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, Description du dispositif expérimental de la parcelle 173 de la forêt domaniale de Vierzon, à gauche photographie aérienne de la disposition de la parcelle
, Afin d'analyser les interactions interspécifiques, les niveaux de densité de la molinie autour du chêne ont varié de la manière suivante : faible « chêne seul, molinie seule », moyen « chêne avec deux molinies (selon une orientation nord et sud) » et fort « chêne avec quatre molinies, Des mesures de diamètre et longueur sur les chênes et les molinies ont été réalisées une fois toutes les deux semaines à partir du mois d'avril. Le diamètre a été mesuré dans deux directions
, Une récolte s'effectuera en octobre, suivie d'une mesure de l'influx d'azote sur les racines excisées, ainsi qu'un broyage puis un dosage du 15 N selon le même protocole que celui décrit ci-dessus, Finalement des analyses morphologiques des racines et comptage du taux de mycorhization auront lieu
, Calculs et analyses statistiques I. Calcul de la quantité d'azote total, de 15 N et de l
, La quantité d'azote total (QNtot, mg) dans un échantillon racinaire est déterminée par le calcul suivant : QNtot = % 10 où %Ntot et MSracinaire correspondent respectivement à la teneur en azote
, /100 ; où AIéchantillon et AInaturelle correspondent respectivement à l'abondance isotopique en 15 N de l'échantillon marqué (%Ntot) et à celle de l'échantillon non marqué
, AI) représente la proportion d'azote 15 par rapport à la quantité d'azote total présent dans l'échantillon, soit : AI =, p.100
, Les valeurs d'influx (I) de nitrate et d'ammonium (nmol.g(MS)-1.h-1) sont calculé de la façon suivante : = Q, vol.15
, 6 ; où AIsolution est l'abondance isotopique de la solution nutritive enrichie en 15 N (AI = 99%), MM15N est la masse molaire du 15 N (15 g.mole -1 ) et d est la durée de la, vol.10
, Dans chacune des expérimentations, l'effet des différents facteurs a été testé sur Les résultats n'ont pas montré d'effet significatif de la densité de molinie ou de la lumière sur la croissance aérienne du chêne. Toutefois, une tendance est observée chez les deux espèces : plus la densité de molinie est importante, plus la croissance des parties aériennes est faible. Ceci suggère que la molinie a un effet négatif sur le développement du chêne (compétition interspécifique), mais aussi sur son propre développement (compétition intraspécifique). Ces mêmes résultats ont été obtenus par Vernay en 2017, sur les interactions chêne et canche, une graminée semblable à la molinie. Il avait également mis en avant que l'effet de compétition intraspécifique pouvait contrebalancer l'effet de compétition interspécifique : en exerçant une action négative sur sa propre croissance, Dans les expérimentations portant sur la morphologie racinaire, chaque répétition est considérée comme une unité expérimentale. Dans les expériences de mesures d'influx, l'unité expérimentale est l'échantillon contenu dans le sachet de thés
, Il s'agit d'un phénomène d'auto-régulation de l'espèce la plus compétitive, 2000.
, l'imperméabilité du sol à faible ou très faible profondeur rendent le drainage très délicat et conduisent à une persistance d'une nappe d'eau même dans la période la plus chaude en été. De ce fait suite à des orages prolongés jusqu'au mois de juin et une canicule en juillet, le chêne rencontre des difficultés à se développer dans un sol engorgé d'eau et pauvres en minéraux. Ajouté à cela, la présence d'un tapis dense de molinie dû à l'acidité du plants de chêne et de molinie en forêt de Vierzon afin de déterminer l
, Influx racinaire du nitrate et de l´ammonium
, L'absorption du nitrate (NO3 -) est très faible par rapport à celle d'ammonium (NH4 + ) pour les deux espèces
, Cette différence d'absorption entre les deux formes azotées peut s'expliquer par le gradient électrochimique qui se trouve de part et d'autre de la membrane plasmique des cellules racinaires. Ce gradient est favorable pour l'entrée des cations tel que l'ion ammonium (NH4 + ) tandis qu´il est défavorable pour les anions comme l'ion nitrate (NO3 -) vu qu´il présente une réaction thermodynamique et nécessite une forte dépense d'énergie par les systèmes d'influx pour lutter contre le gradient électrochimique (le transport d'une mole de nitrate nécessite au moins deux moles, 1999.
, Dans d'autres études, il a été montré que la présence de NH4 + altérait la captation de NO3 -par les plantes non mycorhizées, 1999.
, En fonction de la modalité seul ou avec un voisin, dans nos résultats, il est suggéré que le chêne seul et la molinie seule absorbent le nitrate et l'ammonium mieux que quand ils sont mélangés. Le fait qu'il y'ait une diminution du taux de capture racinaire de l'azote quand le chêne est en mélange avec la molinie suggère l'existence d'une compétition entre les deux espèces
, sur la compétition chêne-molinie pour l'azote, a montré que pour un faible niveau d'intensité de compétition (chêne avec une molinie), l'absorption diffère peu entre les deux espèces, cependant plus l'intensité de compétition augmente (chêne avec deux molinies ou plus), plus l'absorption diffère entre les deux espèces et la compétition devient plus marquée. On peut noter aussi qu'outre la compétition, la molinie peut avoir aussi un effet allélopathique sur les mycorhizes du chêne influant ainsi sur l'absorption de l'azote. Reigosa (1999) a montré que les composés allélochimiques peuvent produire des changements dans la compétition par exploitation en diminuant l'absorption racinaire en, 2016.
, Mais ceci reste une hypothèse car dans nos résultats les variations ont été très faibles et non significatives. Références bibliographiques
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