, Recensement Agricole 2010 -Résultats -Données chiffrées. Ministère de l'Agriculture et de l'Alimentation, AGRESTE, 2012.

A. J. Nelson-f, Linear Probability, Logit and Profit Models, Quantitative Application in the Social Sciences, 1984.

J. Alestalo, Dendrochronological interpretation of geomorphic processes, Fennia, vol.105, pp.1-139, 1971.

A. Convention, Demographic Changes in the Alps. The Fifth Report on the State of the Alps. Permanent Secretariat of the Alpine Convention, 2015.

C. Ancey, Guide Neige et avalanches : Connaissances, pratiques, sécurité. Quae, 1998.

C. Ancey, Powder snow avalanches: Approximation as non-Boussinesq clouds with a Richardson number-dependent entrainment function, J. Geophys. Res.-Earth, vol.109, 2004.
URL : https://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/hal-02582898

C. Ancey, Dynamique des avalanches. Presses polytechniques et universitaires romandes, 2006.
URL : https://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/hal-02587897

C. Ancey, Are there "dragon-kings" events (i.e. genuine outliers) among extreme avalanches?, Eur. Phys. J. Spec. Top, vol.205, pp.117-129, 2012.

C. Ancey and C. Charlier, Quelques réflexions autour de la classification des avalanches / Some thoughts on a classification of avalanches, Rev. Géogr. Alp, vol.84, pp.9-21, 1996.

C. Ancey and M. Meunier, Estimating bulk rheological properties of flowing snow avalanches from field data, J. Geophys. Res.-Earth, vol.109, 2004.
URL : https://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/hal-02582897

C. Ancey, C. Gervasoni, and M. Meunier, Computing extreme avalanches, Cold Reg. Sci. Technol, vol.39, pp.161-180, 2004.
URL : https://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/hal-02583309

, Bilan des accidents d'avalanches, ANENA, 2017.

E. Arbellay, M. Stoffel, and . Decaulne-a, Dating of snow avalanches by means of wound-induced vessel anomalies in sub-arctic Betula pubescens, Boreas, vol.42, pp.568-574, 2013.

C. Arpa, Projet n°165 PROVIALP : Protection de la Viabilité Alpine -Rapport Final (Rapport Final), 2008.

L. Astrade, C. Lutoff, R. Nedjai, C. Philippe, D. Loison et al., Péri-urbanisation et risques naturels : Évolution d'un espace montagnard périurbain et conscience des risques naturels par ses habitants : le bassin du Lavanchon (agglomération de Grenoble, France), Rev. Géogr. Alp, pp.9-18, 2007.

I. Auer, R. Böhm, A. Jurkovic, W. Lipa, A. Orlik et al., HISTALP-historical instrumental climatological surface time series of the Greater Alpine Region, Int. J. Climatol, vol.27, pp.17-46, 2007.

B. Badoux, A. Andres, N. Techel, F. Hegg, and C. , Natural hazard fatalities in Switzerland from 1946 to 2015, Nat. Hazards Earth Syst, vol.16, pp.2747-2768, 2016.

S. Bakkehøi, Snow avalanche prediction using probabilistic method. Avalanche formation, movement and effect, pp.549-556, 1987.

J. A. Ballesteros-cánovas, D. Trappmann, J. Madrigal-gonzález, N. Eckert, and M. Stoffel, Climate warming enhances snow avalanche risk in the western Himalayas, P. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA, vol.115, pp.3410-3415, 2018.

W. Baltensweiler, G. Benz, P. Bovey, and V. Delucchi, Dynamics of Larch Bud Moth Populations, Annu. Rev. Entomol, vol.22, pp.79-100, 1977.

M. Barbolini and C. J. Keylock, A new method for avalanche hazard mapping using a combination of statistical and deterministic models, Nat. Hazards Earth Syst, vol.2, pp.239-245, 2002.
URL : https://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/hal-00298991

M. Barbolini, U. Gruber, C. J. Keylock, M. Naaim, and F. Savi, Application of statistical and hydraulic-continuum dense-snow avalanche models to five real European sites, Cold Reg. Sci. Technol, vol.31, pp.8-10, 2000.
URL : https://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/hal-02579303

P. Bartelt and V. Stöckli, The influence of tree and branch fracture, overturning and debris entrainment on snow avalanche flow, Ann. Glaciol, vol.32, pp.209-216, 2001.

P. Bartelt, B. Salm, and U. Gruber, Calculating dense-snow avalanche runout using a Voellmy-fluid model with active/passive longitudinal straining, J. Glaciol, vol.45, pp.242-254, 1999.

G. Battipaglia, D. Frank, U. Büntgen, P. Dobrovolný, R. Brázdil et al., Five centuries of Central European temperature extremes reconstructed from tree-ring density and documentary evidence, Glob. Planet. Chang, vol.72, pp.182-191, 2010.

P. Bebi, F. Kienast, and W. Schönenberger, Assessing structures in mountain forests as a basis for investigating the forests' dynamics and protective function, For. Ecol. Manag, vol.145, pp.3-14, 2001.

P. Bebi, D. Kulakowski, and C. Rixen, Snow avalanche disturbances in forest ecosystems-State of research and implications for management, Ecol. Manag., Disturbances in Mountain Forests: Implications for Management, vol.257, pp.1883-1892, 2009.

P. Bebi, R. Seidl, R. Motta, M. Fuhr, D. Firm et al., Changes of forest cover and disturbance regimes in the mountain forests of the Alps, For. Ecol. Manag, vol.388, pp.43-56, 2017.
URL : https://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/hal-02606015

L. Bélanger and Y. Cassayre, Projects for Past Avalanche Observation and Zoning in France, After 1999 Catastrophic Avalanches, Proceedings of the International Snow Science Workshop, pp.416-421, 2004.

M. Beniston, Variations of Snow Depth and Duration in the Swiss Alps Over the Last 50 Years: Links to Changes in Large-Scale Climatic Forcings, Climatic Change at High Elevation Sites, 1997.

, , pp.49-68

M. Beniston, Warm winter spells in the Swiss Alps: Strong heat waves in a cold season? A study focusing on climate observations at the Saentis high mountain site, Geophys. Res. Lett, vol.32, 2005.

M. Beniston, D. Farinotti, M. Stoffel, L. M. Andreassen, E. Coppola et al., The European mountain cryosphere: a review of its current state, trends, and future challenges, Cryosphere, vol.12, pp.759-794, 2018.
URL : https://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/hal-02608958

L. M. Berliner, Physical-statistical modeling in geophysics, J. Geophys. Res.-Atmos, vol.108, 2003.

R. Blanchard, Le Haut Dauphiné à la fin du XVIe siècle, d'après les procèsverbaux de la Révision des Feux de 1700, Rev. Géogr. Alp, vol.3, pp.337-419, 1915.

H. Blikra and F. Selvik, Climatic signals recorded in snow avalanche-dominated colluvium in western Norway: depositional facies successions and pollen records, The Holocene, vol.8, pp.631-658, 1998.

R. Böhm, P. D. Jones, J. Hiebl, D. Frank, M. Brunetti et al., The early instrumental warm-bias: a solution for long central European temperature series 1760-2007, Climate Change, vol.101, pp.41-67, 2009.

I. Bollati, B. Crosa-lenz, A. Golzio, and A. Masseroli, Tree rings as ecological indicator of geomorphic activity in geoheritage studies, Ecol. Indic, vol.93, pp.899-916, 2018.

M. Bollschweiler, M. Stoffel, and D. M. Schneuwly, Dynamics in debris-flow activity on a forested cone -A case study using different dendroecological approaches, CATENA, vol.72, pp.67-78, 2008.

M. Bollschweiler, M. Stoffel, D. M. Schneuwly, and K. Bourqui, Traumatic resin ducts in Larix decidua stems impacted by debris flows, Tree Physiol, vol.28, pp.255-263, 2008.

M. Bonnefoy, L. Barral, S. Cabos, S. Escande, R. Gaucher et al., The localization map of avalanche phenomena (CLPA): Stakes and prospects, Proceedings of the International Snow Science Workshop, pp.699-705, 2010.

K. J. Bormann, R. D. Brown, C. Derksen, and T. H. Painter, Estimating snow-cover trends from space, Nat. Climate Change, vol.8, p.924, 2018.

D. Boucher, L. Filion, and B. Hetu, Reconstitution dendrochronologique et fréquence des grosses avalanches de neige dans un couloir subalpin du mont Hog's Back, en Gaspésie centrale (Québec), Géogr. Phys. Quat, vol.57, pp.159-168, 2003.

E. Bourova, E. Maldonado, J. Leroy, R. Alouani, N. Eckert et al., A new web-based system to improve the monitoring of snow avalanche hazard in France, Nat. Hazards Earth Syst. Sci, vol.16, pp.1205-1216, 2016.
URL : https://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/hal-01507671

A. N. Bozhinskiy, A. N. Nazarov, and P. A. Chernouss, Avalanches: a probabilistic approach to modelling, Ann. Glaciol, vol.32, pp.255-258, 2001.

V. Briquel, L'avancée de la périurbanisation dans les Alpes du Nord françaises et ses liens avec la croissance récente de la population, Rev. Géogr. Alp, vol.89, pp.21-40, 2001.

S. Brönnimann, J. Franke, S. U. Nussbaumer, H. J. Zumbühl, D. Steiner et al., General methods for monitoring convergence of iterative simulations, J. Comput. Graph. Stat, vol.7, pp.434-455, 1998.

M. Bründl, H. Etter, M. Steiniger, C. Klingler, J. Rhyner et al., IFKIS -a basis for managing avalanche risk in settlements and on roads in Switzerland, Nat. Hazards Earth Syst. Sci, vol.4, pp.257-262, 2004.

M. Bründl, P. Bartelt, J. Schweizer, M. Keiler, and T. Glade, Review and future challenges in snow avalanche risk analysis, Geomorphological Hazards and Disaster Prevention, pp.49-61, 2010.

C. L. Bryant, D. R. Butler, and J. D. Vitek, A statistical analysis of tree-ring dating in conjunction with snow avalanches: Comparison of on-path versus off-path responses, Environ. Geol. Water S, vol.14, pp.53-59, 1989.

U. Büntgen, J. Esper, D. C. Frank, K. Nicolussi, and M. Schmidhalter, A 1052-year tree-ring proxy for Alpine summer temperatures, Clim. Dynam, vol.25, pp.141-153, 2005.

U. Büntgen, D. Frank, A. Liebhold, D. Johnson, M. Carrer et al., Three centuries of insect outbreaks across the European Alps, New Phytol, vol.182, pp.929-941, 2009.

C. J. Burrows and V. L. Burrows, Procedures for the study of snow avalanche chronology using growth layers of woody plants, Inst. Arct. Alpine Res, p.54, 1976.

D. R. Butler, Snow Avalanche Path Terrain and Vegetation, Montana. Arct. Alpine Res, vol.11, pp.17-32, 1979.

D. R. Butler, Snow avalanches hazards in Glacier National Park, Montana, meteorological and climatological aspects, Phys. Geogr, vol.7, pp.72-87, 1986.

D. R. Butler, Teaching General Principles and Applications of Dendrogeomorphology, J. Geol. Educ, vol.35, 1987.

D. R. Butler and G. P. Malanson, A History of High-Magnitude Snow Avalanches, Mt. Res. Dev, vol.5, pp.175-182, 1985.

D. R. Butler and G. P. Malanson, A Reconstruction of Snow-Avalanche Characteristics in Montana, J. Glaciol, vol.31, pp.185-187, 1985.

D. R. Butler and C. F. Sawyer, Dendrogeomorphology and high-magnitude snow avalanches: a review and case study, Nat. Hazards Earth Syst, vol.8, pp.303-309, 2008.
URL : https://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/hal-00299507

D. R. Butler, C. F. Sawyer, and J. A. Maas, Tree-ring dating of snow avalanches in Glacier National Park, Tree Rings and Natural Hazards -A Stateof-the-Art, pp.33-44, 2010.

C. Carrara and P. E. , The determination of snow avalanche frequency through tree-ring analysis and historical records at, Geol. Soc. Am. Bull, vol.90, 1979.

P. E. Carrara, Late quaternary glacial and vegetative history of the Glacier National Park region, Montana (USGS Numbered Series, 1902.

M. Carrer and C. Urbinati, Assessing climate-growth relationships: a comparative study between linear and non-linear methods, Dendrochronologia, vol.1, pp.57-65, 2001.

H. Castebrunet, N. Eckert, and G. Giraud, Snow and weather climatic control on snow avalanche occurrence fluctuations over 50 yr in the French Alps, Clim. Past, vol.8, pp.855-875, 2012.
URL : https://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/hal-00777963

H. Castebrunet, N. Eckert, G. Giraud, Y. Durand, and S. Morin, Projected changes of snow conditions and avalanche activity in a warming climate: a case study in the French Alps over the 2020-2050 and 2070-2100 periods, Cryosphere, vol.8, pp.581-640, 2014.

A. Casteller, V. Stöckli, R. Villalba, and A. C. Mayer, An Evaluation of dendroecological indicators of snow avalanches in the Swiss alps, Arct. Antarct. Alp. Res, vol.39, pp.218-228, 2007.

A. Casteller, M. Christen, R. Villalba, H. Martínez, V. Stöckli et al., Validating numerical simulations of snow avalanches using dendrochronology: the Cerro Ventana event in Northern Patagonia, Argentina. Nat. Hazards Earth Syst. Sci, vol.8, pp.433-443, 2008.
URL : https://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/hal-00299518

A. Casteller, R. Villalba, D. Araneo, and V. Stöckli, Reconstructing temporal patterns of snow avalanches at Lago del Desierto,southern Patagonian Andes, Cold Reg. Sci. Technol, vol.67, pp.68-78, 2011.

A. Casteller, T. Häfelfinger, . Cortés, E. Donoso, K. Podvin et al., Assessing the interaction between mountain forests and natural hazards at Nevados de Chillán, Chile, and its implications for Ecosystem-based Disaster Risk Reduction, Nat. Hazards Earth Syst. Sci, pp.1173-1186, 2018.

S. Chauchard, C. Carcaillet, and F. Guibal, Patterns of Land-use Abandonment Control Tree-recruitment and Forest Dynamics in Mediterranean Mountains, Ecosystems, vol.10, pp.936-948, 2007.
URL : https://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/hal-02658119

S. Chauchard, F. Beilhe, N. Denis, and C. Carcaillet, An increase in the upper tree-limit of silver fir (Abies alba Mill.) in the Alps since the mid-20th century: A land-use change phenomenon, For. Ecol. Manag, vol.259, pp.1406-1415, 2010.
URL : https://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/hal-02664753

B. Chimani, C. Matulla, R. Böhm, and M. Hofstätter, A new high resolution absolute temperature grid for the Greater Alpine Region back to 1780, Int. J. Climatol, vol.33, pp.2129-2141, 2013.

P. Chiroiu, M. Stoffel, A. Onaca, and P. Urdea, Testing dendrogeomorphic approaches and thresholds to reconstruct snow avalanche activity in the F?g?ra? Mountains (Romanian Carpathians), Quat. Geochronol, vol.27, pp.1-10, 2015.

M. Christen, J. Kowalski, and P. Bartelt, RAMMS: Numerical simulation of dense snow avalanches in three-dimensional terrain, Cold Reg. Sci. Technol, vol.63, pp.1-14, 2010.

J. Coaz, Statistik und Verbau der Lawinen in den Schweizeralpen, Im Auftrag des eidgenössischen Departementes des Innern, 1910.

W. J. Conover, Practical Nonparametric Statistics, 1999.

E. R. Cook, The decomposition of tree-ring series for environmental studies, 1987.

C. Corona, G. Rovéra, J. Lopez-saez, M. Stoffel, and P. Perfettini, Spatiotemporal reconstruction of snow avalanche activity using tree rings: Pierres Jean Jeanne avalanche talus, Massif de l'Oisans, France. CATENA, vol.83, pp.107-118, 2010.
URL : https://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/hal-02594272

C. Corona, J. Lopez-saez, M. Stoffel, M. Bonnefoy, D. Richard et al., How much of the real avalanche activity can be captured with tree rings? An evaluation of classic dendrogeomorphic approaches and comparison with historical archives, Cold Reg. Sci. Technol, vol.74, issue.75, pp.31-42, 2012.
URL : https://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/halsde-00681867

C. Corona, J. Lopez-saez, M. Stoffel, G. Rovéra, J. Edouard et al., Seven centuries of avalanche activity at Echalp (Queyras massif, southern French Alps) as inferred from tree rings, The Holocene, vol.23, pp.292-304, 2013.
URL : https://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/hal-02597502

C. Corona, J. Lopez-saez, and M. Stoffel, Defining optimal sample size, sampling design and thresholds for dendrogeomorphic landslide reconstructions, Quat. Geochronol, vol.22, pp.72-84, 2014.
URL : https://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/hal-01131655

M. R. Coughlan, Errakina: Pastoral fire use and landscape memory in the Basque region of the French western Pyrenees, J. Ethnobiol, vol.33, pp.86-104, 2013.

M. P. Coutts, Root architecture and tree stability, Plant Soil, vol.71, pp.171-188, 1983.

V. Cramer, R. Hobbs, and R. Standish, What's new about old fields? Land abandonment and ecosystem assembly, Trends Ecol. Evol, vol.23, pp.104-112, 2008.

N. Cressie, C. K. Wikle, M. R. Dale, and M. Fortin, Spatial Analysis: A Guide for Ecologists, 2 nd edn, 2011.

G. De-bouchard-d'aubeterre, A. Favillier, R. Mainieri, J. Lopez-saez, N. Eckert et al., Tree-ring reconstruction of snow avalanche activity: Does avalanche path selection matter?, Sci. Total Environ, vol.684, pp.496-508, 2019.

M. De-quervain, Wald und Lawinen, Proceedings of the IUFRO. Presented at the Seminar Mountain Forests and Avalanches, pp.219-231, 1978.

M. De-quervain and R. Meister, 50 years of snow profiles on the Weissfluhjoch and relations to the surrounding avalanche activity (1936-1985), Proceedings of the IAHS Symposium. Presented at the IAHS Davos, pp.161-181, 1986.

A. Decaulne, Ó. Eggertsson, and Þ. Saemundsson, A first dendrogeomorphologic approach of snow avalanche magnitude-frequency in Northern Iceland. Geomorphology 167-168, pp.35-44, 2012.
URL : https://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/hal-00826886

A. Decaulne, Ó. Eggertsson, K. Laute, and A. A. Beylich, A 100-year extreme snow-avalanche record based on tree-ring research in upper Bødalen, inner Nordfjord, western Norway, Geomorphology, vol.218, pp.3-15, 2014.

G. Der and B. S. Everitt, A Handbook of Statistical Analyses using SAS, vol.3, 2009.

J. R. Desloges and J. M. Ryder, Neoglacial history of the Coast Mountains near Bella Coola, British Columbia. Can, J. Earth Sci, vol.27, pp.281-290, 1990.

L. Didier, Invasion patterns of European larch and Swiss stone pine in subalpine pastures in the French Alps, For. Ecol. Manag, vol.145, pp.575-577, 2001.

S. Dubé, L. Filion, and B. Hétu, Tree-ring reconstruction of high-magnitude snow avalanches in the northern Gaspé peninsula, Arct. Antarct. Alp. Res, vol.36, pp.555-564, 2004.

Y. Durand, G. Giraud, M. Laternser, P. Etchevers, L. Mérindol et al., Reanalysis of 47 Years of Climate in the French Alps (1958-2005): Climatology and Trends for Snow Cover, J. Appl. Meteorol. Climatol, vol.48, pp.2487-2512, 2009.

Y. Durand, M. Laternser, G. Giraud, P. Etchevers, B. Lesaffre et al., Methodology, Model Validation, Climatology, and Trends for Air Temperature and Precipitation, J. Appl. Meteorol. Climatol, vol.48, pp.429-449, 1958.

E. Eckert, N. Parent, E. Richard, and D. , Revisiting statistical-topographical methods for avalanche predetermination: Bayesian modelling for runout distance predictive distribution, Cold Reg. Sci. Technol, vol.49, pp.88-107, 2007.
URL : https://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/hal-02589150

N. Eckert, H. Baya, and M. Deschatres, Assessing the Response of Snow Avalanche Runout Altitudes to Climate Fluctuations Using Hierarchical Modeling: Application to 61 Winters of Data in France, J. Clim, vol.23, pp.3157-3180, 2010.
URL : https://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/hal-02594096

N. Eckert, M. Naaim, and E. Parent, Long-term avalanche hazard assessment with a Bayesian depth-averaged propagation model, J. Glaciol, vol.56, pp.563-586, 2010.
URL : https://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/hal-02594098

N. Eckert, E. Parent, L. Belanger, and S. Garcia, Hierarchical modelling for spatial analysis of the number of avalanche occurrences at the scale of the township, Cold Reg. Sci. Technol, vol.50, pp.97-112, 2007.
URL : https://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/hal-02589626

N. Eckert, E. Parent, M. Naaim, and D. Richard, Bayesian stochastic modelling for avalanche predetermination: from a general system framework to return period computations, Stoch. Env. Res. Risk A, vol.22, pp.185-106, 2008.
URL : https://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/hal-01197576

N. Eckert, C. Coleou, H. Castebrunet, M. Deschatres, G. Giraud et al., Cross-comparison of meteorological and avalanche data for characterising avalanche cycles: The example of December 2008 in the eastern part of the French Alps, Cold Reg. Sci. Technol, vol.64, pp.119-136, 2010.
URL : https://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/hal-02055854

N. Eckert, E. Parent, R. Kies, and H. Baya, A spatio-temporal modelling framework for assessing the fluctuations of avalanche occurrence resulting from climate change: application to 60 years of data in the northern French Alps, Climatic Change, vol.101, pp.515-553, 2010.
URL : https://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/hal-01197601

N. Eckert, H. Baya, E. Thibert, and C. Vincent, Extracting the temporal signal from a winter and summer mass-balance series: application to a six-decade record at Glacier de Sarennes, French Alps, J. Glaciol, vol.57, pp.134-150, 2011.
URL : https://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/hal-02594923

N. Eckert, C. J. Keylock, H. Castebrunet, A. Lavigne, and M. Naaim, Temporal trends in avalanche activity in the French Alps and subregions: from occurrences and runout altitudes to unsteady return periods, J. Glaciol, vol.59, pp.93-114, 2013.
URL : https://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/hal-02055895

D. Efthymiadis, P. D. Jones, K. R. Briffa, I. Auer, R. Böhm et al., Construction of a 10-min-gridded precipitation data set for the greater alpine region for 1800-2003, J. Geophys. Res, vol.111, 2006.

B. Einhorn, N. Eckert, C. Chaix, L. Ravanel, P. Deline et al., Changements climatiques et risques naturels dans les Alpes: Impacts observés et potentiels sur les systèmes physiques et socio-économiques, 2015.

J. Esper, U. Buntgen, D. C. Frank, D. Nievergelt, and A. Liebhold, 1200 years of regular outbreaks in alpine insects, Proc. R. Soc. B-Biol. Sci, vol.274, pp.671-679, 2007.

, ESRI, 2013.

R. Eynard-machet, Anciens cadastres et évolution des paysages. Cartographie historique de l'occupation des sols dans les Alpes de Savoie, France. Rev. Géogr. Alp, vol.81, pp.51-66, 1993.

G. Gadek, B. Kaczka, R. J. R?czkowska, Z. Rojan, E. Casteller et al., Snow avalanche activity in ?leb ?andarmerii in a time of climate change (Tatra Mts, CATENA, vol.158, pp.201-212, 2017.

M. Gadoud, Les forêts du Haut-Dauphiné à la fin du XVIIe siècle et de nos jours, Imprimerie Allier Frère, 1917.

V. Garavaglia and M. Pelfini, The role of border areas for dendrochronological investigations on catastrophic snow avalanches: A case study from the Italian Alps, CATENA, vol.87, pp.209-215, 2011.

C. García-hernández, J. Ruiz-fernández, C. Sánchez-posada, S. Pereira, M. Oliva et al., Reforestation and land use change as drivers for a decrease of avalanche damage in mid-latitude mountains (NW Spain), Glob. Planet. Change, vol.153, pp.35-50, 2017.

R. Gaucher, X. Pasquier, M. Bonnefoy, N. Eckert, and M. Deschatres, Quelques exemples d'avalanches exceptionnelles, pp.10-14, 2009.
URL : https://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/hal-02594924

J. Gaume, N. Eckert, G. Chambon, . Eckert-n, M. Naaim et al., Mapping extreme snowfalls in the French Alps using Max-Stable processes, Water Resour. Res, vol.49, issue.2, pp.1079-1098, 2013.
URL : https://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/hal-01001316

J. Gehrig-fasel, A. Guisan, and N. E. Zimmermann, Tree line shifts in the Swiss Alps: Climate change or land abandonment?, J. Veg. Sci, vol.18, pp.571-582, 2007.

M. Gellrich, P. Baur, B. Koch, and N. E. Zimmermann, Agricultural land abandonment and natural forest re-growth in the Swiss mountains: A spatially explicit economic analysis, Agric. Ecosyst. Environ, vol.118, pp.93-108, 2007.

J. George, M. Grabner, S. Karanitsch-ackerl, K. Mayer, L. Weißenbacher et al., Genetic variation, phenotypic stability, and repeatability of drought response in European larch throughout 50 years in a common garden experiment, Tree Physiol, vol.37, pp.33-46, 2017.

D. Germain, A statistical framework for tree-ring reconstruction of high-magnitude mass movements: case study of snow avalanches in eastern Canada, Geogr. Ann. A, vol.98, pp.303-311, 2016.

D. Germain, L. Filion, and B. Hétu, Snow avalanche activity after fire and logging disturbances, Canada. Can. J. Earth Sci, vol.42, pp.2103-2116, 2005.

D. Germain, L. Filion, and B. Hétu, Snow avalanche regime and climatic conditions in the Chic-Choc Range, eastern Canada, Climate Change, vol.92, pp.141-167, 2008.

F. Giacona, N. Eckert, and B. Martin, A 240-year history of avalanche risk in the Vosges Mountains based on non-conventional (re)sources, Nat. Hazards Earth Syst, vol.17, pp.887-904, 2017.
URL : https://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/halshs-01999451

F. Giacona, N. Eckert, R. Mainieri, B. Martin, C. Corona et al., Avalanche activity and socioenvironmental changes leave strong footprints in forested landscapes: a case study in the Vosges medium-high mountain range, Ann. Glaciol, vol.59, pp.111-133, 2018.
URL : https://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/halshs-01999364

W. R. Gilks, S. Richardson, D. Spiegelhalter, S. Richardson, and D. Spiegelhalter, Markov Chain Monte Carlo in practice, p.512, 1995.

A. Gobiet, S. Kotlarski, M. Beniston, G. Heinrich, J. Rajczak et al., 21st century climate change in the European Alps-A review, Sci. Total Environ, vol.493, pp.1138-1151, 2014.

A. Granet-abisset, La route réinventée : les migrations des Queyrassins aux XIXe et XXe siècles. La pierre et l'écrit, Presses universitaires de Grenoble, 1994.

A. Granet-abisset, Mémoire et gestion des risques naturels. L'exemple des sociétés alpines (XIXe-XXe siècle), Les cultures du risque (XVIe-XXIe Siècle). Travaux d'histoire Suisse, Presses d'Histoire Suisse, pp.117-138, 2006.

U. Gruber and P. Bartelt, Snow avalanche hazard modelling of large areas using shallow water numerical methods and GIS, Environ. Model. Softw, vol.22, pp.1472-1481, 2007.

H. Haeberli, W. Hoelzle, M. Paul, F. Zemp, and M. , Integrated monitoring of mountain glaciers as key indicators of global climate change: the European Alps, Ann. Glaciol, vol.46, pp.150-160, 2007.

E. G. Hebertson and M. J. Jenkins, Historic climate factors associated with major avalanche years on the Wasatch Plateau, Cold Reg. Sci. Technol, vol.37, pp.315-332, 2003.

O. Heffernan, Coming down the tracks, Nat. Clim. Change, vol.8, pp.937-939, 2018.

J. Hiebl, The early instrumental climate period (1760-1860) in Europe. Evidence from the alpine region and Southern Scandinavia. Diploma thesis, 2006.

R. A. Houghton, J. I. House, J. Pongratz, G. R. Van-der-werf, R. S. Defries et al., Carbon emissions from land use and land-cover change, Biogeosciences, vol.9, pp.5125-5142, 2012.

M. Ibsen and D. Brunsden, The nature, use and problems of historical archives for the temporal occurrence of landslides, with specific reference to the south coast of Britain, Geomorphology, vol.15, issue.95, p.73, 1996.

, Climate Change 2013: The Physical Science Basis. Contribution of Working Group I to the Fifth Assessment Report of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change, Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change, 2013.

, Climate Change, Synthesis Report. Contribution of Working Groups I, II and III to the Fifth Assessment Report of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change, IPCC, 2014.

J. D. Ives, A. I. Mears, P. E. Carrara, M. J. Bovis, A. L. Jamard et al., L'enquête permanente sur les Avalanches (EPA). Statistique descriptive générale des événements et des sites, DESS Ingénierie Mathématique option Statistique, vol.66, pp.129-144, 1976.

M. J. Jenkins and E. G. Hebertson, A practitioner's guide for using dendroecological techniques to determine the extent and frequency of avalanches, Proceedings of the International Snow Science Workshop, pp.423-431, 2004.

E. A. Johnson, The Relative Importance of Snow Avalanche Disturbance and Thinning on Canopy Plant Populations, Ecology, vol.68, p.43, 1987.

A. L. Johnson and D. J. Smith, Geomorphology of snow avalanche impact landforms in the southern Canadian Cordillera: Geomorphology of snow avalanche impact landforms, Can. Geogr-Géogr. Can, vol.54, pp.87-103, 2010.

V. Jomelli and P. Pech, Effects of the Little Ice Age on avalanche boulder tongues in the French Alps, Earth Surf. Process. Landf, vol.29, pp.553-564, 2004.
URL : https://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/hal-02478226

V. Jomelli, P. Pech, C. Chochillon, and D. Brunstein, Geomorphic Variations of Debris Flows and Recent Climatic Change in the French Alps, Climate Change, vol.64, pp.77-102, 2004.

V. Jomelli, C. Delval, D. Grancher, S. Escande, D. Brunstein et al., Probabilistic analysis of recent snow avalanche activity and weather in the French Alps, Cold Reg. Sci. Technol, vol.47, pp.180-192, 2007.

V. Jomelli, I. Pavlova, N. Eckert, D. Grancher, and D. Brunstein, A new hierarchical Bayesian approach to analyse environmental and climatic influences on debris flow occurrence, Geomorphology, vol.250, pp.407-421, 2015.
URL : https://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/hal-01483500

V. Jomelli, I. Pavlova, F. Giacona, T. Zgheib, and N. Eckert, Respective influence of geomorphologic and climate conditions on debris-flow occurrence in the Northern French Alps. Landslides, 2019.
URL : https://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/hal-02627379

G. Jurasinski and J. Kreyling, Upward shift of alpine plants increases floristic similarity of mountain summits, J. Veg. Sci, vol.18, pp.711-718, 2007.

K. Jylhä, S. Fronzek, H. Tuomenvirta, T. R. Carter, and K. Ruosteenoja, Changes in frost, snow and Baltic sea ice by the end of the twenty-first century based on climate model projections for Europe, Climate Change, vol.86, pp.441-462, 2008.

T. Kajimoto, H. Daimaru, T. Okamoto, T. Otani, and H. Onodera, Effects of Snow Avalanche Disturbance on Regeneration of Subalpine Abies mariesii Forest, Arct. Antarct. Alp. Res, vol.36, p.36, 2004.

M. D. Kennedy, Introducing Geographic Information Systems with ARCGIS: a workbook approach to learning GIS, 2013.

C. J. Keylock, An alternative form for the statistical distribution of extreme avalanche runout distances, Cold Reg. Sci. Technol, vol.42, pp.185-193, 2005.

G. Klein, Y. Vitasse, C. Rixen, C. Marty, and M. Rebetez, Shorter snow cover duration since 1970 in the Swiss Alps due to earlier snowmelt more than to later snow onset, Climate Change, vol.139, pp.637-649, 2016.

J. Koch, Improving age estimates for late Holocene glacial landforms using dendrochronology -Some examples from Garibaldi Provincial Park, British Columbia, Quat. Geochronol, vol.4, pp.130-139, 2009.

B. Kogelnig-mayer, M. Stoffel, M. Schneuwly-bollschweiler, J. Hübl, and F. Rudolf-miklau, Possibilities and limitations of dendrogeomorphic timeseries reconstructions on sites influenced by debris flows and frequent snow avalanche activity, Arct. Antarct. Alp. Res, vol.43, pp.649-658, 2011.

B. Kogelnig-mayer, M. Stoffel, and M. Schneuwly-bollschweiler, Fourdimensional growth response of mature Larix decidua to stem burial under natural conditions, Trees, vol.27, pp.1217-1223, 2013.

A. Köhler, J. Fischer, R. Scandroglio, M. Bavay, J. Mcelwaine et al., Cold-to-warm flow regime transition in snow avalanches, Cryosphere, vol.12, pp.3759-3774, 2018.

N. Köse, A. Aydin, Ü. Akkemik, H. Yurtseven, and T. Güner, Using tree-ring signals and numerical model to identify the snow avalanche tracks in Kastamonu, Turkey. Nat. Hazards, vol.54, pp.435-449, 2010.

D. Krause and M. K?í?ek, Dating of recent avalanche events in the eastern high Sudetes, Quat. Int, vol.470, pp.166-175, 2017.

A. Kress, M. Saurer, U. Büntgen, K. S. Treydte, H. Bugmann et al., Summer temperature dependency of larch budmoth outbreaks revealed by Alpine tree-ring isotope chronologies, Oecologia, vol.160, pp.353-365, 2009.

D. Kulakowski, P. Bebi, and C. Rixen, The interacting effects of land use change, climate change and suppression of natural disturbances on landscape forest structure in the Swiss Alps, Oikos, vol.120, pp.216-225, 2011.

D. Kulakowski, I. Barbeito, A. Casteller, R. J. Kaczka, and P. Bebi, Not only climate: Interacting drivers of treeline change in Europe, Geogr. Pol, vol.89, pp.7-15, 2016.

Z. W. Kundzewicz and A. J. Robson, Change detection in hydrological records-a review of the methodology, Hydrol. Sci. J, vol.1, pp.7-19, 2004.

L. Larocque, S. J. Hetu, B. Filion, and L. , Geomorphic and dendroecological impacts of slushflows in central Gaspé Peninsula, Geogr. Ann. A, vol.83, pp.191-201, 2001.

L. A. Larsson, CDendro -Cybis Dendro Dating Program, Cybis Elektron. Data AB Saltsjöbaden, 2016.

M. Laternser and C. Pfister, Avalanches in Switzerland 1500-1990, Rapid Mass Movement since the Holocene, pp.241-266, 1997.

M. Laternser and M. Schneebeli, Temporal trend and spatial distribution of avalanche activity during the last 50 years in Switzerland, Nat. Hazards, vol.27, pp.201-230, 2002.

M. Laternser and M. Schneebeli, Long-term snow climate trends of the Swiss Alps (1931-99), Int. J. Climatol, vol.23, pp.733-750, 2003.

K. Laute and A. A. Beylich, Potential effects of climate change on future snow avalanche activity in western Norway deduced from meteorological data, Geogr. Ann. A, vol.100, pp.163-184, 2018.

A. Lavigne, L. Bel, E. Parent, and N. Eckert, A model for spatio-temporal clustering using multinomial probit regression: application to avalanche counts, Environmetrics, vol.23, pp.522-534, 2012.
URL : https://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/hal-02597793

A. Lavigne, N. Eckert, L. Bel, and E. Parent, Adding expert contributions to the spatiotemporal modelling of avalanche activity under different climatic influences, J. R. Stat. Soc. Ser.-C Appl. Stat, vol.64, pp.651-671, 2015.
URL : https://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/hal-01184824

S. C. Laxton and D. J. Smith, Dendrochronological reconstruction of snow avalanche activity in the Lahul Himalaya, Northern India. Nat. Hazards, vol.49, pp.459-467, 2009.

B. Lazar and M. Williams, Climate change in western ski areas: Potential changes in the timing of wet avalanches and snow quality for the Aspen ski area in the years 2030 and 2100, Cold Reg. Sci. Technol, vol.51, pp.219-228, 2008.

G. Leitinger, P. Höller, E. Tasser, J. Walde, and U. Tappeiner, Development and validation of a spatial snow-glide model, Ecol. Model, vol.211, pp.363-374, 2008.

M. Lemoine and P. Tricart, Les Schistes lustrés des Alpes occidentales: Approche stratigraphique, structurale et sédimentologique, Eclogae Geol. Helvetiae, vol.79, pp.271-294, 1986.

M. Lempa, R. J. Kaczka, Z. Raczkowska, and K. Janecka, Combining tree-ring dating and geomorphological analyses in the reconstruction of spatial patterns of the runout zone of snow avalanches, 2016.

, Geogr. Pol, vol.89, pp.31-45

C. Levers, M. Schneider, A. V. Prishchepov, S. Estel, and T. Kuemmerle, Spatial variation in determinants of agricultural land abandonment in Europe, Sci. Total Environ, vol.644, pp.95-111, 2018.

M. Levesque, M. Saurer, R. Siegwolf, B. Eilmann, P. Brang et al., Drought response of five conifer species under contrasting water availability suggests high vulnerability of Norway spruce and European larch, Glob. Chang. Biol, vol.19, issue.10, pp.3184-3199, 2013.

D. Lewis and D. Smith, Dendrochronological Mass Balance Reconstruction, Canada. Arct. Antarct. Alp. Res, vol.36, p.36, 2004.

E. Leynaud and M. Georges, Aspects géographiques de l'élevage dans la zone de montagne du département des Hautes-Alpes, Études Rural, vol.18, pp.5-36, 1965.

K. Lied and K. Bakkehøi, Empirical calculations of snow-avalanche run-out distance based on topographic parameters, J. Glaciol, vol.26, pp.165-177, 1980.

J. I. López-moreno, S. Goyette, and M. Beniston, Impact of climate change on snowpack in the Pyrenees: Horizontal spatial variability and vertical gradients, J. Hydrol, vol.374, pp.384-396, 2009.

J. Loup and C. Lovie, Sur la fréquence des avalanches en haute, Tarentaise. Rev. Géogr. Alp, pp.587-604, 1966.

M. Macdonald, D. Crabtree, J. R. Wiesinger, G. Dax, T. Stamou et al., Agricultural abandonment in mountain areas of Europe: Environmental consequences and policy response, J. Environ. Manage, vol.59, pp.47-69, 2000.
URL : https://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/hal-02696291

M. Maggioni, U. Gruber, R. S. Purves, and M. Freppaz, Potential Release Areas and Return Period of Avalanches: Is There a Relation, Proceedings of the 2006 International Snow Science Workshop, pp.566-571, 2006.

R. Mainieri, Apport de l'approche dendrogéomorphologique pour la reconstruction pluriséculaire de l'activité spatiotemporelle des avalanches : le cas du couloir de Souliers, Université Joseph Fourier Grenoble, vol.1, p.78, 2015.

R. Mainieri, A. Favillier, J. Lopez-saez, N. Eckert, T. Zgheib et al., Nonstationarities induced by land-cover changes in dendrogeomorphic reconstructions of snow avalanche activity: Insights from the Queyras massif, Glob. Planet. Change

G. P. Malanson and D. R. Butler, Transverse pattern of vegetation on avalanche paths in the northern Rocky Mountains, Montana. Great Basin Nat, vol.44, pp.453-458, 1984.

G. P. Malanson and D. R. Butler, Floristic Patterns on Avalanche Paths in the Northern Rocky Mountains, USA. Phys. Geogr, vol.7, pp.231-238, 1986.

J. Martin and D. Germain, Can we discriminate snow avalanches from other disturbances using the spatial patterns of tree-ring response? Case studies from the Presidential Range, Dendrochronologia, vol.37, pp.17-32, 2016.

J. Martin and D. Germain, Dendrogeomorphic reconstruction of snow avalanche regime and triggering weather conditions A classification tree model approach, Prog. Phys. Geogr, vol.40, p.0309133315625863, 2016.

J. Martin and D. Germain, Large-scale teleconnection patterns and synoptic climatology of major snow-avalanche winters in the Presidential Range, Int. J. Climatol, vol.37, pp.109-123, 2017.

E. Martin, G. Giraud, Y. Lejeune, and G. Boudart, Impact of a climate change on avalanche hazard, Ann. Glaciol, vol.32, pp.163-167, 2001.

B. Martin, A. Drescher, M. Fournier, O. Guerrouah, F. Giacona et al., Les évènements extrêmes dans le fossé rhénan entre 1480 et 2012. Quels apports pour la prévention des inondations ?, Houille Blanche, vol.2, pp.82-93, 2015.

C. Marty and J. Blanchet, Long-term changes in annual maximum snow depth and snowfall in Switzerland based on extreme value statistics, Clim. Change, vol.111, pp.705-721, 2012.

C. Marty, A. Tilg, and T. Jonas, Recent Evidence of Large-Scale Receding Snow Water Equivalents in the European Alps, J. Hydrometeorol, vol.18, pp.1021-1031, 2017.

D. Mccarroll, Modelling late-holocene snow-avalanche activity: Incorporating a new approach to lichenometry, Earth Surf. Process. Landf, vol.18, pp.527-539, 1993.

D. P. Mccarthy, B. H. Luckman, and P. E. Kelly, Sampling Height-Age Error Correction for Spruce Seedlings in Glacial Forefields, Canadian Cordillera. Arct. Alpine Res, vol.23, pp.451-455, 1991.

D. M. Mcclung, A Model for Scaling Avalanche Speeds, J. Glaciol, vol.36, issue.123, pp.188-198, 1990.

D. M. Mcclung, Magnitude and Frequency of Avalanches in Relation to Terrain and Forest Cover, Arct. Antarct. Alp. Res, vol.35, p.35, 2003.

D. M. Mcclung and K. Lied, Statistical and geometrical definition of snow avalanche runout, Cold Reg. Sci. Technol, vol.13, pp.107-119, 1987.

D. M. Mcclung and J. Tweedy, Characteristics of avalanching: Kootenay Pass, Bristish Columbia, Canada. J. Glaciol, pp.317-322, 1993.

D. M. Mcclung and P. A. Schaerer, The Avalanche Handbook, 2nd edn. The Mountaineers Books, 2006.

A. I. Mears, Dynamics of dense-snow avalanches interpreted from broken trees, Geology, vol.3, p.521, 1975.

F. Mese?an, I. G. Gavril?, O. T. Pop, F. Mese?an, T. C. Man et al., Reconstructing snow avalanche extent using remote sensing and dendrogeomorphology in Parâng Mountains, Cold Reg. Sci. Technol, vol.94, pp.97-109, 2018.

M. Meunier and C. Ancey, Towards a conceptual approach to predetermining longreturn-period avalanche run-out distances, J. Glaciol, vol.50, pp.268-278, 2004.

D. H. Miller, Interception Processes During Snowstorms. Pacific Southwest Forest and Range Experiment Station, 1964.

C. Mitterer, H. Hirashima, and J. Schweizer, Wet-snow instabilities: comparison of measured and modelled liquid water content and snow stratigraphy, Ann. Glaciol, vol.52, pp.201-208, 2011.

C. J. Mock and K. W. Birkeland, Snow Avalanche Climatology of the Western United States Mountain Ranges, Bull. Am. Meteorol. Soc, vol.81, pp.2367-2392, 2000.

J. Moen, K. Aune, L. Edenius, and A. Angerbjörn, Potential Effects of Climate Change on Treeline Position in the Swedish Mountains, Ecol. Soc, vol.9, 2004.

E. Morán-tejeda, J. I. López-moreno, and M. Beniston, The changing roles of temperature and precipitation on snowpack variability in Switzerland as a function of altitude: role of altitude on swiss snowpack, Geophys. Res. Lett, vol.40, pp.2131-2136, 2013.

R. Motta and F. Garbarino, Stand history and its consequences for the present and future dynamic in two silver fir (Abies alba Mill.) stands in the high Pesio Valley, Ann. For. Sci, vol.60, pp.361-370, 2003.
URL : https://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/hal-00883707

R. Motta and E. Lingua, Human impact on size, age, and spatial structure in a mixed European larch and Swiss stone pine forest in the Western Italian Alps, Can. J. For. Res, vol.35, 2005.

P. Mougin, Les avalanches en Savoie. Ministère de l'Agriculture, Direction Générale des Eaux et Forêts. Service des Grandes Forces Hydrauliques, 1922.

. Mountain, . Group, N. Pepin, R. S. Bradley, H. F. Diaz et al., Elevation-dependent warming in mountain regions of the world, Nat. Clim. Change, vol.5, pp.424-430, 2015.

I. A. Mundo, M. D. Barrera, and F. A. Roig, Testing the utility of Nothofagus pumilio for dating a snow avalanche in Tierra del Fuego, Argentina. Dendrochronologia, vol.25, pp.19-28, 2007.

E. Muntan, L. Andreu, P. Oller, E. Gutierrez, and P. Martinez, Dendrochronological study of the Canal del Roc Roig avalanche path: first results of the Aludex project in the Pyrenees, Ann. Glaciol, vol.38, pp.173-179, 2004.

E. Muntan, C. Garcia, P. Oller, G. Marti, A. Garcia et al., Reconstructing snow avalanches in the Southeastern Pyrenees, Nat. Hazards Earth Syst. Sci, vol.9, pp.1599-1612, 2009.

N. Naaim, M. Durand, Y. Eckert, N. Chambon, and G. , Dense avalanche friction coefficients: influence of physical properties of snow, J. Glaciol, vol.59, pp.771-782, 2013.
URL : https://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/hal-02599059

M. Naaim, N. Eckert, G. Giraud, T. Faug, G. Chambon et al., Impact du réchauffement climatique sur l'activité avalancheuse et multiplication des avalanches humides dans les Alpes françaises, 2016.

A. Nesje, J. Bakke, S. O. Dahl, O. Lie, and A. Boe, A continuous, high-resolution 8500-yr snow-avalanche record from western Norway, The Holocene, vol.17, pp.269-277, 2007.

G. Nicolet, N. Eckert, S. Morin, and J. Blanchet, Decreasing spatial dependence in extreme snowfall in the French Alps since 1958 under climate change, J. Geophys. Res.-Atmos, vol.121, pp.8297-8310, 2016.
URL : https://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/hal-02606025

G. Nicolet, N. Eckert, S. Morin, and J. Blanchet, Assessing Climate Change Impact on the Spatial Dependence of Extreme Snow Depth Maxima in the French Alps, Water Resour. Res, vol.54, pp.7820-7840, 2018.
URL : https://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/hal-02404619

N. Nikolova, P. Fa?ko, M. Lapin, and M. ?vec, Changes in snowfall/precipitationday ratio in Slovakia and their linkages with air temperature and precipitation, Contrib. Geophys. Geod, vol.43, pp.141-155, 2013.

C. Nöthiger and H. Elsasser, Natural Hazards and Tourism: New Findings on the European Alps, Mt. Res. Dev, vol.24, p.24, 2004.

G. T. Pederson, B. A. Reardon, C. J. Caruso, and D. B. Fagre, High resolution treering based spatial reconstructions of snow avalanche activity in Glacier National Park, Proceedings of the International Snow Science Workshop, pp.436-443, 2006.

H. Peltola, S. Kellomäki, H. Väisänen, and V. Ikonen, A mechanistic model for assessing the risk of wind and snow damage to single trees and stands of Scots pine, Norway spruce, and birch, Can. J. For. Res, vol.29, pp.647-661, 1999.

C. Pielmeier, F. Techel, C. Marty, and T. Stucki, Wet snow avalanche activity in the Swiss Alps -trend analysis for mid-winter season. International Snow Science Workshop, pp.1240-1246, 2013.

O. T. Pop, I. Gavril?, G. Ro?ian, F. Mese?an, A. Decaulne et al., A century-long snow avalanche chronology reconstructed from tree-rings in Parâng Mountains (Southern Carpathians, Romania), Quat. Int, vol.415, pp.230-240, 2016.

O. T. Pop, A. Munteanu, M. Flaviu, I. Gavril?, C. Timofte et al., Tree-ring-based reconstruction of high-magnitude snow avalanches in Piatra Craiului Mountains, Romania). Geogr. Ann. A, vol.100, pp.99-115, 2017.

N. Potter, Tree-ring dating of snow avalanche tracks and the geomorphic activity of avalanches, northern Absaroka Mountains, Wyoming. Geol. Soc. Am. Spec. Pap, vol.123, pp.141-166, 1969.

C. Püntener, M. Stoffel, and M. Schneuwly-bollschweiler, Frequenz und Fliesshöhen der Plattlaui (Uri), rekonstruiert mithilfe von Jahrringen, Schweiz. Z. Forstwes, vol.163, pp.445-450, 2012.

R. Rabatel, A. Letréguilly, A. Dedieu, J. P. Eckert, and N. , Changes in glacier equilibrium-line altitude in the western Alps from 1984 to 2010: evaluation by remote sensing and modeling of the morpho-topographic and climate controls, The Cryosphere, vol.7, pp.1455-1471, 2013.
URL : https://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/hal-00923554

J. Rajczak, P. Pall, and C. Schär, Projections of extreme precipitation events in regional climate simulations for Europe and the Alpine Region, J. Geophys. Res.-Atmos, vol.118, pp.3610-3626, 2013.

P. Ra?ka, V. Zábranský, J. Dubi?ar, A. Kadlec, A. Hrbá?ová et al., Documentary proxies and interdisciplinary research on historic geomorphologic hazards: a discussion of the current state from a central European perspective, Nat. Hazards, vol.70, pp.705-732, 2014.

S. A. Rayback, A dendrogeomorphological analysis of snow avalanche in the Colorado Front Range, USA. Phys. Geogr, vol.19, pp.502-515, 1998.

B. A. Reardon, G. T. Pederson, C. J. Caruso, and D. B. Fagre, Spatial Reconstructions and Comparisons of Historic Snow Avalanche Frequency and Extent Using Tree Rings in Glacier National Park, Arct. Antarct. Alp. Res, vol.40, pp.148-160, 2008.

P. C. Reid, R. E. Hari, G. Beaugrand, D. M. Livingstone, C. Marty et al., Global impacts of the 1980s regime shift, Glob. Change Biol, vol.22, pp.682-703, 2016.

J. Roman, Les causes du déboisement des montagnes, d'après les documents historiques du XIIIe au XVIIIe siècle, 1887.

R. Rousset, L'enneigement de printemps dans les Alpes du nord en 1946, Rev. Géogr. Alp, pp.119-121, 1947.

F. Rudolf-miklau, S. Sauermoser, A. I. Mears, and M. M. Boensch, The technical avalanche protection handbook, 2015.

H. Rue and L. Held, Gaussian Markov Random Fields: Theory and Applications, p.280, 2005.

S. Salm, B. ;. Kronfeller, G. Ott, and E. , Snow forces on forest plants, International Seminar on Mountain Forests and Avalanches. Presented at the IUFRO Working Party on Snow and Avalanches, pp.156-181, 1978.

B. Salm, Mechanical properties of snow, Rev. Geophys, vol.20, pp.1-19, 1982.

B. Salm, A. Burkard, and H. Gubler, Berechnung von Fliesslawinen: eine Anleitung für Praktiker mit Beispielen, vol.47, 1990.

J. Sanson, Les principales anomalies météorologiques de l'année 1947 en France, Ann. Géogr, pp.178-181, 1948.

M. Saulnier, Histoire et dynamique de la forêt subalpine dans les Alpes du Sud (Briançonnais, Queyras) : approches pédoanthracologique et dendrochronologique, vol.392, p.pp, 2012.

M. Saulnier, J. Edouard, C. Corona, and F. Guibal, Climate/growth relationships in a Pinus cembra high-elevation network in the Southern French Alps, Ann. For. Sci, vol.68, pp.189-200, 2011.
URL : https://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/hal-00930756

M. Saulnier, B. Talon, and J. Edouard, New pedoanthracological data for the long-term history of forest species at mid-high altitudes in the Queyras Valley S (Inner Alps), Charcoal: resource and ubiquitous proxy, vol.366, pp.15-24, 2015.

M. Saulnier, A. Roques, F. Guibal, P. Rozenberg, G. Saracco et al., Spatiotemporal heterogeneity of larch budmoth outbreaks in the French Alps over the last 500 years, Can. J. For. Res, vol.47, pp.667-680, 2017.
URL : https://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/hal-01605939

M. Saulnier, C. Corona, M. Stoffel, F. Guibal, and J. Edouard, Climategrowth relationships in a Larix decidua Mill. network in the French Alps, Sci. Total Environ, vol.664, pp.554-566, 2019.
URL : https://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/hal-02092458

P. A. Schaerer, Terrain and vegetation of snow avalanche sites at Rogers Pass, British Columbia in Mountain Geomorphology, Mountain Geomorphology: Geomorphological Processes in the Canadian Cordillera, pp.215-222, 1972.

R. Schläppy, V. Jomelli, D. Grancher, M. Stoffel, C. Corona et al., A New tree-ring-based, semi-quantitative approach for the determination of snow avalanche events: use of classification trees for validation, Arct. Antarct. Alp. Res, vol.45, pp.383-395, 2013.

R. Schläppy, N. Eckert, V. Jomelli, M. Stoffel, D. Grancher et al., Validation of extreme snow avalanches and related return periods derived from a statistical-dynamical model using tree-ring techniques, Cold Reg. Sci. Technol, vol.99, pp.12-26, 2014.

R. Schläppy, V. Jomelli, N. Eckert, M. Stoffel, D. Grancher et al., Can we infer avalanche-climate relations using tree-ring data? Case studies in the French Alps, Reg. Environ. Chang, vol.16, pp.629-642, 2016.

M. Schneebeli and P. Bebi, Snow and avalanche control, Encyclopedia of Forest Sciences, pp.397-402, 2004.

M. Schneebeli, M. Laternser, and A. Walter, Destructive snow avalanches and climate change in the Swiss Alps, Eclogae Geol. Helvetiae, vol.90, pp.457-461, 1997.

D. M. Schneuwly, M. Stoffel, and M. Bollschweiler, Formation and spread of callus tissue and tangential rows of resin ducts in Larix decidua and Picea abies following rockfall impacts, Tree Physiol, vol.29, pp.281-289, 2009.

D. M. Schneuwly, M. Stoffel, L. K. Dorren, and F. Berger, Three-dimensional analysis of the anatomical growth response of European conifers to mechanical disturbance, Tree Physiol, vol.29, pp.1247-1257, 2009.
URL : https://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/hal-02596357

M. Schneuwly-bollschweiler, C. Corona, and M. Stoffel, How to improve dating quality and reduce noise in tree-ring based debris-flow reconstructions, Quat. Geochronol, vol.18, pp.110-118, 2013.
URL : https://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/hal-01131675

W. Schönenberger, A. Noack, and P. Thee, Effect of timber removal from windthrow slopes on the risk of snow avalanches and rockfall, For. Ecol. Manag, vol.213, pp.197-208, 2005.

J. Schweizer, Snow avalanche formation, Rev. Geophys, p.41, 2003.

J. Schweizer, K. Kronholm, J. B. Jamieson, and K. W. Birkeland, Review of spatial variability of snowpack properties and its importance for avalanche formation, Cold Reg. Sci. Technol, vol.51, pp.253-272, 2008.

G. Serquet, C. Marty, J. Dulex, and M. Rebetez, Seasonal trends and temperature dependence of the snowfall/precipitation-day ratio in Switzerland, Geophys. Res. Lett, vol.38, p.7703, 2011.

J. Shroder, Dendrogeomorphological analysis of mass movement on Table Cliffs Plateau, Utah. Quat. Res, vol.9, pp.168-185, 1978.

J. F. Shroder, Dendrogeomorphology: review and new techniques of tree-ring dating, Prog. Phys. Geogr, vol.4, pp.161-188, 1980.

K. ?ilhán and M. Stoffel, Impacts of age-dependent tree sensitivity and dating approaches on dendrogeomorphic time series of landslides, Geomorphology, vol.236, pp.34-43, 2015.

K. ?ilhán and R. Tichavský, Snow avalanche and debris flow activity in the High Tatras Mountains: New data from using dendrogeomorphic survey, Cold Reg. Sci. Technol, vol.134, pp.45-53, 2017.

K. ?ilhán, O. Kluzová, and R. Tichavský, The on field differentiation of snow avalanche-and debris flow-induced scars in trees as a fundament for improving dendrogeomorphic sampling strategy (case study from the Great Cold Valley in High Tatra Mountains), Cold Reg. Sci. Technol, vol.158, pp.1-9, 2019.

, SLF, 1989. Handbuch für Beobachter (Interner Bericht No. 637). Eidgenössisches Institut für Schnee-und Lawinenforschung

L. Smith, C. B. Brown, R. J. Evans, T. Fox, E. R. Lachapelle et al., Indication of snow avalanche periodicity through interpretation of vegetation patterns in the North Cascades, Methods of avalanche control on Washington mountain highways-Third annual report. Washington State Highway Commission Department of Highways, pp.55-101, 1973.

M. J. Smith and D. M. Mcclung, Avalanche frequency and terrain characteristics at Rogers' Pass, British Columbia, Canada. J. Glaciol, vol.43, pp.165-171, 1997.

P. L. Speckman and D. Sun, Fully Bayesian spline smoothing and intrinsic autoregressive priors, Biometrika, vol.90, pp.289-302, 2003.

A. Sorg, H. Bugmann, M. Bollschweiler, and M. Stoffel, Debris-flow activity along a torrent in the Swiss Alps: Minimum frequency of events and implications for forest dynamics, Dendrochronologia, vol.28, pp.215-223, 2010.

M. Stoffel and M. Bollschweiler, Tree-ring analysis in natural hazards researchan overview, Nat. Hazards Earth Syst. Sci, vol.8, pp.187-202, 2008.

M. Stoffel and C. Corona, Dendroecological dating of geomorphic disturbance in trees. Tree-Ring Res, vol.70, pp.3-20, 2014.
URL : https://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/hal-01131659

M. Stoffel and C. Corona, Future winters glimpsed in the Alps, Nat. Geosci, vol.11, 2018.
URL : https://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/hal-02180176

M. Stoffel, P. , and S. , Reconstructing past rockfall activity with tree rings, Some methodological considerations. Dendrochronologia, vol.24, pp.1-15, 2006.

M. Stoffel and O. M. Hitz, Rockfall and snow avalanche impacts leave different anatomical signatures in tree rings of juvenile Larix decidua, Tree Physiol, vol.28, pp.1713-1720, 2008.

M. Stoffel, M. Bollschweiler, and G. Hassler, Differentiating past events on a cone influenced by debris-flow and snow avalanche activity -a dendrogeomorphological approach, Earth Surf. Process. Landf, vol.31, pp.1424-1437, 2006.

M. Stoffel, I. Lievre, M. Monbaron, and S. Perret, Seasonal timing of rockfall activity on a forested slope at Täschgufer (Swiss Alps) -a dendrochronological approach, Z. Für Geomorphol, vol.49, pp.89-106, 2005.

M. Stoffel, M. Bollschweiler, D. R. Butler, and B. H. Luckman, Tree rings and natural hazards: A State-of-the-Art, 2010.

M. Stoffel, D. R. Butler, and C. Corona, Mass movements and tree rings: A guide to dendrogeomorphic field sampling and dating, Geomorphology, vol.200, pp.106-120, 2013.

M. Stoffel, C. Corona, S. Guillet, and D. Trappmann, Räumlich-zeitliche Rekonstruktion der Lawinenaktivität am Standort Oberwald, Labor für Dendrogeomorphologie, 2015.

M. Stoffel, C. Corona, D. Trappmann, and S. Guillet, Räumlich-zeitliche Rekonstruktion der Lawinenaktivität im, Labor für Dendrogeomorphologie, 2016.

D. Straub and A. Grêt-regamey, A Bayesian probabilistic framework for avalanche modelling based on observations, Cold Reg. Sci. Technol, vol.46, pp.192-203, 2006.

P. Stucki, S. Brönnimann, O. Martius, C. Welker, M. Imhof et al., A catalog of high-impact windstorms in Switzerland since 1859, Nat. Hazards Earth Syst. Sci, vol.14, pp.2867-2882, 2014.

S. Szymczak, M. Bollschweiler, M. Stoffel, and R. Dikau, Debris-flow activity and snow avalanches in a steep watershed of the Valais Alps (Switzerland): Dendrogeomorphic event reconstruction and identification of triggers, Geomorphology, vol.116, pp.107-114, 2010.

U. Uhlmann, B. Goyette, S. Beniston, and M. , Sensitivity analysis of snow patterns in Swiss ski resorts to shifts in temperature, precipitation and humidity under conditions of climate change, Int. J. Climatol, vol.29, pp.1048-1055, 2009.

T. Usbeck, T. Wohlgemuth, C. Pfister, R. Volz, M. Beniston et al., Wind speed measurements and forest damage in Canton Zurich (Central Europe) from 1891 to winter 2007, Int. J. Climatol, vol.30, pp.347-358, 2009.

E. Ustaoglu and M. J. Collier, Farmland abandonment in Europe: an overview of drivers, consequences, and assessment of the sustainability implications, Environ. Rev, vol.26, pp.396-416, 2018.

V. Van-der, L. Burght, M. Stoffel, and C. J. Bigler, Analysis and modelling of tree succession on a recent rockslide deposit, Plant Ecol, vol.213, pp.35-46, 2012.

K. Vasskog, A. Nesje, E. N. Storen, N. Waldmann, E. Chapron et al., A Holocene record of snow-avalanche and flood activity reconstructed from a lacustrine sedimentary sequence in Oldevatnet, western Norway, The Holocene, vol.21, pp.597-614, 2011.
URL : https://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/insu-00665776

A. Voellmy, Uber die Zerstrungskraft von Lawinen, pp.280-285, 1955.

M. Voiculescu, Snow Avalanche Activity in Southern Carpathians (Romanian Carpathians), pp.737-763, 2017.

M. Voiculescu and A. Onaca, Snow avalanche assessment in the Sinaia ski area (Bucegi Mountains, southern Carpathians) using the dendrogeomorphology method, Area, vol.45, pp.109-122, 2013.

M. Voiculescu and A. Onaca, Spatio-temporal reconstruction of snow avalanche activity using dendrogeomorphological approach in, Cold Reg. Sci, pp.63-75, 2014.

M. Voiculescu, A. Onaca, and P. Chiroiu, Dendrogeomorphic reconstruction of past snow avalanche events in Bâlea glacial valley-F?g?ra? massif, Quat. Int, vol.415, pp.286-302, 2016.

W. Wahba and G. , Improper Priors, Spline Smoothing and the Problem of Guarding Against Model Errors in Regression, J. Roy. Stat. Soc. B Met, vol.40, pp.364-372, 1978.

G. Walther, S. Berger, and M. T. Sykes, An ecological "footprint" of climate change, Proc. R. Soc. B-Biol. Sci, vol.272, pp.1427-1432, 2005.

U. M. Weber, Dendroecological reconstruction and interpretation of larch budmoth (Zeiraphera diniana) outbreaks in two central alpine valleys of Switzerland from 1470 -1990, Trees, vol.11, pp.277-290, 1997.

C. K. Wikle, Spatio-temporal models in climatology, Encyclopedia of Life Support Systems (EOLSS), developed under the Auspices of the UNESCO, 2003.

C. K. Wikle, L. M. Berliner, and N. Cressie, Hierarchical Bayesian space-time models, Environ. Ecol. Stat, vol.5, pp.117-154, 1998.

W. Yang and I. Zurbenko, Kolmogorov-Zurbenko filters: Kolmogorov-Zurbenko Filters, Wiley Interdiscip. Rev. Comput. Stat, vol.2, pp.340-351, 2010.

K. Yoshida, S. Kikuchi, F. Nakamura, M. Noda, and . Germain, Dendrochronological analysis of debris flow disturbance on Rishiri Island, Garavaglia et Pelfini, vol.20, pp.135-145, 1997.

. Corona, , vol.40, 2013.

. Schläppy, , 2014.

. Voiculescu, ;. Onaca, and . Chiroiu, , vol.45, 2014.

. Tumajer and . Lempa, Germain, vol.47, 2015.

G. Martin, . Martin, ;. Germain, and . Pop, , vol.50, 2016.

. Schläppy, , vol.53, 2016.

. Martin, ;. Germain, and . Pop, Casteller et al, vol.57, issue.2, 2017.

. Mese?an, , vol.65, 2018.

. ?ilhán, , 2019.

, Gv Goms valley

, Qm Queyras massif, 2004.

. Kajimoto, , vol.16, 2004.

. Pederson, , vol.19, 2006.

. Mundo, , vol.23, 2007.

. Reardon, , vol.25, 2008.

. Muntán, , vol.28, 2009.

. Szymczak, , 2010.

. Casteller, , vol.33, 2011.

. Chiroiu, Germain, vol.44, 2015.

. Pop, , vol.50, 2016.

. Pop, , vol.56, 2017.

M. .. Material, 3. Sampling strategy, identification, dating and classification of growth disturbances, p.45

. .. Results, Snow avalanches recorded in historical archives

. .. Discussion, 57 5.1. Isolation of the avalanche signal in tree-ring series

. .. Conclusion,

, 2. Sampling strategy, identification, dating and classification of growth disturbances, vol.80

. .. Results, Distribution of growth disturbances and chronology of avalanche events, vol.86

. .. Discussion, 89 5.1. Spatio-temporal accuracy of the reconstruction

. .. Conclusion, , vol.3, p.95

, 3. Sampling strategy, identification, dating, and classification of growth disturbances, Tree-ring reconstruction of snow avalanche activity: Does avalanche path selection matter? 1. Introduction, vol.104

. .. Results, 107 4.1. Delineation of avalanche paths at Ravin de la Salce

. .. Discussion,

. .. Conclusions,

. .. Principaux-résultats, Amélioration de la détection des événements passés, Mise en évidence de non-stationnarités dans les reconstructions 207 1.5. Reconstruction régionale de l'activité

. .. Perspectives-de-recherches, 211 2.3. Meilleure intégration des non-stationnarités liées à l'approche dendrogéomorphologique et des impacts des changements socioéconomiques