, Actin based exploration of the GC microenvironment

. B. Iv, Selection of direction by microtubules

. C. Iv, Axons prefer going straight

. .. Bibliography,

. Bibliography,

A. Ghysen, The origin and evolution of the nervous system, Int. J. Dev. Biol, vol.47, issue.7-8, pp.555-562, 2003.
URL : https://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/hal-00260387

J. T. Kandel, E. R. Schwartz, and J. H. , Principles of Neural Science, 2000.

M. Davies, Neuroscience: A journey through the brain, 2002.

E. H. Chudler, Brain facts and figures: Neuron, Neurosciences for Kids, 2009.

J. W. Hammond, D. Cai, and K. J. Verhey, Tubulin modifications and their cellular functions, Curr. Opin. Cell Biol, vol.20, issue.1, pp.71-77, 2008.

A. Laser-azogui, M. Kornreich, E. Malka-gibor, and R. Beck, Neurofilament assembly and function during neuronal development, Curr. Opin. Cell Biol, vol.32, pp.92-101, 2015.

C. Janke, The tubulin code: molecular components, readout mechanisms, and functions, J. Cell Biol, vol.206, issue.4, pp.461-72, 2014.

A. Akhmanova and M. O. Steinmetz, Tracking the ends: a dynamic protein network controls the fate of microtubule tips, Nat. Rev. Mol. Cell Biol, vol.9, issue.4, pp.309-322, 2008.

C. H. Coles and F. Bradke, Coordinating Neuronal Actin-Microtubule Dynamics, Curr. Biol, vol.25, issue.15, pp.677-691, 2015.

J. M. Kollman, A. Merdes, L. Mourey, and D. A. Agard, Microtubule nucleation by ?tubulin complexes, Nat. Rev. Mol. Cell Biol, vol.12, issue.11, pp.709-721, 2011.

J. Howard and A. A. Hyman, Growth, fluctuation and switching at microtubule plus ends, Nat. Rev. Mol. Cell Biol, vol.10, issue.8, pp.569-574, 2009.

K. C. Flynn, The cytoskeleton and neurite initiation, Bioarchitecture, vol.3, issue.4, pp.86-109, 2013.

J. Jaworski, Dynamic Microtubules Regulate Dendritic Spine Morphology and Synaptic Plasticity, Neuron, vol.61, issue.1, pp.85-100, 2009.

L. C. Kapitein and C. C. Hoogenraad, Building the Neuronal Microtubule Cytoskeleton, Neuron, vol.87, issue.3, pp.492-506, 2015.

P. W. Baas, J. S. Deitch, M. M. Black, and G. A. Banker, Polarity orientation of microtubules in hippocampal neurons: uniformity in the axon and nonuniformity in the dendrite, Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U. S. A, vol.85, issue.21, pp.8335-8344, 1988.

G. I. Szendrei, V. M. Lee, and L. Otvos, Recognition of the minimal epitope of monoclonal antibody Tau-1 depends upon the presence of a phosphate group but not its location, J. Neurosci. Res, vol.34, issue.2, pp.243-249, 1993.

M. Stiess and F. Bradke, Neuronal polarization: The cytoskeleton leads the way, Dev. Neurobiol, vol.71, issue.6, pp.430-444, 2011.

K. G. Campellone and M. D. Welch, A nucleator arms race: cellular control of actin assembly, Nat. Rev. Mol. Cell Biol, vol.11, issue.4, pp.237-251, 2010.

T. D. Pollard, J. A. Cooper, and X. Zhuang, Actin, a central player in cell shape and movement, Science, vol.326, issue.5957, pp.1208-1220, 2009.

L. A. Lowery and D. Van-vactor, The trip of the tip: understanding the growth cone machinery, Nat. Rev. Mol. Cell Biol, vol.10, issue.5, pp.332-343, 2009.

A. W. Schaefer, N. Kabir, and P. Forscher, Filopodia and actin arcs guide the assembly and transport of two populations of microtubules with unique dynamic parameters in neuronal growth cones, J. Cell Biol, vol.158, issue.1, pp.139-152, 2002.

G. Ruthel and G. Banker, Actin-dependent anterograde movement of growth-cone-like structures along growing hippocampal axons: A novel form of axonal transport?, Cell Motil. Cytoskeleton, vol.40, issue.2, pp.160-173, 1998.

H. Katsuno, Actin Migration Driven by Directional Assembly and Disassembly of Membrane-Anchored Actin Filaments, Cell Rep, vol.12, issue.4, pp.648-660, 2015.

C. Tomba, Geometrical Determinants of Neuronal Actin Waves, Front. Cell. Neurosci, vol.11, p.86, 2017.
URL : https://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/hal-02015269

K. C. Flynn, C. W. Pak, A. E. Shaw, F. Bradke, and J. R. Bamburg, Growth cone-like waves transport actin and promote axonogenesis and neurite branching, Dev. Neurobiol, vol.69, issue.12, pp.761-779, 2009.

S. , Actin Waves Do Not Boost Neurite Outgrowth in the Early Stages of Neuron Maturation, Front. Cell. Neurosci, vol.11, p.402, 2017.

S. M. Lu and R. C. Lin, Thalamic afferents of the rat barrel cortex: A light-and electron-microscopic study using phaseolus vulgaris leucoagglutinin as an anterograde tracer, Somatosens. Mot. Res, vol.10, issue.1, pp.1-16, 1993.

J. Snider, A. Pillai, and C. F. Stevens, A universal property of axonal and dendritic arbors, Neuron, vol.66, issue.1, pp.45-56, 2010.

J. B. Carmel and J. H. Martin, Motor cortex electrical stimulation augments sprouting of the corticospinal tract and promotes recovery of motor function, Front. Integr. Neurosci, vol.8, p.51, 2014.

G. Gallo, The cytoskeletal and signaling mechanisms of axon collateral branching, Dev. Neurobiol, vol.71, issue.3, pp.201-220, 2011.

R. Z. Kuang and K. Kalil, Development of specificity in corticospinal connections by axon collaterals branching selectively into appropriate spinal targets, J. Comp. Neurol, vol.344, issue.2, pp.270-282, 1994.

M. Bastmeyer and D. D. O'leary, Dynamics of target recognition by interstitial axon branching along developing cortical axons, J. Neurosci, vol.16, issue.4, pp.1450-1459, 1996.

K. Kalil and E. W. Dent, Branch management: mechanisms of axon branching in the developing vertebrate CNS, Nat. Rev. Neurosci, vol.15, issue.1, pp.7-18, 2014.

L. Ma and M. Tessier-lavigne, Dual Branch-Promoting and Branch-Repelling Actions of Slit/Robo Signaling on Peripheral and Central Branches of Developing Sensory Axons, J. Neurosci, vol.27, issue.25, pp.6843-6851, 2007.

G. Gallo and P. C. Letourneau, Localized sources of neurotrophins initiate axon collateral sprouting, J. Neurosci, vol.18, issue.14, pp.5403-5417, 1998.

M. C. Halloran and K. Kalil, Dynamic behaviors of growth cones extending in the corpus callosum of living cortical brain slices observed with video microscopy, J. Neurosci, vol.14, issue.4, pp.2161-77, 1994.

W. Yu, F. J. Ahmad, and P. W. Baas, Microtubule fragmentation and partitioning in the axon during collateral branch formation, J. Neurosci, vol.14, issue.10, pp.5872-84, 1994.

K. Kalil, G. Szebenyi, and E. W. Dent, Common mechanisms underlying growth cone guidance and axon branching, J. Neurobiol, vol.44, issue.2, pp.145-158, 2000.

G. Gallo, The cytoskeletal and signaling mechanisms of axon collateral branching, Dev. Neurobiol, vol.71, issue.3, pp.201-220, 2011.

R. A. Hand, S. Khalid, E. Tam, and A. L. Kolodkin, Axon Dynamics during Neocortical Laminar Innervation, Cell Rep, vol.12, issue.2, pp.172-182, 2015.

A. Ketschek and G. Gallo, Nerve growth factor induces axonal filopodia through localized microdomains of phosphoinositide 3-kinase activity that drive the formation of cytoskeletal precursors to filopodia, J. Neurosci, vol.30, issue.36, pp.12185-97, 2010.

M. Spillane, The actin nucleating Arp2/3 complex contributes to the formation of axonal filopodia and branches through the regulation of actin patch precursors to filopodia, Dev. Neurobiol, vol.71, issue.9, pp.747-758, 2011.

Y. Kim, Phosphorylation of WAVE1 regulates actin polymerization and dendritic spine morphology, Nature, vol.442, issue.7104, pp.814-817, 2006.

R. Ahuja, Cordon-Bleu Is an Actin Nucleation Factor and Controls Neuronal Morphology, Cell, vol.131, issue.2, pp.337-350, 2007.

J. Fass, S. Gehler, P. Sarmiere, P. Letourneau, and J. R. Bamburg, Regulating filopodial dynamics through actin-depolymerizing factor/cofilin, Anat. Sci. Int, vol.79, issue.4, pp.173-183, 2004.

S. Tilve, F. Difato, and E. Chieregatti, Cofilin 1 activation prevents the defects in axon elongation and guidance induced by extracellular alpha-synuclein, Sci. Rep, vol.5, issue.1, p.16524, 2015.

I. Tint, D. Jean, P. W. Baas, and M. M. Black, Doublecortin Associates with Microtubules Preferentially in Regions of the Axon Displaying Actin-Rich Protrusive Structures, J. Neurosci, vol.29, issue.35, pp.10995-11010, 2009.

M. Tsukada, A. Prokscha, E. Ungewickell, and G. Eichele, Doublecortin association with actin filaments is regulated by neurabin II, J. Biol. Chem, vol.280, issue.12, pp.11361-11369, 2005.

E. W. Dent, J. L. Callaway, G. Szebenyi, P. W. Baas, and K. Kalil, Reorganization and movement of microtubules in axonal growth cones and developing interstitial branches

, J. Neurosci, vol.19, issue.20, pp.8894-908, 1999.

W. Yu, L. Qiang, J. M. Solowska, A. Karabay, S. Korulu et al., The Microtubule-severing Proteins Spastin and Katanin Participate Differently in the Formation of Axonal Branches, Mol. Biol. Cell, vol.19, issue.4, pp.1485-1498, 2008.

L. Qiang, W. Yu, A. Andreadis, M. Luo, and P. W. Baas, Tau protects microtubules in the axon from severing by katanin, J. Neurosci, vol.26, issue.12, pp.3120-3129, 2006.

Y. Yokota, The Adenomatous Polyposis Coli Protein Is an Essential Regulator of Radial Glial Polarity and Construction of the Cerebral Cortex, Neuron, vol.61, issue.1, pp.42-56, 2009.

N. Homma, Kinesin Superfamily Protein 2A (KIF2A) Functions in Suppression of Collateral Branch Extension, Cell, vol.114, issue.2, pp.229-239, 2003.

H. Koizumi, T. Tanaka, and J. G. Gleeson, doublecortin-like kinase Functions with doublecortin to Mediate Fiber Tract Decussation and Neuronal Migration, Neuron, vol.49, issue.1, pp.55-66, 2006.

E. W. Dent and K. Kalil, Axon branching requires interactions between dynamic microtubules and actin filaments, J. Neurosci, vol.21, issue.24, pp.9757-69, 2001.

O. C. Rodriguez, A. W. Schaefer, C. A. Mandato, P. Forscher, W. M. Bement et al.,

M. Waterman-storer, Conserved microtubule-actin interactions in cell movement and morphogenesis, Nat. Cell Biol, vol.5, issue.7, pp.599-609, 2003.

D. C. Worth, C. N. Daly, S. Geraldo, F. Oozeer, and P. R. Gordon-weeks, Drebrin contains a cryptic F-actin-bundling activity regulated by Cdk5 phosphorylation, J. Cell Biol, vol.202, issue.5, pp.793-806, 2013.

P. J. Sheffield, C. J. Oliver, B. E. Kremer, S. Sheng, Z. Shao et al., Borg/septin interactions and the assembly of mammalian septin heterodimers, trimers, and filaments, J. Biol. Chem, vol.278, issue.5, pp.3483-3491, 2003.

T. Tada, A. Simonetta, M. Batterton, M. Kinoshita, D. Edbauer et al., Role of Septin Cytoskeleton in Spine Morphogenesis and Dendrite Development in Neurons

, Curr. Biol, vol.17, issue.20, pp.1752-1758, 2007.

S. Cho, H. Lee, S. Dutta, J. Song, R. Walikonis et al., Septin 6 regulates the cytoarchitecture of neurons through localization at dendritic branch points and bases of protrusions, Mol. Cells, vol.32, issue.1, pp.89-98, 2011.

N. Ageta-ishihara, Septins promote dendrite and axon development by negatively regulating microtubule stability via HDAC6-mediated deacetylation, Nat. Commun, vol.4, issue.1, p.2532, 2013.

J. Drinjakovic, H. Jung, D. S. Campbell, L. Strochlic, A. Dwivedy et al., , p.3

, Ligase Nedd4 Promotes Axon Branching by Downregulating PTEN, Neuron, vol.65, issue.3, pp.341-357, 2010.

Y. T. Kim, E. Hur, W. D. Snider, and F. Zhou, Role of GSK3 Signaling in Neuronal Morphogenesis, Front. Mol. Neurosci, vol.4, p.48, 2011.

W. Y. Kim, Essential Roles for GSK-3s and GSK-3-Primed Substrates in Neurotrophin-Induced and Hippocampal Axon Growth, Neuron, vol.52, issue.6, pp.981-996, 2006.

M. Barnat, The GSK3-MAP1B pathway controls neurite branching and microtubule dynamics, vol.72, pp.9-21, 2016.
URL : https://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/hal-01542347

P. M. Bilimoria, L. De-la-torre-ubieta, Y. Ikeuchi, E. B. Becker, O. Reiner et al., A JIP3-regulated GSK3?/DCX signaling pathway restricts axon branching, J. Neurosci, vol.30, issue.50, pp.16766-76, 2010.

F. Tang and K. Kalil, Netrin-1 induces axon branching in developing cortical neurons by frequency-dependent calcium signaling pathways, J. Neurosci, vol.25, issue.28, pp.6702-6717, 2005.

T. M. Gomez and M. Moon, Balanced Vav2 GEF activity regulates neurite outgrowth and branching in vitro and in vivo, Mol. Cell. Neurosci, vol.44, issue.2, pp.118-128, 2010.

M. Spillane, A. Ketschek, C. J. Donnelly, A. Pacheco, J. L. Twiss et al., Nerve growth factor-induced formation of axonal filopodia and collateral branches involves the intra-axonal synthesis of regulators of the actin-nucleating Arp2/3 complex, J. Neurosci, vol.32, issue.49, pp.17671-89, 2012.

R. P. Loudon, L. D. Silver, H. F. Yee, and G. Gallo, RhoA-kinase and myosin II are required for the maintenance of growth cone polarity and guidance by nerve growth factor, J. Neurobiol, vol.66, issue.8, pp.847-867, 2006.

W. Harris, C. E. Holt, and F. Bonhoeffer, Retinal axons with and without their somata, growing to and arborizing in the tectum of Xenopus embryos: a time-lapse video study of single fibres in vivo, Development, vol.101, issue.1, pp.123-133, 1987.

B. M. Davis, E. Frank, F. A. Johnson, and S. A. Scott, Development of central projections of lumbosacral sensory neurons in the chick, J. Comp. Neurol, vol.279, issue.4, pp.556-566, 1989.

H. Schmidt, The receptor guanylyl cyclase Npr2 is essential for sensory axon bifurcation within the spinal cord, J. Cell Biol, vol.179, issue.2, pp.331-371, 2007.

K. M. Knobel, W. S. Davis, E. M. Jorgensen, and M. J. Bastiani, UNC-119 suppresses axon branching in C. elegans, Development, vol.128, pp.4079-4092, 2001.

N. K. Wessells and R. P. Nuttall, Normal branching, induced branching, and steering of cultured parasympathetic motor neurons, Exp. Cell Res, vol.115, issue.1, pp.111-122, 1978.

R. A. Oakleylva and K. W. Tosneyi12, Contact-mediated Mechanisms of Motor Axon Segmentation, J. Neurosci, vol.73, issue.g, pp.3773-3792, 1993.

O. I. Kahn and P. W. Baas, Microtubules and Growth Cones: Motors Drive the Turn, Trends Neurosci, vol.39, issue.7, pp.433-440, 2016.

E. W. Dent, S. L. Gupton, and F. B. Gertler, The growth cone cytoskeleton in axon outgrowth and guidance, Cold Spring Harb. Perspect. Biol, vol.3, issue.3, p.1800, 2011.

P. K. Mattila and P. Lappalainen, Filopodia: molecular architecture and cellular functions, Nat. Rev. Mol. Cell Biol, vol.9, issue.6, pp.446-454, 2008.

S. R. Heidemann, P. Lamoureux, and R. E. Buxbaum, Growth cone behavior and production of traction force, J. Cell Biol, vol.111, issue.5, pp.1949-57, 1990.

C. E. Chan and D. J. Odde, Traction Dynamics of Filopodia on Compliant Substrates, Science (80-. ), vol.322, issue.5908, pp.1687-1691, 2008.

P. C. Letourneau, Differences in the organization of actin in the growth cones compared with the neurites of cultured neurons from chick embryos, J. Cell Biol, vol.97, issue.4, pp.963-73, 1983.

A. C. Lee and D. M. Suter, Quantitative analysis of microtubule dynamics during adhesion-mediated growth cone guidance, Dev. Neurobiol, vol.68, issue.12, pp.1363-1377, 2008.

D. M. Suter, A. W. Schaefer, and P. Forscher, Microtubule Dynamics Are Necessary for Src Family Kinase-Dependent Growth Cone Steering, Curr. Biol, vol.14, issue.13, pp.1194-1199, 2004.

B. M. Marsick, K. C. Flynn, M. Santiago-medina, J. R. Bamburg, and P. C. Letourneau, Activation of ADF/cofilin mediates attractive growth cone turning toward nerve growth factor and netrin-1, Dev. Neurobiol, vol.70, issue.8, pp.565-588, 2010.

C. H. Lin, E. M. Espreafico, M. S. Mooseker, and P. Forscher, Myosin drives retrograde F-actin flow in neuronal growth cones, Neuron, vol.16, issue.4, pp.769-82, 1996.

E. A. Vitriol and J. Q. Zheng, Growth Cone Travel in Space and Time: the Cellular Ensemble of Cytoskeleton, Adhesion, and Membrane, Neuron, vol.73, issue.6, pp.1068-1081, 2012.

J. H. Hines, M. Abu-rub, and J. R. Henley, Asymmetric endocytosis and remodeling of ?1-integrin adhesions during growth cone chemorepulsion by MAG, Nat. Neurosci, vol.13, issue.7, pp.829-837, 2010.

A. W. Schaefer, V. T. Schoonderwoert, L. Ji, N. Mederios, G. Danuser et al.,

. Forscher, Coordination of Actin Filament and Microtubule Dynamics during Neurite Outgrowth, Dev. Cell, vol.15, issue.1, pp.146-162, 2008.

E. Govek, S. E. Newey, and L. Van-aelst, The role of the Rho GTPases in neuronal development, Genes Dev, vol.19, issue.1, pp.1-49, 2005.

M. Watabe-uchida, E. Govek, and L. Van-aelst, Regulators of Rho GTPases in neuronal development, J. Neurosci, vol.26, issue.42, pp.10633-10638, 2006.

O. C. Pertz, Spatial mapping of the neurite and soma proteomes reveals a functional Cdc42/Rac regulatory network, Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci, vol.105, pp.1931-1936, 2008.

G. Gallo, RhoA-kinase coordinates F-actin organization and myosin II activity during semaphorin-3A-induced axon retraction, J. Cell Sci, vol.119, issue.16, pp.3413-3423, 2006.

Z. Wen, L. Han, J. R. Bamburg, S. Shim, G. Ming et al., BMP gradients steer nerve growth cones by a balancing act of LIM kinase and Slingshot phosphatase on ADF/cofilin, J. Cell Biol, vol.178, issue.1, pp.107-126, 2007.

S. K. Mitra, D. A. Hanson, and D. D. Schlaepfer, Focal adhesion kinase: in command and control of cell motility, Nat. Rev. Mol. Cell Biol, vol.6, issue.1, pp.56-68, 2005.

M. R. Chacón and P. Fazzari, FAK, Cell Adh. Migr, vol.5, issue.1, pp.52-55, 2011.

A. Bechara, FAK-MAPK-dependent adhesion disassembly downstream of L1 contributes to semaphorin3A-induced collapse, EMBO J, vol.27, issue.11, pp.1549-1562, 2008.
URL : https://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/hal-00288319

J. P. Myers and T. M. Gomez, Focal Adhesion Kinase Promotes Integrin Adhesion Dynamics Necessary for Chemotropic Turning of Nerve Growth Cones, J. Neurosci, vol.31, issue.38, pp.13585-13595, 2011.

A. Karginov, F. Ding, P. Kota, N. Dokholyan, and K. M. Hahn, Engineered allosteric activation of kinases in living cells, Nat. Biotechnol, vol.28, issue.7, pp.743-747, 2010.

J. K. Slack-davis, Cellular Characterization of a Novel Focal Adhesion Kinase Inhibitor, J. Biol. Chem, vol.282, issue.20, pp.14845-14852, 2007.

I. Dupin, M. Dahan, and V. Studer, Investigating axonal guidance with microdevicebased approaches, J. Neurosci, vol.33, issue.45, pp.17647-55, 2013.

D. L. Benson, F. H. Watkins, O. Steward, and G. Banker, Characterization of GABAergic neurons in hippocampal cell cultures, J. Neurocytol, vol.23, issue.5, pp.279-295, 1994.

C. G. Dotti, C. A. Sullivan, and G. A. Banker, The establishment of polarity by hippocampal neurons in culture, J. Neurosci, vol.8, issue.4, pp.1454-68, 1988.

E. Marconi, Emergent Functional Properties of Neuronal Networks with Controlled Topology, PLoS One, vol.7, issue.4, p.34648, 2012.

M. D. Boehler, S. S. Leondopulos, B. C. Wheeler, and G. J. Brewer, Hippocampal networks on reliable patterned substrates, J. Neurosci. Methods, vol.203, issue.2, pp.344-353, 2012.

M. Shein-idelson, E. Ben-jacob, and Y. Hanein, Engineered Neuronal Circuits: A New Platform for Studying the Role of Modular Topology, Front. Neuroeng, vol.4, p.10, 2011.

C. S. Chen, M. Mrksich, S. Huang, G. M. Whitesides, and D. E. Ingber, Geometric control of cell life and death, Science, vol.276, issue.5317, pp.1425-1433, 1997.

W. R. Kim, M. J. Jang, S. Joo, W. Sun, and Y. Nam, Surface-printed microdot array chips for the quantification of axonal collateral branching of a single neuron in vitro, Lab Chip, vol.14, issue.4, pp.799-805, 2014.

P. Roach, T. Parker, N. Gadegaard, and M. R. Alexander, Surface strategies for control of neuronal cell adhesion : A review, Surf. Sci. Rep, vol.65, issue.6, pp.145-173, 2010.

M. Théry, Anisotropy of cell adhesive microenvironment governs cell internal organization and orientation of polarity, Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U. S. A, vol.103, issue.52, pp.19771-19777, 2006.

J. Tang, R. Peng, and J. Ding, The regulation of stem cell differentiation by cell-cell contact on micropatterned material surfaces, Biomaterials, vol.31, issue.9, pp.2470-2476, 2010.

X. Jiang, D. A. Bruzewicz, A. P. Wong, M. Piel, and G. M. Whitesides, Directing cell migration with asymmetric micropatterns, Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U. S. A, vol.102, issue.4, pp.975-983, 2005.

M. Théry, Micropatterning as a tool to decipher cell morphogenesis and functions, J. Cell Sci, vol.123, pp.4201-4214, 2010.

C. Wyart, C. Ybert, L. Bourdieu, C. Herr, C. Prinz et al., Constrained synaptic connectivity in functional mammalian neuronal networks grown on patterned surfaces, J. Neurosci. Methods, vol.117, issue.2, pp.123-131, 2002.
URL : https://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/hal-00145442

S. Roth, How Morphological Constraints Affect Axonal Polarity in Mouse Neurons, PLoS One, vol.7, issue.3, p.33623, 2012.
URL : https://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/inserm-00734627

S. Roth, G. Bugnicourt, M. Bisbal, S. Gory-fauré, J. Brocard et al., Neuronal Architectures with Axo-dendritic Polarity above Silicon Nanowires, Small, vol.8, issue.5, pp.671-675, 2012.
URL : https://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/inserm-00734705

C. Tomba, C. Braïni, B. Wu, N. S. Gov, and C. Villard, Tuning the adhesive geometry of neurons: length and polarity control, Soft Matter, vol.10, issue.14, p.2381, 2014.
URL : https://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/hal-00987841

R. Fricke, Axon guidance of rat cortical neurons by microcontact printed gradients, Biomaterials, vol.32, issue.8, pp.2070-2076, 2011.

M. Jungblut, W. Knoll, C. Thielemann, and M. Pottek, Triangular neuronal networks on microelectrode arrays: an approach to improve the properties of low-density networks for extracellular recording, Biomed. Microdevices, vol.11, issue.6, pp.1269-1278, 2009.

D. Edwards, M. Stancescu, P. Molnar, and J. J. Hickman, Two Cell Circuits of Oriented Adult Hippocampal Neurons on Self-Assembled Monolayers for Use in the Study of Neuronal Communication in a Defined System, ACS Chem. Neurosci, vol.4, issue.8, pp.1174-1182, 2013.

X. Leinekugel, R. Khazipov, R. Cannon, H. Hirase, Y. Ben-ari et al., Correlated bursts of activity in the neonatal hippocampus in vivo, Science, vol.296, issue.5575, pp.2049-52, 2002.

B. C. Wheeler and G. J. Brewer, Designing Neural Networks in Culture, Proc. IEEE, vol.98, pp.398-406, 2010.

M. J. Aebersold, Brains on a chip': Towards engineered neural networks, TrAC -Trends Anal. Chem, vol.78, pp.60-69, 2016.

G. S. Withers, C. D. James, C. E. Kingman, H. G. Craighead, and G. A. Banker, Effects of substrate geometry on growth cone behavior and axon branching, J. Neurobiol, vol.66, issue.11, pp.1183-1194, 2006.

A. Azioune, N. Carpi, Q. Tseng, M. Théry, and M. Piel, Protein Micropatterns: A Direct Printing Protocol Using Deep UVs, Methods Cell Biol, vol.97, pp.133-146, 2010.
URL : https://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/hal-00981469

G. M. Whitesides and A. Kumar, Formation of microstamped patterns on surfaces and derivative articles, 1993.

M. Théry and M. Piel, Adhesive micropatterns for cells: a microcontact printing protocol, Cold Spring Harb. Protoc, vol.2009, issue.7, 2009.

A. Yamada, In-mold patterning and actionable axo-somatic compartmentalization for on-chip neuron culture, Lab Chip, vol.16, issue.11, pp.2059-2068, 2016.
URL : https://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/hal-01324932

J. Peyrin, Axon diodes for the reconstruction of oriented neuronal networks in microfluidic chambers, Lab Chip, vol.11, issue.21, p.3663, 2011.
URL : https://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/hal-02372610

R. Renault, J. Durand, J. Viovy, and C. Villard, Asymmetric axonal edge guidance: a new paradigm for building oriented neuronal networks, Lab Chip, vol.16, issue.12, pp.2188-2191, 2016.
URL : https://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/hal-01336980

W. Liu, S. Xing, B. Yuan, W. Zheng, and X. Jiang, Change of laminin density stimulates axon branching via growth cone myosin II-mediated adhesion, Integr. Biol, vol.5, issue.10, p.1244, 2013.

H. Dermutz, R. R. Grüter, A. M. Truong, L. Demko, J. Vörös et al., Local Polymer Replacement for Neuron Patterning and in Situ Neurite Guidance, Langmuir, vol.30, pp.7037-7046, 2014.

A. K. Vogt, G. J. Brewer, and A. Offenhäusser, Connectivity patterns in neuronal networks of experimentally defined geometry, Tissue Eng, vol.11, issue.11-12, pp.1757-67, 2005.

G. Szebenyi, J. L. Callaway, E. W. Dent, and K. Kalil, Interstitial branches develop from active regions of the axon demarcated by the primary growth cone during pausing behaviors, J. Neurosci, vol.18, issue.19, pp.7930-7970, 1998.

C. Mason and L. Erskine, Growth cone form, behavior, and interactions in vivo: retinal axon pathfinding as a model, J. Neurobiol, vol.44, issue.2, pp.260-70, 2000.

G. Bugnicourt, Adhésion, croissance et polarisation de neurones sur substrats micro-et nano-structurés, Université Joseph Fourier -Grenoble, vol.1, 2006.

S. Roth, Réseaux de neurones modèles: Contrôle de la différenciation axonale par micropatterns, Université Joseph Fourier -Grenoble, vol.1, 2009.

C. Tomba, Primary brain cells in in vitro controlled microenvironments : single cells behaviors for collective functions, Université Joseph Fourier -Grenoble, vol.1, 2014.
URL : https://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-01127126

C. Braini, Approche biophysique des formes neuronales, 2016.
URL : https://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-01736978

Y. Ikegaya, Y. Itsukaichi-nishida, M. Ishihara, D. Tanaka, and N. Matsuki, Distance of target search of isolated rat hippocampal neuron is about 150 ?m, Neuroscience, vol.97, issue.2, pp.215-217, 2000.

G. A. Banker and W. M. Cowan, Rat hippocampal neurons in dispersed cell culture, Brain Res, vol.126, issue.3, pp.397-425, 1977.

S. Kaech and G. Banker, Culturing hippocampal neurons, 2007.

T. Fath, Y. D. Ke, P. Gunning, J. Götz, and L. M. Ittner, Primary support cultures of hippocampal and substantia nigra neurons, Nat. Protoc, vol.4, issue.1, pp.78-85, 2009.

*. , ?. , ?. Tahir, and A. Mahmood, Modulation of Chondrocyte Phenotype for Tissue Engineering by Designing the Biologic?Polymer Carrier Interface, 2006.

T. A. Mahmood, R. Jong, J. Riesle, R. Langer, and C. A. Van-blitterswijk, Adhesionmediated signal transduction in human articular chondrocytes: the influence of biomaterial chemistry and tenascin-C, Exp. Cell Res, vol.301, issue.2, pp.179-188, 2004.

?. K. Feldman, *. , ?. G. Hähner, ?. N. Spencer, P. Harder et al., Probing Resistance to Protein Adsorption of Oligo(ethylene glycol)-Terminated Self-Assembled Monolayers by Scanning Force Microscopy, 1999.

Y. Chen, Comparative assessment of the stability of nonfouling poly(2-methyl-2-oxazoline) and poly(ethylene glycol) surface films: An in vitro cell culture study, Biointerphases, vol.9, issue.3, p.31003, 2014.

T. Koga, A. Nagaoka, and N. Higashi, Fabrication of a switchable nano-surface composed of acidic and basic block-polypeptides, Colloids Surfaces A Physicochem

, Eng. Asp, pp.521-527, 2006.

T. Sun, Reversible Switching between Superhydrophilicity and Superhydrophobicity, Angew. Chemie Int. Ed, vol.43, issue.3, pp.357-360, 2004.

J. P. Ranieri, R. Bellamkonda, E. J. Bekos, T. G. Vargo, J. A. Gardella et al., Neuronal cell attachment to fluorinated ethylene propylene films with covalently immobilized laminin oligopeptides YIGSR and IKVAV. II, J. Biomed. Mater. Res, vol.29, issue.6, pp.779-785, 1995.

Y. Iwamoto, F. A. Robey, J. Graf, M. Sasaki, K. Hynda et al., YIGSR , a Synthetic Laminin Pentapeptide , Inhibits Experimental Metastasis Formation Kleinman, Advancement of Science Stable URL, vol.238, issue.4830, pp.1132-1134, 2016.

, AlveoleLab website

R. Scorcioni, M. T. Lazarewicz, and G. A. Ascoli, Quantitative morphometry of hippocampal pyramidal cells: Differences between anatomical classes and reconstructing laboratories, J. Comp. Neurol, vol.473, issue.2, pp.177-193, 2004.

S. F. Van-dongen, P. Maiuri, E. Marie, C. Tribet, and M. Piel, Triggering Cell Adhesion, Migration or Shape Change with a Dynamic Surface Coating, Adv. Mater, vol.25, issue.12, pp.1687-1691, 2013.

S. F. Van-dongen, J. Janvore, S. S. Van-berkel, E. Marie, M. Piel et al., Reactive protein-repellent surfaces for the straightforward attachment of small molecules up to whole cells, Chem. Sci, vol.3, issue.10, p.3000, 2012.

T. Fardet, Growth and activity of neuronal cultures, Emergence of organized behaviors, 2018.
URL : https://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-01956310

P. W. Grabham, Microtubule and Rac 1-dependent F-actin in growth cones, J. Cell Sci, vol.116, issue.18, pp.3739-3748, 2003.

A. S. Nezhad and A. Geitmann, The cellular mechanics of an invasive lifestyle, J. Exp. Bot, vol.64, issue.15, pp.4709-4728, 2013.

L. Armijo-weingart and G. Gallo, It takes a village to raise a branch: Cellular mechanisms of the initiation of axon collateral branches, Mol. Cell. Neurosci, vol.84, pp.36-47, 2017.

E. Tanaka and J. Sabry, Making the Connection: Cytoskeletal Rearrangements during Growth Cone Guidance, Cell, vol.83, pp.171-176, 1995.

P. C. Letourneau, T. A. Shattuck, and A. H. Ressler, Branching of Sensory and Sympathetic Neurites in vitro Is Inhibited by Treatment with Taxol, J. Neurosci ence, vol.6, issue.7, pp.1912-1917, 1966.

S. J. Peter and M. R. Mofrad, Computational modeling of axonal microtubule bundles under tension, Biophys. J, vol.102, issue.4, pp.749-57, 2012.

M. J. Katz, How straight do axons grow?, J. Neurosci, vol.5, issue.3, pp.589-595, 1985.