, Rehabilitation 2030: a call for action" by the World Health Organization: a unique opportunity not to be missed

, Rehabilitation 2030: a call for action, 2019.

V. L. Feigin, A. A. Abajobir, and K. H. Abate, Global, regional, and national burden of neurological disorders during 1990-2015: a systematic analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study, The Lancet Neurology, vol.16, issue.11, pp.30299-30304, 2015.

V. L. Feigin, C. M. Lawes, D. A. Bennett, S. L. Barker-collo, and V. Parag, Worldwide stroke incidence and early case fatality reported in 56 population-based studies: a systematic review, The Lancet Neurology, vol.8, issue.4, pp.355-369, 2009.

T. Truelsen, Stroke incidence studies in Africa, The Lancet Neurology, vol.9, issue.8, pp.755-757, 2010.

E. Lundström, A. Smits, J. Borg, and A. Terént, Four-fold increase in direct costs of stroke survivors with spasticity compared with stroke survivors without spasticity: the first year after the event, Stroke, vol.41, issue.2, pp.319-324, 2010.

E. C. O'brien, J. Wu, and X. Zhao, Healthcare Resource Availability, Quality of Care, and Acute Ischemic Stroke Outcomes, J Am Heart Assoc, vol.6, issue.2, 2017.

A. L. Berkowitz, Managing acute stroke in low-resource settings, Bull World Health Organ, vol.94, issue.7, pp.554-556, 2016.

, Projet de plan d'action mondial de l'OMS relatif au handicap 2014-2021. Un meilleur état de santé pour toutes les personnes handicapées, pp.1-34, 2014.

, Ministère de la Santé et des Sports. Plan d'actions national « accidents vasculaires cérébraux, pp.2010-2014

M. Du-travail-de-l'emploi, L. De, and . Santé, Circulaire DGOS/R4/R3/PF3 n° 2012-106 du 6 mars 2012 relative à l'organisation des filières régionales de prise en charge des patients victimes d'accident vasculaire cérébral (AVC) -APHP DAJ, 2019.

, Direction de la Recherche, des Etudes, de l'evaluation et des Statistiques. Disparités régionales de prise en charge hospitalière des accidents vasculaires cérébraux en, vol.2017, pp.1-6, 2015.

A. Schnitzler, M. Erbault, A. Solomiac, D. Sainte-croix, A. Fouchard et al., Impact du plan AVC sur la prise en charge des accidents vasculaires cérébraux ischémiques constitués : évolution 2011-2016, Bull Epidémiol Hebd, issue.5, pp.78-84, 2018.

R. W. Walker, A. Jusabani, and E. Aris, Correlates of short-and long-term case fatality within an incident stroke population in Tanzania, S Afr Med J, vol.103, issue.2, pp.107-112, 2012.

K. Strong, C. Mathers, and R. Bonita, Preventing stroke: saving lives around the world, Lancet Neurol, vol.6, issue.2, pp.182-187, 2007.

R. Walker, Hypertension and stroke in sub-saharan Africa, Transactions of the Royal Society of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene, vol.88, issue.6, pp.90193-90200, 1994.

D. Adeloye, An Estimate of the Incidence and Prevalence of Stroke in Africa: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis. Kiechl S, PLoS ONE, vol.9, issue.6, p.100724, 2014.

B. Norrving and B. Kissela, The global burden of stroke and need for a continuum of care, Neurology, vol.80, issue.3, pp.5-12, 2013.

T. A. Adoukonou, J. Vallat, and J. Joubert, Prise en charge des accidents vasculaires cérébraux en Afrique subsaharienne, Revue Neurologique, vol.166, issue.11, pp.882-893, 2010.

M. Cossi, C. Gobron, P. Preux, D. Niama, H. Chabriat et al., Stroke: Prevalence and Disability in Cotonou, Benin. CED, vol.33, issue.2, pp.166-172, 2012.
URL : https://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/hal-00920521

T. A. Adoukonou, J. Vallat, and J. Joubert, Prise en charge des accidents vasculaires cérébraux en Afrique subsaharienne, Revue Neurologique, vol.166, issue.11, pp.882-893, 2010.

M. J. Cossi, P. M. Preux, H. Chabriat, C. Gobron, and D. Houinato, Knowledge of stroke among an urban population in Cotonou (Benin), Neuroepidemiology, vol.38, issue.3, pp.172-178, 2012.
URL : https://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/hal-00920840

M. Cossi, C. Gobron, P. Preux, D. Niama, H. Chabriat et al., Stroke: Prevalence and Disability in Cotonou, Benin. Cerebrovasc Dis, vol.33, issue.2, pp.166-172, 2012.
URL : https://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/hal-00920521

R. W. Bohannon, Muscle strength and muscle training after stroke, J Rehabil Med, vol.39, issue.1, pp.14-20, 2007.

J. J. Eng and K. S. Chu, Reliability and comparison of weight-bearing ability during standing tasks for individuals with chronic stroke, Arch Phys Med Rehabil, vol.83, issue.8, pp.1138-1144, 2002.

R. W. Bohannon, Gait performance of hemiparetic stroke patients: selected variables, Arch Phys Med Rehabil, vol.68, issue.11, pp.777-781, 1987.

U. Flansbjer, A. M. Holmbäck, D. Downham, C. Patten, and J. Lexell, Reliability of gait performance tests in men and women with hemiparesis after stroke, J Rehabil Med, vol.37, issue.2, pp.75-82, 2005.

C. L. Richards, F. Malouin, and C. Dean, Gait in stroke: assessment and rehabilitation, Clin Geriatr Med, vol.15, issue.4, pp.833-855, 1999.

A. Tang, K. M. Sibley, S. G. Thomas, W. E. Mcilroy, and D. Brooks, Maximal exercise test results in subacute stroke, Arch Phys Med Rehabil, vol.87, issue.8, pp.1100-1105, 2006.

M. J. Mackay-lyons and L. Makrides, Longitudinal changes in exercise capacity after stroke, Arch Phys Med Rehabil, vol.85, issue.10, pp.1608-1612, 2004.

U. Flansbjer, D. Downham, and J. Lexell, Knee Muscle Strength, Gait Performance, and Perceived Participation After Stroke, Archives of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation, vol.87, issue.7, pp.974-980, 2006.

J. Spieler, J. Lanoë, and P. Amarenco, Costs of stroke care according to handicap levels and stroke subtypes, Cerebrovasc Dis, vol.17, issue.2-3, pp.134-142, 2004.

M. Kaste, S. Olsen, T. Orgogozo, J. Bogousslavsky, J. Hacke et al., Organization of stroke care: education, stroke units and rehabilitation, European Stroke Initiative

, Cerebrovasc Dis, vol.10, pp.1-11, 2000.

I. Miyai, S. Sonoda, and S. Nagai, Results of New Policies for Inpatient Rehabilitation Coverage in Japan, Neurorehabil Neural Repair, vol.25, issue.6, pp.540-547, 2011.

G. Saposnik, M. K. Kapral, and S. B. Coûtts, Do all age groups benefit from organized inpatient stroke care? Stroke, vol.40, pp.3321-3327, 2009.

, Organised inpatient (stroke unit) care for stroke, Database Syst Rev, issue.2, p.197, 2000.

L. De-wit, K. Putman, and N. Lincoln, Stroke rehabilitation in Europe: what do physiotherapists and occupational therapists actually do?, Stroke, vol.37, issue.6, pp.1483-1489, 2006.

L. De-wit, K. Putman, and B. Schuback, Motor and functional recovery after stroke: a comparison of 4 European rehabilitation centers, Stroke, vol.38, issue.7, pp.2101-2107, 2007.

F. I. Mahoney and D. W. Barthel, Functional evaluation: The Barthel Index, Md State Med J, vol.14, pp.61-65, 1965.

K. Putman and L. D. Wit, European Comparison of Stroke Rehabilitation, Topics in Stroke Rehabilitation, vol.16, issue.1, pp.20-26, 2009.

A. Schnitzler, F. Woimant, J. Nicolau, P. Tuppin, and C. De-peretti, Effect of Rehabilitation Setting on Dependence Following Stroke: An Analysis of the French Inpatient Database, Neurorehabil Neural Repair, vol.28, issue.1, pp.36-44, 2014.

, How do stroke units improve patient outcomes? A collaborative systematic review of the randomized trials, Stroke Unit Trialists Collaboration. Stroke, vol.28, issue.11, pp.2139-2144, 1997.

D. T. Wade, V. A. Wood, A. Heller, J. Maggs, L. Hewer et al., Walking after stroke. Measurement and recovery over the first 3 months, Scand J Rehabil Med, vol.19, issue.1, pp.25-30, 1987.

, ATS statement: guidelines for the six-minute walk test, ATS Committee on Proficiency Standards for Clinical Pulmonary Function Laboratories, vol.166, pp.111-117, 2002.

C. M. Dean, C. L. Richards, and F. Malouin, Walking speed over 10 metres overestimates locomotor capacity after stroke, Clin Rehabil, vol.15, issue.4, pp.415-421, 2001.

S. E. Lord, L. Rochester, M. Weatherall, K. M. Mcpherson, and H. K. Mcnaughton, The Effect of Environment and Task on Gait Parameters After Stroke: A Randomized Comparison of Measurement Conditions, Archives of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation, vol.87, issue.7, pp.967-973, 2006.

P. S. Pohl, Influence of stroke-related impairments on performance in 6-minute walk test, vol.39, p.6, 2002.

P. L. Enright and D. L. Sherrill, Reference equations for the six-minute walk in healthy adults, 1998.

. Accessed, , 2019.

A. Danielsson, C. Willén, and K. S. Sunnerhagen, Measurement of energy cost by the physiological cost index in walking after stroke, Arch Phys Med Rehabil, vol.88, issue.10, pp.1298-1303, 2007.

R. H. Fortinsky, C. V. Granger, and G. B. Seltzer, The use of functional assessment in understanding home care needs, Med Care, vol.19, issue.5, pp.489-497, 1981.

D. Pradon, N. Roche, L. Enette, and R. Zory, Relationship between lower limb muscle strength and 6-minute walk test performance in stroke patients, J Rehabil Med, vol.45, issue.1, pp.105-108, 2013.
URL : https://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/hal-02529053

J. E. Graham, G. V. Ostir, S. R. Fisher, and K. J. Ottenbacher, Assessing walking speed in clinical research: a systematic review, J Eval Clin Pract, vol.14, issue.4, pp.552-562, 2008.

P. Giraux, E. Raffin, and A. Ferrapie, Évaluation en vie quotidienne des performances de marchedes patients hémiplégiques, p.76, 2010.

K. Hill, P. Ellis, J. Bernhardt, P. Maggs, and S. Hull, Balance and mobility outcomes for stroke patients: a comprehensive audit, Australian Journal of Physiotherapy, vol.43, issue.3, pp.60408-60414, 1997.

T. A. Adoukonou, M. Agbétou, and O. R. Kossi, Coût direct des accidents vasculaires cérébraux au CHU de Parakou, Revue Neurologique, vol.173, p.190, 2017.

E. Sagui, Les accidents vasculaires cérébraux en Afrique subsaharienne, Med Trop (Madr), vol.6, 2007.

S. S. Ng, W. W. Tsang, T. H. Cheung, J. S. Chung, F. P. To et al., Walkway length, but not turning direction, determines the six-minute walk test distance in individuals with stroke, Arch Phys Med Rehabil, vol.92, issue.5, pp.806-811, 2011.

A. Dunn, D. L. Marsden, and E. Nugent, Protocol variations and six-minute walk test performance in stroke survivors: a systematic review with meta-analysis, Stroke Res Treat, p.484813, 2015.

J. C. Polese, L. Ada, and L. F. Teixeira-salmela, Relationship between oxygen cost of walking and level of walking disability after stroke: An experimental study, Physiother Res Int, vol.23, issue.1, 2018.

S. S. Ng and C. W. Hui-chan, Contribution of ankle dorsiflexor strength to walking endurance in people with spastic hemiplegia after stroke, Arch Phys Med Rehabil, vol.93, issue.6, pp.1046-1051, 2012.

R. W. Bohannon, Six-Minute Walk Test: A Meta-Analysis of Data From Apparently Healthy Elders, Topics in Geriatric Rehabilitation, vol.23, issue.2, pp.155-160, 2007.

H. S. Jørgensen, H. Nakayama, H. O. Raaschou, and T. S. Olsen, Recovery of walking function in stroke patients: The copenhagen stroke study, Archives of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation, vol.76, issue.1, pp.27-32, 1995.

B. Kollen, G. Kwakkel, and E. Lindeman, Longitudinal robustness of variables predicting independent gait following severe middle cerebral artery stroke: a prospective cohort study, Clin Rehabil, vol.20, issue.3, pp.262-268, 2006.

S. J. Olney, M. P. Griffin, T. N. Monga, and I. D. Mcbride, Work and power in gait of stroke patients, Archives of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation, vol.72, issue.5, pp.309-314, 1991.

D. Bourbonnais, V. Noven, and S. , Weakness in patients with hemiparesis. The American journal of occupational therapy : official publication of the American Occupational Therapy Association, vol.43, pp.313-319, 1989.

V. Dietz and W. Berger, Interlimb coordination of posture in patients with spastic paresis: Impaired function of spinal reflexes, Brain, vol.107, issue.3, pp.965-978, 1984.

A. Tang and W. Z. Rymer, Abnormal force EMG relations in paretic limbs of hemiparetic human subjects, Journal of Neurology Neurosurgery and Psychiatry, vol.44, issue.8, pp.690-698, 1981.

S. J. Olney and C. Richards, Hemiparetic gait following stroke. Part I: Characteristics, Gait & Posture, vol.4, issue.2, pp.136-148, 1996.

S. L. Galea, M. Lee, C. English, and A. L. , Sedentary versus active behavior in people after stroke, Physical Therapy Reviews, vol.20, issue.1, pp.1-7, 2015.

N. Gebruers, C. Vanroy, S. Truijen, S. Engelborghs, and P. P. De-deyn, Monitoring of physical activity after stroke: a systematic review of accelerometry-based measures, Arch Phys Med Rehabil, vol.91, issue.2, pp.288-297, 2010.

M. C. Ashe, W. C. Miller, J. J. Eng, and L. Noreau, Physical Activity and Chronic Conditions Research Team. Older adults, chronic disease and leisure-time physical activity, Gerontology, vol.55, issue.1, pp.64-72, 2009.

R. Bonita and T. Truelsen, Stroke in sub-Saharan Africa: a neglected chronic disease, The Lancet Neurology, vol.2, issue.10, p.592, 2003.

S. Rajsic, H. Gothe, and H. H. Borba, Economic burden of stroke: a systematic review on post-stroke care, Eur J Health Econ, vol.20, issue.1, pp.107-134, 2019.

H. Autorité-de-santé, Résultats des indicateurs pour l'amélioration de la qualité et de la sécurité des soins: Prise en charge initiale de l'accident vasculaire cérébral, 2016.

N. Natta, D. D. , A. E. Kpadonou, G. T. Stoquart, G. G. Detrembleur et al., Feasibility of a self-rehabilitation program for the upper limb for stroke patients in Benin

, Ann Phys Rehabil Med, vol.58, issue.6, pp.322-325, 2015.

O. Kossi, C. S. Batcho, T. A. Adoukonou, and J. Thonnard, Functional recovery after stroke in Benin: A six-month follow-up study

H. T. Hendricks, J. Van-limbeek, A. C. Geurts, and M. J. Zwarts, Motor recovery after stroke: a systematic review of the literature, Arch Phys Med Rehabil, vol.83, issue.11, pp.1629-1637, 2002.

H. T. Hendricks, A. C. Limbeek-j-van,-geurts, and M. J. Zwarts, Motor recovery after stroke: A systematic review of the literature, Arch Phys Med Rehabil, vol.83, issue.11, pp.1629-1637, 2002.

R. Chieffo, G. Comi, and L. Leocani, Noninvasive Neuromodulation in Poststroke Gait Disorders: Rationale, Feasibility, and State of the Art, Neurorehabil Neural Repair, vol.30, issue.1, pp.71-82, 2016.

M. A. Nitsche and W. Paulus, Excitability changes induced in the human motor cortex by weak transcranial direct current stimulation, J Physiol, vol.527, issue.3, pp.633-639, 2000.

B. Elsner, J. Kugler, M. Pohl, and J. Mehrholz, Transcranial direct current stimulation (tDCS) for improving function and activities of daily living in patients after stroke, The Cochrane Collaboration, 2013.

F. C. Hummel and L. G. Cohen, Non-invasive brain stimulation: a new strategy to improve neurorehabilitation after stroke?, Lancet Neurol, vol.5, issue.8, pp.708-712, 2006.

F. Hummel, Effects of non-invasive cortical stimulation on skilled motor function in chronic stroke, Brain, vol.128, issue.3, pp.490-499, 2005.

D. T. Jeffery, J. A. Norton, F. D. Roy, and M. A. Gorassini, Effects of transcranial direct current stimulation on the excitability of the leg motor cortex, Exp Brain Res, vol.182, issue.2, pp.281-287, 2007.

S. Tanaka, T. Hanakawa, M. Honda, and K. Watanabe, Enhancement of pinch force in the lower leg by anodal transcranial direct current stimulation, Exp Brain Res, vol.196, issue.3, pp.459-465, 2009.

S. Tanaka, K. Takeda, and Y. Otaka, Single Session of Transcranial Direct Current Stimulation Transiently Increases Knee Extensor Force in Patients With Hemiparetic Stroke

, Neurorehabil Neural Repair, vol.25, issue.6, pp.565-569, 2011.

M. K. Sohn, S. J. Jee, and Y. W. Kim, Effect of transcranial direct current stimulation on postural stability and lower extremity strength in hemiplegic stroke patients

, , vol.37, pp.759-765

S. Madhavan, K. A. Weber, and J. W. Stinear, Non-invasive brain stimulation enhances fine motor control of the hemiparetic ankle: implications for rehabilitation, Exp Brain Res, vol.209, issue.1, pp.9-17, 2011.

V. Tahtis, D. Kaski, and B. M. Seemungal, The effect of single session bi-cephalic transcranial direct current stimulation on gait performance in sub-acute stroke: a pilot study, Restor Neurol Neurosci, vol.32, issue.4, pp.527-532, 2014.

M. C. Chang, D. Y. Kim, D. Park, E. Van-asseldonk, and T. A. Boonstra, Transcranial Direct Current Stimulation of the Leg Motor Cortex Enhances Coordinated Motor Output During Walking With a Large Inter-Individual Variability. Brain Stimulat, Brain Stimulat, vol.8, issue.3, pp.561-566, 2015.

G. Jayaram and J. W. Stinear, Effect of application of transcranial direct current stimulation during task-related training on gait ability of patients with stroke, J Clin Neurophysiol Off Publ Am Electroencephalogr Soc, vol.26, issue.4, pp.623-625, 2009.

A. Dunn, D. L. Marsden, and E. Nugent, Protocol Variations and Six-Minute Walk Test Performance in Stroke Survivors: A Systematic Review with Meta-Analysis, Stroke Res Treat, 2015.

L. N. Awad, D. S. Reisman, T. R. Wright, M. A. Roos, and S. A. Binder-macleod, Maximum walking speed is a key determinant of long distance walking function after stroke. Top Stroke Rehabil, vol.21, pp.502-509, 2014.

D. Hui, D. S. Zhukovsky, and E. Bruera, Declaration of Helsinki. Recommendations guiding doctors in clinical research. Adopted by the World Medical Association in 1964, J Pain Symptom Manage, vol.49, issue.3, pp.25-26, 1967.

D. T. Wade, V. A. Wood, A. Heller, J. Maggs, L. Hewer et al., Walking after stroke. Measurement and recovery over the first 3 months, Scand J Rehabil Med, vol.19, issue.1, pp.25-30, 1987.

S. Liew, E. Santarnecchi, E. R. Buch, and L. G. Cohen, Non-invasive brain stimulation in neurorehabilitation: local and distant effects for motor recovery, Front Hum Neurosci, vol.8, 2014.

C. R. Kim, D. Kim, L. S. Kim, M. H. Chun, S. J. Kim et al., Modulation of cortical activity after anodal transcranial direct current stimulation of the lower limb motor cortex: A functional MRI study, Brain Stimul Basic Transl Clin Res Neuromodulation, vol.5, issue.4, pp.462-467, 2012.

M. A. Nitsche and W. Paulus, Sustained excitability elevations induced by transcranial DC motor cortex stimulation in humans, Neurology, vol.57, issue.10, pp.1899-1901, 2001.

A. J. Woods, A. Antal, and M. Bikson, A technical guide to tDCS, and related noninvasive brain stimulation tools, Clin Neurophysiol, vol.127, issue.2, pp.1031-1048, 2016.

B. Laczó, A. Antal, H. Rothkegel, and W. Paulus, Increasing human leg motor cortex excitability by transcranial high frequency random noise stimulation, Restor Neurol Neurosci, vol.32, issue.3, pp.403-410, 2014.

M. M. Danzl, K. C. Chelette, K. Lee, D. Lykins, and L. Sawaki, Brain stimulation paired with novel locomotor training with robotic gait orthosis in chronic stroke: a feasibility study, NeuroRehabilitation, vol.33, issue.1, pp.67-76, 2013.

D. Leon, M. Cortes, and J. Elder, tDCS does not enhance the effects of robot-assisted gait training in patients with subacute stroke, Restor Neurol Neurosci, vol.35, issue.4, pp.377-384, 2017.

R. Lindenberg, V. Renga, L. L. Zhu, D. Nair, and G. Schlaug, Bihemispheric brain stimulation facilitates motor recovery in chronic stroke patients, Neurology, vol.75, issue.24, pp.2176-2184, 2010.

, Global, regional, and national burden of neurological disorders during 1990-2015: a systematic analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study, GBD 2015 Neurological Disorders Collaborator Group, vol.16, pp.30299-30304, 2015.

B. Norrving and B. Kissela, The global burden of stroke and need for a continuum of care, Neurology, vol.80, issue.3, pp.5-12, 2013.

C. A. Robinson, A. Shumway-cook, P. N. Matsuda, and M. A. Ciol, Understanding physical factors associated with participation in community ambulation following stroke, Disabil Rehabil, vol.33, issue.12, pp.1033-1042, 2011.

S. A. Billinger, R. Arena, and J. Bernhardt, Physical activity and exercise recommendations for stroke survivors: a statement for healthcare professionals from the American Heart Association/American Stroke Association, Stroke, vol.45, issue.8, pp.2532-2553, 2014.

K. Michael and R. F. Macko, Ambulatory Activity Intensity Profiles, Fitness, and Fatigue in Chronic Stroke. Topics in Stroke Rehabilitation, vol.14, pp.5-12, 2007.

J. Ramas, A. Courbon, I. Fayolle-minon, and P. Calmels,

, Ann Readapt Med Phys, vol.50, issue.1, pp.28-41, 2007.

S. Kurl, J. A. Laukkanen, R. Rauramaa, T. A. Lakka, J. Sivenius et al., Cardiorespiratory fitness and the risk for stroke in men, Arch Intern Med, vol.163, issue.14, pp.1682-1688, 2003.

A. Srivastava, A. B. Taly, A. Gupta, S. Kumar, and T. Murali, Bodyweight-supported treadmill training for retraining gait among chronic stroke survivors: A randomized controlled study, Annals of Physical and Rehabilitation Medicine, vol.59, issue.4, pp.235-241, 2016.

S. Hesse, Treadmill training with partial body weight support after stroke: a review, NeuroRehabilitation, vol.23, issue.1, pp.55-65, 2008.

C. C. Charalambous, H. S. Bonilha, S. A. Kautz, C. M. Gregory, and M. G. Bowden, Rehabilitating Walking Speed Poststroke With Treadmill-Based Interventions: A Systematic Review of Randomized Controlled Trials, Neurorehabil Neural Repair, vol.27, issue.8, pp.709-721, 2013.

J. Mehrholz, S. Thomas, and B. Elsner, Treadmill training and body weight support for walking after stroke, Cochrane Database Syst Rev, vol.8, p.2840, 2017.

F. Fregni, M. A. Nitsche, and C. K. Loo, Regulatory Considerations for the Clinical and Research Use of Transcranial Direct Current Stimulation (tDCS): review and recommendations from an expert panel, Clin Res Regul Aff, vol.32, issue.1, pp.22-35, 2015.

J. Marquez, P. Van-vliet, P. Mcelduff, J. Lagopoulos, and M. Parsons, Transcranial direct current stimulation (tDCS): does it have merit in stroke rehabilitation? A systematic review, Int J Stroke, vol.10, issue.3, pp.306-316, 2015.

D. Kim, J. Lim, and E. K. Kang, Effect of transcranial direct current stimulation on motor recovery in patients with subacute stroke, Am J Phys Med Rehabil, vol.89, issue.11, pp.879-886, 2010.

E. Ojardias, O. D. Azé, and D. Luneau, The Effects of Anodal Transcranial Direct Current Stimulation on the Walking Performance of Chronic Hemiplegic Patients. Neuromodulation, 2019.

M. K. Fleming, M. Pavlou, D. J. Newham, L. Sztriha, and J. T. Teo, Non-invasive brain stimulation for the lower limb after stroke: what do we know so far and what should we be doing next? Disabil Rehabil, vol.39, pp.714-720, 2017.

M. Bikson, P. Grossman, and C. Thomas, Safety of Transcranial Direct Current Stimulation: Evidence Based Update, Brain Stimul, vol.9, issue.5, pp.641-661, 2016.

L. Aparício, F. Guarienti, L. B. Razza, A. F. Carvalho, F. Fregni et al., A Systematic Review on the Acceptability and Tolerability of Transcranial Direct Current Stimulation Treatment in Neuropsychiatry Trials, Brain Stimul, vol.9, issue.5, pp.671-681, 2016.

S. Hesse, C. Werner, E. M. Schonhardt, A. Bardeleben, W. Jenrich et al., Combined transcranial direct current stimulation and robot-assisted arm training in subacute stroke patients: a pilot study, Restor Neurol Neurosci, vol.25, issue.1, pp.9-15, 2007.

J. Mortensen, K. Figlewski, and H. Andersen, Combined transcranial direct current stimulation and home-based occupational therapy for upper limb motor impairment following intracerebral hemorrhage: a double-blind randomized controlled trial, Disabil Rehabil, vol.38, issue.7, pp.637-643, 2016.

L. A. Holowatz, C. Thompson-torgerson, and W. L. Kenney, Aging and the control of human skin blood flow, Front Biosci, vol.15, pp.718-739, 2010.

A. Antal, I. Alekseichuk, and M. Bikson, Low intensity transcranial electric stimulation: Safety, ethical, legal regulatory and application guidelines, Clin Neurophysiol, vol.128, issue.9, pp.1774-1809, 2017.

A. Fertonani, C. Ferrari, and C. Miniussi, What do you feel if I apply transcranial electric stimulation? Safety, sensations and secondary induced effects, Clin Neurophysiol, vol.126, issue.11, pp.2181-2188, 2015.

G. Borg, P. Hassmén, and M. Lagerström, Perceived exertion related to heart rate and blood lactate during arm and leg exercise, Eur J Appl Physiol Occup Physiol, vol.56, issue.6, pp.679-685, 1987.

J. Mehrholz, S. Thomas, and B. Elsner, Treadmill training and body weight support for walking after stroke, Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews, issue.8, 2017.

P. Calmels, F. Degache, and A. Courbon, The feasibility and the effects of cycloergometer interval-training on aerobic capacity and walking performance after stroke. Preliminary study, Ann Phys Rehabil Med, vol.54, issue.1, pp.3-15, 2011.

M. K. Sohn, S. J. Jee, and Y. W. Kim, Effect of transcranial direct current stimulation on postural stability and lower extremity strength in hemiplegic stroke patients, Ann Rehabil Med, vol.37, issue.6, pp.759-765, 2013.

S. Tanaka, T. Hanakawa, M. Honda, and K. Watanabe, Enhancement of pinch force in the lower leg by anodal transcranial direct current stimulation, Exp Brain Res, vol.196, issue.3, pp.459-465, 2009.

C. Globas, C. Becker, and J. Cerny, Chronic stroke survivors benefit from high-intensity aerobic treadmill exercise: a randomized control trial, Neurorehabil Neural Repair, vol.26, issue.1, pp.85-95, 2012.

W. Carolee, J. Stein-joel, and A. Ross, Guidelines for Adult Stroke Rehabilitation and Recovery, Stroke, vol.47, issue.6, pp.98-169, 2016.

M. C. Chang, D. Y. Kim, and D. H. Park, Enhancement of Cortical Excitability and Lower Limb Motor Function in Patients With Stroke by Transcranial Direct Current Stimulation, Brain Stimulation, vol.8, issue.3, pp.561-566, 2015.

M. Gimenez, E. Predine, M. Marchand, E. Servera, J. L. Ponz et al., Implications of lowerand upper-limb training procedures in patients with chronic airway obstruction, Chest, vol.101, issue.5, pp.279-288, 1992.

G. Kwakkel, R. C. Wagenaar, J. W. Twisk, G. J. Lankhorst, and J. C. Koetsier, Intensity of leg and arm training after primary middle-cerebral-artery stroke: a randomised trial, Lancet, vol.354, issue.9174, pp.191-196, 1999.

S. Pereira, C. C. Silva, and S. Ferreira, Anticipatory postural adjustments during sitting reach movement in post-stroke subjects, J Electromyogr Kinesiol, vol.24, issue.1, p.25, 2014.

P. Monod-broca and . Broca, , pp.1824-1880

, Ann Chir, vol.126, issue.8, pp.801-807, 2001.

H. T. Hendricks, J. Van-limbeek, A. C. Geurts, and M. J. Zwarts, Motor recovery after stroke: a systematic review of the literature, Arch Phys Med Rehabil, vol.83, issue.11, pp.1629-1637, 2002.

S. C. Johnston, S. Mendis, and C. D. Mathers, Global variation in stroke burden and mortality: estimates from monitoring, surveillance, and modelling, Lancet Neurol, vol.8, issue.4, pp.345-354, 2009.

M. E. Walsh, R. Galvin, C. Loughnane, C. Macey, and N. F. Horgan, Community re-integration and long-term need in the first five years after stroke: results from a national survey

, Disabil Rehabil, vol.37, pp.1834-1838, 1920.

V. L. Feigin, M. H. Forouzanfar, and R. Krishnamurthi, Global and regional burden of stroke during 1990-2010: findings from the Global Burden of Disease Study, Lancet, vol.383, issue.9913, pp.245-254, 2010.

R. V. Krishnamurthi, A. E. Moran, and M. H. Forouzanfar, The global burden of hemorrhagic stroke: a summary of findings from the GBD 2010 study, Glob Heart, vol.9, issue.1, pp.101-106, 2014.

R. V. Krishnamurthi, V. L. Feigin, and M. H. Forouzanfar, Global and regional burden of first-ever ischaemic and haemorrhagic stroke during 1990-2010: findings from the Global Burden of Disease Study, Lancet Glob Health, vol.1, issue.5, pp.259-281, 2010.

T. A. Adoukonou, J. Vallat, and J. Joubert, Prise en charge des accidents vasculaires cérébraux en Afrique subsaharienne, Revue Neurologique, vol.166, issue.11, pp.882-893, 2010.

V. L. Feigin, M. H. Forouzanfar, R. Krishnamurthi, G. A. Mensah, and M. Connor, Global and regional burden of stroke during 1990-2010: findings from the Global Burden of Disease Study, Lancet, vol.383, pp.245-255, 2014.

E. Sagui, Les accidents vasculaires cérébraux en Afrique subsaharienne, Med Trop (Madr), vol.6, 2007.

R. W. Walker, A. Jusabani, and E. Aris, Correlates of short-and long-term case fatality within an incident stroke population in Tanzania, S Afr Med J, vol.103, issue.2, pp.107-112, 2012.

R. Bonita and T. Truelsen, Stroke in sub-Saharan Africa: a neglected chronic disease, Lancet Neurol, vol.2, issue.10, p.592, 2003.

A. S. Kim and S. C. Johnston, Global variation in the relative burden of stroke and ischemic heart disease, Circulation, vol.124, issue.3, pp.314-323, 2011.

M. J. O'donnell, S. L. Chin, and S. Rangarajan, Global and regional effects of potentially modifiable risk factors associated with acute stroke in 32 countries (INTERSTROKE): a case-control study, The Lancet, vol.388, issue.16, pp.30506-30508, 2016.

T. Truelsen, Stroke incidence studies in Africa, Lancet Neurol, vol.9, issue.8, pp.755-757, 2010.

, Monitoring health for the SDGs, WHO | World Health Statistics, 2018.

M. E. Walsh, R. Galvin, C. Loughnane, C. Macey, and N. F. Horgan, Community re-integration and long-term need in the first five years after stroke: results from a national survey, Disability and Rehabilitation, vol.37, issue.20, pp.1834-1838, 2015.

. Avc_-_rapport_final_-_vf, , 2019.

M. F. Levin, J. A. Kleim, and S. L. Wolf, What do motor "recovery" and "compensation" mean in patients following stroke?, Neurorehabil Neural Repair, vol.23, issue.4, pp.313-319, 2009.

D. Mukherjee, R. L. Levin, and W. Heller, The cognitive, emotional, and social sequelae of stroke: psychological and ethical concerns in post-stroke adaptation, Top Stroke Rehabil, vol.13, issue.4, pp.26-35, 2006.

R. Trigg, V. A. Wood, and R. L. Hewer, Social reintegration after stroke: the first stages in the development of the Subjective Index of Physical and Social Outcome (SIPSO), Clin Rehabil, vol.13, issue.4, pp.341-353, 1999.

G. Santus, A. Ranzenigo, R. Caregnato, and M. R. Inzoli, Social and family integration of hemiplegic elderly patients 1 year after stroke, Stroke, vol.21, issue.7, pp.1019-1022, 1990.

D. Carlo and A. , Human and economic burden of stroke, Age Ageing, vol.38, issue.1, pp.4-5, 2009.

C. E. Lang, M. D. Bland, R. R. Bailey, S. Y. Schaefer, and R. L. Birkenmeier, Assessment of upper extremity impairment, function, and activity after stroke: foundations for clinical decision making, J Hand Ther, vol.26, issue.2, pp.104-114, 2013.

J. J. Sejvar, Global burden of neurological disease: what's in a name? The Lancet Neurology, vol.16, pp.30333-30335, 2017.

T. Adoukonou, P. Kouna-ndouongo, and J. Codjia, Coût direct hospitalier des accidents vasculaires cérébraux à Parakou au nord du Benin, Pan Afr Med J, vol.16, 2013.

S. Mendis and W. Health-organization, Global Status Report on Noncommunicable Diseases, 2014.

L. A. Legg, T. J. Quinn, and F. Mahmood, Non-pharmacological interventions for caregivers of stroke survivors, Cochrane Database Syst Rev, issue.10, p.8179, 2011.

P. Langhorne and L. Legg, Evidence behind stroke rehabilitation, J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry, vol.74, 2003.

O. M. Ronning and B. Guldvog, Outcome of subacute stroke rehabilitation: a randomized controlled trial, Stroke, vol.29, pp.779-84, 1998.

. Accessed, , 2019.

K. M. Sibley, A. Tang, K. K. Patterson, D. Brooks, and W. E. Mcilroy, Changes in spatiotemporal gait variables over time during a test of functional capacity after stroke, J Neuroeng Rehabil, vol.6, p.27, 2009.

A. Yelnik, Évolution des concepts en rééducation du patient hémiplégique, 2019.

J. J. Eng, K. S. Chu, A. S. Dawson, C. M. Kim, and K. E. Hepburn, Functional walk tests in individuals with stroke: relation to perceived exertion and myocardial exertion, Stroke, vol.33, issue.3, pp.756-761, 2002.

R. W. Bohannon, Gait performance of hemiparetic stroke patients: selected variables, Arch Phys Med Rehabil, vol.68, issue.11, pp.777-781, 1987.

A. Courbon, P. Calmels, F. Roche, and J. Ramas, Fayolle-Minon I. Relation entre les capacités de marche et les capacités maximales à l'effort, les capacités musculaires et la déficience motrice après hémiplégie vasculaire chez l'adulte. Annales de Réadaptation et de Médecine Physique, vol.49, pp.614-620, 2006.

K. Donovan, S. E. Lord, H. K. Mcnaughton, and M. Weatherall, Mobility beyond the clinic: the effect of environment on gait and its measurement in community-ambulant stroke survivors, Clin Rehabil, vol.22, issue.6, pp.556-563, 2008.

N. M. Salbach, K. K. O'brien, and D. Brooks, Reference values for standardized tests of walking speed and distance: a systematic review, Gait Posture, vol.41, issue.2, pp.341-360, 2015.

C. Carvalho, K. S. Sunnerhagen, and C. Willén, Walking speed and distance in different environments of subjects in the later stage post-stroke, Physiotherapy Theory and Practice, vol.26, issue.8, pp.519-527, 2010.

C. L. Richards, F. Malouin, and C. Dean, Gait in stroke: assessment and rehabilitation, Clin Geriatr Med, vol.15, issue.4, pp.833-855, 1999.

R. Dickstein, Rehabilitation of gait speed after stroke: a critical review of intervention approaches, Neurorehabil Neural Repair déc, 2008.

M. Roerdink, C. Lamoth, G. Kwakkel, P. Van-wieringen, and P. J. Beek, Gait coordination after stroke: benefits of acoustically paced treadmill walking, Phys Ther, vol.87, issue.8, pp.1009-1022, 2007.

F. C. Hummel and L. G. Cohen, Non-invasive brain stimulation: a new strategy to improve neurorehabilitation after stroke?, Lancet Neurol, vol.5, issue.8, pp.70525-70532, 2006.

G. J. Hankey and C. P. Warlow, Treatment and secondary prevention of stroke: evidence, costs, and effects on individuals and populations, Lancet, vol.354, issue.9188, pp.1457-1463, 1999.

, ATS statement: guidelines for the six-minute walk test, ATS Committee on Proficiency Standards for Clinical Pulmonary Function Laboratories, vol.166, pp.111-117, 2002.

N. Murase, J. Duque, R. Mazzocchio, and L. G. Cohen, Influence of interhemispheric interactions on motor function in chronic stroke, Ann Neurol mars, 2004.

H. M. Schambra, L. Sawaki, and L. G. Cohen, Modulation of excitability of human motor cortex (M1) by 1 Hz transcranial magnetic stimulation of the contralateral M1, Clin Neurophysiol, vol.114, issue.1, pp.130-133, 2003.

N. S. Ward and R. Frackowiak, The functional anatomy of cerebral reorganisation after focal brain injury, J Physiol Paris, vol.99, issue.4-6, pp.425-436, 2006.

C. Grefkes and G. Fink, Noninvasive brain stimulation after stroke: it is time for large randomized controlled trials! Current Opinion in Neurology, vol.29, pp.714-720, 2016.

M. A. Nitsche and W. Paulus, Excitability changes induced in the human motor cortex by weak transcranial direct current stimulation, J Physiol (Lond), vol.527, issue.3, pp.633-639, 2000.

A. Priori, M. Hallett, and J. C. Rothwell, Repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation or transcranial direct current stimulation?, Brain Stimul, vol.2, issue.4, pp.241-245, 2009.

M. A. Nitsche, A. Seeber, K. Frommann, C. C. Klein, C. Rochford et al., Modulating parameters of excitability during and after transcranial direct current stimulation of the human motor cortex, J Physiol (Lond), vol.1, 2005.

M. R. Bennett, The concept of long term potentiation of transmission at synapses, Prog Neurobiol, vol.60, issue.2, pp.109-137, 2000.

B. Fritsch, J. Reis, and K. Martinowich, Direct Current Stimulation Promotes BDNF-Dependent Synaptic Plasticity: Potential Implications for Motor Learning, Neuron, vol.66, issue.2, pp.198-204, 2010.

D. Keeser, T. Meindl, and J. Bor, Prefrontal transcranial direct current stimulation changes connectivity of resting-state networks during fMRI, J Neurosci, vol.31, issue.43, pp.15284-15293, 2011.

F. Fregni, P. S. Boggio, and M. Nitsche, Anodal transcranial direct current stimulation of prefrontal cortex enhances working memory, Exp Brain Res, vol.166, issue.1, pp.23-30, 2005.

Z. Cattaneo, A. Pisoni, and C. Papagno, Transcranial direct current stimulation over Broca's region improves phonemic and semantic fluency in healthy individuals, Neuroscience, vol.183, pp.64-70, 2011.

A. Flöel, N. Rösser, O. Michka, S. Knecht, and C. Breitenstein, Noninvasive brain stimulation improves language learning, J Cogn Neurosci, vol.20, issue.8, pp.1415-1422, 2008.

A. Antal, D. Terney, S. Kühnl, and W. Paulus, Anodal transcranial direct current stimulation of the motor cortex ameliorates chronic pain and reduces short intracortical inhibition, J Pain Symptom Manage, vol.39, issue.5, pp.890-903, 2010.

E. M. Khedr, O. A. Shawky, and D. H. El-hammady, Effect of anodal versus cathodal transcranial direct current stimulation on stroke rehabilitation: a pilot randomized controlled trial, Neurorehabil Neural Repair, vol.27, issue.7, pp.592-601, 2013.

R. Lindenberg, V. Renga, L. L. Zhu, D. Nair, and G. Schlaug, Bihemispheric brain stimulation facilitates motor recovery in chronic stroke patients, Neurology, vol.75, issue.24, pp.2176-2184, 2010.

S. Tanaka, T. Hanakawa, M. Honda, and K. Watanabe, Enhancement of pinch force in the lower leg by anodal transcranial direct current stimulation, Exp Brain Res, vol.196, issue.3, pp.459-465, 2009.

V. Tahtis, D. Kaski, and B. M. Seemungal, The effect of single session bi-cephalic transcranial direct current stimulation on gait performance in sub-acute stroke: A pilot study, Restor Neurol Neurosci, vol.32, issue.4, pp.527-532, 2014.

A. Fusco, F. Assenza, and M. Iosa, The ineffective role of cathodal tDCS in enhancing the functional motor outcomes in early phase of stroke rehabilitation: an experimental trial, Biomed Res Int, p.547290, 2014.

M. C. Chang, D. Y. Kim, and D. H. Park, Enhancement of Cortical Excitability and Lower Limb Motor Function in Patients With Stroke by Transcranial Direct Current Stimulation, Brain Stimul juin, 2015.

S. D. Park, J. Y. Kim, and H. S. Song, Effect of application of transcranial direct current stimulation during task-related training on gait ability of patients with stroke, J Phys Ther Sci, vol.27, issue.3, pp.623-625, 2015.

J. Vibert, A. Sebille, M. Lavallard-rousseau, L. Mazières, and F. Boureau, Neurophysiologie: De La Physiologie à l'exploration Fonctionnelle, 2011.

C. W. Slotema, J. D. Blom, H. W. Hoek, and I. Sommer, Should we expand the toolbox of psychiatric treatment methods to include Repetitive Transcranial Magnetic Stimulation (rTMS)? A meta-analysis of the efficacy of rTMS in psychiatric disorders, J Clin Psychiatry, vol.71, issue.7, pp.873-884, 2010.

A. Gosseaume, P. Lejeune, D. Marco, O. Urbanczyk, and C. , Mise au point sur les accidents vasculaires cérébraux. Revue Francophone d'Orthoptie, vol.9, pp.71-76, 2016.

Y. Bejot, A. Gentil, and D. Biotti,

, Rev Neurol (Paris), vol.165, issue.8-9, pp.617-625, 2009.

M. G. Bousser and J. L. Mas, Accidents Vasculaires Cérébraux, vol.1, 2009.

, Search Results -Keywords(Bezanson les accidents vasculaires cérébraux) -Journal or book title(Revue Francophone d'Orthoptie) -Content ID(282663) -ScienceDirect

. Orthoptie&cid=282663&show=25&sortby=relevance and . Accessed, , 2019.

C. P. Warlow, Epidemiology of stroke, Lancet, vol.352, issue.3, pp.1-4, 1998.

H. Ihle-hansen, B. Thommessen, T. B. Wyller, K. Engedal, and B. Fure, Risk factors for and incidence of subtypes of ischemic stroke, Funct Neurol, vol.27, issue.1, pp.35-40, 2012.

L. R. Caplan, Stroke classification: a personal view, Stroke, vol.42, issue.1, pp.3-6, 2011.

M. L. Barbier, S. Deltour, and S. Crozier, Des indicateurs de qualité et de gestion des risques pour suivre la prise en charge hospitalière des accidents vasculaires cérébraux

, Sante Publique, vol.20, issue.3, pp.225-237, 2008.

J. Mazaux, L. J. Barat, and M. , Rééducation des hémiplégies vasculaires de l'adulte. Masson, 1995.

G. E. Gresham, T. F. Phillips, P. A. Wolf, P. M. Mcnamara, W. B. Kannel et al., Epidemiologic profile of long-term stroke disability: the Framingham study, Arch Phys Med Rehabil, vol.60, issue.11, pp.487-491, 1979.

E. Masson, . Hémiplégies, and . Em-consulte, , 2019.

K. B. Lee, S. H. Lim, and K. H. Kim, Six-month functional recovery of stroke patients: a multi-time-point study, Int J Rehabil Res, vol.38, issue.2, pp.173-180, 2015.

L. Ada, N. O'dwyer, and E. O'neill, Relation between spasticity, weakness and contracture of the elbow flexors and upper limb activity after stroke: an observational study, Disabil Rehabil, vol.28, pp.891-897, 2006.

S. Catherine, B. Nicola, and P. Smitaa, The Prevalence of Joint Contractures, Pressure Sores, Painful Shoulder, Other Pain, Falls, and Depression in the Year After a Severely Disabling Stroke, Stroke, vol.39, issue.12, pp.3329-3334, 2008.

R. Coujard and J. Poirier, Précis d'histologie humaine. Presses Université Laval, 1980.

V. Billat, Physiologie et méthodologie de l'entraînement: de la théorie à la pratique, 2003.

R. Scelsi, S. Lotta, G. Lommi, P. Poggi, and C. Marchetti, Hemiplegic atrophy. Morphological findings in the anterior tibial muscle of patients with cerebral vascular accidents, Acta Neuropathol, 1984.

C. Greig, C. Young, A. Lewis, S. Hannan, J. Mead et al., Longitudinal Changes in Muscle Strength and Mass after Acute Stroke, Cerebrovascular Diseases, vol.21, issue.3, pp.201-207, 2006.

L. Jørgensen and B. K. Jacobsen, Changes in muscle mass, fat mass, and bone mineral content in the legs after stroke: a 1 year prospective study, Bone. juin, 2001.

O. Lazoura, P. J. Papadaki, and E. Antoniadou, Skeletal and Body Composition Changes in Hemiplegic Patients, Journal of Clinical Densitometry, vol.13, issue.2, pp.175-180, 2010.

J. Roh, W. Rymer, E. Perreault, and R. Beer, Alterations in upper-limb muscle synergies with level of motor impairment in chronic stroke survivors, Neurorehabil Neural Repair, vol.28, issue.4, p.21, 2014.

E. Lundström, A. Smits, A. Terént, and J. Borg, Time-course and determinants of spasticity during the first six months following first-ever stroke, J Rehabil Med, vol.42, issue.4, pp.296-301, 2010.

A. Welmer, W. Holmqvist, L. Sommerfeld, and D. K. , Location and severity of spasticity in the first 1-2 weeks and at 3 and 18 months after stroke, Eur J Neurol, vol.17, issue.5, pp.720-725, 2010.

K. Arasaki, O. Igarashi, T. Machida, A. Hyodo, and R. Ushijima, Reduction in the motor unit number estimate (MUNE) after cerebral infarction, Suppl Clin Neurophysiol, vol.60, pp.189-195, 2009.

Y. Hara, Y. Masakado, and N. Chino, The physiological functional loss of single thenar motor units in the stroke patients: When does it occur? Does it progress?, Clin Neurophysiol, vol.115, issue.1, pp.97-103, 2004.

A. W. Andrews, Distribution of muscle strength impairments following stroke, p.9

J. W. Chow and D. S. Stokic, Force control of quadriceps muscle is bilaterally impaired in subacute stroke, Journal of Applied Physiology, vol.111, issue.5, pp.1290-1295, 2011.

N. J. Macintyre, R. Rombough, and B. Brouwer, Relationships between calf muscle density and muscle strength, mobility and bone status in the stroke survivors with subacute and chronic lower limb hemiparesis, p.7

C. E. Hafer-macko, A. S. Ryan, F. M. Ivey, and R. F. Macko, Skeletal muscle changes after hemiparetic stroke and potential beneficial effects of exercise intervention strategies, J Rehabil Res Dev, issue.45, 2008.

M. Pang and J. J. Eng, Muscle strength is a determinant of bone mineral content in the hemiparetic upper extremity: implications for stroke rehabilitation, Bone, vol.37, issue.1, pp.103-111, 2005.

, Perry et Burnfield -2010 -Gait analysis normal and pathological function

R. Parent, Animatique: algorithmes et techniques. Vuibert, 2003.

E. Viel, La marche humaine, la course et le saut: biomécanique, explorations, normes et dysfonctionnements, 2000.

R. G. Burdett, D. Borello-france, C. Blatchly, and C. Potter, Gait comparison of subjects with hemiplegia walking unbraced, with ankle-foot orthosis, and with Air-Stirrup brace, Phys Ther, vol.68, issue.8, pp.1197-1203, 1988.

S. B. Wortis, M. Marks, G. G. Hirschberg, and M. Nathanson, Gait analysis in hemiplegia, Trans Am Neurol Assoc, vol.56, pp.181-183, 1951.

S. Carlsöö, A. G. Dahlöf, and J. Holm, Kinetic analysis of the gait in patients with hemiparesis and in patients with intermittent claudication, Scand J Rehabil Med, vol.6, issue.4, pp.166-179, 1974.

S. J. Olney, T. N. Monga, and P. A. Costigan, Mechanical energy of walking of stroke patients, Archives of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation, vol.67, issue.2, pp.90109-90116, 1986.

S. J. Olney, M. P. Griffin, T. N. Monga, and I. D. Mcbride, Work and power in gait of stroke patients, Arch Phys Med Rehabil, vol.72, issue.5, pp.309-314, 1991.

M. D'angéli-chevassut, J. Pélissier, M. Gaviria, J. Micallef, and E. Péruchon, Caractérisation de la marche de l'hémiplégique adulte par analyse des pressions plantaires, vol.39, pp.84234-84235, 1996.

S. J. Olney and C. Richards, Hemiparetic gait following stroke. Part I: Characteristics, Gait & Posture, vol.4, issue.2, pp.136-148, 1996.

V. T. Inman, Human Locomotion, Can Med Assoc J, vol.94, issue.20, pp.1047-1054, 1966.

H. J. Ralston, Energy-speed relation and optimal speed during level walking, Int Z Angew Physiol, vol.17, issue.4, pp.277-283, 1958.

N. Seethapathi and M. Srinivasan, The metabolic cost of changing walking speeds is significant, implies lower optimal speeds for shorter distances, and increases daily energy estimates, Biol Lett, vol.11, issue.9, p.20150486, 2015.

J. O. Judge, R. B. Davis, and S. Ounpuu, Step length reductions in advanced age: the role of ankle and hip kinetics, J Gerontol A Biol Sci Med Sci, vol.51, issue.6, pp.303-312, 1996.

D. C. Kerrigan, M. K. Todd, D. Croce, U. Lipsitz, L. A. Collins et al., Biomechanical gait alterations independent of speed in the healthy elderly: evidence for specific limiting impairments, Arch Phys Med Rehabil, vol.79, issue.3, pp.317-322, 1998.

D. Otter, A. R. Geurts, A. , M. Th, and J. Duysens, Gait recovery is not associated with changes in the temporal patterning of muscle activity during treadmill walking in patients with post-stroke hemiparesis, Clinical Neurophysiology, vol.117, issue.1, pp.4-15, 2006.

D. Bourbonnais and S. Vanden-noven, Weakness in patients with hemiparesis, Am J Occup Ther, vol.43, issue.5, pp.313-319, 1989.

A. Tang and W. Z. Rymer, Abnormal force--EMG relations in paretic limbs of hemiparetic human subjects, J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry, vol.44, issue.8, pp.690-698, 1981.

V. Dietz and W. Berger, Interlimb coordination of posture in patients with spastic paresis impaired function of spinal reflexes, Brain, vol.107, issue.3, pp.965-978, 1984.

W. Robinson, R. Smith, O. Aung, and A. L. , No difference between wearing a night splint and standing on a tilt table in preventing ankle contracture early after stroke: a randomised trial, Aust J Physiother, vol.54, issue.1, pp.33-38, 2008.

K. Jahn, A. Zwergal, and R. Schniepp, Gait Disturbances in Old Age, Dtsch Arztebl Int, vol.107, issue.17, pp.306-316, 2010.

J. Pélissier, D. Pérennou, and E. Laassel, Analyse instrumentale de la marche de l'hémiplégique adulte: revue de la littérature, vol.40, pp.297-313, 1997.

M. E. Brandstater, H. De-bruin, C. Gowland, and B. M. Clark, Hemiplegic gait: analysis of temporal variables, Arch Phys Med Rehabil, vol.64, issue.12, pp.583-587, 1983.

J. F. Lehmann, S. M. Condon, R. Price, and D. Bj, Gait abnormalities in hemiplegia: their correction by ankle-foot orthoses, Arch Phys Med Rehabil, vol.68, issue.11, pp.763-771, 1987.

S. J. Olney, M. P. Griffin, and I. D. Mcbride, Temporal, kinematic, and kinetic variables related to gait speed in subjects with hemiplegia: a regression approach, Phys Ther, vol.74, issue.9, pp.872-885, 1994.

J. C. Wall and A. Ashburn, Assessment of gait disability in hemiplegics. Hemiplegic gait, Scand J Rehabil Med, vol.11, issue.3, pp.95-103, 1979.

J. K. Tilson, S. S. Wu, and S. Y. Cen, Characterizing and identifying risk for falls in the LEAPS study: a randomized clinical trial of interventions to improve walking poststroke, Stroke, vol.43, issue.2, pp.446-452, 2012.

B. Frances and H. Keith, Mackintosh Shylie, Said Catherine. What Works in Falls Prevention After Stroke?, Stroke, vol.41, issue.8, pp.1715-1722, 2010.

A. G. Andersson, K. Kamwendo, and P. Appelros, Fear of falling in stroke patients: relationship with previous falls and functional characteristics, Int J Rehabil Res, vol.31, issue.3, pp.261-264, 2008.

S. M. Friedman, B. Munoz, S. K. West, G. S. Rubin, and L. P. Fried, Falls and fear of falling: which comes first? A longitudinal prediction model suggests strategies for primary and secondary prevention, J Am Geriatr Soc, vol.50, issue.8, pp.1329-1335, 2002.

K. M. Dunn, M. Renic, A. K. Flasch, D. R. Harder, J. Falck et al., Elevated production of 20-HETE in the cerebral vasculature contributes to severity of ischemic stroke and oxidative stress in spontaneously hypertensive rats, Am J Physiol Heart Circ Physiol, vol.295, issue.6, pp.2455-2465, 2008.

N. Deroide, L. R. Nih, R. Dinh, B. Lévy, and N. Kubis, Cerebral plasticity: from bench to bedside in stroke treatment, Rev Med Interne, vol.31, issue.7, pp.486-492, 2010.

R. Chen, L. G. Cohen, and M. Hallett, Nervous system reorganization following injury, Neuroscience, vol.111, issue.4, pp.761-773, 2002.

F. Chollet, V. Dipiero, R. J. Wise, D. J. Brooks, R. J. Dolan et al., The functional anatomy of motor recovery after stroke in humans: a study with positron emission tomography, Ann Neurol, vol.29, issue.1, pp.63-71, 1991.

S. F. Cooke and T. Bliss, Plasticity in the human central nervous system, Brain, vol.129, pp.1659-1673, 2006.

P. D. Wall, The presence of ineffective synapses and the circumstances which unmask them, Philos Trans R Soc Lond, B, Biol Sci, vol.278, issue.961, pp.361-372, 1977.

R. J. Nudo, G. W. Milliken, W. M. Jenkins, and M. M. Merzenich, Use-dependent alterations of movement representations in primary motor cortex of adult squirrel monkeys, J Neurosci, vol.16, issue.2, pp.785-807, 1996.

G. S. Withers and W. T. Greenough, Reach training selectively alters dendritic branching in subpopulations of layer II-III pyramids in rat motor-somatosensory forelimb cortex, Neuropsychologia, vol.27, issue.1, pp.61-69, 1989.

R. J. Nudo, B. M. Wise, F. Sifuentes, and G. W. Milliken, Neural substrates for the effects of rehabilitative training on motor recovery after ischemic infarct, Science, vol.21, 1996.

W. Muellbacher, C. Richards, and U. Ziemann, Improving hand function in chronic stroke, Arch Neurol, vol.59, issue.8, pp.1278-1282, 2002.

C. Weiller, S. C. Ramsay, R. J. Wise, K. J. Friston, and R. S. Frackowiak, Individual patterns of functional reorganization in the human cerebral cortex after capsular infarction, Ann Neurol, vol.33, issue.2, pp.181-189, 1993.

S. C. Cramer and K. R. Crafton, Somatotopy and movement representation sites following cortical stroke, Exp Brain Res, vol.168, issue.1-2, pp.25-32, 2006.

N. Sharma, J. Baron, and J. B. Rowe, Motor imagery after stroke: relating outcome to motor network connectivity, Ann Neurol, vol.66, issue.5, pp.604-616, 2009.

C. Grefkes, D. A. Nowak, and S. B. Eickhoff, Cortical connectivity after subcortical stroke assessed with functional magnetic resonance imaging, Ann Neurol, vol.63, issue.2, pp.236-246, 2008.

R. J. Nudo, Recovery after damage to motor cortical areas, Curr Opin Neurobiol, vol.9, issue.6, pp.740-747, 1999.

S. T. Carmichael, I. Archibeque, L. Luke, T. Nolan, J. Momiy et al., Growth-associated gene expression after stroke: evidence for a growth-promoting region in peri-infarct cortex, Exp Neurol, vol.193, issue.2, pp.291-311, 2005.

S. C. Cramer and M. Chopp, Recovery recapitulates ontogeny, Trends Neurosci, vol.23, issue.6, pp.265-271, 2000.

R. J. Seitz, N. P. Azari, U. Knorr, F. Binkofski, H. Herzog et al., The role of diaschisis in stroke recovery, Stroke, vol.30, issue.9, pp.1844-1850, 1999.

J. B. Green, Brain reorganization after stroke, Top Stroke Rehabil, vol.10, issue.3, pp.1-20, 2003.

N. Dancause, Vicarious Function of Remote Cortex following Stroke: Recent Evidence from Human and Animal Studies, Neuroscientist, vol.12, issue.6, pp.489-499, 2006.

J. Y. Jo, A. Lee, and M. S. Kim, Prediction of Motor Recovery Using Quantitative Parameters of Motor Evoked Potential in Patients With Stroke, Ann Rehabil Med, vol.40, issue.5, pp.806-815, 2016.

C. M. Stinear and W. D. Byblow, Predicting and accelerating motor recovery after stroke, Curr Opin Neurol, vol.27, issue.6, pp.624-630, 2014.

J. A. Kleim, S. Barbay, and N. R. Cooper, Motor learning-dependent synaptogenesis is localized to functionally reorganized motor cortex, Neurobiol Learn Mem, vol.77, issue.1, pp.63-77, 2002.

C. M. Bütefisch, B. C. Davis, and S. P. Wise, Mechanisms of use-dependent plasticity in the human motor cortex, Proc Natl Acad Sci USA, vol.97, issue.7, pp.3661-3665, 2000.

R. J. Nudo, Plasticity. NeuroRx, vol.3, issue.4, pp.420-427, 2006.

F. C. Hummel and L. G. Cohen, Non-invasive brain stimulation: a new strategy to improve neurorehabilitation after stroke? Lancet Neurol août, 2006.

H. M. Schambra, L. Sawaki, and L. G. Cohen, Modulation of excitability of human motor cortex (M1) by 1 Hz transcranial magnetic stimulation of the contralateral M1, Clin Neurophysiol janv, 2003.

A. Ferbert, A. Priori, J. C. Rothwell, B. L. Day, J. G. Colebatch et al., Interhemispheric inhibition of the human motor cortex, J Physiol (Lond), vol.453, pp.525-546, 1992.

J. Liepert, F. Hamzei, and C. Weiller, Motor cortex disinhibition of the unaffected hemisphere after acute stroke, Muscle Nerve, vol.23, issue.11, pp.1761-1763, 2000.

N. Murase, J. Duque, R. Mazzocchio, and L. G. Cohen, Influence of interhemispheric interactions on motor function in chronic stroke, Ann Neurol, vol.55, issue.3, pp.400-409, 2004.

P. Manganotti, M. Acler, G. P. Zanette, N. Smania, and A. Fiaschi, Motor cortical disinhibition during early and late recovery after stroke, Neurorehabil Neural Repair, vol.22, issue.4, pp.396-403, 2008.

J. Duque, F. Hummel, P. Celnik, N. Murase, R. Mazzocchio et al., Transcallosal inhibition in chronic subcortical stroke, Neuroimage, vol.28, issue.4, pp.940-946, 2005.

I. Loubinoux, C. Carel, and J. Pariente, Correlation between cerebral reorganization and motor recovery after subcortical infarcts, Neuroimage, vol.20, issue.4, pp.2166-2180, 2003.

D. Tombari, I. Loubinoux, and J. Pariente, A longitudinal fMRI study: in recovering and then in clinically stable sub-cortical stroke patients, Neuroimage, vol.23, issue.3, pp.827-839, 2004.

M. A. Nitsche and W. Paulus, Excitability changes induced in the human motor cortex by weak transcranial direct current stimulation, J Physiol (Lond), vol.3, issue.633, 2000.

F. Hummel, P. Celnik, and P. Giraux, Effects of non-invasive cortical stimulation on skilled motor function in chronic stroke, Brain, vol.128, issue.3, pp.490-499, 2005.

F. Hummel and L. G. Cohen, Improvement of motor function with noninvasive cortical stimulation in a patient with chronic stroke, Neurorehabilitation and Neural Repair, vol.19, issue.1, pp.14-19, 2005.

F. Fregni, P. S. Boggio, C. G. Mansur, T. Wagner, M. Ferreira et al., Transcranial direct current stimulation of the unaffected hemisphere in stroke patients, NeuroReport, issue.16, 2005.

C. G. Mansur, F. Fregni, and P. S. Boggio, A sham stimulation-controlled trial of rTMS of the unaffected hemisphere in stroke patients, Neurology, vol.64, issue.10, pp.1802-1804, 2005.

N. Takeuchi, T. Chuma, Y. Matsuo, I. Watanabe, and K. Ikoma, Repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation of contralesional primary motor cortex improves hand function after stroke, Stroke, vol.36, issue.12, pp.2681-2686, 2005.

M. Simonetta-moreau, Non-invasive brain stimulation (NIBS) and motor recovery after stroke, Ann Phys Rehabil Med, vol.57, issue.8, pp.530-542, 2014.

D. A. Nowak, C. Grefkes, M. Ameli, and G. R. Fink, Interhemispheric competition after stroke: brain stimulation to enhance recovery of function of the affected hand, Neurorehabil Neural Repair, vol.23, issue.7, pp.641-656, 2009.

A. Pascual-leone, V. Walsh, and J. Rothwell, Transcranial magnetic stimulation in cognitive neuroscience -Virtual lesion, chronometry, and functional connectivity, Current Opinion in Neurobiology, vol.10, issue.2, pp.232-237, 2000.

W. Paulus, Chapter 26 Transcranial direct current stimulation (tDCS), vol.56, pp.249-254, 2003.

E. M. Wassermann and J. Grafman, Recharging cognition with DC brain polarization, Trends in Cognitive Sciences, vol.9, issue.11, pp.503-505, 2005.

A. T. Barker, R. Jalinous, and I. L. Freeston, Non-invasive magnetic stimulation of human motor cortex, Lancet, vol.1, issue.8437, pp.1106-1107, 1985.

A. Thielscher and T. Kammer, Electric field properties of two commercial figure-8 coils in TMS: calculation of focality and efficiency, Clin Neurophysiol, vol.115, issue.7, pp.1697-1708, 2004.

Y. Roth, A. Amir, Y. Levkovitz, and A. Zangen, Three-dimensional distribution of the electric field induced in the brain by transcranial magnetic stimulation using figure-8 and deep H-coils, J Clin Neurophysiol, vol.24, issue.1, pp.31-38, 2007.

C. Hamani, P. Holtzheimer, A. M. Lozano, and H. Mayberg, Neuromodulation in Psychiatry, 2015.

F. Maeda, J. P. Keenan, J. M. Tormos, H. Topka, and A. Pascual-leone, Interindividual variability of the modulatory effects of repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation on cortical excitability, Experimental Brain Research, vol.133, issue.4, pp.425-430, 2000.

H. R. Siebner and J. Rothwell, Transcranial magnetic stimulation: New insights into representational cortical plasticity, Experimental Brain Research, vol.148, issue.1, pp.1-16, 2003.

Z. Deng, A. V. Peterchev, and S. H. Lisanby, Coil design considerations for deep-brain transcranial magnetic stimulation (dTMS), Conf Proc IEEE Eng Med Biol Soc, pp.5675-5679, 2008.

K. Sakai, Y. Ugawa, Y. Terao, R. Hanajima, T. Furubayashi et al., Preferential activation of different I waves by transcranial magnetic stimulation with a figure-ofeight-shaped coil, Exp Brain Res, vol.113, issue.1, pp.24-32, 1997.

M. Hallett, Transcranial magnetic stimulation and the human brain, Nature, vol.406, issue.6792, pp.147-150, 2000.

E. Castel-lacanal, P. Marque, and J. Tardy, Induction of cortical plastic changes in wrist muscles by paired associative stimulation in the recovery phase of stroke patients, Neurorehabil Neural Repair, vol.23, issue.4, pp.366-372, 2009.

K. Stefan, E. Kunesch, L. G. Cohen, R. Benecke, and J. Classen, Induction of plasticity in the human motor cortex by paired associative stimulation, Brain, vol.123, pp.572-584, 2000.

R. G. Carson and N. C. Kennedy, Modulation of human corticospinal excitability by paired associative stimulation, Front Hum Neurosci, vol.7, p.823, 2013.

M. C. Ridding and J. Uy, Changes in motor cortical excitability induced by paired associative stimulation, Clin Neurophysiol, vol.114, issue.8, pp.1437-1444, 2003.

E. Mcnickle and R. G. Carson, Paired associative transcranial alternating current stimulation increases the excitability of corticospinal projections in humans, J Physiol (Lond), vol.593, issue.7, pp.1649-1666, 2015.

P. C. Gandiga, F. C. Hummel, and L. G. Cohen, Transcranial DC stimulation (tDCS): A tool for double-blind sham-controlled clinical studies in brain stimulation, Clinical Neurophysiology, vol.117, issue.4, pp.845-850, 2006.

M. A. Nitsche, L. G. Cohen, and E. M. Wassermann, Transcranial direct current stimulation: State of the art, Brain Stimul, vol.1, issue.3, pp.206-223, 2008.

A. J. Woods, A. Antal, and M. Bikson, A technical guide to tDCS, and related non-invasive brain stimulation tools, Clin Neurophysiol, vol.127, issue.2, pp.1031-1048, 2016.

M. A. Nitsche, M. S. Nitsche, C. C. Klein, F. Tergau, J. C. Rothwell et al., Level of action of cathodal DC polarisation induced inhibition of the human motor cortex, Clin Neurophysiol, vol.114, issue.4, pp.600-604, 2003.

J. A. Hosp and A. R. Luft, Cortical Plasticity during Motor Learning and Recovery after Ischemic Stroke, Neural Plasticity

E. Dayan and L. G. Cohen, Neuroplasticity subserving motor skill learning, Neuron, vol.72, issue.3, pp.443-454, 2011.

S. Dalise, F. Ambrosio, and M. Modo, Brain plasticity and recovery in preclinical models of stroke, Arch Ital Biol, vol.152, issue.4, pp.190-215, 2014.

J. L. Chen, W. C. Lin, J. W. Cha, P. T. So, Y. Kubota et al., Structural basis for the role of inhibition in facilitating adult brain plasticity, Nat Neurosci, vol.14, issue.5, pp.587-594, 2011.

T. Schallert, J. L. Leasure, and B. Kolb, Experience-associated structural events, subependymal cellular proliferative activity, and functional recovery after injury to the central nervous system, J Cereb Blood Flow Metab, vol.20, issue.11, pp.1513-1528, 2000.

D. M. Feeney, From laboratory to clinic: noradrenergic enhancement of physical therapy for stroke or trauma patients, Adv Neurol, vol.73, pp.383-394, 1997.

D. Pino, G. Pellegrino, G. Assenza, and G. , Modulation of brain plasticity in stroke: a novel model for neurorehabilitation, Nat Rev Neurol, vol.10, issue.10, pp.597-608, 2014.

L. J. Bindman, O. C. Lippold, and J. W. Redfearn, Long-lasting changes in the level of the electrical activity of the cerebral cortex produced bypolarizing currents, Nature, vol.196, pp.584-585, 1962.

N. Bolognini, A. Pascual-leone, and F. Fregni, Using non-invasive brain stimulation to augment motor training-induced plasticity, J Neuroeng Rehabil, vol.6, p.8, 2009.

Q. M. Wang, H. Cui, and S. J. Han, Combination of transcranial direct current stimulation and methylphenidate in subacute stroke, Neurosci Lett, vol.569, pp.6-11, 2014.

B. W. Vines, C. Cerruti, and G. Schlaug, Dual-hemisphere tDCS facilitates greater improvements for healthy subjects' non-dominant hand compared to uni-hemisphere stimulation, BMC Neurosci, vol.9, p.103, 2008.

R. Sparing, M. Thimm, M. D. Hesse, J. Küst, H. Karbe et al., Bidirectional alterations of interhemispheric parietal balance by non-invasive cortical stimulation, Brain, vol.132, pp.3011-3020, 2009.

B. Elsner, G. Kwakkel, J. Kugler, and J. Mehrholz, Transcranial direct current stimulation (tDCS) for improving capacity in activities and arm function after stroke: a network meta-analysis of randomised controlled trials, J NeuroEngineering Rehabil, vol.14, issue.1, p.95, 2017.

D. Kim, J. Lim, and E. K. Kang, Effect of transcranial direct current stimulation on motor recovery in patients with subacute stroke, Am J Phys Med Rehabil, vol.89, issue.11, pp.879-886, 2010.

D. Y. Kim, S. H. Ohn, E. J. Yang, C. Park, and K. J. Jung, Enhancing motor performance by anodal transcranial direct current stimulation in subacute stroke patients, Am J Phys Med Rehabil, vol.88, issue.10, pp.829-836, 2009.

S. Rocha, E. Silva, and Á. Foerster, The impact of transcranial direct current stimulation (tDCS) combined with modified constraint-induced movement therapy (mCIMT) on upper limb function in chronic stroke: a double-blind randomized controlled trial, Disabil Rehabil, vol.38, issue.7, pp.653-660, 2016.

C. Allman, U. Amadi, and A. M. Winkler, Ipsilesional anodal tDCS enhances the functional benefits of rehabilitation in patients after stroke, Sci Transl Med, vol.8, issue.330, pp.330-331, 2016.

S. J. Lee and M. H. Chun, Combination Transcranial Direct Current Stimulation and Virtual Reality Therapy for Upper Extremity Training in Patients With Subacute Stroke, Archives of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation, vol.95, issue.3, pp.431-438, 2014.

J. O'shea, M. Boudrias, and C. J. Stagg, Predicting behavioural response to TDCS in chronic motor stroke, Neuroimage, vol.85, issue.3, pp.924-933, 2014.

D. Lazzaro, V. Dileone, M. Capone, and F. , Immediate and late modulation of interhemipheric imbalance with bilateral transcranial direct current stimulation in acute stroke, Brain Stimul, vol.7, issue.6, pp.841-848, 2014.

P. Y. Chhatbar, V. Ramakrishnan, S. Kautz, M. S. George, R. J. Adams et al., Transcranial Direct Current Stimulation Post-Stroke Upper Extremity Motor Recovery Studies Exhibit a Dose-Response Relationship, Brain Stimul, vol.9, issue.1, pp.16-26, 2016.

C. Rossi, F. Sallustio, S. D. Legge, P. Stanzione, and G. Koch, Transcranial direct current stimulation of the affected hemisphere does not accelerate recovery of acute stroke patients, European journal of neurology, vol.20, issue.1, pp.202-204, 2013.

S. Lefebvre, L. Dricot, and P. Laloux, Neural substrates underlying stimulation-enhanced motor skill learning after stroke, Brain, vol.138, pp.149-163, 2015.

G. Kemoun and J. Pélissier, Réentraînement à l'effort. Editions Frison-Roche, 1999.

K. M. Michael, J. K. Allen, and R. F. Macko, Reduced ambulatory activity after stroke: the role of balance, gait, and cardiovascular fitness, Arch Phys Med Rehabil, vol.86, issue.8, pp.1552-1556, 2005.

S. E. Lord, K. Mcpherson, H. K. Mcnaughton, L. Rochester, and M. Weatherall, Community ambulation after stroke: how important and obtainable is it and what measures appear predictive?, Arch Phys Med Rehabil, vol.85, issue.2, pp.234-239, 2004.

M. J. Mackay-lyons and L. Makrides, Exercise capacity early after stroke, Archives of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation, vol.83, issue.12, pp.1697-1702, 2002.

S. Fritz and M. Lusardi, White paper: "walking speed: the sixth vital sign, J Geriatr Phys Ther, vol.32, issue.2, pp.46-49, 2009.

H. Vandewalle, Consommation d'oxygène et consommation maximale d'oxygène : intérêts et limites de leur mesure, vol.47, pp.243-257, 2004.

W. M. Bortz, The disuse syndrome, West J Med, vol.141, issue.5, pp.691-694, 1984.

J. Ramas, A. Courbon, I. Fayolle-minon, and P. Calmels, Training programs in stroke patients: literature review, Ann Readapt Med Phys, vol.50, issue.1, pp.28-41, 2007.

I. Baert, D. Daly, E. Dejaeger, C. Vanroy, Y. Vanlandewijck et al., Evolution of cardiorespiratory fitness after stroke: a 1-year follow-up study. Influence of prestroke patients' characteristics and stroke-related factors, Arch Phys Med Rehabil, vol.93, issue.4, pp.669-676, 2012.

J. O. Kelly, S. L. Kilbreath, G. M. Davis, B. Zeman, and J. Raymond, Cardiorespiratory Fitness and Walking Ability in Subacute Stroke Patients, Archives of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation, vol.84, issue.12, pp.1780-1785, 2003.

P. S. Pohl, Influence of stroke-related impairments on performance in 6-minute walk test, vol.39, p.6, 2002.

R. F. Macko, F. M. Ivey, and L. W. Forrester, Task-oriented aerobic exercise in chronic hemiparetic stroke: training protocols and treatment effects. Top Stroke Rehabil, vol.12, pp.45-57, 2005.

S. Hesse, C. Bertelt, and M. T. Jahnke, Treadmill training with partial body weight support compared with physiotherapy in nonambulatory hemiparetic patients, Stroke, vol.26, issue.6, pp.976-981, 1995.

J. M. Veerbeek and . Wegen-e-van,-peppen-r-van, What Is the Evidence for Physical Therapy Poststroke? A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis, PLOS ONE, vol.9, issue.2, p.87987, 2014.

B. French, L. H. Thomas, and M. J. Leathley, Repetitive task training for improving functional ability after stroke, Cochrane Database Syst Rev, issue.4, p.6073, 2007.

T. D. Lee, L. R. Swanson, and A. L. Hall, What is repeated in a repetition? Effects of practice conditions on motor skill acquisition, Phys Ther, vol.71, issue.2, pp.150-156, 1991.

M. J. Mackay-lyons and L. Makrides, Cardiovascular stress during a contemporary stroke rehabilitation program: Is the intensity adequate to induce a training effect? Archives of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation, 2002.

J. H. Wilmore, D. L. Costill, and L. Kenney, Physiologie du sport et de l'exercice, 2017.

J. Didier and J. Casillas, Reconditionnement à l'effort et handicap. Actes des 13èmes entretiens de l'Institut Garches. Frison Roche (Editions), 2000.

S. Kurl, J. A. Laukkanen, R. Rauramaa, T. A. Lakka, J. Sivenius et al., Cardiorespiratory fitness and the risk for stroke in men, Arch Intern Med, vol.163, issue.14, pp.1682-1688, 2003.

A. Momsen, J. O. Rasmussen, C. V. Nielsen, M. D. Iversen, and H. Lund, Multidisciplinary team care in rehabilitation: an overview of reviews, J Rehabil Med, vol.44, issue.11, pp.901-912, 2012.

P. Bettger, J. A. Stineman, and M. G. , Effectiveness of multidisciplinary rehabilitation services in postacute care: state-of-the-science. A review, Arch Phys Med Rehabil, vol.88, issue.11, pp.1526-1534, 2007.

D. T. Wade, V. A. Wood, A. Heller, J. Maggs, L. Hewer et al., Walking after stroke. Measurement and recovery over the first 3 months, Scand J Rehabil Med, vol.19, issue.1, pp.25-30, 1987.

C. Casanova, B. R. Celli, and P. Barria, The 6-min walk distance in healthy subjects: reference standards from seven countries, Eur Respir J, vol.37, issue.1, pp.150-156, 2011.

I. Van-de-port, L. Wevers, E. Lindeman, and G. Kwakkel, Effects of circuit training as alternative to usual physiotherapy after stroke: randomised controlled trial, BMJ, vol.344, p.2672, 2012.

C. Moriello, L. Finch, and N. E. Mayo, Relationship between muscle strength and functional walking capacity among people with stroke, J Rehabil Res Dev, vol.48, issue.3, pp.267-275, 2011.

S. L. Patterson, L. W. Forrester, and M. M. Rodgers, Determinants of walking function after stroke: differences by deficit severity, Arch Phys Med Rehabil, vol.88, issue.1, pp.115-119, 2007.

I. Baert, Y. Vanlandewijck, H. Feys, L. Vanhees, H. Beyens et al., Determinants of cardiorespiratory fitness at 3, 6 and 12 months poststroke, Disabil Rehabil, vol.34, issue.21, pp.1835-1842, 2012.

B. Y. Tseng and P. Kluding, The relationship between fatigue, aerobic fitness, and motor control in people with chronic stroke: a pilot study, J Geriatr Phys Ther, vol.32, issue.3, pp.97-102, 2009.

M. Pang, S. A. Charlesworth, R. Lau, and R. Chung, Using aerobic exercise to improve health outcomes and quality of life in stroke: evidence-based exercise prescription recommendations, Cerebrovasc Dis, vol.35, issue.1, pp.7-22, 2013.

S. Mehta, S. Pereira, and S. Janzen, Cardiovascular conditioning for comfortable gait speed and total distance walked during the chronic stage of stroke: a meta-analysis, Top Stroke Rehabil, vol.19, issue.6, pp.463-470, 2012.

S. E. Nadeau, S. S. Wu, and B. H. Dobkin, Effects of task-specific and impairment-based training compared with usual care on functional walking ability after inpatient stroke rehabilitation: LEAPS Trial, Neurorehabil Neural Repair, vol.27, issue.4, pp.370-380, 2013.

É. Ojardias, O. Azeo, D. Rimaud, and P. Giraux, Feasibly and tolerance of a rehabilitation program combined with iterative tDCS stimulations for hemiplegic patients after stoke: A case-report study, Ann Phys Rehabil Med, vol.59, p.78, 2016.

A. Yelnik, I. Bonan, O. Simon, and M. Gellez-leman, Rééducation après accident vasculaire cérébral. EMC -Neurologie. janv, 2008.

D. Harre and J. Barsch, Principles of Sports Training: Introduction to the Theory and Methods of Training, 1982.

O. Ozyemisci-taskiran, E. B. Batur, S. Yuksel, M. Cengiz, and G. K. Karatas, Validity and reliability of fatigue severity scale in stroke. Topics in Stroke Rehabilitation, vol.26, pp.122-127, 2019.

J. Stubberud, E. Edvardsen, and A. Schanke, Description of a multifaceted intervention programme for fatigue after acquired brain injury: a pilot study, Neuropsychological Rehabilitation, vol.29, issue.6, pp.946-968, 2019.

G. E. Carlsson, A. Möller, and C. Blomstrand, A qualitative study of the consequences of "hidden dysfunctions" one year after a mild stroke in person < 75 years, Disability and Rehabilitation, vol.26, issue.23, pp.1373-1380, 2004.

E. Glader, B. Stegmayr, and K. Asplund, Poststroke fatigue: A 2-year follow-up study of stroke patients in Sweden, Stroke, vol.33, issue.5, pp.1327-1333, 2002.

A. E. Patla and A. Shumway-cook, Dimensions of Mobility: Defining the Complexity and Difficulty Associated with Community Mobility, Journal of Aging and Physical Activity, vol.7, issue.1, pp.7-19, 1999.

D. B. Hier and G. Edelstein, Deriving clinical prediction rules from stroke outcome research, Stroke, vol.22, issue.11, pp.1431-1436, 1991.

M. L. Dombovy, B. A. Sandok, and J. R. Basford, Rehabilitation for stroke: A review, Stroke, vol.17, issue.3, pp.363-369, 1986.

I. Faria-fortini, M. L. Basílio, A. A. Scianni, C. Faria, and L. F. Teixeira-salmela, Performance and capacity-based measures of locomotion, compared to impairmentbased measures, best predicted participation in individuals with hemiparesis due to stroke, Disabil Rehabil, vol.40, issue.15, pp.1791-1798, 2018.

H. Autorité-de-santé, Accident vasculaire cérébral : méthodes de rééducation de la fonction motrice chez l'adulte, 2012.

J. Lefaucheur, A. Antal, and S. S. Ayache, Evidence-based guidelines on the therapeutic use of transcranial direct current stimulation (tDCS), Clin Neurophysiol, vol.128, issue.1, pp.56-92, 2017.

A. Bastani and S. Jaberzadeh, Does anodal transcranial direct current stimulation enhance excitability of the motor cortex and motor function in healthy individuals and subjects with stroke: A systematic review and meta-analysis, Clinical Neurophysiology, vol.123, issue.4, pp.644-657, 2012.

W. Saeys, L. Vereeck, C. Lafosse, S. Truijen, F. L. Wuyts et al., Transcranial direct current stimulation in the recovery of postural control after stroke: a pilot study

, Disabil Rehabil, vol.37, pp.1857-1863, 1920.

C. Geroin, A. Picelli, D. Munari, A. Waldner, C. Tomelleri et al., Combined transcranial direct current stimulation and robot-assisted gait training in patients with chronic stroke: a preliminary comparison, Clin Rehabil, vol.25, issue.6, pp.537-548, 2011.

, VA/DOD Clinical practice guideline for the management of stroke rehabilitation, J Rehabil Res Dev, vol.47, issue.9, pp.1-43, 2010.

H. S. Levin and J. Grafman, Cerebral Reorganization of Function after Brain Damage, 2000.

A. Pascual-leone, J. Grafman, and M. Hallett, Modulation of cortical motor output maps during development of implicit and explicit knowledge, Science, vol.263, issue.5151, pp.1287-1289, 1994.

, Overview | Stroke rehabilitation in adults | Guidance | NICE, 2019.

R. F. Macko, G. V. Smith, C. L. Dobrovolny, J. D. Sorkin, A. P. Goldberg et al., Treadmill training improves fitness reserve in chronic stroke patients, Archives of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation, vol.82, issue.7, pp.879-884, 2001.

G. V. Smith, K. H. Silver, A. P. Goldberg, and R. F. Macko, Task-oriented" exercise improves hamstring strength and spastic reflexes in chronic stroke patients, Stroke, vol.30, issue.10, pp.2112-2118, 1999.

C. S. Batcho, A. Tennant, and J. Thonnard, ACTIVLIM-Stroke: a crosscultural Rasch-built scale of activity limitations in patients with stroke, Stroke, vol.43, issue.3, pp.815-823, 2012.

T. A. Adoukonou and M. Houenassi, Stroke in Benin: acute management and vascular risk prevention, 2019.

E. S. Sogbossi, J. Thonnard, and C. S. Batcho, Assessing locomotion ability in West African stroke patients: validation of ABILOCO-Benin scale, Arch Phys Med Rehabil, vol.95, issue.8, pp.1470-1476, 2014.

N. Natta, D. D. Batcho, C. S. Stoquart, G. G. Alagnidé, E. Kpadonou et al., Evaluation of manual ability in stroke patients in Benin: cultural adaptation and Rasch validation of the ABILHAND-Stroke questionnaire, Eur J Phys Rehabil Med, vol.55, issue.1, pp.19-28, 2019.

O. Kossi, C. S. Batcho, T. Adoukonou, and J. Thonnard, Functional recovery after stroke in Benin: A six-month follow-up study, J Rehabil Med, vol.48, issue.8, pp.671-675, 2016.

S. A. Roelker, M. G. Bowden, S. A. Kautz, and R. R. Neptune, Paretic propulsion as a measure of walking performance and functional motor recovery post-stroke: A review, Gait Posture, vol.68, pp.6-14, 2019.

G. ,

. .. Résumé,

I. .. Memorium,

. .. Dédicace,

. .. Remerciements,

. .. Sommaire,

. .. Rappels-sur-la-litterature, 19 I-Accident vasculaire cérébral et ses conséquences motrices

I. and .. .. ,

. .. I.1-physiopathologie-de-l'avc,

.. .. I.1.1-l'avc-ischémique,

. .. Avc,

.. .. Ii-déconditionnement-musculaire-consécutives-À-l'avc,

, Conséquences musculaires de l'AVC

, 3-Perturbation de la marche chez l'hémiparétique

, 2-Dysfonctionnement de la Marche chez l'hémiparétique

, III-Plasticité cérébrale et techniques de stimulation corticale non invasive

, 2-La stimulation corticale non invasive et la tDCS

, 3-Stimulation corticale par tDCS : réhabilitation motrice et restauration de la marche chez l'hémiparétique 32

.. .. Iv-réentraînement, 1-Techniques de réentraînement à la marche chez l'hémiplégique

, 2-Avantages physiologiques du réentraînement à la marche de l'hémiplégique

, 3-Réentraînement et performance de marche chez l'hémiplégique

. .. Objectifs,

. .. Resultats, 40 ETUDE 1 : Retentissements musculaires consécutifs à la survenue d'une hémiplégie vasculaire : revue de la littérature

. .. Résumé,

. .. Méthodes,

, Extraction des données et évaluation de qualité

. .. Résultats, 49 1. Devenir du muscle suite à un AVC sur le plan structurel, p.49

.. .. Devenir,

, Conséquences des modifications au plan fonctionnel

. .. Discussion,

. .. Conclusion,

. .. Références,

. .. , Table 1 : Qualitative analysis

, Etude 2 : Performances de marche de patients hémiparétiques chroniques d'origine vasculaire : étude comparative à partir de parcours de soins

. .. Abstract,

. .. Méthodes,

.. .. Participants,

. .. Procédures, , vol.87

. .. Analyse-statistique, , vol.87

. .. Résultats,

. .. Discussion,

. .. Conclusion,

. .. Références,

, Etude 3: The effects of anodal tDCS on the walking performance of chronic hemiplegic patients

. .. Abstract,

. .. Methods,

. .. Study-design,

. .. Participants,

. .. Protocol,

. .. Results,

. .. Conclusion,

A. .. Statement,

. .. Bibliography,

, Rééducation post-AVC associant tDCS, entraînement aérobie et marche sur tapis. Faisabilité et bénéfices, vol.4

. .. Résumé,

. .. Abstract,

. .. Méthodes,

:. .. Type-d'étude-et-cadre,

:. .. Protocole,

. .. Evaluations,

:. .. Analyse-statistique,

. .. Résultats,

. .. Discussion,

. .. Conclusion,

. .. Références,

. .. Discussion-generale,

. .. Conclusion,

. .. Perspectives,

. .. References,

. Valorisation, . Scientifique, and . .. Travaux, B -Articles provenant de la Thèse en cours de Soumission

. .. Table-des-matieres,