S. J. Arnold and M. J. Wade, On the measurement of natural and sexual selection: applications, Evolution, vol.38, pp.720-734, 1984.

S. J. Arnold and M. J. Wade, On the measurement of natural and sexual selection: theory, Evolution, vol.38, pp.709-719, 1984.

D. J. Balding, A tutorial on statistical methods for population association studies, Nature Reviews Genetics, vol.7, pp.781-791, 2006.

M. N. Barber, Selection in natural populations, Heredity, vol.20, pp.551-572, 1965.

J. E. Barrick, D. S. Yu, S. H. Yoon, H. Jeong, and T. K. Oh, Genome evolution and adaptation in a long-term experiment with Escherichia coli, Nature, vol.461, pp.1243-1247, 2009.
URL : https://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/hal-00435992

C. Bennington, J. Mcgraw, and M. Vavrek, Ecological genetic variation in seed banks. II. Phenotypic and genetic differences between young and old subpopulations of Luzula parviflora, The Journal of Ecology, pp.627-643, 1991.

M. W. Blows, A tale of two matrices: multivariate approaches in evolutionary biology, Journal of Evolutionary Biology, vol.20, pp.1-8, 2007.

P. T. Boag and P. R. Grant, Intense natural selection in a population of Darwin's finches (Geospizinae) in the Galapagos, Science, vol.214, pp.82-85, 1981.

B. J. Bradley and R. R. Lawler, Linking genotypes, phenotypes, and fitness in wild primate populations, Evolutionary Anthropology: Issues, News, and Reviews, vol.20, pp.104-119, 2011.

N. Brede, C. Sandrock, D. Straile, P. Spaak, and T. Jankowski, The impact of human-made ecological changes on the genetic architecture of Daphnia species, Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, vol.106, p.4758, 2009.

J. E. Brommer, The evolution of fitness in life-history theory, Biological Reviews, vol.75, pp.377-404, 2000.

J. E. Brommer, J. Merila, and H. Kokko, Reproductive timing and individual fitness, Ecology Letters, vol.5, pp.802-810, 2002.

H. C. Bumpus, 1899 The elimination fo the unfit, as illustrated by the introduced sparrow, Passer domesticus. Biological Lectures, Woods Hole Marine Biological Station, vol.6, pp.209-226

J. J. Burdon, The distribution and origin of genes for racespecific resistance to Melampsora lini in Linum marginale, Evolution, vol.48, pp.1564-1575, 1994.

M. K. Burke, J. P. Dunham, P. Shahrestani, K. R. Thornton, and M. R. Rose, Genome-wide analysis of a longterm evolution experiment with Drosophila, Nature, vol.467, pp.587-590, 2010.

A. J. Cain and P. M. Sheppard, Natural selection in Cepaea, Genetics, vol.39, p.89, 1954.

S. P. Carroll and C. Boyd, Host race radiation in the soapberry bug: natural history with the history, Evolution, vol.46, pp.1052-1069, 1992.

B. Charlesworth, Evolution in Age-Structured Populations, 1994.

A. Charmantier, L. E. Kruuk, and M. M. Lambrechts, Parasitism reduces the potential for evolution in a wild bird population, Evolution, vol.58, pp.203-206, 2004.

A. Charmantier, R. H. Mccleery, L. R. Cole, C. M. Perrins, and L. E. Kruuk, Adaptive phenotypic plasticity in response to climate change in a wild bird population, Science, vol.320, pp.800-803, 2008.

J. M. Cheverud and W. P. Dittus, Primate population studies at Polonnaruwa. II. Heritability of body measurements in a natural population of toque macaques (Macaca sinica), American Journal of Primatology, vol.27, pp.145-154, 1992.

G. Clayton, J. Morris, and A. Robertson, An experimental check on quantitative genetical theory I. Short-term responses to selection, Journal of Genetics, vol.55, pp.131-151, 1957.

G. Clayton and A. Robertson, An experimental check on quantitative genetical theory II. The long-term effects of selection, Journal of Genetics, vol.55, pp.152-170, 1957.

T. Clutton-brock and B. C. Sheldon, Individuals and populations: the role of long-term, individual-based studies of animals in ecology and evolutionary biology, Trends in Ecology & Evolution, vol.25, pp.562-573, 2010.

C. Epling, H. Lewis, and F. M. Ball, THE BREEDING GROUP AND SEED STORAGE -A STUDY IN POPULATION-DYNAMICS. Evolution, vol.14, pp.238-255, 1960.

J. R. Etterson and R. G. Shaw, Constraint to adaptive evolution in response to global warming, Science, vol.294, pp.151-154, 2001.

D. S. Falconer, Introduction to Quantitative Genetics, Longman Sci. and Tech, 1989.

R. A. Fisher, The genetical theory of natural selection, 1930.

S. R. Fisher and E. B. Ford, The spread of a gene in natural conditions in a colony of the moth Panaxia dominula L, Heredity, vol.1, pp.143-174, 1947.

H. Flor, Inheritance of reaction to rust in flax, J. Agric. Res, vol.74, p.241, 1947.

E. B. Ford, . Methuen, . London, and S. A. Frank, George Price's contributions to evolutionary genetics, Journal of Theoretical Biology, vol.175, pp.373-388, 1964.

S. J. Franks, S. Sim, and A. E. Weis, Rapid evolution of flowering time by an annual plant in response to a climate fluctuation, Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, vol.104, p.1278, 2007.

S. Gaba and D. Ebert, Time-Shift Experiments as a Tool to Study Antagonistic Coevolution, Trends in Ecology & Evolution, vol.24, pp.226-232, 2009.

H. Geldermann, Investigations on inheritance of quantitative characters in animals by gene markers I, Methods. TAG Theoretical and Applied Genetics, vol.46, pp.319-330, 1975.

P. R. Grant and R. B. Grant, Predicting microevolutionary responses to directional selection on heritable variation, Evolution, vol.49, pp.241-251, 1995.

J. Gratten, A. Wilson, A. Mcrae, D. Beraldi, and P. Visscher, A localized negative genetic correlation constrains microevolution of coat color in wild sheep, Science, vol.319, pp.318-320, 2008.

P. K. Gupta, S. Rustgi, and P. L. Kulwal, Linkage disequilibrium and association studies in higher plants: present status and future prospects, Plant molecular biology, vol.57, pp.461-485, 2005.

N. G. Hairston, W. Lampert, C. E. Cáceres, C. L. Holtmeier, and L. J. Weider, Rapid evolution revealed by dormant eggs, Nature, vol.401, p.446, 1999.

N. G. Hairston and W. E. Walton, Rapid evolution of a life history trait, Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, vol.83, p.4831, 1986.

J. B. Haldane, The causes of evolution, 1932.

J. B. Haldane, The theory of a cline, Journal of Genetics, vol.48, pp.277-284, 1948.

J. B. Haldane, Disease and evolution, La Ricerca Scientifica, vol.19, pp.68-76, 1949.

J. B. Haldane, The biochemistry of genetics, 1954.

A. A. Hoffmann and P. A. Parsons, Evolutionary Genetics and Environmental Stress, 1991.

R. D. Howard, Estimating reproductive success in natural populations, American Naturalist, pp.221-231, 1979.

S. K. Jain and A. D. Bradshaw, Evolutionnary divergence among adjacent plant populations. I. The evidence and its theoretical analysis, Heredity, vol.21, pp.407-441, 1966.

T. Jankowski and D. Straile, A Comparison of Egg-Bank and Long-Term Plankton Dynamics of Two Daphnia Species, D. hyalina and D. galeata: Potentials and limits of reconstruction, Limnology and Oceanography, vol.48, pp.1948-1955, 2003.

R. F. Johnston and R. K. Selander, Evolution in the house sparrow. II. Adaptive differentiation in North American populations, pp.1-28, 1971.

S. E. Johnston, J. Mcewan, N. K. Pickering, J. W. Kijas, and D. Beraldi, Genome-wide association mapping identifies the genetic basis of discrete and quantitative variation in sexual weaponry in a wild sheep population, Molecular Ecology, 2011.

M. Joron, L. Frezal, R. T. Jones, N. L. Chamberlain, and S. F. Lee, Chromosomal rearrangements maintain a polymorphic supergene controlling butterfly mimicry, Nature, vol.477, pp.203-102, 2011.

R. G. Shaw, C. J. Geyer, S. Wagenius, H. H. Hangelbroek, and J. R. Etterson, Unifying Life History Analyses for Inference of Fitness and Population Growth, The American Naturalist, vol.172, pp.35-47, 2008.

S. C. Stearns, The Evolution of Life Histories, 1992.

J. A. Sved, The measurement of fitness in Drosophila, C. A. B. International Wallingford, 1989.

L. L. Vassilieva and M. Lynch, The Rate of Spontaneous Mutation for Life-History Traits in Caenorhabditis elegans, Genetics, vol.151, pp.119-129, 1999.

A. Zeileis, C. Kleiber, and S. Jackman, Regression models for count data in R, Journal of Statistical Software, vol.27, pp.1-25, 2008.

A. References and M. J. , Thermal adaptation: a theoretical and empirical synthesis, 2009.

N. H. Barton and L. Partridge, Limits to natural selection, BioEssays, vol.22, pp.1075-1084, 2000.

G. Bell, Selection: the mechanism of evolution, 2008.

A. F. Bennett and R. E. Lenski, Evolutionary adaptation to temperature II. Thermal niches of experimental lines of Escherichia coli, pp.1-12, 1993.

R. A. Browne and G. Wanigasekera, Combined Effects of Salinity and Temperature on Survival and Reproduction of Five Species of Artemia, Journal of Experimental Marine Biology and Ecology, vol.244, pp.29-44, 2000.

L. H. Carpelan, Hydrobiology of the Alviso salt ponds, Ecology, vol.38, pp.375-390, 1957.

A. Charmantier, R. H. Mccleery, L. R. Cole, C. M. Perrins, and L. E. Kruuk, Adaptive phenotypic plasticity in response to climate change in a wild bird population, Science, vol.320, pp.800-803, 2008.

J. S. Clegg, S. A. Jackson, N. Van-hoa, and P. Sorgeloos, Thermal resistance, developmental rate and heat shock proteins in Artemia franciscana, from San Francisco Bay and southern Vietnam, Journal of Experimental Marine Biology and Ecology, vol.252, pp.85-96, 2000.

J. S. Clegg, N. Van-hoa, and P. Sorgeloos, Thermal tolerance and heat shock proteins in encysted embryos of Artemia from widely different thermal habitats, Hydrobiologia, vol.466, pp.221-229, 2001.

L. M. Cook, The rise and fall of the carbonaria form of the peppered moth, The Quarterly review of biology, vol.78, pp.399-417, 2003.

V. S. Cooper, A. F. Bennett, and R. E. Lenski, Evolution of thermal dependence of growth rate of Escherichia coli populations during 20,000 generations in a constant environment, Evolution, vol.55, pp.889-896, 2001.

C. Cousyn, L. De-meester, J. Colbourne, L. Brendonck, and D. Verschuren, , 2001.

F. Amat, F. Hontoria, O. Ruiz, A. J. Green, M. I. Sanchez et al., The American brine shrimp as an exotic invasive species in the Western Mediterranean, Biological Invasions, vol.7, pp.37-47, 2005.

D. R. Anderson, W. A. Link, D. H. Johnson, and K. P. Burnham, Suggestions for Presenting the Results of Data Analyses, Journal of Wildlife Management, vol.65, pp.373-378, 2001.

J. A. Andres and G. Arnqvist, Genetic Divergence of the Seminal Signal-Receptor System in Houseflies: the Footprints of Sexually Antagonistic Coevolution?, Proceedings of the Royal Society of London Series B-Biological Sciences, vol.268, pp.399-405, 2001.

J. A. Andres, R. A. Sanchez-guillen, and A. C. Rivera, Evolution of Female Colour Polymorphism in Damselflies: Testing the Hypotheses, Animal Behaviour, vol.63, pp.677-685, 2002.

G. Arnqvist and T. Nilsson, The Evolution of Polyandry: Multiple Mating and Female Fitness in Insects, Animal Behaviour, vol.60, pp.145-164, 2000.

G. Arnqvist and L. Rowe, Antagonistic Coevolution Between the Sexes in a Group of Insects, Nature, vol.415, pp.787-789, 2002.

G. Arnqvist and L. Rowe, Correlated Evolution of Male and Female Morphologies in Water Striders, Evolution, vol.56, pp.936-947, 2002.

G. Arnqvist and L. Rowe, Concepts and Levels of Sexual conflict, Sexual conflict, pp.216-225, 2005.

G. Arnqvist and L. Rowe, Sexual Conflict after Mating, Sexual conflict, pp.92-155, 2005.

D. Belk, Anostracan Mating Behaviour: a Case of Scramble Competition Polygyny, Crustacean Sexual Biology, pp.111-125, 1991.

G. Bell, Experimental Evolution, Heredity, vol.100, pp.441-442, 2008.

D. A. Bengtson, P. Léger, P. Sorgeloss-;-brown, D. V. , and P. E. Eady, Functional Incompatibility Between the Fertilization Systems of Two Allopatric Populations of Callosobruchus maculatus, Coleoptera : Bruchidae). Evolution, vol.55, pp.2257-2262, 1991.

R. A. Browne, Reproductive Pattern and Mode in the Brine Shrimp, Ecology, vol.61, pp.466-470, 1980.

R. A. Browne, The Costs of Reproduction in Brine Shrimp, Ecology, vol.63, pp.43-47, 1982.

R. A. Browne, L. E. Davis, and S. E. Sallee, Effects of Temperature and Relative Fitness of Sexual and Asexual Brine Shrimp Artemia, Journal of Experimental Marine Biology and Ecology, vol.124, pp.1-20, 1988.

R. A. Browne, V. Moller, V. E. Forbes, and M. H. Depledge, Estimating Genetic and Environmental Components of Variance Using Sexual and Clonal Artemia, Journal of Experimental Marine Biology and Ecology, vol.267, pp.107-119, 2002.

A. Buckling and P. B. Rainey, Antagonistic Coevolution Between a Bacterium and a Bacteriophage, Proceedings of the Royal Society of London Series B-Biological Sciences, vol.269, pp.931-936, 2002.

A. Cailleau, P. O. Cheptou, and T. Lenormand, Ploidy and the Evolution of Endosperm of Flowering Plants, Genetics, vol.184, pp.439-453, 2010.

T. Chapman, G. Arnqvist, J. Bangham, and L. Rowe, Sexual Conflict. Trends in Ecology & Evolution, vol.18, pp.41-47, 2003.

T. Chapman, L. F. Liddle, J. M. Kalb, M. F. Wolfner, and L. Partridge, Cost of Mating in Drosophila melanogaster Females is Mediated by Male Accessory Gland Products, Nature, vol.373, pp.241-244, 1995.

T. Chapman and L. Partridge, Sexual Conflict as Fuel for Evolution, Nature, vol.381, pp.189-190, 1996.

B. Charlesworth, Evolution in Age-Structured Populations, 1994.

P. S. Chen, E. Stumm-zollinger, T. Aigaki, J. Balmer, M. Bienz et al., A Male Accessory Gland Peptide That Regulates Reproductive Behavior of Female D. melanogaster, Cell, vol.54, pp.291-298, 1988.

J. S. Clegg and C. N. Trotman, Physiological and Biochemical Aspects of Artemia Ecology. Artemia: Basic and Applied Biology, pp.129-170, 2002.

M. J. Crawley, Glim for Ecologists, 1993.

E. Decaestecker, S. Gaba, J. A. Raeymaekers, R. Stoks, L. Van-kerckhoven et al., Host-parasite 'Red Queen' dynamics archived in pond sediment, Nature, vol.450, pp.870-886, 2007.

K. Fowler and L. Partridge, A cost of mating in female fruit-flies, Nature, vol.338, pp.760-761, 1989.

W. E. Friedman, Developmental and Evolutionary Hypotheses for the Origin of Double Fertilization and Endosperm. Comptes Rendus De L'Academie Des Sciences Serie III-Sciences De La Vie, Life Sciences, vol.324, pp.559-567, 2001.

S. Gaba and D. Ebert, Time-Shift Experiments as a Tool to Study Antagonistic Coevolution, Trends in Ecology & Evolution, vol.24, pp.226-232, 2009.

S. Gandon, A. Buckling, E. Decaestecker, and T. Day, Host-Parasite Coevolution and Patterns of Adaptation Across Time and Space, Journal of Evolutionary Biology, vol.21, pp.1861-1866, 2008.

G. Gómez, M. L. Calle, R. Oller, and K. Langohr, Tutorial on Methods for Interval-Censored Data and their Implementation in R, Statistical Modelling, vol.9, pp.259-297, 2009.

V. Grosbois, O. Gimenez, J. M. Gaillard, R. Pradel, C. Barbraud et al., Assessing the Impact of Climate Variation on Survival in Vertebrate Populations, Biological Reviews, vol.83, pp.357-399, 2008.
URL : https://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/hal-00319707

N. G. Hairston, W. Lampert, C. E. Caceres, C. L. Holtmeier, L. J. Weider et al., Lake Ecosystems -Rapid Evolution Revealed by Dormant Eggs, Nature, vol.401, pp.446-446, 1999.

B. Holland and W. R. Rice, Perspective: Chase-Away Sexual Selection: Antagonistic Seduction Versus Resistance, Evolution, vol.52, pp.1-7, 1998.

B. Holland and W. R. Rice, Experimental Removal of Sexual Selection Reverses Intersexual Antagonistic Coevolution and Removes a Reproductive Load, Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America, vol.96, pp.5083-5088, 1999.

C. M. Hurvich and C. L. Tsai, Regression and Time-Series Model Selection in Small Samples, Biometrika, vol.76, pp.297-307, 1989.

V. Jormalainen, Precopulatory Mate Guarding in Crustaceans: Male Competitive Strategy and Intersexual Conflict, Quarterly Review of Biology, vol.73, pp.275-304, 1998.

B. Keller and P. Spaak, Nonrandom Sexual Reproduction and Diapausing Egg Production in a Daphnia Hybrid Species Complex, Limnology and Oceanography, vol.49, pp.1393-1400, 2004.

P. Lavens and P. Sorgeloos, The Cryptobiotic State of Artemia Cysts, its Diapause Deactivation and Hatching: a Review. Artemia research and its applications: 3. Ecology, culturing, use in aquaculture, Proceedings of the Second International Symposium on the brine shrimp Artemia, pp.27-63, 1987.

P. H. Lenz and R. A. Browne, Ecology of Artemia, Artemia biology, pp.237-253, 1991.

C. M. Lessells and P. T. Boag, Unrepeatable Repeatabilities -a Common Mistake, Auk, vol.104, pp.116-121, 1987.

J. H. Lochhead, Selected Invertebrates Types, pp.394-399, 1950.

Z. Nambu, S. Tanaka, and F. Nambu, Influence of Photoperiod and Temperature on Reproductive Mode in The Brine Shrimp, Artemia franciscana, Journal of Experimental Zoology Part A Comparative Experimental Biology, vol.301, pp.542-546, 2004.

T. Nilsson, C. Fricke, and G. Arnqvist, Patterns of Divergence in the Effects of Mating on Female Reproductive Performance in Flour Beetles, Evolution, vol.56, pp.111-120, 2002.

G. A. Parker, Sexual Selection and Reproductive Competition in Insects, 1979.

G. A. Parker and L. Partridge, Sexual Conflict and Speciation, Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society of London Series B-Biological Sciences, vol.353, pp.261-274, 1998.

A. D. Peters, D. L. Halligan, M. C. Whitlock, and P. D. Keightley, Dominance and Overdominance of Mildly Deleterious Induced Mutations for Fitness Traits in Caenorhabditis elegans, Genetics, vol.165, pp.589-599, 2003.

T. Pizzari and R. R. Snook, Perspective: Sexual conflict and Sexual Selection: Chasing Away Paradigm Shifts, Evolution, vol.57, pp.1223-1236, 2003.

M. R. Reeve, Filter-Feeding of Artemia .1. in Pure Cultures of Plant Cells, Journal of Experimental Biology, vol.40, pp.195-205, 1963.

D. Reznick, New Model Systems for Studying the Evolutionary Biology of Aging -Crustacea, Genetica, vol.91, pp.79-88, 1993.

W. R. Rice, Sexually Antagonistic Male Adaptation Triggered by Experimental Arrest of Female Evolution, Nature, vol.381, pp.232-234, 1996.

W. R. Rice, Dangerous Liaisons, Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America, vol.97, pp.12953-12955, 2000.

L. Rowe and T. Day, Detecting Sexual Conflict and Sexually Antagonistic Coevolution, Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society B-Biological Sciences, vol.361, pp.277-285, 2006.

M. M. Shirdhankar, P. C. Thomas, and S. K. Barve, Phenotypic Estimates and Heritability Values of Artemia franciscana, Aquaculture Research, vol.35, pp.35-39, 2004.

J. Aitchison and C. Ho, The multivariate Poisson-log normal distribution, Biometrika, vol.76, pp.643-653, 1989.

M. Amarouayache, D. Farid, and K. M. Hichem, The parasitism of Flamingolepis liguloides (Gervais, 1847) (Cestoda, Hymenolepididae) in Artemia salina (Crustacea, Branchiopoda) in two saline lakes in Algeria, Acta Parasitol, vol.54, pp.330-334, 2009.

A. O. Bush, K. D. Lafferty, J. M. Lotz, and A. W. Shostak, Parasitology meets ecology on its own terms: Margolis et al. revisited, J Parasitol, vol.83, pp.575-583, 1997.

D. T. Clark, A new cyclophyllidian cestodefrom the Avocet, J Parasitol, vol.40, pp.340-346, 1954.

R. I. Colautti, A. Ricciardi, I. A. Grigorovich, and H. J. Macisaac, Is invasion success explained by the enemy release hypothesis?, Ecol Lett, vol.7, pp.721-733, 2004.

, Parasites and biological invasions, The birds of the Western Paleartic, vol.1, pp.161-184, 1977.

C. Gabrion, G. Macdonald-crivelli, and V. Boy, Dynamique des populations larvaires du cestode Flamingolepis liguloides dans une population d'Artemia en Camargue, Acta Oecol, vol.3, pp.273-293, 1982.

B. B. Georgiev, M. I. Sánchez, A. J. Green, P. N. Nikolov, G. P. Vasileva et al., Cestodes from Artemia parthenogenetica (Crustacea, Branchiopoda) in the Odiel Marshes, Spain: a systematic survey, Acta Parasitol, vol.50, issue.2, pp.105-117, 2005.

B. B. Georgiev, M. I. Sánchez, G. P. Vasileva, P. N. Nikolov, and A. J. Green, Cestode parasitism in invasive and native brine shrimps (Artemia spp.): can it explain the rapid invasion of A. franciscana in the Mediterranean region, Parasitol Res, vol.101, pp.1647-1655, 2007.

A. J. Green, M. I. Sánchez, F. Amat, J. Figuerola, F. Hontoria et al., Dispersal of invasive and native brine shrimp Artemia (Anostraca) via waterbirds, Limnol Oceanogr, vol.50, pp.737-742, 2005.

R. Baer and J. G. , Eurycestus avoceti Clark, 1954 (Cestode cyclophyllidien) parasite de l'avocette en Camargue, Vie Milieu, vol.19, issue.1, pp.189-198, 1968.

S. Deblock, J. Biguet, and A. Capron, Contribution a l'étude des cestodes de Lari des côtes de France. I. Le genre Hymenolepis, Annales de Parasitologie Humaine et Comparée, vol.35, pp.538-574, 1960.

C. Gabrion, G. Macdonald-crivelli, and V. Boy, Dynamique des populations larvaires du cestode Flamingolepis liguloides dans une population d'Artemia en Camargue, Acta Oecol, vol.3, pp.273-293, 1982.

J. G. Hinojos and A. G. Canaris, Metazoan parasites of Hymantopus mexicanus Muller (Aves) from Southwestern Texas, with a checklist of helminth parasites from North America, Journal of Parasitology, vol.74, issue.2, pp.326-331, 1988.

M. Lühe, Beitrage zur Helminthenfaua der Berberi. Vorlaufige Mittheilungf über Ergebnisse einer mit Unterstützung der Koniglichen Akademie der Wissenschaften im Jahre 1989 ausgeführten Forschungsreise Sitzungsberichte der Koniglich Preussischen Akademie der, Wisseschaften zu Berlin, vol.40, pp.619-628, 1898.

A. P. Maksimova, Morphology and biology of the cestode Wardium stellorae (Cestoda, Hymenolepididae), Parazitologiya, vol.20, pp.487-491, 1986.

A. P. Maksimova, Hymenolepipid cestodes of aquatic birds in Kazakhstan.Izd. Nauka, 1989.

, Differential susceptibility of native and invasive Artemia spp. to two microsporidian parasites

N. Olivier-rode, J. P. Eva, J. Lievens, E. Landes, A. Flaven et al., Roula Jabbour-Zahab

P. Christian and . Vivarès-&-thomas-lenormand,

F. A. Abreu-grobois, A review of the genetics of Artemia, 1987.

F. Amat, A. Gozalbo, J. Navarro, F. Hontoria, and I. Varó, Some aspects of Artemia biology affected by cestode parasitism, Hydrobiologia, vol.212, pp.39-44, 1991.

F. Amat, F. Hontoria, J. C. Navarro, N. Vieira, and G. Mura, Biodiversity loss in the genus Artemia in the Wester Mediterranean Region, Limnetica, vol.26, pp.387-404, 2007.

F. Amat, F. Hontoria, O. Ruiz, A. J. Green, M. I. Sanchez et al., The American brine shrimp as an exotic invasive species in the Western Mediterranean, Biological Invasions, vol.7, pp.37-47, 2005.

T. G. Andreadis, A. V. Simakova, C. R. Vossbrinck, J. J. Shepard, and Y. A. Yurchenko, Ultrastructural characterization and comparative phylogenetic analysis of new microsporidia from Siberian mosquitoes: Evidence for coevolution and host switching, Journal of Invertebrate Pathology, 2012.

M. D. Baker, C. R. Vossbrinck, J. V. Maddox, and A. H. Undeen, Phylogenetic relationships among Vairimorpha and Nosema species (Microspora) based on ribosomal RNA sequence data, Journal of Invertebrate Pathology, vol.30, pp.509-518, 1994.

A. D. Baxevanis, I. Kappas, and T. J. Abatzopoulos, Molecular phylogenetics and asexuality in the brine shrimp Artemia, Molecular phylogenetics and evolution, vol.40, pp.724-738, 2006.

J. J. Becnel and T. G. Andreadis, Microsporidia in insects. The Microsporidia and microsporidiosis, pp.447-501, 1999.

J. J. Becnel and M. A. Johnson, Impact of Edhazardia aedis (Microsporidia: Culicosporidae) on a seminatural population of Aedes aegypti (Diptera: Culicidae), Biological Control, vol.18, pp.39-48, 2000.

F. Ben-ami, T. Rigaud, and D. Ebert, The expression of virulence during double infections by different parasites with conflicting host exploitation and transmission strategies, Journal of Evolutionary Biology, 2011.
URL : https://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/hal-00592062

J. Bengtsson and D. Ebert, Distributions and impacts of microparasites on Daphnia in a rockpool metapopulation, Oecologia, vol.115, pp.213-221, 1998.

M. R. Camara and E. V. Castro, Artemia salina L. (Anostraca): uma opção para a aqüicultura do nordeste do Brasil, Revta. bras. Zool, vol.1, pp.145-147, 1983.

R. Codreanu, Sur quatre especes nouvelles de microsporidies parasites de l'Artemia saline (L.) de Roumaine, Annales Des Sciences Naturelles Zoologiques, vol.19, pp.561-572, 1957.

R. I. Colautti, A. Ricciardi, I. A. Grigorovich, and H. J. Macisaac, Is invasion success explained by the enemy release hypothesis?, Ecol. Lett, vol.7, pp.721-733, 2004.

E. Decaestecker, S. Declerck, L. De-meester, and D. Ebert, Ecological implications of parasites in natural Daphnia populations, Oecologia, vol.144, pp.382-390, 2005.

A. M. Dunn, Parasites and Biological Invasions, Natural History of Host-Parasite Interactions, vol.68, pp.161-184, 2009.

D. Ebert, J. W. Hottinger, and V. I. Pajunen, Temporal and spatial dynamics of parasite richness in a Daphnia metapopulation, Ecology, vol.82, pp.3417-3434, 2001.

E. Bonilla, C. , A. Sanz, V. Wille, M. Sorgeloos et al., A review on the morphology, molecular characterization, morphogenesis and pathogenesis of white spot syndrome virus, Journal of fish diseases, vol.31, pp.1-18, 2008.

O. Folmer, M. Black, W. Hoeh, R. Lutz, and R. Vrijenhoek, DNA primers for amplification of mitochondrial cytochrome c oxidase subunit I from diverse metazoan invertebrates, Molecular marine biology and biotechnology, vol.3, pp.294-303, 1994.

S. Gillespie, Factors affecting parasite prevalence among wild bumblebees, Ecological Entomology, vol.35, pp.737-747, 2010.

D. Goertz and G. Hoch, Vertical transmission and overwintering of microsporidia in the gypsy moth,< i> Lymantria dispar</i>, Journal of Invertebrate Pathology, vol.99, pp.43-48, 2008.

S. L. Goodacre, O. Y. Martin, D. Bonte, L. Hutchings, C. Woolley et al., , 2009.

, Microbial modification of host long-distance dispersal capacity, Bmc Biology, p.7

S. Guindon, J. F. Dufayard, V. Lefort, M. Anisimova, W. Hordijk et al., New algorithms and methods to estimate maximum-likelihood phylogenies: assessing the performance of PhyML 3.0. Systematic biology, vol.59, pp.307-321, 2010.
URL : https://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/lirmm-00511784

E. R. Haine, E. Brondani, K. D. Hume, M. J. Perrot-minnot, M. Gaillard et al., Coexistence of three microsporidia parasites in populations of the freshwater amphipod Gammarus roeseli: evidence for vertical transmission and positive effect on reproduction, International Journal for Parasitology, vol.34, pp.1137-1146, 2004.

T. Hall, BioEdit version 5.0. 6, 0192.

M. Higes, M. Hernández, R. Garrido-bailón, E. Botías, C. García-palencia et al., Regurgitated pellets of Merops apiaster as fomites of infective Nosema ceranae (Microsporidia) spores, Environmental Microbiology, vol.10, pp.1374-1379, 2008.

A. A. Hoffmann, B. L. Montgomery, J. Popovici, I. Iturbe-ormaetxe, P. H. Johnson et al., Successful establishment of Wolbachia in Aedes populations to suppress dengue transmission, Nature, vol.476, pp.454-107, 2011.

C. M. Hurvich and C. L. Tsai, Regression and Time-Series Model Selection in Small Samples, Biometrika, vol.76, pp.297-307, 1989.

J. E. Ironside, A. M. Dunn, D. Rollinson, and J. E. Smith, Association with host mitochondrial haplotypes suggests that feminizing microsporidia lack horizontal transmission, Journal of Evolutionary Biology, vol.16, pp.1077-1083, 2003.

T. Y. James, F. Kauff, C. L. Schoch, P. B. Matheny, V. Hofstetter et al., Reconstructing the early evolution of Fungi using a six-gene phylogeny, Nature, vol.443, pp.818-822, 2006.

R. M. Keane and M. J. Crawley, Exotic plant invasions and the enemy release hypothesis, Trends in Ecology & Evolution, vol.17, pp.164-170, 2002.

M. Krakau, D. W. Thieltges, and K. Reise, Native parasites adopt introduced bivalves of the North Sea, Biological Invasions, vol.8, pp.919-925, 2006.

L. Krebes, M. Blank, J. Frankowski, and R. Bastrop, Molecular characterisation of the Microsporidia of the amphipod Gammarus duebeni across its natural range revealed hidden diversity, wide-ranging prevalence and potential for coevolution, Infection, Genetics and Evolution, vol.10, pp.1027-1038, 2010.

J. Li, W. Chen, J. Wu, W. Peng, J. An et al., Diversity of Nosema associated with bumblebees (Bombus spp.) from China, International Journal for Parasitology, vol.42, pp.49-61, 2012.

Q. Li, J. Zhang, Y. Chen, and F. Yang, White spot syndrome virus (WSSV) infectivity for Artemia at different developmental stages, Diseases of aquatic organisms, vol.57, p.261, 2003.

J. N. Lohr, M. Yin, and J. Wolinska, Prior residency does not always pay off? co-infections in Daphnia, Parasitology, vol.137, p.1493, 2010.

M. A. Martinez, J. I. Larsson, F. Amat, and C. P. Vivares, Cytological Study of Nosema artemiae (Codreanu, 1957) Sprague 1977 (Microsporidia, Nosematidae), Archiv Fur Protistenkunde, vol.144, pp.83-89, 1994.

M. A. Martinez, C. P. Vivares, and G. Bouix, Ultrastructural-Study of Endoreticulatus durforti N-Sp, a New Microsporidian Parasite of the Intestinal Epithelium of Artemia (Crustacea, Anostraca), Journal of Eukaryotic Microbiology, vol.40, pp.677-687, 1993.

M. A. Martinez, C. P. Vivares, R. D. Rocha, A. C. Fonseca, B. Andral et al., Microsporidiosis on Artemia (Crustacea, Anostraca) -Light and Electron-Microscopy of Vavraia-Anostraca Sp-Nov (Microsporidia, Pleistophoridae) in the Brazilian Solar Salterns, Aquaculture, vol.107, pp.229-237, 1992.

C. E. Mitchell and A. G. Power, Release of invasive plants from fungal and viral pathogens, Nature, vol.421, pp.625-627, 2003.

J. R. Muirhead, D. K. Gray, D. W. Kelly, S. M. Ellis, D. D. Heath et al., Identifying the source of species invasions: sampling intensity vs. genetic diversity, Molecular Ecology, vol.17, pp.1020-1035, 2008.

J. Muñoz, A. Gómez, A. J. Green, J. Figuerola, F. Amat et al., Phylogeography and local endemism of the native Mediterranean brine shrimp Artemia salina (Branchiopoda: Anostraca), Molecular Ecology, vol.17, pp.3160-3177, 2008.

J. Muñoz, A. Green, J. Figuerola, F. Amat, and C. Rico, Characterization of polymorphic microsatellite markers in the brine shrimp Artemia (Branchiopoda, Anostraca), 2008.

, Molecular Ecology Resources, vol.9, pp.547-550

G. Mura, I. Kappas, A. D. Baxevanis, S. Moscatello, Q. D'amico et al., Morphological and molecular data reveal the presence of the invasive Artemia franciscana in Margherita di Savoia Salterns (Italy), International Review of Hydrobiology, vol.91, pp.539-554, 2006.

M. Ovcharenko and I. Wita, The ultrastructural study of Nosema artemiae (Codreanu, 1957) (Microsporidia : Nosematidae), Acta Protozool, vol.44, pp.33-41, 2005.

S. D. Porter, S. M. Valles, T. S. Davis, J. A. Briano, L. A. Calcaterra et al., Host specificity of the microsporidian pathogen Vairimorpha invictae at five field sites with infected Solenopsis invicta fire ant colonies in northern Argentina, Florida Entomologist, vol.90, pp.447-452, 2007.

D. Posada, jModelTest: phylogenetic model averaging, Molecular Biology and Evolution, vol.25, pp.1253-1256, 2008.

D. Posada and K. A. Crandall, MODELTEST: testing the model of DNA substitution, Bioinformatics, vol.14, pp.817-818, 1998.

J. Prenter, C. Macneil, J. T. Dick, and A. M. Dunn, Roles of parasites in animal invasions, Trends in Ecology & Evolution, vol.19, pp.385-390, 2004.

J. A. Ryan and S. L. Kohler, Virulence is context-dependent in a vertically transmitted aquatic host-microparasite system, International Journal for Parasitology, vol.40, pp.1665-1673, 2010.

T. Saito and S. Bjornson, Horizontal transmission of a microsporidium from the convergent lady beetle, Hippodamia convergens Guerin-Meneville (Coleoptera : Coccinellidae), to three coccinellid species of Nova Scotia, Biological Control, vol.39, pp.427-433, 2006.

T. Saito and S. Bjornson, Effects of a microsporidium from the convergent lady beetle, Coleoptera: Coccinellidae), on three non-target coccinellids, vol.99, pp.294-301, 2008.

M. Sánchez, N. Rode, E. Flaven, S. Redón, F. Amat et al., Differential susceptibility to parasites of invasive and native species of Artemia living in sympatry: consequences for the invasion of A. franciscana in the Mediterranean region, Biological Invasions, pp.1-11, 2012.

J. Shykoff and P. Schmid-hempel, Incidence and effects of four parasites in natural populations of bumble bees in Switzerland, Apidologie, vol.22, pp.117-125, 1991.
URL : https://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/hal-00890900

S. Galbreath, J. G. Smith, J. E. Becnel, J. J. Butlin, R. K. Dunn et al., Reduction in post-invasion genetic diversity in Crangonyx pseudogracilis (Amphipoda: Crustacea): a genetic bottleneck or the work of hitchhiking vertically transmitted microparasites?, Biological Invasions, vol.12, pp.191-209, 2010.

S. Galbreath, J. G. Smith, J. E. Terry, R. S. Becnel, J. J. Dunn et al., Invasion success of Fibrillanosema crangonycis, n.sp., n.g.: a novel vertically transmitted microsporidian parasite from the invasive amphipod host Crangonyx pseudogracilis, International journal for parasitology, vol.34, pp.235-279, 2004.

L. F. Solter and J. V. Maddox, Physiological host specificity of microsporidia as an indicator of ecological host specificity, Journal of Invertebrate Pathology, vol.71, pp.207-216, 1998.

L. F. Solter, D. K. Pilarska, and C. F. Vossbrinck, Host specificity of microsporidia pathogenic to forest Lepidoptera, Biological Control, vol.19, pp.48-56, 2000.

H. A. Stirnadel and D. Ebert, Prevalence, host specificity and impact on host fecundity of microparasites and epibionts in three sympatric Daphnia species, Journal of Animal Ecology, vol.66, pp.212-222, 1997.

R. S. Terry, J. E. Smith, R. G. Sharpe, T. Rigaud, D. T. Littlewood et al., Widespread vertical transmission and associated host sex-ratio distortion within the eukaryotic phylum Microspora, Proceedings of the Royal Society of London Series B-Biological Sciences, vol.271, pp.1783-1789, 2004.
URL : https://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/hal-00260764

A. Thiéry, F. Robert, and C. Gabrion, Distribution des populations d'Artemia et de leur parasite Flamingolepis liguloides (Cestode, Cyclophyllidea), dans les salins du littoral méditerranéen français, Canadian Journal of Zoology, vol.68, pp.2199-2204, 1990.

D. M. Tompkins, A. R. White, and M. Boots, Ecological replacement of native red squirrels by invasive greys driven by disease, Ecol. Lett, vol.6, pp.189-196, 2003.

M. E. Torchin, K. D. Lafferty, A. P. Dobson, V. J. Mckenzie, and A. M. Kuris, Introduced species and their missing parasites, Nature, vol.421, pp.628-630, 2003.

G. V. Triantaphyllidis, K. Poulopoulou, T. J. Abatzopoulos, C. A. Pérez, and P. Sorgeloos, International study on Artemia XLIX. Salinity effects on survival, maturity, growth, biometrics, reproductive and lifespan characteristics of a bisexual and a parthenogenetic population of Artemia, Hydrobiologia, vol.302, pp.215-227, 1995.

N. D. Tsutsui, S. N. Kauppinen, A. F. Oyafuso, and R. K. Grosberg, The distribution and evolutionary history of Wolbachia infection in native and introduced populations of the invasive argentine ant (Linepithema humile), Molecular Ecology, vol.12, pp.3057-3068, 2003.

F. Valera, R. Martín-hernández, and M. Higes, Evaluation of large scale dissemination of Nosema ceranae spores by European bee eaters Merops apiaster, Environmental Microbiology Reports, vol.3, pp.47-53, 2011.

I. Varó, A. Taylor, J. Navarro, and F. Amat, Effect of parasitism on respiration rates of adults of different Artemia strains from Spain, Parasitology research, vol.86, pp.772-774, 2000.

D. B. Vizoso, S. Lass, and D. Ebert, Different mechanisms of transmission of the microsporidium Octosporea bayeri: a cocktail of solutions for the problem of parasite permanence, Parasitology, vol.130, pp.501-509, 2005.

C. R. Vossbrinck, B. A. Debrunner-vossbrinck, J. Lom, J. Vávra, L. Weiss et al., Molecular phylogeny of the Microsporidia: ecological, ultrastructural and taxonomic considerations, pp.131-142, 2005.

R. A. Wattier, E. R. Haine, J. Beguet, G. Martin, L. Bollache et al., No genetic bottleneck or associated microparasite loss in invasive populations of a freshwater amphipod, Oikos, vol.116, pp.1941-1953, 2007.
URL : https://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/hal-00198904

L. M. Weiss, X. Zhu, A. Cali, H. B. Tanowitz, and M. Wittner, Utility of Microsporidian Ribosomal-Rna in Diagnosis and Phylogeny -a Review, Folia Parasitol, vol.41, pp.81-90, 1994.

T. J. Wilkinson, J. Rock, N. M. Whiteley, M. O. Ovcharenko, and J. E. Ironside, Genetic diversity of the feminising microsporidian parasite Dictyocoela: New insights into host-specificity, sex and phylogeography, International Journal for Parasitology, vol.41, pp.959-966, 2011.

Y. Yu, Y. Valles, S. M. Oi, D. H. Chen, Y. Shoemaker et al., Loss of microbial (pathogen) infections associated with recent invasions of the red imported fire ant Solenopsis invicta, Biological Invasions, vol.12, pp.3307-3318, 2010.

F. A. Abreu-grobois, A review of the genetics of Artemia, 1987.

F. Amat, A. Gozalbo, J. Navarro, F. Hontoria, and I. Varó, Some aspects of Artemia biology affected by cestode parasitism, Hydrobiologia, vol.212, pp.39-44, 1991.

J. Ambler, S. Broadwater, E. Buskey, and J. Peterson, Mating behaviour in swarms of Dioithona oculata. Zooplankton: Sensory ecology and physiology, pp.287-299, 1996.

J. W. Ambler, Zooplankton swarms: characteristics, proximal cues and proposed advantages, Hydrobiologia, vol.480, pp.155-164, 2002.

C. J. Barnard and J. M. Behnke, Parasitism and host behaviour, 1990.

A. D. Baxevanis, I. Kappas, and T. J. Abatzopoulos, Molecular phylogenetics and asexuality in the brine shrimp Artemia, Molecular phylogenetics and evolution, vol.40, pp.724-738, 2006.

R. Britton and A. Johnson, An ecological account of a Mediterranean salina: the Salin de Giraud, 1987.

. France, Biological Conservation, vol.42, pp.185-230

L. H. Carpelan, Hydrobiology of the Alviso salt ponds, Ecology, vol.38, pp.375-390, 1957.

I. M. Côté and R. Poulin, Parasitism and group size in social animals: a meta-analysis, Behavioral Ecology, vol.6, pp.159-165, 1995.

L. De-meester, Genotype, fish-mediated chemical, and phototactic behavior in Daphnia magna, Ecology, pp.1467-1474, 1993.

E. Decaestecker, A. Vergote, D. Ebert, and L. De-meester, , 2003.

, Evidence for strong host clone-parasite species interaction in the daphnia microparasite system, Evolution, vol.57, pp.784-792

D. Fels, Transmission of the microsporidian Glugoides intestinalis in relation to spatial structure of the host Daphnia magna, Archiv für Hydrobiologie, vol.165, pp.455-467, 2006.

D. Fels, V. A. Lee, and D. Ebert, The impact of microparasites on the vertical distribution of Daphnia magna, Archiv für Hydrobiologie, vol.161, pp.65-80, 2004.

E. G. Foster, D. A. Ritz, J. E. Osborn, and K. M. Swadling, , 2001.

, Schooling affects the feeding success of Australian salmon (Arripis trutta) when preying on mysid swarms (Paramesopodopsis rufa), Journal of Experimental Marine Biology and Ecology, vol.261, pp.93-106

D. J. Fraser, P. Duchesne, and L. Bernatchez, Migratory charr schools exhibit population and kin associations beyond juvenile stages, Molecular Ecology, vol.14, pp.3133-3146, 2005.

S. W. Garman, The Salt Lake Crustacean, The American Naturalist, vol.6, pp.771-772, 1872.

B. B. Georgiev, M. I. Sánchez, A. J. Green, P. N. Nikolov, G. P. Vasileva et al., Cestodes from Artemia parthenogenetica (Crustacea, Branchiopoda) in the Odiel Marshes, Spain: A systematic survey of cysticercoids, Acta Parasitologica, vol.50, pp.105-117, 2005.

D. T. Gwynne and L. F. Bussière, Female mating swarms increase predation risk in a'role-reversed'dance fly (Diptera: Empididae: Rhamphomyia longicauda Loew), Behaviour, pp.1425-1430, 2002.

E. R. Haine, K. Boucansaud, and T. Rigaud, Conflict between parasites with different transmission strategies infecting an amphipod host, Proceedings of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences, vol.272, pp.2505-2510, 2005.

C. M. Hurvich and C. L. Tsai, Regression and Time-Series Model Selection in Small Samples, Biometrika, vol.76, pp.297-307, 1989.

D. J. Kemp, Costly copulation in the wild: mating increases the risk of parasitoid-mediated death in swarming locusts, Behavioral Ecology, vol.23, pp.191-194, 2012.

J. S. Kennedy, The migration of the desert locust (Schistocerca gregaria Forsk.). I. The behaviour of swarms, 1951.

. Ii, A theory of long-range migrations, Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society of London. Series B, Biological Sciences, pp.163-290

J. Krause and J. G. Godin, Shoal choice in the banded killifish (Fundulus diaphanus, Teleostei, Cyprinodontidae): effects of predation risk, fish size, species composition and size of shoals, Ethology, vol.98, pp.128-136, 1994.

P. H. Lenz, Ecology of an alkali-adapted variety of Artemia from Mono Lake, 1980.

T. Leung and R. Poulin, Infection success of different trematode genotypes in two alternative intermediate hosts: evidence for intraspecific specialization?, Parasitology, vol.137, pp.321-328, 2010.

A. V. Makrushin, Changes in the behaviour of Moina macrocopa (Crustacea: Cladocera) under the influence of Gurleya sp. (Microsporidia: Gurleyidae), Parazitologiia, vol.44, pp.475-477, 2010.

D. T. Mason, Density-current plumes, Science, vol.152, pp.354-356, 1966.

J. Moore, Parasites and the behavior of animals, 2002.

J. Muñoz, A. Green, J. Figuerola, F. Amat, and C. Rico, Characterization of polymorphic microsatellite markers in the brine shrimp Artemia (Branchiopoda, Anostraca), 2008.

, Molecular Ecology Resources, vol.9, pp.547-550

D. O'brien, Direct observations of clustering(schooling and swarming) behaviour in mysids(Crustacea: Mysidacea), 1988.

, Marine ecology progress series, vol.42, pp.235-246

M. Ovcharenko and I. Wita, The ultrastructural study of Nosema artemiae (Codreanu, 1957) (Microsporidia : Nosematidae), Acta Protozool, vol.44, pp.33-41, 2005.

R. Poulin, Parasite Manipulation of Host Behavior: An Update and Frequently Asked Questions, Advances in the Study of Behavior, vol.41, pp.151-186, 2010.

D. A. Ritz, Is social aggregation in aquatic crustaceans a strategy to conserve energy?, Can. J. Fish. Aquat. Sci, p.57, 2000.

M. I. Sánchez, B. Georgiev, P. Nikolov, G. Vasileva, and A. J. Green, Red and transparent brine shrimps (Artemia parthenogenetica): a comparative study of their cestode infections, Parasitology research, vol.100, pp.111-114, 2006.

M. I. Sánchez, B. B. Georgiev, and A. J. Green, Avian cestodes affect the behaviour of their intermediate host Artemia parthenogenetica: An experimental study, Behavioural Processes, vol.74, pp.293-299, 2007.

M. I. Sanchez, F. Hortas, J. Figuerola, and A. J. Green, , 2009.

, Sandpipers select red brine shrimps rich in both carotenoids and parasites, Ethology, vol.115, pp.196-200

M. Spieler and K. E. Linsenmair, Aggregation behaviour of Bufo maculatus tadpoles as an antipredator mechanism, 1999.

, Ethology, vol.105, pp.665-686

R. T. Sullivan, Insect swarming and mating, The Florida Entomologist, vol.64, pp.44-65, 1981.

D. J. Sumpter, The principles of collective animal behaviour, Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences, vol.361, pp.5-22, 2006.

Z. Tóth, V. Bókony, Á. Z. Lendvai, K. Szabó, Z. Pénzes et al., Whom do the sparrows follow? The effect of kinship on social preference in house sparrow flocks, 2009.

, Behavioural Processes, vol.82, pp.173-177

Y. Verkuil, T. M. Van-der-have, J. Van-der-winden, and I. I. Chernichko, Habitat use and diet selection of northward migrating waders in the Sivash (Ukraine): the use of brine shrimp Artemia salina in a variably saline lagoon complex, 2003.

, Ardea, vol.91, pp.71-83

A. Ward, D. Hoare, I. Couzin, M. Broom, and J. Krause, The effects of parasitism and body length on positioning within wild fish shoals, Journal of Animal Ecology, vol.71, pp.10-14, 2002.

A. J. Ward, A. J. Duff, J. Krause, and I. Barber, Shoaling behaviour of sticklebacks infected with the microsporidian parasite, Glugea anomala, vol.72, pp.155-160, 2005.

P. Wiersma and T. Piersma, Effects of microhabitat, flocking, climate and migratory goal on energy expenditure in the annual cycle of red knots, pp.257-279, 1994.

F. D. Williams and R. H. Schwarzhoff, Nature of the swarming phenomenon in Proteus, Annual Reviews in Microbiology, vol.32, pp.101-138, 1978.

S. Young, P. J. Watt, J. P. Grover, and D. Thomas, The unselfish swarm?, Journal of Animal Ecology, pp.611-618, 1994.

B. References, S. T. , J. P. Durkin, G. Sterling, and L. S. Clark, Artemia hemoglobins: genetic variation in parthenogenetic and zygogenetic populations, The Biological Bulletin, vol.155, pp.273-287, 1978.

S. Guindon, J. F. Dufayard, V. Lefort, M. Anisimova, and W. Hordijk, New algorithms and methods to estimate maximum-likelihood phylogenies: assessing the performance of PhyML 3.0, Systematic biology, vol.59, pp.307-321, 2010.
URL : https://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/lirmm-00511784

O. P. Judson and B. B. Normark, Ancient asexual scandals, Trends in Ecology and Evolution, vol.11, pp.41-46, 1996.

G. H. Macdonald and R. Browne, Inheritance and reproductive role of rare males in a parthenogenetic population of the brine shrimp, Artemia parthenogenetica, Genetica, vol.75, pp.47-53, 1987.

S. Maniatsi, A. D. Baxevanis, I. Kappas, P. Deligiannidis, and A. Triantafyllidis, Is polyploidy a persevering accident or an adaptive evolutionary pattern? The case of the brine shrimp Artemia, Molecular phylogenetics and evolution, vol.58, pp.353-364, 2011.

P. Metalli and E. Ballardin, Radiobiology of artemia: radiation effects and ploidy, Current topics in radiation research quarterly, pp.181-240, 1970.

J. Muñoz, A. Green, J. Figuerola, F. Amat, and C. Rico, Characterization of polymorphic microsatellite markers in the brine shrimp Artemia (Branchiopoda, Anostraca), Molecular Ecology Resources, vol.9, pp.547-550, 2008.

R. Stefani, L'Artemia salina pathenogenetica a Cagliari, Riv. Biol, vol.53, pp.463-490, 1960.

R. Stefani, The origin of males in parthenogenetic populations of Artemia salina, Riv. Biol, vol.57, pp.147-162, 1964.

B. Ventura, L'amissa tra i biotipi diploide anfigonico e diploide parthenogenetico in Artemia salina Leach a la comparsa di maschi in popolazioni partenogenetiche, Rend. Sem. Facolta Scienze Univ. Cagliari, vol.33, pp.1-15, 1963.