Law, vol.28, issue.4, pp.273-289, 2000.

H. Christodoulou, . Victims, and . Evil, The Sun, vol.28, 2018.

I. Cummins, M. Foley, and M. King, Serial Killers and the Media: The Moors Murders Legacy, vol.1, p.145, 2019.

S. Jones and . Moors, Murderer Ian Brady's Final Dying Moments Revealed by Lawyer who Visited him on Death Bed, The Daily Mirror, 2017.

. Ibid and C. Krol, How the Moors Murders by Ian Brady and Myra Hindley Shocked the Nation, The Telegraph, 2017.

D. Smith and C. Lee, Evil Relations: The Man Who Witnessed the Moors Murderers, Édimbourg : Mainstream Publishing, 2 ème édition, p.155, 2012.

I. Cummins, M. Foley, and M. King, « The Strange Case of Ian Stuart Brady and the Mental Health Review Tribunal, pp.2-3

. Ibid,

C. Wardle, «. Monsters, and . Angels, Visual Press Coverage of Child Murders in the USA and UK, vol.8, pp.272-73, 1930.

L. Bartels, . Easteal, . Patricia, K. Holland, and N. Nelson, « How are Women who Kill Portrayed in Newspaper Media? Connections with Social Values and the Legal System », in Women's Studies International Forum, n° 51, pp.36-37, 2015.

C. Charlton, . Women-who, and . Kill, The Sun, 2017.

H. Gavin, , pp.5-6

D. Bazaraa and . How, Ian Brady's Accomplice Myra Hindley Became Known as "The Most Hated Woman in Brtain" », in The Daily Mirror, 2017.

A. Security-hospital-v-mgn, , vol.29, 2002.

J. Brabyn, , p.898

H. Fenwick, . Phillipson, and . Gavin, , p.345

. Ibid,

J. Brabyn, Contempt of Court Act 1981, op. cit. article 10 ; Ministry of Justice, « A Guide to the Human Rights Act 1998: Questions and Answers, pp.3-8

, Ashworth Security Hospital v MGN, vol.29

A. Akbar and . Law, Lords Order 'Mirror' to Name Brady Source, The Independent, le 28 juin, 2002.

C. Dyer and . Mirror, Reveals Brady Source », in The Guardian, le 28 juin, 2002.

, Ashworth Security Hospital v MGN, vol.29

. Ibid, C. Byrne, and «. Nuj, Chief Attacks Mirror Over Brady Case, The Guardian, 2002.

R. Ackroyd,

. Ibid, C. Dyer, and . Mirror, Reveals Brady Source », op. cit. ; The Freelance, « Sources in Peril, 2003.

, The Telegraph, «Brief Encounters, 2006.

. Foia-centre, NHS to Spend £1m Costs Seeking Reporter's Source, 2007.

N. Ackroyd-v-mersey-care, ;. Trust, ;. Civ, and J. Brabyn, The Guardian, le 18 octobre, vol.663, p.898, 2002.

A. , M. Care, and N. Trust, EWCA Civ. 663, op. cit., para. 1, 35, 46 ; BYRNE, Ciar, « Journalist Must Reveal Brady Source, 2003.

A. , M. Care, and N. Trust, EWCA Civ. 663, op. cit., para, pp.71-88, 2003.

F. Morris, The Freelance, « Robin Ackroyd Gets his Day in Court, Confidentiality and the Sharing of Information, vol.38, p.41, 2003.

. Ibid,

. Ibid,

M. Care and N. Trust-v-ackroyd, EWHC, vol.107, issue.7, 2006.

M. Care and N. Trust-v-ackroyd, EWCA Civ 101, op. cit., para. 85 ; SANDLAND, Ralph, « Freedom of the Press and the Confidentiality of Medical Records, Medical Law Review, vol.15, issue.3, pp.400-409, 2007.

M. Dodd and M. Hanna, Press Gazette, « Lords Refuse NHS Trust's Appeal in Robin Ackroyd Source Protection Case », le 27 juillet, p.405, 2007.

M. Care and N. Trust-v-ackroyd, op. cit., para, vol.107, pp.196-197, 2006.

M. Care and N. Trust-v-ackroyd, EWCA Civ, vol.101, pp.17-18, 2007.

F. Morris, , p.41

M. Care and N. Trust-v-ackroyd, op. cit., para, vol.107, pp.196-197, 2006.

M. Care and N. Trust-v-ackroyd, EWCA Civ, vol.101, pp.86-88, 2007.

A. , M. Care, and N. Trust, , 2003.

. Ibid,

M. Care and N. Trust-v-ackroyd, EWCA Civ, vol.101, pp.19-20, 2007.

, overriding interest amounting to a pressing social need and proportionate for the court to order the journalist to disclose the name of his source, p.17

, You do your best to protect your position, but it's not easy [?] This case has cast a huge shadow over my life. I've lost count of the legal conferences I've attended, the hearings and preliminary hearings, the hundreds of letters and faxes I've sent and received, the mammoth piles of paperwork and documents I have had to read and analyse, the meetings with MPs and union officials » : ACKROYD, Robin, « From the High Court to the Steppe, « Being sued by an arm of the state is not nice, 2006.

. Ibid,

A. , M. Care, and N. Trust, Report of the Committee of Inquiry into the Personality Disorder Unit, Ashworth Special Hospital, CM4194-ii, Londres : The Stationery Office, le 12 janvier 1999, Ashworth Hospital: Ian Brady, vol.618, p.1678, 2000.

«. Be, M. Dodd, and M. Hanna, , p.404

. Ibid,

P. Howard, ;. Too, . Maunder, «. Peter, . Uk-merger et al., The Geography of Beer: Regions, Environment and Societies, Globalization and Consolidation in the Beer Industry, vol.1, p.53, 2006.

K. Baker and . Key, Trends in the Global Beer Market », support présenté lors de la conférence annuelle sur les stratégies internationales de la bière à Londres, Global Data, mai, p.24, 2018.

D. Bilefsky and . Interbrew, Nearly Doubled its Profit in 2001 on Sales of Stella Artois Beer, The Wall Street Journal

P. Howard, , p.155

«. Bbc, Dutch Brewers Fined Over Cartel », le 18 avril, 2007.

D. Gow and . Heineken, Grolsch Fined For Price-Fixing », in The Guardian, le 18 avril, 2007.

G. Wils, Commission Fines Dutch Brewers Over ? 273 Million for a Beer Cartel, Competition Policy Newsletter, issue.3, p.55, 2007.

. Ibid,

S. A. Interbrew, Financial Times and Others, vol.480, 2001.

J. Rozenberg, , vol.1, pp.144-150, 2004.

S. A. Interbrew, op. cit., para. 7. African Breweries Plc 1103, vol.480, 2001.

. Ibid,

. Ibid and . Para, , pp.8-16

. Ibid, 16 ; Financial Times Ltd and Others v United Kingdom, p.14, 2009.

A. Fitzherbert, sans pagination ; Interbrew SA v Financial Times and Others, op. cit., para. 11 ; JONES, Adam, « Interbrew Plotting Bid for SA Breweries: Belgian Group's Possible £4bn, vol.7406, 2001.

P. Murphy and «. Ft, Move Could Trigger Mergers and Reshape Industry, vol.1, p.29, 2001.

S. A. Interbrew, Financial Times and Others, vol.480, 2001.

. Ibid, , p.10

, « Interbrew Plotting Bid for SA Breweries: Belgian Group's Possible £4bn Move Could Trigger Mergers and Reshape Industry

. Ibid,

N. Cope and . Interbrew, Refuses to Rule Out Future Bid for SAB, The Independent, le 29 novembre, 2001.

M. Court, D. Walsh, and . Interbrew, Plots £12bn Merger with SAB, The Guardian, « Codename Waffle as Interbrew Deal Leaks, p.1, 2001.

J. Armitage and . Interbrew, Ponders £4bn SA Bid », in The Daily Mail, le 28 novembre, 2001.

«. Bbc and . Interbrew, Eyes Global Expansion, 2001.

«. Cnn and . Sab, , 2001.

, The Telegraph, « Leak Puts Interbrew on the Hop, 2001.

A. Van-caloen and . Interbrew, il des visées en Afrique du Sud ? » in La Libre, 2001.

D. Voorhoof and . European, Court of Human Rights: Case of Financial Times a. o. v. UK », in IRIS Observations juridiques de l'Observatoire européen de l'audiovisuel, 2010.

, IPI says Interbrew Lawyers should Halt Legal Action Against Media, vol.15, 2002.

. Isohookana-asunmaa, F. Tytii, and . Of, the Media in Europe, rapport n° 9640, p.12, 2003.

S. A. Interbrew, Financial Times and Others, vol.480, issue.2, 2001.

P. Murphy, , 2018.

, Committee to Protect Journalists, « Attacks on the Press, 2002.

N. Cope and «. Fsa, Begins Investigation into Leak of Falsified Interbrew Documents, The Independent, 2001.

, Londres : The Stationery Office, Financial Services and Markets Act, p.90, 2000.

H. Jackson, An American Perspective on the U.K. Financial Services Authority: Politics, Goals and Regulatory Intensity », Harvard Law School John M. Olin Center for Law, Economics and Business Discussion Paper Series, p.20

. Ibid,

A. Fitzherbert, Financial Times Ltd and Others v United Kingdom [2009] ECHR 2065, op.cit., para. 3, 19 ; Interbrew SA v Financial Times and Others, EWHC, vol.480, 2001.

J. Law, Lexis Nexis, « Dispute Resolution, op. cit, p.331

/. Interim_injunctions_emergencies_and_without_notice_applications#,

S. A. Interbrew, Financial Times and Others, vol.480, 2001.

. Ibid, , p.29

. Ibid and . Para, , vol.25, p.27

. Ibid and . Para, , vol.4, pp.28-32

, Norwich Pharmacal Co. and Ors v Commissioners of Customs and Excise, AC, vol.133, 1974.

S. A. Interbrew, op. cit., para, vol.480, pp.28-29, 2001.

J. Crusher and «. Uk, Protecting Confidential Journalist' Sources: Ashworth and Interbrew -A Lethal Cocktail? », in Mondaq, 2002.

, Financial Times Ltd. & Ors v Interbrew SA, vol.274, pp.14-23, 2002.

S. A. Interbrew, Financial Times and Others, vol.480, pp.30-32, 2001.

, Financial Times Ltd. & Ors v Interbrew SA, vol.274, pp.49-60, 2002.

. Ibid, , p.51

, Financial Times Ltd and Others v United Kingdom, p.28, 2009.

A. , M. Care, and N. Trust, EWCA Civ. 663, op. cit., para. 1, 35, 46, Ciar, « Journalist Must Reveal Brady Source », op. cit. ; ROZENBERG, p.147, 2003.

«. Bbc and . Brewer, Gets Tough in Merger Leak Row, vol.22, 2002.

H. Fenwick, . Phillipson, and . Gavin, MILMO, Dan, « Interbrew Lawyers Visit Guardian, The Guardian, le 12 juillet, p.344, 2002.

D. Milmo and . Interbrew, Targets Guardian for Court Action, The Guardian, le 22 juillet, 2002.

L. O'carroll and . Interbrew, Backs Down Over Guardian Threat, The Guardian, le 25 juillet, 2002.

, Papers Stand Firm on Takeover Leak, vol.12, 2002.

I. Burrell and «. Fsa, Tells Media to Hand Over Leaked Documents », in The Independent, le 24 juillet, 2002.

H. Fenwick, . Phillipson, . Gavin, and J. Rozenberg, MILMO, Dan, « Interbrew Lawyers Visit Guardian », op. cit. ; MILMO, Dan, « Interbrew Targets Guardian for Court Action, p.147

. Ibid,

. Ibid,

R. Adams and R. Brady, Protecting Our Sources of Information: Why Journalists Need to Resist Legal Attacks, Bruxelles : European Federation of Journalists, février, p.20, 2004.

H. Fenwick, . Phillipson, and . Gavin, , pp.342-344

T. Webb, Bigger Fish to Fry': FT Editor Raps Watchdog Over Interbrew Affair », in The Independent, le 28 mars, 2004.

, Financial Times Ltd and Others v United Kingdom, p.28, 2009.

C. Byrne, Protection of Sources: Editors Vow to Fight On, The Guardian, 2002.

, Financial Times Ltd and Others v United Kingdom, 2009.

C. Byrne, Protection of Sources: Editors Vow to Fight On

R. Verkaik and . Interbrew-case, Must go to European Court' », in The Independent, le 16 juillet, 2002.

F. Gibb and . Order, The Times, 2002.

C. Byrne, Protection of Sources: Editors Vow to Fight On », op. cit. ; GIBB, Frances, « Order on Leaked Documents Challenged », op. cit. ; VERKAIK, Robert, « Interbrew Case

, Financial Times Ltd and Others v United Kingdom, 2009.

. Ibid, , p.47

. Ibid and . Para, , vol.48, p.50

J. Law, op. cit, p.228

, Financial Times Ltd and Others v United Kingdom, vol.63, pp.70-71, 2009.

. Ibid and . Para, , pp.74-78

. Ibid, , p.71

. Ibid, , p.69

. Ibid,

, Financial Times, vol.16

, 22 EHRR 123, op. cit. ; PONSFORD, Dominic, « Press Victory in Eight-Year Court Battle with Interbrew, Press Gazette, vol.16, 1996.

, Financial Times Ltd and Others v United Kingdom [2009] ECHR 2065, op. cit. ; Mersey Care NHS Trust v Ackroyd, EWCA Civ, vol.101, 2007.

. Ibid,

, European Convention on Human Rights, vol.10, issue.2, 1981.

M. Care and N. Trust-v-ackroyd, EWCA Civ, vol.101, 2007.

, 22 EHRR 123, para. 39 ; VOORHOOF, Dirk, « European Court of Human Rights: Case of Financial Times a, 1996.

, The Evening Standard, « Fighting for an Editor Facing Five Years' Jail for Protecting her Sources, Terrorism Act, issue.5, 2000.

. Ibid,

T. Cooke, «. Paramilitaries, and . The-press, Framing Terrorism: The News Media, the Government and the Public, pp.75-76, 2003.

B. Lutz and J. Lutz, , pp.199-200

. Ibid,

. Ibid,

C. Bell, Dealing with the Past in Northern Ireland, Fordham International Law Journal, vol.26, issue.4, pp.1097-1099, 2002.

C. Mcgrattan and N. Ireland, The Politics of Entrenchment, Hampshire : Palgrave McMillan, 1 re édition, p.156, 1968.

. Voir and A. Duffy, Truth Commission for Northern Ireland?, House of Commons Defence Select Committee, Investigations into Fatalities Involving British Military Personnel: Seventh Report of Session 2016-17, HC 1064, vol.4, pp.26-46, 2010.

J. Mcevoy, , p.67

. Ibid,

. Ibid,

. Ibid,

. Ibid,

D. Miller, T. Media, and N. Ireland, The Glasgow Media Group Reader: Volume II Industry, Economy, War and Politics, Londres et New York : Routledge, 2 ème édition, pp.46-50, 2014.

. Ibid,

. Ibid,

J. Steel, J. , and F. Speech, , pp.128-132

. Ibid,

T. Cooke, . Prepared-for-war, and . Ready-for-peace, The Joan Shorenstein Center on the Press, Politics and Public Policy, 1 ère édition, pp.3-5, 1998.

T. Griffin, Covering the Conflict: Human Rights and Journalism in Northern Ireland

T. Hanitzsch and . Situating-peace, Journalism Studies: A Critical Appraisal, vol.6, pp.6-7, 2007.

D. Loyn and . Good, Conflict and Communication Online, vol.6, p.8, 2007.

D. Miller and . The-media, Propaganda and the Northern Ireland Peace Process, Media in Ireland: Issues in Broadcasting, p.114, 2002.

A. International and . Ireland, Says Amnesty, as Investigative Journalists Face Further Police Questioning, vol.30, 2018.

, European Federation of Journalists, « Northern Ireland: Two Investigative Journalists Arrested for Theft of Confidential Documents, 2018.

R. Mcchrystal and . How, Dangerous is it to be a journalist in Ireland 20 Years After the Murder of Veronica Guerin?, Index on Censorship, 2016.

J. Cusack, O. Martin, and . Hagan, Campaigning Journalist whose Exposés Enraged Republican and Loyalist Paramilitaries in Northern Ireland, The Guardian

R. Mcchrystal, National Union of Journalists, « Murdered Reporter's Notes Deciphered », le 31 mars, 2004.

E. Witchel and . Setback-in-o'hagan, Murder Must not Mean Case Closed, Committee to Protect Journalists, 2013.

, International Federation of Journalists, « Northern Ireland: Freelance Journalist Lyra McKee Shot Dead During Riots, 2019.

H. Mcdonald, . Lyra-mckee, and . Obituary, The Guardian, vol.26, 2019.

, The Evening Standard, « Fighting for an Editor Facing Five Years' Jail for Protecting her Sources », op. cit. ; In the Matter of an Application by D / Inspector Justyn Galloway, PSNI, Under Paragraph 5, Schedule 5 of the Terrorism Act, NI Cty, vol.4, pp.1-5, 2000.

. Ibid,

. Ibid,

L. Aylward, . In-european-parliament, and . Debates, , 2009.

A. Duffy, . Pöttering, and . Hans-gert, European Parliament, « Debates, vol.2, p.43, 2009.

S. Ross and . It, Hasn't Gone Away You Know: Irish Republican Violence in the Post-Agreement Era, Nordic Irish Studies, vol.11, p.55, 2012.

. Ibid,

. Ibid,

L. Aylward, House of Commons Hansard, « Massereene Barracks Shooting, 2009.

, /debates/14090246000003/MassereeneBarracksShooting2009, pp.70-72

F. Murray and . Standing, Silence for NI Peace, BBC, 2009.

S. Breen and . The, Week the Funerals Returned, The Sunday Tribune, p.16, 2009.

S. Breen, I. How-real, and . Donaldson, the Matter of an Application by D / Inspector Justyn Galloway, PSNI, Under Paragraph 5, Schedule 5 of the Terrorism Act, vol.4, pp.1-5, 2000.

S. Breen, The Week the Funerals Returned, p.16

M. Dodd and M. Hanna, , pp.422-423

«. Costs, Belfast : The Law Society of Northern Ireland, janvier-mars, the Matter of an Application by D / Inspector Justyn Galloway, vol.201, p.28, 2000.

A. Mcintyre and S. Breen, Give them Absolutely Nothing », in Index on Censorship, 2009.

, section 5, para. 5 ; The Irish Times, « Breen Gets Time to Defend Case, Terrorism Act, 2000.

. Ibid,

. Ibid,

. Ibid,

, the Matter of an Application by D / Inspector Justyn Galloway, vol.5

. Ibid,

. Ibid, 7, 14. à certaines preuves présentées par la police en session fermée, et par conséquent de toute possibilité d'y répondre 1226 . Pour sa part, le syndicat national des journalistes appelle à manifester, 2009.

, investigation of the most serious of crime on the one part, and the most coveted right of any individual, the right to life, p.17

. Ibid and . Para, , vol.15, p.33

. Ibid and . Para, , pp.42-43

, Amnesty International, « Amnesty Highlights Serious Concerns About Suzanne Breen Case to Woodward, 2009.

S. Breen, «. Victory, and . Savor, The Sunday Tribune, p.13, 2009.

A. Mcintyre, National Union of Journalists, « Suzanne Breen Court Battle Wins International Support, 2009.

, The Sunday Tribune, « Terrorism has no Place in Modern Ireland, p.17, 2009.

, Amnesty International, « Amnesty Highlights Serious Concerns About Suzanne Breen Case to Woodward

. Ibid,

S. Breen, «. Victory, and . Savor, National Union of Journalists, « Court Date Set for Suzanne Breen Case, The Sunday Tribune, p.13, 2009.

, Reporters sans frontières, « Belfast Court Ruling 'a victory for, 2009.

, The Sunday Tribune, « Petition: We're Backing Suzanne, p.16

. Ibid,

. Ibid,

, Artists and Politicians Support Suzanne Breen Campaign, 2009.

, Legal intimidation » : National Union of Journalists, « Suzanne Breen Court Battle Wins International Support

E. Council, National Union of Journalists, « Suzanne Breen Court Battle Wins International Support », op. cit. ; National Union of Journalists, « Council of Europe Ministers Call for Review of Anti-Terror Laws, « 1 st Council of Europe Conference of Ministers Responsible for Media and New Communication Services, A New Notion of Media? (28 and 29, 2009.

, Resolve to review our national legislation and/or practice on a regular basis to ensure that any impact of anti-terrorism measures on the right to freedom of expression and information is consistent with Council of Europe standards, European Council, « 1 st Council of Europe Conference of Ministers Responsible for Media and New Communication Services, A New Notion of Media ? (28 and 29, p.1234, 2009.

A. Mcintyre,

. Ibid,

, the Matter of an Application by D / Inspector Justyn Galloway, PSNI, Under Paragraph 5, Schedule 5 of the Terrorism Act, p.42, 2000.

I. Cram, . Regulating, and . Media, Some Neglected Freedom of Expression Issues in the United Kingdom's Counter-Terrorism Strategy, Journalists: International Protection, vol.18, pp.335-355, 2006.

. 718a393223a9/journalistsinternationalprotection, , vol.652, pp.187-204

M. Papandrea and O. , , pp.533-535

S. Breen, «. Victory-to-savour, ». , and O. , Regulation of Investigatory Powers Act, pp.1264-65, 2000.

G. Williams, Decade of Australian Anti-Terror Laws, Melbourne University Law Review, vol.35, issue.3, pp.1136-1176, 2011.

K. Roach, The 9/11 Effect: Comparative Counter-Terrorism, vol.1, pp.31-32, 2001.

. Ibid,

, Report of the Special Rapporteur on the Promotion and Protection of Human Rights and Fundamental Freedoms While Countering Terrorism, A/65/258, le 6 août, United Nations General Assembly, pp.42-44, 2010.

. Ibid,

. Ibid,

C. Anyanwu, , pp.7-10

J. Moran, , p.81

. Ibid, . Henning, and . Virginia, United Nations General Assembly, Universal Declaration of Human Rights, p.29

, « hyper-legislation, p.310

G. Agamben, State of Exception, vol.1, pp.18-22, 2005.

S. Hallsworth, J. Lea, and . Reconstructing-leviathan, Emerging Contours of the Security State, Theoretical Criminology, vol.15, p.142, 2011.

H. Fenwick and . The, Anti-Terrorism, Crime and Security Act 2001: A Proportionate Response to 11

?. September, The Modern Law Review, vol.65, pp.724-725, 2002.

. Ibid,

. Ibid, Anti-Terrorism Crime and Security Act, vol.762, pp.724-725, 2001.

. Ibid, The Stationery Office, Regulation of Investigatory Powers Act, 2000.

G. and Q. Uk, , vol.12, pp.27-28

, Londres : The Stationery Office, décembre 1998, Legislation Against Terrorism: A Consultation Paper, CM 4178

A. Lloyd, et 2, 1 re édition, Inquiry into Legislation against Terrorism, CM, vol.3420, p.p. v, 1996.

. Barnett and O. Hilaire, Home Office, Legislation Against Terrorism: A Consultation Paper, CM 4178, op. cit., introduction para. 1-5, chapitre 1, para. 1.1 ; Prevention of Terrorism (Temporary Provisions) Act 1989 (repealed), Londres : The Stationery Office, p.556

, The Stationery Office, 1973.

. O'cinneide, . Colm, . Strapped, and . Mast, The Siren Song of Dreadful Necessity, the United Kingdom Human Rights Act and the Terrorist Threat, Fresh Perspectives on the 'War on Terror, pp.331-363, 2008.

, op. cit, p.60

R. Au, C'est ce que démontre le rapport d'une enquête publique relative aux pratiques policières, publié en février 1999 suite au meurtre d'un adolescent noir, p.22, 19931296.

, and includes any use of violence for the purpose of putting the public or any section of the public in fear » : Prevention of Terrorism (Temporary Provisions) Act 1989 (repealed), op. cit, p.20

, op. cit., section, vol.1, issue.1, 2000.

A. Parmar, «. Stop, and . Search-in-london, Counter-Terrorist or Counter Productive?, Stop and Search: Police Power in Global Context, Londres et New York : Routledge, 1 re édition, pp.17-18, 2013.

E. Voir-par, The Stationery Office, The Stationery Office, 1968.

R. Delsol, M. Shiner, and . Regulating, Stop and Search: A challenge for police and community relations in England and Wales, Critical Criminology, vol.14, issue.3, p.243, 2006.

, Vagrancy Act 1824

R. Delsol, . Shiner, and . Michael, , p.243

:. Voir-par-exemple, . Bigo, . Didier, and E. Guittet, Northern Ireland as Metaphor: Exception, suspicion and radicalization in the 'war on terror' », in Security Dialogue, vol.42, p.485

D. Harkin and K. Murray, Policing in Cool and Hot Climates: Legitimacy, power and the rise and fall of mass stop and search in Scotland, The British Journal of Criminology, vol.57, issue.4, p.885, 2017.

S. Cottle and . Mediatized, Public Crisis and Civil Society Renewal: The Racist Murder of Stephen Lawrence, Crime, Media, vol.1, pp.49-71, 2005.

W. Macpherson, The Stephen Lawrence Inquiry, CM 4262-I, le 24 février 1999

W. Macpherson, , p.365

. Ibid, , pp.375-382

B. Bowling, C. Phillips, «. Disproportionate, and . Discriminatory, Reviewing the Evidence on Police Stop and Search, vol.70, pp.936-961, 2007.

, Without Suspicion: Stop and Search Under the Terrorism Act, 2000.

, Section 44 Terrorism Act », date non indiquée

A. Parmar, , pp.17-30

, European Court of Human Rights, « Information Note on the Court's Case-Law n° 126: Gillan and Quinton v the United Kingdom -4158/05 », janvier 2010, p.p. xi, 1991.

A. ;. Travis and . Police, Stop and Search Disproportionately Targets Black and Asian People' », in The Guardian, 2009.

, Home Office, « Home Office Statistical Bulletin: Operation of police powers under the Terrorism Act 2000 and subsequent legislation: Arrests, outcomes and stops & searches, p.15, 2010.

L. Jennings, Shooting the Messengers: An Overview of Index's Latest Published Work Including Three Reports on Media Freedom, Without Suspicion: Stop and Search Under the Terrorism Act, vol.48, p.106, 2000.

C. Walker and . Journalist, Terrorist or Counter-Terrorist?, The Perils of Investigative Journalism Post-9, p.230

C. Walker and . Journalist, Terrorist or Counter-Terrorist?, The Perils of Investigative Journalism Post

D. Palmer and J. Whyte, No Credible Photographic Interest': Photography Restrictions and Surveillance in a Time of Terror, Philosophy of Photography, vol.1, p.178, 2010.

S. Simon, , pp.161-163

. Ibid,

S. Simon, , p.163

C. Walker, «. Intelligence, and -. Anti, Terrorism Legislation in the United Kingdom, vol.44, p.387, 2005.

T. Crook, 1, 3 ; National Union of Journalists, « Hundreds Demonstrate Right to Photograph in London, The Journal: Magazine of the Chartered Institute of Journalists, pp.1-16, 2009.

D. Palmer, J. Whyte, C. Walker, and . Journalist, Terrorist or Counter-Terrorist?, The Perils of Investigative Journalism Post-9, pp.230-237

, British Press Photographers' Association, « Metropolitan Police Media Guidelines », date non indiquée

«. Ireland and . Resources, ACPO Police-Media Guidelines », date non indiquée, National Union of Journalists, ACPO Police and Media Guidance, 2007.

M. Rowlands and . Statewatch, Analysis: Media Freedoms in the UK Curtailed by Police 'Culture of Suspicion' and Double Standards, Statewatch Journal, vol.18, issue.3, p.1, 2009.

, « Hundreds Demonstrate Right to Photograph in London », op. cit. ; National Union of Journalists, « London Rally Focuses on Civil Liberties and Press Freedom », le 14 avril, 2010.

D. Palmer and J. Whyte, , p.178

, Photographers Protest Over UK Terror Search Laws, 2010.

J. Hurd, J. Parkinson, . Smith, . Grant, . Vallée et al.,

G. and Q. Uk, , vol.87

J. Ip and . The, Human Rights Law Review, vol.14, issue.4, pp.6-9, 2013.

P. Leach, , p.27

. Ibid, 8 ; BBC, « Arrests Over Arms Fair Protests », le 8 septembre, 2003.

J. Ip, , p.3

G. and Q. Uk,

. Ibid, , 2009.

J. Ip, , pp.9-10

A. Parmar, , p.19

, Post-Charge Questioning and Related Matters, Codes of Practice on Counter-Terrorism Stop and Search Powers, 2012.

J. Ip and A. Parmar, Protection of Freedoms Act, p.19, 2012.

, World Association of Newspapers and News Publishers, op. cit., p. 22. 1338 CROOK, Tim, op. cit, p.3

S. Glover and . That, But The Guardian's in Murky Waters Where Those Who Love Their Country Should Not Venture », in The Daily Mail, vol.20

J. Petley, The State Journalism is In: Edward Snowden and the British Press, p.19

. Ibid,

, Secretary of State for the Home Department, EWCA Civ, vol.6, pp.100-119, 2016.

. Ibid,

. Ibid, , p.119

J. Ball and «. Gchq, The Guardian, le 19 janvier 2015

E. Snowden-foundation and . Journalists, Emails Posted on GCHQ Intranet », date non indiquée

P. Bradshaw, , p.335

A. Mills and K. Sarikakis, , p.2

A. Mills and K. Sarikakis, , pp.1-11

I. Hosein, . Whitley, and . Edgar, 858, 860 ; House of Commons Home Affairs Select Committee, Home Affairs -First Report, HC351, Londres : The Stationery Office, le 15 novembre, op. cit., articles, vol.5, issue.1, 2000.

L. Dencik and A. Hintz,

M. Moore and «. Rip-ripa?-snowden, Surveillance, and the Inadequacies of our Existing Legal Framework, pp.125-132

, TOMLINSON et Hacked Off, « Newspaper Coverage of Police Misuse of RIPA Laws Shows Victims of Press Abuse Got a Raw Deal, 1984.

P. Ward, Londres : House of Commons Library, le 17 mars, Access to Journalists' Sources, n° 07440, p.4, 2015.

. Ibid,

, Regulation of Investigatory Powers Act, vol.5, 2000.

M. Moore and «. Rip-ripa?-snowden, Surveillance, and the Inadequacies of our Existing Legal Framework, p.126

A. May, , p.22

N. Craven and . How, Police Hacked Mail on Sunday Phone, The Daily Mail, 2014.

P. Kennedy,

D. Ponsford and . Police, Journalist's Phone Records in Order to Out Plebgate Whistleblowers, Press Gazette, 2014.

P. Wintour and . British, Police's Use of RIPA Powers to Snoop on Journalists to be Reined in », in The Guardian, le 12 octobre, 2014.

, op. cit, pp.25-26

M. Police, 1 ; SMARTT, Ursula, op. cit, Operation Alice Closing Report, p.219, 2012.

M. Evans and . Plebgate, Andrew Mitchell Gives Own Account of Downing Street Exchange, The Telegraph, le 23 décembre 2012

A. Grice, . Wright, . Oliver, and . Chief, Whip Andrew Mitchell Resigns Over 'Plebgate' », in The Independent, vol.20

P. Wintour, R. Syal, and . Andrew, Mitchell Resigns Following Allegations he Called Police 'plebs' », in The Guardian, le 19 octobre, 2012.

K. Mcveigh and . Andrew, The Guardian, 2014.

K. Mcveigh and . Plebgate, Wins £80k Damages in Andrew Mitchell Libel Action

, Metropolitan Police, « Operation Alice Closing Report, p.25

. Ibid,

. Ibid,

T. Dunn and . Met, Police Illegally Seized Sun Journalist's Phone Records, Court Rules, The Sun, vol.17

L. O'carroll and . Met, Police Broke Law by Accessing Sun Reporter's Phone Records over Plebgate, The Guardian, le 17 décembre 2015

S. O'neill and . Police, Hid Extent of Spying on Reporters During Plebgate, The Times, 2015.

M. Police, ». Operation-alice-closing-report, D. Ponsford, and W. Turvill, Two More Journalists Emerge as Police Spying Targets, Press Gazette Says: 'We've been misled by Met' », in Press Gazette, le 27 janvier 2015

, UKIPTrib 14_176-H, le 17 décembre 2015, 2015.

F. Hamilton and . Police, Used Secret Phone Records of Reporter's Source, The Times, 2014.

, House of Commons Home Affairs Select Committee, Regulation of Investigatory Powers Act, vol.711, 2000.

S. Laville and C. Huhne, How the Police Investigation Unfolded, The Guardian, 2012.

. Ibid,

. Ibid,

I. Oakeshott and . Huhne, The Sunday Times, 2011.

S. Walters and C. Huhne, Asked Others to Take Speeding Points': Climate Change Secretary denies he pressurised others to admit motoring offences so he could keep his driving licence, The Mail on Sunday, 2011.

C. Huhne, BBC, « Chris Huhne Quits Cabinet Over Speeding Claims Charge, 2012.

R. , V. Pryce, and C. Huhne, , p.2, 2013.

. Ibid,

J. Brown, C. Huhne, and . Ex-wife, Vicky Pryce Face Jail as Journalist Denies Helping to Entrap Former Lib Dem Cabinet Minister Over Speeding Offence », in The Independent, le 11 mars, 2013.

L. Pullman, , 1392.

R. and C. Briscoe, , 2014.

M. Moore and «. Rip-ripa?-snowden, Surveillance, and the Inadequacies of our Existing Legal Framework, pp.125-126

U. Smartt, , pp.221-224

. Ibid,

, « In private, the police now tell journalists that they have pulled reporters' phone records in every single leak inquiry in the last ten years. I believe them

W. Turvill and . Guardian, Independent and Times Join Mail on Sunday, Sun and Daily Telegraph in Condemning RIPA Use Against Journalists, 2014.

, « If whistle-blowers do not feel able to speak to the media then so many evils may remain hidden within our institutions » : The Telegraph, « A Perfect Example of the Need for a Free Press, 2014.

, « The Regulation of Investigatory Powers Act is being misused to unearth journalistic sources. Parliament must tighten it » : The Guardian, « The Guardian View on the Police and the Rights of the Press, 2014.

K. Vaz and . No, 1407 Interception of Communications Commissioner's Office, IOCCO Inquiry into the Use of Chapter 2 of Part 1 of the Regulation of Investigatory Powers Act (RIPA) to Identify Journalistic Sources, p.39, 2014.

. Ibid, , pp.36-37

D. Anderson, . Question, and . Trust, Londres : The Stationery Office, Report of the Investigatory Powers Review, 2015.

. Ibid, , pp.285-306

, undemocratic, unnecessary and -in the long run -intolerable » : Ibid

. Voir and C. Krol, The Telegraph, le 13 juin 2016

, The Daily Mail, « Sweeping UK Spy Bill Dubbed 'Snoopers' Charter' Becomes Law, 2016.

, UK Parliament, pétition, « Repeal the Investigatory Powers Bill (Snoopers Charter) », date non indiquée

J. Ball, . Borger, . Julian, . Davies, . Nick et al., Prism Program Taps into User Data of Apple, Google and Others », op. cit. ; NAKASHIMA, Ellen, op. cit. ; The Guardian, « Edward Snowden and the NSA Files -Timeline

A. Rusbridger and «. Snowden, Journalism After Snowden: The future of the free press in the surveillance state, p.24, 2017.

L. Austin and . Illegality, What Snowden Has Taught us About the Legal Infrastructure of the Surveillance State, Law, Privacy and Surveillance in Canada in the Post-Snowden Era, p.103, 2015.

. Ibid,

. Ibid, , pp.106-107

J. Rogers and . Security, British Attitudes to Cyber-Surveillance, 2017.

Q. Eijkman, Access to Justice for Communications Surveillance and Interception: Scrutinising Intelligence-Gathering Reform Legislation, Utrecht Law Review, vol.14, issue.1, p.120, 2018.

«. Yougov and . Security, Trumps Privacy in British Attitudes to Cyber-Surveillance », sondage à propos du cybercrime, de la surveillance, de la propagande, des faux reportages, travail de terrain effectué entre le 26 et le 27 février, 2017.

J. Rogers,

L. Bennett, T. , G. Wahl-jorgensen, and K. , , pp.740-762

. Ibid,

P. Bernal and . Data-gathering, Surveillance and Human Rights: Recasting the debate, Journal of Cyber Policy, vol.1, issue.2, pp.243-264, 2016.

Q. Eijkman, Access to Justice for Communications Surveillance and Interception: Scrutinising Intelligence-Gathering Reform Legislation, p.124

K. Haggerty, . Samatas, . Minas, and . Introduction, Surveillance and Democracy: An Unsettled Relationship, Oxon : Routledge, 1 re édition, pp.2-3, 2010.

, Intelligence and Security Committee of Parliament, « About the Committee », date non indiquée, 2013.

. Ibid,

C. House-of, «. Hansard, S. Intelligence, and . Services, HC, vol.231, pp.57-71

J. Rogers,

J. Petley, The State Journalism is In : Edward Snowden and the British Press, p.19

V. Bakir and . News, Agenda-Building and Intelligence Agencies: A Systematic Review of the Field from the Discipline of Journalism, Media and Communications, pp.3-4

J. Freedland and J. Petley, The State Journalism is In: Edward Snowden and the British Press, p.19

A. Rusbridger and «. Snowden, op. cit, pp.24-25

I. Brown, A. Hintz, and . Enabling, The Reshaping of Surveillance Policy After Snowden, vol.11, p.788, 2017.

I. Brown and . Expert, Witness Statement for Big Brother Watch and Others Re: Large-Scale Internet Surveillance by the UK: Application n° 58170/13 to the European Court of Human Rights, p.186, 2013.

. Ibid, International Commission of Jurists, « Written Submissions on Behalf of the International Commission of Jurists (ICJ): Intervener », 2016.

, The American Civil Liberties Union, The Canadian Civil Liberties Association, The Egyptian Initiative for Personal Rights, The Hungarian Civil Liberties Union, The Irish Council for Civil Liberties Limited, The Legal Resources Centre. Voir : Case of Big Brother Watch and Others v the United Kingdom, Les dix organisations sont les suivantes : Amnesty International, Bytes For All, Liberty, Privacy International, p.186

, Case of Big Brother Watch and Others v the United Kingdom

, European Court of Human Rights, « Q & A on the Judgment Big Brother Watch and Others v. United Kingdom, p.1, 2018.

Q. Eijkman and . Indiscriminate, Bulk Data Interception and Group Privacy: Do Human Rights Organisations Retaliate Through Strategic Litigation?, Group Privacy: New Challenges of Data Technologies, vol.1, pp.123-125, 2017.

. Ibid, , pp.123-124

. Ibid,

. Big-brother-watch, « Press Releases: UK mass surveillance ruled unlawful in landmark judgment », op. cit. ; Privacy Not Prism Campaign, « Privacy not Prism Legal Challenge », date non indiquée

. Ibid,

, La décision précise, à ce sujet, que « [?] les autorités nationales disposent d'une certaine marge d'appréciation quant au choix des moyens pour accomplir l'objectif légitime de protection de la sécurité nationale, Thematic Factsheet: Freedom of Expression, the Internet and New Technologies », juin 2018, p.10, 1465.

, Case of Big Brother Watch and Others v the United Kingdom

. Ibid,

O. Bowcott and «. Gchq, Data Collection Regime Violated Human Rights, Court Rules, The Guardian, 2018.

, Case of Big Brother Watch and Others v the United Kingdom, n° 58170/13, 62322/14, 24960/15, op. cit., pp. 4, 184 ; European Court of Human Rights, « Some Aspects of UK Surveillance Regimes Violate Convention

. Ibid,

. Big-brother-watch, Press Releases: UK Mass Surveillance Challenge will go to Europe's Highest Human Rights Court, vol.7, pp.314-320

M. Milanovic and . Ecthr, Jugdment in Big Brother Watch v UK », in Blog of the, European Journal of International Law, vol.17, 2018.

, European Court of Human Rights

, the national authorities enjoy a certain margin of appreciation in choosing the means for achieving the legitimate aim of protecting national security » : Case of Big Brother Watch and Others v the United Kingdom

J. Foegle and . La, Cour européenne des droits de l'homme procède à une condamnation en demiteinte de la surveillance de 'masse' », in La revue des droits de l'homme, p.1, 2018.

, Case of Big Brother Watch and Others v the United Kingdom, pp.314-320

J. Foegle and O. , , p.4

P. Fussey, . Murray, . Daragh, and . Bulk, Surveillance in the Digital Age: Rethinking the human rights law approach to bulk monitoring of communications data, Israel Law Review, vol.52, issue.1, p.55, 2019.

M. Milanovic,

, Grand Chamber Panel's Decisions, p.1, 2019.

, Voir par exemple : Amnesty International, « Mass Surveillance Challenge Proceeds to Europe's Highest Human Rights Court, 2019.

. Big-brother-watch, « Press Releases: UK Mass Surveillance Challenge will go to Europe's Highest Human Rights Court », op. cit. ; Privacy International, « Communications Surveillance », date non indiquée

. Ibid,

I. Cobain and Q. Eijkman, Access to Justice for Communications Surveillance and Interception: Scrutinising Intelligence-Gathering Reform Legislation, p.117

S. Kim and U. K. New, Law Fails European Court Standards on Mass Interception Disclosed by Snowden, Just Security, vol.27, 2018.

«. Liberty and . Mi5-'unlawfully, Handled Bulk Surveillance Data, Liberty Litigation Reveals, vol.11

, Londres : The Stationery Office, The Data Retention and Acquisition, 2018.

. Ibid,

. Ibid, House of Lords Hansard, « Data Retention and Acquisition, vol.24, 2018.

. E719d4eb7043/dataretentionandacquisitionregulations2018, , vol.793

L. O'carroll and . European, Court to Investigate Laws Allowing GCHQ to Snoop on Journalists

P. Preston and . Press, Freedom is a Human Right Too -Ask Strasbourg, The Guardian, le 16 novembre, 2014.

A. Spence and . Reporters, Appeal to Strasbourg over Law that Lets Police Track Phone Calls », in The Times, le 6 septembre, 2014.

H. Agerholm and «. Uk, Mass Surveillance Programme Violates Human Rights, European Court Rules, The Independent, 2018.

D. Bond and «. Uk, s Digital Spying Agency Broke European Privacy Laws, The Financial Times, 2018.

O. Bowcott and «. Gchq, Data Collection Regime Violated Human Rights, Court Rules », op. cit. ; CRISP, James, « British Spies Broke Law in GCHQ Mass Surveillance, Says European Court of Human Rights, The Telegraph, le 13 septembre 2013

F. Gibb and . Government, s Mass Surveillance of Emails was Illegal, The Times, 2018.

, The Daily Mail, « British Spies Violated Privacy and Free Speech Laws with GCHQ Programme Revealed by Edward Snowden, European Court Rules, issue.13, 2018.

, NUJ Weclomes ECHR Judgment on UK Surveillance of Journalists, issue.13, 2018.

R. Oldroyd and . Bureau, Wins Landmark Press Freedom Case at the European Court of Human Rights, Privacy International, « Q & A: European Court of Human Rights Rules UK Mass Surveillance Laws Violate Rights, 2018.

, We will continue to use all the avenues available to us to improve and amend the current laws and codes of practice. The Bureau should be congratulated for its excellent work and this is a hugely significant and positive outcome, « This ruling is a great result for ethical journalism and journalists in the UK

, Peer to peer encryption is difficult for most journalists and it is quite time consuming and most journalists don't do it. We are all going to have to work on this, in this world where people can intercept everything » : PONSFORD, Dominic, « Rusbridger on How no Journalist's Sources are Safe, Joining IPSO and why he would have Kept News of the World Open, Press Gazette

M. Rogerson, , p.29

, International Consortium of Investigative Journalists, « About », date non indiquée

G. Ryle, . After-panama-papers, and . Success, International Consortium of Investigative Journalists, 2017.

, International Consortium of Investigative Journalists, « About

L. Harding, ». En-avant, I. Obermaier, F. Obermayer, and B. , The Panama Papers: Breaking the story of how the rich and powerful hide their money, p.p. ix, 2017.

. Ibid,

, International Consortium of Investigative Journalists, « All Our Investigations », date non indiquée

G. Ryle, Fuite de documents la plus conséquente jusqu'à présent, les Panama Papers sont issus

F. De-mossack, cabinet d'avocats panaméen spécialisé en matière de vente de sociétés extraterritoriales 1499 . Les documents couvrent la période allant de la fondation du cabinet en 1977 jusqu'en décembre 2015, alors qu'il était le quatrième fournisseur le plus important du monde dans son domaine 1500, 2018.

B. Mckenna and . Panama, Computer Weekly, 2016.

C. Gallego, How to Investigate Companies Found in the Offshore Leaks Database, 2018.

. Ibid,

L. Harding, What are the Panama Papers? A Guide to History's Biggest Data Leak », op. cit. ; International Consortium of Investigative Journalists, « Secret Files Expose Offshore's Global Impact, 2013.

N. Nougayrède and . Le-système-offshore, International Consortium of Investigative Journalists, « Offshore Leaks Database », date non indiquée, 2013.

L. Harding, « What are the Panama Papers? A Guide to History's Biggest Data Leak

T. Guardian and . Revealed, Paradise Papers Leak Reveals Secrets of World Elite's Hidden Wealth

M. Hamilton and . Panamanian, Law Firm Is Gatekeeper to Vast Flow of Murky Offshore Secrets, International Consortium of Investigative Journalists, 2016.

L. Harding, What are the Panama Papers? A Guide to History's Biggest Data Leak », op. cit.; The Guardian, « Mossack Fonseca: Inside the firm that helps the super-rich hide their money, 2016.

. Ibid, corruption/panama-papers-law-firm-mossack-fonseca-to-shut-down-after-tax-scandal-idUSKCN1GQ34R

N. Slawson and M. Fonseca, Law Firm to Shut Down After Panama Papers Tax Scandal, The Guardian, 2018.

J. Allsop and . The, Quiet Impact of the Paradise Papers, Columbia Journalism Review, 2017.

H. Bengtsson and N. Hopkins, What are the Paradise Papers and What do they Tell Us? », in The Guardian, 2017.

L. Harding, What are the Panama Papers? A Guide to History's Biggest Data Leak », op. cit. ; The Guardian, « Revealed: Paradise Papers Leak Reveals Secrets of World Elite's Hidden Wealth

. Ibid, F. Shiel, and . Papers, International Consortium of Investigative Journalists, 2018.

W. Jaschensky, . Obermaier, . Frederik, . Obermayer, . Bastian et al., Süddeutsche Zeitung, date non indiquée

F. Obermaier and B. Obermayer, The Panama Papers: Breaking the Story of How the Rich and Powerful Hide their Money, pp.1-9

S. Zeitung, « These are the Paradise Papers », date non indiquée

W. Jaschensky, . Obermaier, . Frederik, . Obermayer, . Bastian et al., About the Panama Papers

E. Zerofsky and . How-a-german, Newspaper Became the Go-To Place for Leaks like the Paradise Papers, The New Yorker, le 11 novembre 2017

J. Doe and . The, John Doe Manifesto: Panama Papers Source Offers Documents to Governments, Hints at More to Come, International Consortium of Investigative Journalists, 2016.

, International Consortium of Investigative Journalists, « Journalists: Bastian Obermayer », op. cit. ; International Consortium of Investigative Journalists, « Journalists: Frederik Obermaier », date non indiquée

«. The, Pulitzer Prize Winner in Explanatory Reporting », in Pulitzer, date non indiquée, 2017.

L. Harding, ». En-avant, I. Obermaier, F. Obermayer, and B. , Via a secure platform, called the iHub, journalists were encouraged not to compete with each other but to share information actively and to swap leads and tips. We did, in a flurry of encrypted emails. For some time the global media industry has been in a state of gloom. Newsrooms are downsizing; the ad market has collapsed. Suddenly, though, this counter-intuitive model of cooperation looked like the way to go at a time when media organizations were broke

D. Campbell and . How, Project Team Analyzed the Offshore Files, International Consortium of Investigative Journalists, 2013.

B. Mckenna, «. Nuix, and . Retrospective, Three Years Later and Featured at Nuix Government Summit, 2019.

. Ibid,

T. Brewster and . From, Encrypted Drives to Amazon's Cloud --The Amazing Flight of the Panama Papers, Forbes, 2016.

B. Mckenna, B. Sasaki, and . The, Neo4j

R. Foroohar and . The, Panama Papers Could Lead to Capitalism's Greatest Crisis, Time, 2016.

A. Alstadsaeter, . Johannesen, . Niels, . Zucman, . Gabriel et al., Owns the Wealth in Tax Havens? Macro Evidence and Implications for Global Inequality, Journal of Public Economics, issue.162, pp.89-100, 2018.

S. Baack and L. Trautman, , pp.807-873

D. ;. Cameron, N. Watt, and P. Wintour, The Guardian, le 15 juin 2013

N. Watt, P. Wintour, and . Interview, David Cameron: 'G8 Summit is a Chance to Recover National Self-Confidence' », in The Guardian, le 14 juin, 2013.

, Mise en place par le père du Premier ministre entre autres, cette fondation permettait d'éviter l'imposition au Royaume-Uni 1527 . Alors que la BBC et le Guardian sont seuls au Royaume-Uni à participer au projet du Consortium 1528 , leurs premières publications à l'égard de Cameron 1529 ont été largement relayées par la presse, qui affiche sa désapprobation voire sa condamnation des actions du Premier ministre 1530 . Ces révélations sont d'autant plus embarrassantes pour Cameron que, Cependant, les Panama Papers avaient aussi révélé que Cameron avait lui-même profité de bénéfices en provenance de Blairmore Investment Trust, fondation d'origine panaméenne basée aux Bahamas 1526

R. Booth, P. , D. Watt, . Holly, and . David, sa situation fiscale des six années précédentes 1532 . Cependant, selon un sondage réalisé pendant 1526, The Guardian, 2016.

V. Houlder and . Beginner, s Guide to Blairmore and the Problem with Offshore Investment, Financial Times, 2016.

J. Humphrys, . The-panama, and . Papers, How Much Transparency do We Need? », in Yougov, 2016.

G. Ryle, communication présentée lors de la conférence « TED Summit, 2016.

. Ibid,

, International Consortium of Investigative Journalists, « About

, Voir par exemple : BBC, « Panama Papers: Cameron's Father was Mossack Fonseca Client, 2016.

J. Garside and . Fund, Run by David Cameron's Father Avoided Paying Tax in Britain, The Guardian, 2016.

. Voir, . Riley-smith, . Ben, M. Wilkinson, and . Exclusive, David Cameron's 'Hypocrisy' on Panama Papers After he Ordered All Parliamentary Candidates to Reveal their Tax Affairs, The Telegraph, 2016.

T. Sculthorpe and . David, Cameron Faces Embarrassment as the Leaked Panama Papers Threaten to Overshadow his International Summit on Tax Avoidance Taking Place NEXT MONTH, The Daily Mail, 2016.

A. Sims, «. 'frankly, and M. Wrong, David Cameron's Past Attacks on Tax Evasion, The Independent, 2016.

R. Ben, . Wilkinson, . Michael, T. Sculthorpe, «. Uk-gov et al., , 2016.

«. Bbc and . David, Cameron's Mother Gave PM £200,000 Gift, 2016.

, RNS Chartered Accountants, « Schedule of Taxable Sources of Income and Gains, 2016.

P. Sandle, E. Shirbon, and «. Uk, s Cameron Releases Tax Records to Calm Panama Papers Storm », in Reuters, 2016.

, YouGov/The Times, « Public Verdict on Tax Furore: Dave not so Dodgy », sondage à propos des intentions de vote et l'évasion fiscale, p.19

. Ibid,

J. Garside, H. Osborne, and «. Uk, Under Pressure to Act over Tax Havens after Paradise Papers Leak, House of Commons Hansard, «Paradise Papers, vol.630, p.1196, 2017.

P. Jezek and J. Kofod, Report on the Inquiry into Money Laundering, Tax Avoidance and Tax Evasion, p.93, 2017.

P. Jezek, . Kofod, and . Jeppe, , p.93

. Ibid,

, UK's role as a safe haven for corrupt individuals and their stolen wealth » : Transparency International, « Panama Papers Expose UK Role in Global Corruption: Recommendations to End UK Role as a Safe Haven for Corrupt Money, 2016.

, Transparency International, « What is Transparency International? », date non indiquée

P. Hammond and «. Taskforce, Written Statement -HCWS427 », in Parliamentary Publications and Records, 2016.

, Her Majesty's Revenue and Customs, « Taskforce Launches Criminal and Civil Investigations into Panama Papers, UK Gov, 2016.

«. Uk-gov and . Uk, Launches Cross-Government Taskforce on the 'Panama Papers' », le 10 avril, 2016.

P. Hammond, ;. Panama-papers-taskforce, O. Young, «. George, and . Taskforce, Parliamentary Publications and Records, 2016.

, HMRC's Performance in 2016-17, vol.456, 2017.

, Voir par exemple : BBC, « Paradise Papers: Your guide to four years of offshore revelations, 2017.

H. Bengtsson, . Hopkins, and . Nick, International Consortium of Investigative Journalists, « Offshore Trove Exposes Trump-Russia Links and Piggy Banks of the Wealthiest 1 Percent, 2017.

, HMRC's Performance in 2016-17, HC456, op. cit, p.5

, « Emergency Debate: Tax avoidance and evasion (Paradise Papers) », le 14 novembre, vol.631, pp.157-190, 2017.

F. Mor and A. Seely, The Paradise Papers, p.1, 2017.

S. Bowers and «. Uk-backs-panama-papers-crackdown, International Consortium of Investigative Journalists, 2018.

, The Caribbean Council, « UK Territories Must Reveal Beneficial Ownership of Offshore Companies by 2021 », date non indiquée

. Uk-parliament, Bill Stages: Sanctions and Anti-Money Laundering Act, 2018.

H. Mance, G. Parker, and . Mps, Ire Greets May's Delay to Vote on Crown Dependencies, The Financial Times, le 4 mars 2019

D. Sabbagh and . Ministers, Postpone Bill Debate to Avoid Likely Defeat Over Tax Havens, The Guardian, 2019.

M. Mansour and . New, Ranking Reveals Corporate Tax Havens Behind Breakdown of Global Corporate Tax System; toll of UK's tax war exposed

T. Guardian, «. Uk, and T. Are, Greatest Enabler' of Tax Avoidance, Study Says, 2019.

M. Mansour, Tax Justice Network, « Corporate Tax Haven Index -2019 Results, 2019.

E. Parliament and . Tax, Crimes: MEPs want EU financial police force and financial intelligence unit », le 26 mars, 2019.

D. Pegg and . Papers, EU Parliament Votes to Launch Tax Inquiry, The Guardian, 2018.

. Ibid,

, « Whistleblowers and investigative journalists must be much better protected and an EU fund to help investigative journalists should be set up » : European Parliament, « Tax Crimes: MEPs want EU financial police force and financial intelligence unit

, Appleby Launches Legal Action Against ICIJ's UK Partners, International Consortium of Investigative Journalists, 2017.

J. Martinson, Public Interest Journalism Faces a Serious Threat from Paradise, 2017.

, The Guardian, « Guardian to Fight Legal Action Over Paradise Papers, vol.18

«. Appleby and . Appleby, Guardian News and Media Limited and the BBC Settle Paradise Papers Dispute, 2018.

«. Bbc, :. Papers, G. Bbc, and A. Settlement, , 2018.

. Yougov, Security Trumps Privacy in British Attitudes to Cyber-Surveillance », op. cit, pp.1-2, 2019.

«. Bbc and . Muder, Malta suspect may get pardon, 2019.

M. Galizia and I. Bbc, Caruana Galizia Murder: Fighting for Justice for my Murdered Mother, 2019.

H. Sherwood,

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L. Richard, Warning to the Corrupt: If you kill a journalist, another will take their place, The Guardian, 2018.

, Cependant, les risques pour les personnes qui dénoncent des malversations sont très élevés, comme en témoignent les diverses attitudes à l'égard de Chelsea Manning et, 1564.

J. Allsop, ». Breathing-;-s-work, O. Fitzgibbon, . Will, . The-daphne et al., Her Voice will not be Silenced', International Consortium of Investigative Journalists, vol.17, 2018.

, Forbidden Stories, « The Daphne Project: Every story published so far », date non indiquée

. Ibid,

J. Allsop, Breathing New Life into a Murdered Journalist's Work

M. Fernandes, J. Mcguinn, and L. Rossi, Estimating the Economic Benefits of Whistleblower Protection in Public Procurement: Final Report, 2017.

, Transparency International, « Three Years After the Panama Papers: Progress on horizon, 2019.

S. Baack,

L. Johnson, «. Whistleblowing, and I. Journalism, Reputations damage and the private governance of aggressive tax planning, Business, Civil Society and the 'New' Politics of Corporate Tax Justice, 1 re édition, pp.269-270, 2018.

G. Phillips,

R. Danbury and J. Townend, Protecting Sources and Whistleblowers in a Digital Age, p.4, 2017.

P. Bradshaw, , pp.334-335

R. Danbury, J. Townend, and . Can, You Keep a Secret? Legal and Technological Obstacles to Protecting Journalistic Sources, Journalism, Power and Investigation, Oxon et New York : Routledge, 1 re édition, pp.95-112, 2019.

D. Kafteranis, Rethinking Financial Rewards for Whistle-Blowers Under the Proposal for a Directive on the Protection of Whistle-Blowers Reporting Breaches of EU Law, Nordic Journal of European Law, vol.2, issue.1, pp.38-49, 2019.

Y. Yakimova and . Protecting-whistle-blowers, European Parliament, le 16 avril 2019

. Ibid,

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