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, Right: Optic microscope image of a GdTe 3 section with an area of a ? 500 µm × 500 µm and 50 nm thickness, Sketch of the Perfect loop tool containing the water drop and the sample sections, ready to be deposited on the TEM grid, vol.144
, satellites are marked by red arrows in the diffraction pattern, p.90
, Red arrows point to the positions of the satellites with Q CDW = (±1,0,±?) where ? ? 2/7. Left: Line profile of the (1, 0, 0) Bragg peak and the neighbouring satellites (blue dots). The blue dashed lines are Lorentzian fits of each peak and the solid red line represents the complete fit
, Line profile of the unblocked direct beam along the (0,0,l) direction. The inset shows a zoom of the highlighted region
, Left: Diffraction pattern after pump arrival at t = 5 ps with an incident fluence of 3.5 mJ/cm 2 . Right: Corresponding line profile of the (1, 0, 0) Bragg peak, the intensity of the satellites is suppressed to the background level, p.92
, Diffraction pattern after pump arrival at t = 5 ps with an incident fluence of 3.5 mJ/cm 2
, Relative intensity changes of the Bragg peaks, averaged over 30 Bragg peaks, as a function of the delay time between pump and probe at four different fluences. The initial sample temperature is T i = 155 K. The solid lines are resulting from a single exponential decay fit
, with incident fluences of a) F = 0.8 mJ/cm 2 and b) F = 3.5 mJ/cm 2 , and initial temperature T i = 155 K, Comparison between the intensity changes of orthogonal Bragg peaks: (± 400) and (00-4)
, Intensity changes ratio I/I 0 where I is the intensity after full decay. The sample initial temperature is T i = 155 K
, 25 Logarithm of the intensity ratio after the quasi-equilibrium is reached I(t = 75 ps) and before photoexcitation (I 0 ) as a function of the squared of the wavevector. As expected from Debye-Waller theory, log(I/I 0 ) vs. sin 2 ?/? 2 follows a linear trend (dashed lines)
=155 K) from the Debye-Waller effect (red dots) and from heat absorption (gray line) at the quasi-equilibrium state. The black dashed line marks the transition temperature of GdTe 3 [122] ,
, Phonon intensity map as a function of the sample temperature in TbTe 3 . The color map, circles and triangles are the experimentally retrieved frequencies while black lines result from calculations. Mode mixing is evident between the amplitude mode
, THz mode at intermediate temperatures and with the 2.6 THz phonon at low temperatures. Figure from [134]
Schematic of the temporal energy changes at the lattice and CDW levels with ? denoting the amplitude of the CDW and phi the phase, p.112 ,
, Unit cell of Nb 3 Sn in the cubic phase
, Electronic d bands from the Nb atoms in the linear chains in a) the cubic phase and b) the tetragonal phase
, Schematic of the experimental grazing geometry
, Equilibrium rocking curves of the (210) Bragg reflection measured at grazing incidence and at different temperatures. Curves are vertically shifted for clarity. Below T = 35 K, a second reflection emerges with constant FWHM and its position evolves towards higher azimuthal angles
Fit parameters of the rocking scans at equilibrium temperatures: a) FWHM, b) maximum intensity (height parameter) and c) center, p.120 ,
, Detector images (linear scale) corresponding to the peak located at ? 1 in the rocking curve. The white cross marks the position of the high temperature Bragg reflection, used as the origin to retrieve the vertical and horizontal positions, p.121
Detector images corresponding to the peak located at ? 2 in the rocking curve. In this case the color map scale is the same for all images, p.122 ,
Calculated lattice parameters from the images on the detector. The error bars correspond to the spatial resolution given by the pixel size, p.122 ,
Relative intensity changes as a function of the time delay at constant ? angle (? = ? 1 ) and at a sample temperature of T = 20, p.123 ,
, Rocking curves at T = 25 K as a function of the time delay between pump and probe for incident fluences a) F = 0.16 mJ/cm 2 and b) F = 0.7 mJ/cm 2, p.124
at a sample temperature of T = 25 K and an incident fluence of F = 0.16 mJ/cm 2 with their corresponding fits (lines), b) width peak values resulting from the fits and c) center position of both reflections ,
, Experimental time resolved rocking curves (dots) collected at a sample temperature of T=16 K and an incident fluence of F = 0.7 mJ/cm 2 with their corresponding fits (lines), b) width peak values resulting from the fits and c) center position of both reflections
, Rocking curves at different time delays at T = 10 K and F = 0.63mJ/cm 2, p.130
, The sample temperature was T = 10 K and the incident fluence F = 0.63 mJ/cm 2 . Every image is a result after subtracting the image at negative time delays with t = -1 ns, Detector images of the integrated rocking curve at different times delays
, Changes of the center of mass along the vertical (??) and horizontal (??) of the detector images
, Changes on the vertical center of mass retrieved from the detector images at different sample temperatures and at two incident fluences: a) F = 0.63 mJ/cm 2 and b) F = 0.9 mJ/cm 2
Image recorded on the camera of the focused electron beam and its corresponding vertical and horizontal line profiles fitted with a Voigt function, p.138 ,
, Note that the deviation in the number of counts increases as the current of the bunch is incremented
, Number of measured electrons with the Faraday cup and the corresponding averaged height from the Voigt fit as a function of the waveplate angle, p.139
, Number of electrons as a function of the FWHM (given in pixels) of the focused direct beam
, diffracted electron beam on a polycrystalline aluminium sample (center) and of the third harmonic laser spot (right, in log scale) as a function of the distance between the telescope lenses. The upper row corresponds to a third harmonic beam size of ? 73 µm whereas the lower row correspond to ? 53 µm
, Section of the silicon nanomenbrane deposited on a TEM grid for CBED measurements
, Excess (400) and deficiency (000) lines of the silicon at 300 keV, measured (left) and simulated by JEMS (right)
1 a) Grazing incidence geometry with the Nb 3 Sn sample orientation. The rotation around the ? angle is used in order to intersect the (201) reflection on the Ewald sphere. b) Angular configuration with the section of the reciprocal lattice defined by the detector. c) The three possible variants observable in Nb3Sn at low temperature ,
Parameters used in the particle tracer (GPT) simulations, p.37 ,
, Note: values given for the absorption coefficient and the penetration depth correspond to a wavelength of ? = 400 nm, p.53