.. .. Context,

.. .. Thesis-results,

.. .. Future-perspective,

A. Figure, 1: Snapshot of sea surface height (SSH) (a) raw data (b) data multiplied by Tukey window and (c) data with trend removed and also multiplied by Tukey window

A. Ajayi, L. Sommer, J. Chassignet, E. Molines, J. M. Xu et al., Spatial and Temporal Variability of North Atlantic Eddy Field at Scale less than 100km, 2019.

A. , M. Joel, H. Penny, H. Stuart, C. Adam et al., The North Atlantic subpolar circulation in an eddy-resolving global ocean model, Journal of Marine Systems, vol.142, pp.126-143, 2015.

H. Aluie, M. Hecht, and G. K. Vallis, Mapping the Energy Cascade in the North Atlantic Ocean: The Coarse-graining Approach, J. Phys. Oceanogr, pp.225-244, 2017.

A. Amores, G. Jorda, T. Arsouze, L. Sommer, and J. , Up to What Extent Can We Characterize Ocean Eddies Using Present-Day Gridded Altimetric Products, Journal of Geophysical Research: Oceans, vol.123, 2018.

R. A. Antonia, H. S. Shafi, and Y. Zhu, A note on the vorticity spectrum, Physics of Fluids, vol.8, p.2196, 1996.

B. Arbic and G. Flierl, Baroclinically unstable geostrophic turbulence in the limits of strong and weak bottom Ekman friction: application to mid-ocean eddies, J. Phys. Oceanogr, vol.34, p.22572273, 2004.

B. K. Arbic, J. X. Mitrovica, D. R. Macayeal, and G. A. Milne, On the factors behind large Labrador Sea tidesduring the last glacial cycle and the potential implications for Heinrich events, 2008.

B. K. Arbic, K. L. Polzin, R. B. Scott, J. G. Richman, and J. F. Shriver, On Eddy Viscosity, Energy Cascades, and the Horizontal Resolution of Gridded Satellite Altimeter Products, J. Phys. Oceanogr, vol.43, pp.283-300, 2013.

D. Balwada, S. Shafer, and A. Ryan, Submesoscale vertical velocities enhance tracer subduction in an idealized Antarctic Circumpolar Current, Geophysical Research Letters, vol.45, p.97909802, 2018.

R. Barkan, K. B. Winters, and J. C. Mcwilliams, Stimulated Imbalance and the Enhancement of Eddy Kinetic Energy Dissipation by Internal Waves, J. Phys. Oceanogr, vol.47, pp.181-198, 2017.

M. Bates, R. Tulloch, J. Marshall, and R. Ferrari, Rationalizing the Spatial Distribution of Mesoscale Eddy Diffusivity in Terms of Mixing Length Theory, Journal of Physical Oceanography, vol.44, pp.1523-1540, 2014.

G. Boccaletti, R. Ferrari, and B. Fox-kemper, Mixed Layer Instabilities and Restratification, Journal of Physical Oceanography, vol.37, pp.2228-2250, 2007.

A. S. Bower and N. Hogg, Structure of the Gulf Streamand its recirculations at 558W, J. Phys. Oceanogr, vol.26, p.10021022, 1996.

L. Brannigan, D. P. Marshall, A. Naveira-garabato, and A. J. George-nurser, The seasonal cycle of submesoscale flows, 2015.

N. Brüggemann and C. Eden, Routes to Dissipation under Different Dynamical Conditions, J. Phys. Oceanogr, vol.45, pp.2149-2168, 2015.

F. O. Bryan, Introduction: Ocean Modeling-Eddy or Not, Gophysical Mon. Series, vol.177, pp.1-4, 2008.

H. L. Bryden and N. P. Fofonoff, Horizontal divergence and vorticity estimates from velocity and temperature measurements in the MODE region, J. Phys. Ocean, vol.7, pp.329-337, 1977.

C. E. Buckingham, L. Natasha, B. Stephen, R. Tom, G. Alan et al., The contribution of surface and submesoscale processes to turbulence in the open ocean surface boundary layer, 2019.
URL : https://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/hal-02414930

C. E. Buckingham, A. C. Naveira-garabato, A. F. Thompson, L. Brannigan, A. Lazar et al., Seasonality of submesoscale flows in the ocean surface boundary layer, Geophys. Res. Lett, 2016.

O. Buhler and M. Mcintyre, Wave capture and wave-vortex duality, J. Fluid Mech, vol.534, p.6795, 2005.

J. Callies, R. Ferrari, J. M. Klymak, and J. Gula, Seasonality in submesoscale turbulence, Nature Communication, vol.6, p.6862, 2015.

J. Callies, G. Flierl, R. Ferrari, and B. Fox-kemper, The role of mixed-layer instabilities in submesoscale turbulence, J. Fluid Mech, vol.788, pp.5-41, 2015.

X. Capet, E. J. Campos, and A. M. Paiva, Submesoscale activity over the Argentinian shelf, Geophysical Research Letters, vol.35, pp.2-6, 2008.
URL : https://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/hal-00495964

X. Capet, P. Klein, B. L. Hua, G. Lapeyre, and J. C. Mcwilliams, Surface kinetic energy transfer in surface quasi-geostrophic flows, Journal of Fluid Mechanics, vol.604, pp.165-174, 2008.
URL : https://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/hal-00400436

X. Capet, J. C. Mcwilliams, M. J. Molemaker, and A. F. Shchepetkin, Mesoscale to Submesoscale Transition in the California Current System. Part I: Flow Structure, Eddy Flux, and Observational Tests, J. Phys. Oceanogr, vol.38, pp.29-43, 2008.
URL : https://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/hal-00495911

X. Capet, J. C. Mcwilliams, M. J. Molemaker, and A. F. Shchepetkin, Mesoscale to Submesoscale Transition in the California Current System. Part II: Frontal Processes, J. Phys. Oceanogr, vol.38, pp.44-64, 2008.
URL : https://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/hal-00495911

X. Capet, J. C. Mcwilliams, M. J. Molemaker, and A. F. Shchepetkin, Mesoscale to Submesoscale Transition in the California Current System. Part III: Energy Balance and Flux, J. Phys. Oceanogr, vol.38, pp.2256-2269, 2008.
URL : https://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/hal-00495911

J. Charney, Geostrophic turbulence, Journal of Atmospheric Sciences, vol.28, pp.1087-1095, 1971.

E. P. Chassignet and X. Xu, Impact of Horizontal Resolution (1/12 to 1/50) on Gulf Stream Separation, Penetration, and Variability, Journal of Physical Oceanography, vol.47, pp.1999-2021, 2017.

D. B. Chelton, R. Deszoeke, M. Schlax, K. El-naggar, and N. Siwertz, Geographical Variability of the First Baroclinic Rossby Radius of Deformation, Journal of Physical Oceanography, vol.28, pp.433-460, 1998.

D. B. Chelton, M. G. Schlax, and R. M. Samelson, Global observations of nonlinear mesoscale eddies, Progress in Oceanography, vol.91, pp.167-216, 2011.

D. B. Chelton, M. G. Schlax, R. M. Samelson, and R. Deszoeke, Global observations of large oceanic eddies, Geophysical Research Letters, vol.34, pp.1-5, 2007.

X. Chi, Z. Xiaoming, and S. Xiao-dong, Work done by atmospheric windson mesoscale ocean eddies, Geo-phys. Res. Lett, vol.43, p.1217412180, 2016.

G. Chris, Internal Tides and Ocean Mixing, Science, vol.301, pp.1858-1859, 2003.

W. Chris, Does the wind systematically energize or damp ocean eddies?, Geophys. Res. Lett, vol.43, 2016.

T. Crueger, E. Roeckner, T. Raddatz, R. Schnur, and P. Wetzel, Ocean dynamics determine the response of oceanic CO2 uptake to climate change, Clim. Dyn, vol.31, pp.151-168, 2008.

S. Danilov and D. Gurarie, Rhines scale and spectra of the ?-plane turbulence with bottom drag, Physical Review E -Statistical Physics, Plasmas, Fluids, and Related Interdisciplinary Topics, vol.65, pp.5-7, 2002.

E. Danioux, J. Vanneste, P. Klein, and H. Sasaki, Spontaneous inertia-gravitywave generation by surface-intensified turbulence, Journal of Fluid Mechanics, vol.699, p.153173, 2012.

E. A. D'asaro, The Energy Flux from the Wind to Near-Inertial Motions in the Surface Mixed Layer, J. Phys. Oceanogr, vol.15, p.1059, 1985.

R. Dascaliuc and Z. Gruji?, Coherent Vortex Structures and 3D Enstrophy Cascade, Communications in Mathematical Physics, vol.317, pp.547-561, 2013.

W. Dewar, Q. Jamet, A. Ajayi, L. Sommer, J. Penduff et al., On Energy Cascades in General Flows, 2019.

N. Ducet and P. L. Traon, A comparison of surface eddy kinetic energy and Reynolds stresses in the Gulf Stream and the Kuroshio Current systems from merged TOPEX/Poseidon and ERS-1/2 altimetric data, J. Geophys. Res, vol.106, pp.603-619, 2001.

N. Ducousso, L. Sommer, J. Molines, J. M. Bell, and M. , Impact of the symmetric instability of the computational kind at mesoscale-and submesoscale-permitting resolutions, Ocean Modelling, vol.120, 2017.

C. Dufau, M. Orsztynowicz, M. , P. Y. , and L. T. , Mesoscale resolution capability of altimetry: Present and future, J. Geophys. Res. Oceans, vol.121, pp.1-18, 2016.

R. Dussin, B. Barnier, L. Brodeau, and J. M. Molines, The making of the DRAKKAR forcing set DFS5, 2018.

C. Eden, Eddy length scales in the North Atlantic Ocean, Journal of Geophysical Research, vol.112, p.6004, 2007.

R. Escudier, L. Renault, A. Pascual, P. Brasseur, D. B. Chelton et al., Eddy properties in theWestern Mediterranean Sea from satellite altimetry and a numerical simulation, Journal of Geophysical Research, vol.121, pp.3990-4006, 2016.

J. H. Faghmous, I. Frenger, Y. Yao, R. Warmka, A. Lindell et al., A daily global mesoscale ocean eddy dataset from satellite altimetry, Scientific Data, vol.2, pp.1-16, 2015.

R. Ferrari and C. Wunsch, Ocean Circulation Kinetic Energy: Reservoirs, Sources, and Sinks, Annu. Rev. Fluid Mech, vol.41, pp.253-282, 2009.

G. Flierl, Models of vertical structure and the calibration of two-layer models, Dyn. Atmos. Oceans, vol.2, p.341381, 1978.

B. Fox-kemper, R. Ferrari, and R. Hallberg, Parameterization of mixed layer eddies. Part I: theory and diagnosis, Journal of Physical Oceanography, vol.6, pp.1145-1165, 2008.

S. Fresnay, A. L. Ponte, S. Le-gentil, L. Sommer, and J. , Reconstruction of the 3-D Dynamics From Surface Variables ina High-Resolution Simulation of North Atlantic, Journal of Geophysical Research: Oceans, vol.123, 2018.

L. L. Fu, D. B. Chelton, P. Y. Le-traon, and R. Morrow, Eddy Dynamics From Satellite Altimetry, Oceanography, vol.23, pp.14-25, 2010.
URL : https://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/hal-00798764

L. L. Fu and R. Ferrari, Observing oceanic submesoscale processes from space, Transactions, vol.48, p.488, 2008.

L. L. Fu and G. Flierl, Nonlinear energy and enstrophy transfers in a realistically stratified ocean, Dyn. Atmos. Oceans, vol.4, p.219246, 1980.

L. L. Fu and C. Ubelmann, On the transition from profile altimeter to swath altimeter for observing global ocean surface topography, J. Atmos. Oceanic Technol, vol.31, p.568, 2014.

A. Gertz and D. N. Straub, Near-Inertial Oscillations and the Damping of Midlatitude Gyres: A Modeling Study, J. Phys. Oceanogr, vol.39, pp.2338-2350, 2009.

A. E. Gill, J. S. Green, and A. J. Simmons, Energy partition in the large-scale ocean circulation and the produc-tion of mid-ocean eddies. Deep-Sea Res, vol.21, p.499528, 1974.

S. Gille, M. Yale, and D. Sandwell, Global correlation of mesoscale ocean variability with seafloor roughness from satellite altimetry, Geophys. Res. Lett, vol.27, p.12511254, 2000.

J. Gula, J. Molemaker, and J. C. Mcwilliams, Submesoscale Dynamics of a Gulf Stream Frontal Eddy in the South Atlantic Bight, Journal of Physical Oceanography, vol.46, pp.305-325, 2016.

I. M. Held, R. T. Pierrehumbert, S. T. Garner, and K. L. Swanson, Surface quasigeostrophic dynamics, Journal of Fluid Mechanics, vol.282, pp.1-20, 1995.

B. Hoskins and F. Bretherton, Atmospheric frontogenesis models: mathematical formulation and solution, J. Atmos. Sci, vol.29, p.1137, 1972.

B. Hua, J. Mcwilliams, and W. Owens, An objective analysis ofthe POLYMODE local dynamics experiment II: stream function and potential vorticity, Phys. Oceanogr, vol.16, p.506522, 1986.

V. Jacques, S. Pierre, L. Juliette, N. Jocelyne, S. Nathalie et al., The SARAL/AltiKa Altimetry Satellite Mission, Marine Geodesy, vol.38, pp.2-21, 2015.

H. Khatri, J. Sukhatme, A. Kumar, and M. K. Verma, Surface Ocean Enstrophy, Kinetic Energy Fluxes and Spectra from Satellite Altimetry, J. Geophys. Res. Ocean, 2018.

J. Kjellsson and L. Zanna, The Impact of Horizontal Resolution on Energy Transfers in Global Ocean Models, vol.2, p.45, 2017.

P. Klein, L. H. Bach, and C. Xavier, Emergence of cyclonic structures due to the interaction between nearinertial oscillations and mesoscale eddies, Quaterly Journal ofthe Royal Meteorologicial Society, vol.129, pp.1-20, 2003.
URL : https://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/hal-00269842

P. Klein, B. L. Hua, G. Lapeyre, X. Capet, S. Le-gentil et al., Upper Ocean Turbulence from High-Resolution 3D Simulations, Journal of Physical Oceanography, vol.38, pp.1748-1763, 2008.
URL : https://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/hal-00400075

P. Klein, J. Isem-fontanet, G. Lapeyre, G. Roullet, E. Danioux et al., Diagnosis of vertical velocities in the upper ocean from high resolution sea surface height, Geophys. Res. Lett, vol.36, pp.1-5, 2009.
URL : https://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/hal-00413564

P. Klein, G. Lapeyre, L. Siegelman, B. Qiu, L. L. Fu et al., Ocean-Scale Interactions From Space, Earth Sp. Sci, vol.6, pp.795-817, 2019.
URL : https://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/hal-02323403

A. Klocker and R. Abernathey, Global Patterns of Mesoscale Eddy Properties and Diffusivities, Journal of Physical Oceanography, vol.44, pp.1030-1046, 2014.

A. Klocker, D. P. Marshall, S. R. Keating, and P. L. Read, A regime diagram for ocean geostrophic turbulence, Journal of the Royal Meteorological Society, 2016.

R. H. Kraichnan and D. Montgomery, Two-dimensional turbulence, Reports on Progress in Physics, vol.43, pp.547-619, 1980.

N. Lahaye, J. Gula, and G. Roullet, Sea Surface Signature of Internal Tides, Geophys. Res. Lett, vol.46, pp.3880-3890, 2019.

G. Lapeyre and P. Klein, Dynamics of the Upper Oceanic Layers in Terms of Surface Quasigeostrophy Theory, J. Phys. Oceanogr, vol.36, pp.165-176, 2006.
URL : https://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/hal-00270025

L. Sommer, J. Molines, J. M. Albert, A. Brodeau, L. Ajayi et al., NATL60: A North Atlantic ocean circulation model dataset based on NEMO for preparing SWOT altimeter mission, 2019.

P. Y. Le-traon, Comment on Mesoscale variability in the Atlantic ocean from Geosat altimetry and WOCE high resolu-tion numerical modeling by D. Stammer and C.W. Bning, Journal of Physical Oceanography, vol.23, 1993.

P. Y. Le-traon, P. Klein, B. L. Hua, and G. Dibarboure, Do altimeter data agree with interior or surface quasi-geostrophic theory?, Journal of Physical Oceanography, vol.5, p.1142, 2008.

P. Y. Le-traon, M. C. Rouquet, and C. Boissier, Spatial scales of mesoscale variability in the North Atlantic as deduced from Geosat data, Journal of Geophysical Research, vol.95, 1990.

J. C. Mcwilliams, Submesoscale, Coherent Vortices in the Ocean, Reviews of Geophysics, vol.23, pp.165-182, 1985.

J. C. Mcwilliams, Submesoscale currents in the ocean, Proc. R. Soc. A, vol.472, 2016.

J. A. Mensa, Z. Garraffo, A. Griffa, T. M. Ozgokmen, A. Haza et al., Seasonality of the submesoscale dynamics in the Gulf Stream region, Ocean Dynamics, vol.63, pp.923-941, 2013.

M. Molemaker, J. Mcwilliams, and X. Capet, Balanced and unbalanced routes to dissipation in an equili-brated eddy flow, J. Fluid Mech, vol.654, p.3563, 2010.

M. Molemaker, J. Mcwilliams, and I. Yavneh, Baroclinic instability and loss of balance, J. Phys. Oceanogr, vol.35, p.15051517, 2005.

S. C. Morris and J. F. Foss, Vorticity spectra in high Reynolds number anisotropic turbulence, Physics of Fluids, vol.17, pp.1-4, 2005.

J. N. Moum, Energy-containing scales of turbulence in the ocean thermocline, Journal of Geophysical Research: Oceans, vol.101, pp.14095-14109, 1996.

M. Müller, B. K. Arbic, J. G. Richman, J. F. Shriver, E. L. Kunze et al., Toward an internal gravity wave spectrum in global ocean models, Geophys. Res. Lett, vol.42, p.34743481, 2015.

P. Muller, Diffusion of momentum and mass by internal gravity waves, J. Fluid Mech, vol.77, p.789823, 1976.

T. Nagai, A. Tandon, E. Kunze, and A. Mahadevan, Spontaneous Generation of Near-Inertial Waves by the Kuroshio Front, J. Phys. Oceanogr, vol.45, pp.2381-2406, 2015.

G. Naveira, K. Polzin, B. King, K. Heywood, and M. Visbeck, Widespread intense turbulent mixing in the Southern Ocean, Science, vol.303, p.210233, 2004.

M. Nikurashin and R. Ferrari, Radiation and Dissipation of Internal Waves Generated by Geostrophic Motions Impinging on Small-Scale Topography: Theory, J. Phys. Oceanogr, vol.40, pp.2025-2042, 2010.

M. Nikurashin, G. K. Vallis, and A. Adcroft, Routes to energy dissipation for geostrophic flows in the Southern Ocean, Nat. Geosci, vol.6, pp.48-51, 2013.

K. Ohkitani, Wavenumber space dynamics of enstrophy cascade in a forced two-dimensional turbulence, Physics of Fluids A, vol.3, pp.1598-1611, 1991.

S. C. Painter, R. E. Pidcock, and J. T. Allen, A mesoscale eddy driving spatial and temporal heterogeneity in the productivity of the euphotic zone of the northeast Atlantic, Deep Sea Res. Part II:Top. Stud. Oceanogr, vol.57, pp.1281-1292, 2010.

B. Qiu, S. Chen, P. Klein, H. Sasaki, and Y. Sasai, Seasonal Mesoscale and Submesoscale Eddy Variability along the North Pacific Subtropical Countercurrent, Journal of Physical Oceanography, vol.44, pp.3079-3098, 2014.
URL : https://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/hal-01126724

B. Qiu, S. Chen, P. Klein, J. Wang, H. Torres et al., Seasonality in Transition Scale from Balanced to Unbalanced Motions in the World Ocean, J. Phys. Oceanogr, 2018.

B. Qiu, T. Nakano, S. Chen, and P. Klein, Submesoscale transition from geostrophic flows to internal waves in the northwestern Pacific upper ocean, Nat. Commun, vol.8, pp.1-10, 2017.

L. Renault, M. J. Molemaker, J. C. Mcwilliams, A. F. Shchepetkin, F. Lemarié et al., Modulation of wind work by oceanic current interaction with the atmosphere, J. Phys. Oceanogr, vol.46, pp.1685-1704, 2016.
URL : https://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/hal-01295496

P. B. Rhines, Waves and turbulence on a beta-plane, Journal of Fluid Mechanic, vol.69, p.443, 1975.

P. B. Rhines, Geostrophic turbulence, Annual Review of Fluid Mechanics, vol.11, p.441, 1979.

P. L. Richardson, Average velocity and transport of the Gulf Stream near 558W, J. Mar. Res, vol.43, p.83111, 1985.

C. B. Rocha, S. T. Gille, T. K. Chereskin, M. , and D. , Seasonality of submesoscale dynamics in the Kuroshio Extension, Geophysical Research Letters, vol.43, pp.11304-11311, 2016.

C. B. Rocha, G. L. Wagner, and W. R. Young, Stimulated generation: Extraction of energy from balanced flow by near-inertial waves, J. Fluid Mech, vol.847, pp.417-451, 2018.

R. Salmon, Baroclinic instability and geostrophic turbulence, Geophys. Astrophys. Fluid Dyn, vol.15, p.167211, 1980.

R. Salmon, Lectures on Geophysical Fluid Dynamics, vol.142, p.pp, 1998.

H. Sasaki and P. Klein, SSH Wavenumber Spectra in the North Pacific from a High-Resolution Realistic Simulation, J. Phys. Oceanogr, vol.42, pp.1233-1241, 2012.
URL : https://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/hal-00739070

H. Sasaki, P. Klein, B. Qiu, and Y. Sasai, Impact of oceanic scale-interactions on the seasonal modulation of ocean dynamics by the atmosphere, Nature Communication, vol.5, p.5636, 2014.
URL : https://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/hal-01131224

H. Sasaki, P. Klein, Y. Sasai, and B. Qiu, Regionality and seasonality of submesoscale and mesoscale turbulence in the North Pacific Ocean, Ocean Dynamics, vol.67, pp.1195-1216, 2017.

F. Schlösser and C. Eden, Diagnosing the energy cascade in a model of the North Atlantic, Geophys. Res. Lett, vol.34, pp.1-5, 2007.

R. B. Scott, Evolution of energy and enstrophy containing scales in decaying, two-dimensional turbulence with friction, Physics of Fluids, vol.13, pp.2739-2742, 2001.

R. B. Scott and B. K. Arbic, Spectral Energy Fluxes in Geostrophic Turbulence: Implications for Ocean Energetics, J. Phys. Oceanogr, vol.37, pp.673-688, 2007.

R. B. Scott and F. Wang, Direct Evidence of an Oceanic Inverse Kinetic Energy Cascade from Satellite Altimetry, J. Phys. Oceanogr, vol.35, pp.1650-1666, 2005.

A. Sen, R. Scott, and B. Arbic, Global energy dissipation rate of deep-ocean low-frequency flows by quadratic bottom boundary layer drag: computations from current-meter data, Geophys. Res. Lett, vol.35, p.9606, 2008.

C. J. Shakespeare and A. M. Hogg, Spontaneous Surface Generation and Interior Amplification of Internal Waves in a Regional-Scale Ocean Model, J. Phys. Oceanogr, vol.47, pp.811-826, 2017.

C. J. Shakespeare and J. R. Taylor, The spontaneous generation of inertia-gravity waves during frontogenesis forced by large strain: Theory, J. Fluid Mech, vol.757, pp.817-853, 2014.

A. Y. Shcherbina, E. A. D'asaro, C. M. Lee, J. M. Klymak, M. J. Molemaker et al., Statistics of vertical vorticity, divergence, and strain in a developed submesoscale turbulence field, Geophys. Res. Lett, vol.40, p.47064711, 2013.

S. Smith and G. Vallis, The Scales and Equilibration of Mid Ocean Eddies: Forced Dissipative Flow, J. Phys. Oceanogr, vol.32, pp.1699-1720, 2002.

Y. Soufflet, P. Marchesiello, F. Lemari, J. Jouanno, X. Capet et al., On effective resolution in ocean models, Ocean Model, vol.98, pp.36-50, 2016.
URL : https://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/hal-01250231

. St, L. C. Laurent, and C. Garrett, The role of internal tides in mixing the deep ocean, J. Phys. Oceanogr, vol.32, pp.2882-2899, 2002.

D. Stammer, Global characteristics of ocean variability estimated from regional TOPEX/ POSEIDON altimeter measurements, Journal of Physical Oceanography, vol.27, pp.1743-1769, 1997.

D. Stammer and C. W. Böning, Mesoscale Variability in the Atlantic Ocean from Geosat Altimetry and WOCE High-Resolution Numerical Modeling, 1992.

Z. Su, W. Jinbo, K. Patrice, T. Andrew, and M. Dimitris, Ocean submesoscales as a key component of the global heat budget, Nature Communications, vol.9, p.775, 2018.

L. Thomas, Submesoscale processes and dynamics, Geophysical Monograph Series, vol.177, 2008.

L. Thomas and R. Ferrari, Friction, Frontogenesis, and the Stratification of the Surface Mixed Layer, J. Phys. Oceanogr, vol.38, pp.2501-2518, 2008.

L. N. Thomas, On the modifications of near-inertial waves at fronts: implications for energy transfer across scales, Ocean Dyn, vol.67, pp.1335-1350, 2017.

A. Thompson, A. Lazar, C. Buckingham, A. Naveira-garabato, G. M. Damerell et al., Open-Ocean Submesoscale Motions: A Full Seasonal Cycle of Mixed Layer Instabilities from Gliders, Journal of Physical Oceanography, vol.46, pp.1285-1307, 2016.

H. S. Torres, P. Klein, D. Menemenlis, B. Qiu, Z. Su et al., Partitioning Ocean Motions Into Balanced Motions and Internal Gravity Waves: A Modeling Study in Anticipation of Future Space Missions, J. Geophys. Res. Ocean, 2018.

R. Tulloch, M. John, and H. Chris, Scales, Growth Rates, and Spectral Fluxes of Baroclinic Instability in the Ocean, J. Phys. Oceanogr, vol.41, pp.1057-1076, 2011.

T. Uchida, R. Abernathey, and S. Smith, Seasonality of eddy kinetic energy in an eddy permitting global climate model, Ocean Modelling, vol.118, pp.41-58, 2017.

S. M. Uppala, P. W. Kållberg, A. J. Simmons, U. Andrae, V. Da-costa-bechtold et al., The ERA-40 re-analysis, Q. J. R. Meteorol. Soc, vol.131, pp.2961-3012, 2005.

O. Vergara, M. Rosemary, P. Marie-isabelle, G. Dibarboure, and U. Clement, Revised Global Wave Number Spectra From Recent Altimeter Observations, Journal of Geophysical Research : Oceans doi, 2019.

C. Vic, A. C. Naveira-garabato, J. A. Green, A. F. Waterhouse, Z. Zhao et al., Deep-ocean mixing driven by small-scale internal tides, Nat. Commun, vol.10, 2019.
URL : https://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/hal-02137014

C. Wunsch, The past and future ocean circulation from a contemporary perspective, Geophys. Monogr. Ser, vol.173, pp.53-74, 2007.

C. Wunsch and R. Ferrari, Vertical mixing, energy, and the general circulation of the oceans, Annu. Rev. Fluid Mech, vol.36, pp.281-314, 2004.

Y. Xu and L. L. Fu, Global Variability of the Wavenumber Spectrum of Oceanic Mesoscale Turbulence, J. Phys. Oceanogr, vol.41, pp.802-809, 2011.

X. Yu, A. C. Naveira-garabato, A. P. Martin, C. E. Buckingham, L. Brannigan et al., An Annual Cycle of Submesoscale Vertical Flow and Restratification in the Upper Ocean, J. Phys. Oceanogr, vol.49, pp.1439-1461, 2019.