Y. Nagai, Toll-like Receptors on Hematopoietic Progenitor Cells Stimulate Innate Immune System Replenishment, Immunity, vol.24, pp.801-812, 2006.

S. Massberg, Immunosurveillance by hematopoietic progenitor cells trafficking through blood, lymph, and peripheral tissues, Cell, vol.131, pp.994-1008, 2007.

H. Kared, Jagged2-Expressing Hematopoietic Progenitors Promote Regulatory T Cell Expansion in the Periphery through Notch Signaling, Immunity, vol.25, pp.823-834, 2006.

M. H. Askenase, Bone-Marrow-Resident NK Cells Prime Monocytes for Regulatory Function during Infection, Immunity, vol.42, pp.1130-1142, 2015.

R. Montandon, Innate pro-B-cell progenitors protect against type 1 diabetes by regulating autoimmune effector T cells, Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U. S. A, vol.110, pp.2199-2208, 2013.
URL : https://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/hal-00845005

S. Korniotis, Treatment of ongoing autoimmune encephalomyelitis with activated B-cell progenitors maturing into regulatory B cells, Nat Commun, vol.7, p.12134, 2016.

S. L. Bailey-bucktrout, Self-antigen-driven activation induces instability of regulatory T cells during an inflammatory autoimmune response, Immunity, vol.39, pp.949-962, 2013.

M. Pashenkov, Two subsets of dendritic cells are present in human cerebrospinal fluid, Brain, vol.124, pp.480-492, 2001.

M. Stasiolek, Impaired maturation and altered regulatory function of plasmacytoid dendritic cells in multiple sclerosis, Brain, vol.129, pp.1293-1305, 2006.

S. L. Bailey-bucktrout, Cutting edge: central nervous system plasmacytoid dendritic cells regulate the severity of relapsing experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis, J. Immunol, vol.180, pp.6457-6461, 2008.

M. Ioannou, T. Alissafi, L. Boon, D. Boumpas, and P. Verginis, In vivo ablation of plasmacytoid dendritic cells inhibits autoimmunity through expansion of myeloid-derived suppressor cells, J. Immunol, vol.190, pp.2631-2640, 2013.

M. Isaksson, Plasmacytoid DC promote priming of autoimmune Th17 cells and EAE, Eur. J. Immunol, vol.39, pp.2925-2935, 2009.

M. Irla, MHC class II-restricted antigen presentation by plasmacytoid dendritic cells inhibits T cellmediated autoimmunity, J. Exp. Med, vol.207, pp.1891-1905, 2010.

F. V. Duraes, pDC therapy induces recovery from EAE by recruiting endogenous pDC to sites of CNS inflammation, J. Autoimmun, vol.67, pp.8-18, 2016.
URL : https://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/hal-01792631

S. H. Naik, Development of plasmacytoid and conventional dendritic cell subtypes from single precursor cells derived in vitro and in vivo, Nat Immunol, vol.8, pp.1217-1226, 2007.

M. G. Manz, Plasmacytoid dendritic cells: origin matters, Nature Immunology, vol.19, pp.652-654, 2018.

P. F. Rodrigues, Distinct progenitor lineages contribute to the heterogeneity of plasmacytoid dendritic cells, Nature Immunology, vol.19, pp.711-722, 2018.

B. Cisse, Transcription factor E2-2 is an essential and specific regulator of plasmacytoid dendritic cell development, Cell, vol.135, pp.37-48, 2008.

R. Schotte, The transcription factor Spi-B is expressed in plasmacytoid DC precursors and inhibits T-, B-, and NK-cell development, Blood, vol.101, pp.1015-1023, 2003.

J. Back, D. Allman, S. Chan, and P. Kastner, Visualizing PU.1 activity during hematopoiesis, Exp. Hematol, vol.33, pp.395-402, 2005.
URL : https://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/hal-00187415

T. Banovic, Graft-versus-host disease prevents the maturation of plasmacytoid dendritic cells, J. Immunol, vol.182, pp.912-920, 2009.

E. Peranzoni, Myeloid-derived suppressor cell heterogeneity and subset definition, Curr. Opin. Immunol, vol.22, pp.238-244, 2010.

L. Martin-martin, Immunophenotypical, morphologic, and functional characterization of maturationassociated plasmacytoid dendritic cell subsets in normal adult human bone marrow. Transfusion (Paris), vol.49, pp.1692-1708, 2009.

M. Niederquell, Sca-1 expression defines developmental stages of mouse pDCs that show functional heterogeneity in the endosomal but not lysosomal TLR9 response, Eur. J. Immunol, vol.43, pp.2993-3005, 2013.

E. Layseca-espinosa, CCL22-producing CD8alpha-myeloid dendritic cells mediate regulatory T cell recruitment in response to G-CSF treatment, J. Immunol, vol.191, pp.2266-2272, 2013.

M. Salio, M. J. Palmowski, A. Atzberger, I. F. Hermans, and V. Cerundolo, CpG-matured murine plasmacytoid dendritic cells are capable of in vivo priming of functional CD8 T cell responses to endogenous but not exogenous antigens, J. Exp. Med, vol.199, pp.567-579, 2004.

M. Yadav, Neuropilin-1 distinguishes natural and inducible regulatory T cells among regulatory T cell subsets in vivo, J. Exp. Med, vol.209, pp.1711-1719, 2012.

S. Nassereddine, H. Rafei, E. Elbahesh, and I. Tabbara, Acute Graft Versus Host Disease: A Comprehensive Review, Anticancer Res, vol.37, pp.1547-1555, 2017.

A. D. Sung and N. J. Chao, Concise Review: Acute Graft-Versus-Host Disease: Immunobiology, Prevention, and Treatment, Stem Cells Transl. Med, vol.2, pp.25-32, 2013.

Y. Matsumura-kimoto, Association of Cumulative Steroid Dose with Risk of Infection after Treatment for Severe Acute Graft-versus-Host Disease, Biol. Blood Marrow Transplant, vol.22, pp.1102-1107, 2016.

M. F. Martelli, HLA-haploidentical transplantation with regulatory and conventional T-cell adoptive immunotherapy prevents acute leukemia relapse, Blood, vol.124, pp.638-644, 2014.

A. Pierini, Donor Requirements for Regulatory T Cell Suppression of Murine Graft-versus-Host Disease, J. Immunol, vol.195, pp.347-355, 2015.

D. V. Sawant and D. A. Vignali, Once a Treg, always a Treg?, Immunol. Rev, vol.259, pp.173-191, 2014.

C. G. Brunstein, Umbilical cord blood-derived T regulatory cells to prevent GVHD: kinetics, toxicity profile, and clinical effect, Blood, vol.127, pp.1044-1051, 2016.

A. W. Thomson, H. R. Turnquist, and G. Raimondi, Immunoregulatory functions of mTOR inhibition, Nat. Rev. Immunol, vol.9, pp.324-337, 2009.

J. Pidala and C. Anasetti, Can antigen-specific regulatory T cells protect against graft versus host disease and spare anti-malignancy alloresponse?, Haematologica, vol.95, pp.660-665, 2010.

P. Bader, Effective treatment of steroid and therapy-refractory acute graft-versus-host disease with a novel mesenchymal stromal cell product (MSC-FFM), Bone Marrow Transplant, vol.1, pp.1755-1761, 2005.

H. Kared, Jagged2-expressing hematopoietic progenitors promote regulatory T cell expansion in the periphery through notch signaling, Immunity, vol.25, pp.823-834, 2006.

R. Montandon, Innate pro-B-cell progenitors protect against type 1 diabetes by regulating autoimmune effector T cells, Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U. S. A, vol.110, pp.2199-2208, 2013.
URL : https://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/hal-00845005

S. Korniotis, Treatment of ongoing autoimmune encephalomyelitis with activated B-cell progenitors maturing into regulatory B cells, Nat. Commun, vol.7, p.12134, 2016.

M. Mohty, Impact of plasmacytoid dendritic cells on outcome after reduced-intensity conditioning allogeneic stem cell transplantation, Leukemia, vol.19, pp.1-6, 2005.

C. Bossard, Plasmacytoid dendritic cells and Th17 immune response contribution in gastrointestinal acute graft-versus-host disease, Leukemia, vol.26, pp.1471-1474, 2012.
URL : https://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/inserm-00722709

J. Li, Activation, immune polarization, and graft-versus-leukemia activity of donor T cells are regulated by specific subsets of donor bone marrow antigen-presenting cells in allogeneic hemopoietic stem cell transplantation, J. Immunol. Baltim. Md, vol.183, pp.7799-7809, 1950.

M. Koyama, Plasmacytoid dendritic cells prime alloreactive T cells to mediate graft-versus-host disease as antigen-presenting cells, Blood, vol.113, pp.2088-2095, 2009.

T. Banovic, Graft-versus-host disease prevents the maturation of plasmacytoid dendritic cells, J. Immunol. Baltim. Md, vol.182, pp.912-920, 1950.

A. Bibliographie, B. Hart, Y. Van-kooyk, J. J. Geurts, and B. Gran, The primate autoimmune encephalomyelitis model; a bridge between mouse and man, Ann Clin Transl Neurol, vol.2, issue.5, pp.581-593, 2015.

K. Abdul-majid, J. Wefer, C. Stadelmann, A. Stefferl, H. Lassmann et al., Comparing the pathogenesis of experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis in CD4?/? and CD8?/? DBA/1 mice defines qualitative roles of different T cell subsets, J. Neuroimmunol, vol.141, pp.10-19, 2003.

S. V. Abrahamsson, D. F. Angelini, A. N. Dubinsky, E. Morel, U. Oh et al., Non-myeloablative autologous haematopoietic stem cell transplantation expands regulatory cells and depletes IL-17 producing mucosal-associated invariant T cells in multiple sclerosis, Brain, vol.136, pp.2888-2903, 2013.

J. Adolfsson, O. J. Borge, D. Bryder, K. Theilgaard-mönch, I. Åstrand-grundström et al., Upregulation of Flt3 Expression within the Bone Marrow Lin?Sca1+c-kit+ Stem Cell Compartment Is Accompanied by Loss of Self-Renewal Capacity, Immunity, vol.15, pp.659-669, 2001.

S. Aggarwal and M. F. Pittenger, Human mesenchymal stem cells modulate allogeneic immune cell responses, Blood, vol.105, pp.1815-1822, 2005.

K. Agle, B. G. Vincent, C. Piper, L. Belle, V. Zhou et al., Bim regulates the survival and suppressive capability of CD8+ FOXP3+ regulatory T cells during murine GVHD, 2018.

R. Aharoni, R. Eilam, H. Domev, G. Labunskay, M. Sela et al., The immunomodulator glatiramer acetate augments the expression of neurotrophic factors in brains of experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis mice, Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U. S. A, vol.102, pp.19045-19050, 2005.

C. Ahlgren, A. Odén, K. Torén, and O. Andersen, Multiple sclerosis incidence in the era of measles-mumpsrubella mass vaccinations, Acta Neurol. Scand, vol.119, pp.313-320, 2009.

J. B. Aitken, S. E. Thomas, R. Stocker, S. R. Thomas, O. Takikawa et al., Determination of the nature of the heme environment in nitrosyl indoleamine 2,3-dioxygenase using Multiplescattering analyses of X-ray absorption fine structure, Biochemistry (Mosc.), vol.43, pp.4892-4898, 2004.

K. Akiyama, C. Chen, D. Wang, X. Xu, C. Qu et al., Mesenchymalstem-cell-induced immunoregulation involves FAS-ligand-/FAS-mediated T cell apoptosis, Cell Stem Cell, vol.10, pp.544-555, 2012.

C. Albanesi, A. Cavani, and G. Girolomoni, IL-17 Is Produced by Nickel-Specific T Lymphocytes and Regulates ICAM-1 Expression and Chemokine Production in Human Keratinocytes: Synergistic or Antagonist Effects with IFN-? and TNF-?, J. Immunol, vol.162, pp.494-502, 1999.

M. L. Albert, S. F. Pearce, L. M. Francisco, B. Sauter, P. Roy et al., Immature Dendritic Cells Phagocytose Apoptotic Cells via ?v?5 and CD36, and Cross-present Antigens to Cytotoxic T Lymphocytes, J. Exp. Med, vol.188, pp.1359-1368, 1998.

J. Aliberti, O. Schulz, D. J. Pennington, H. Tsujimura, C. Reis-e-sousa et al., Essential role for ICSBP in the in vivo development of murine CD8alpha + dendritic cells, Blood, vol.101, pp.305-310, 2003.

P. Allavena, L. Piemonti, D. Longoni, S. Bernasconi, A. Stoppacciaro et al., IL-10 prevents the differentiation of monocytes to dendritic cells but promotes their maturation to macrophages, Eur. J. Immunol, vol.28, pp.359-369, 1998.

D. Allman, A. Sambandam, S. Kim, J. P. Miller, A. Pagan et al., Thymopoiesis independent of common lymphoid progenitors, Nat. Immunol, vol.4, pp.168-174, 2003.

F. Aloisi, G. Penna, J. Cerase, B. Menéndez-iglesias, A. et al., IL-12 production by central nervous system microglia is inhibited by astrocytes, J. Immunol. Baltim. Md, vol.159, pp.1604-1612, 1950.

A. L. Amir, L. J. D'orsogna, D. L. Roelen, M. M. Van-loenen, R. S. Hagedoorn et al., Allo-HLA reactivity of virus-specific memory T cells is common, Blood, vol.115, pp.3146-3157, 2010.

B. E. Anderson, J. M. Mcniff, D. Jain, B. R. Blazar, W. D. Shlomchik et al., Distinct roles for donor-and host-derived antigen-presenting cells and costimulatory molecules in murine chronic graft-versus-host disease: requirements depend on target organ, Blood, vol.105, pp.2227-2234, 2005.

J. Andersson, D. Q. Tran, M. Pesu, T. S. Davidson, H. Ramsey et al., CD4+FoxP3+ regulatory T cells confer infectious tolerance in a TGF-?-dependent manner, J. Exp. Med, vol.205, pp.1975-1981, 2008.

J. E. Angell, D. J. Lindner, P. S. Shapiro, E. R. Hofmann, and D. V. Kalvakolanu, Identification of GRIM-19, a novel cell death-regulatory gene induced by the interferon-beta and retinoic acid combination, using a genetic approach, J. Biol. Chem, vol.275, pp.33416-33426, 2000.

E. J. Anstadt, M. Fujiwara, F. Nichols, and R. B. Clark, TLR2 tolerance in EAE, J. Immunol, vol.196, 2016.

J. H. Antin and J. L. Ferrara, Cytokine dysregulation and acute graft-versus-host disease, Blood, vol.80, pp.2964-2968, 1992.

B. Arnold, G. Schönrich, and G. J. Hämmerling, Multiple levels of peripheral tolerance, Immunol. Today, vol.14, pp.12-14, 1993.

M. Arpinati, C. L. Green, S. Heimfeld, J. E. Heuser, A. et al., Granulocyte-colony stimulating factor mobilizes T helper 2-inducing dendritic cells, Blood, vol.95, pp.2484-2490, 2000.

A. Asakura, Skeletal Muscle-derived Hematopoietic Stem Cells: Muscular Dystrophy Therapy by Bone Marrow Transplantation, J. Stem Cell Res. Ther, 2012.

A. L. Astier and D. A. Hafler, Abnormal Tr1 differentiation in multiple sclerosis, J. Neuroimmunol, vol.191, pp.70-78, 2007.
URL : https://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/hal-02322361

S. Auffermann-gretzinger, I. S. Lossos, T. A. Vayntrub, W. Leong, F. C. Grumet et al., Rapid establishment of dendritic cell chimerism in allogeneic hematopoietic cell transplant recipients, Blood, vol.99, pp.1442-1448, 2002.

L. L. Aung and K. E. Balashov, Decreased Dicer expression is linked to increased expression of co-stimulatory molecule CD80 on B cells in multiple sclerosis, Mult. Scler. Houndmills Basingstoke Engl, vol.21, pp.1131-1138, 2015.

A. Awasthi, Y. Carrier, J. P. Peron, E. Bettelli, M. Kamanaka et al., A dominant function for interleukin 27 in generating interleukin 10-producing anti-inflammatory T cells, Nat. Immunol, vol.8, pp.1380-1389, 2007.

H. Babbe, A. Roers, A. Waisman, H. Lassmann, N. Goebels et al., Clonal expansions of CD8(+) T cells dominate the T cell infiltrate in active multiple sclerosis lesions as shown by micromanipulation and single cell polymerase chain reaction, J. Exp. Med, vol.192, pp.393-404, 2000.

A. Bacigalupo, T. Lamparelli, G. Barisione, P. Bruzzi, S. Guidi et al., Thymoglobulin prevents chronic graft-versus-host disease, chronic lung dysfunction, and late transplant-related mortality: long-term follow-up of a randomized trial in patients undergoing unrelated donor transplantation, Biol. Blood Marrow Transplant. J. Am. Soc. Blood Marrow Transplant, vol.12, pp.560-565, 2006.

P. Bader, Z. Kuçi, S. Bakhtiar, O. Basu, G. Bug et al., Effective treatment of steroid and therapy-refractory acute graft-versus-host disease with a novel mesenchymal stromal cell product (MSC-FFM), Bone Marrow Transplant, vol.1, 2018.

A. T. Badillo, W. H. Peranteau, T. E. Heaton, C. Quinn, and A. W. Flake, Murine bone marrow derived stromal progenitor cells fail to prevent or treat acute graft-versus-host disease, Br. J. Haematol, vol.141, pp.224-234, 2008.

L. Bai, D. Lennon, V. Eaton, K. Maier, A. Caplan et al., Human Bone Marrow-derived Mesenchymal Stem Cells Induce Th2-Polarized Immune Response and Promote Endogenous Repair in Animal Models of Multiple Sclerosis, Glia, vol.57, pp.1192-1203, 2009.

S. L. Bailey, B. Schreiner, E. J. Mcmahon, and S. D. Miller, CNS myeloid DCs presenting endogenous myelin peptides "preferentially" polarize CD4+ T(H)-17 cells in relapsing EAE, Nat. Immunol, vol.8, pp.172-180, 2007.

S. L. Bailey-bucktrout, M. Martinez-llordella, X. Zhou, B. Anthony, W. Rosenthal et al., Self-antigen-driven activation induces instability of regulatory T cells during an inflammatory autoimmune response, Immunity, vol.39, pp.949-962, 2013.

S. Bajaña, K. Roach, S. Turner, J. Paul, and S. Kovats, IRF4 promotes cutaneous dendritic cell migration to lymph nodes during homeostasis and inflammation, J. Immunol. Baltim. Md, vol.189, pp.3368-3377, 1950.

M. B. Baker, R. L. Riley, E. R. Podack, and R. B. Levy, Graft-versus-host-disease-associated lymphoid hypoplasia and B cell dysfunction is dependent upon donor T cell-mediated Fas-ligand function, but not perforin function, Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U. S. A, vol.94, pp.1366-1371, 1997.

A. Balandina, S. Lécart, P. Dartevelle, A. Saoudi, and S. Berrih-aknin, Functional defect of regulatory CD4(+)CD25+ T cells in the thymus of patients with autoimmune myasthenia gravis, Blood, vol.105, pp.735-741, 2005.

K. E. Balashov, S. J. Khoury, D. A. Hafler, and H. L. Weiner, Inhibition of T cell responses by activated human CD8+ T cells is mediated by interferon-gamma and is defective in chronic progressive multiple sclerosis, J. Clin. Invest, vol.95, pp.2711-2719, 1995.

K. E. Balashov, L. L. Aung, A. Vaknin-dembinsky, S. Dhib-jalbut, and H. L. Weiner, Interferon-? inhibits tolllike receptor 9 processing in multiple sclerosis, Ann. Neurol, vol.68, pp.899-906, 2010.

L. M. Ball, M. E. Bernardo, H. Roelofs, M. J. Van-tol, B. Contoli et al., Multiple infusions of mesenchymal stromal cells induce sustained remission in children with steroid-refractory, grade III-IV acute graft-versus-host disease, Br. J. Haematol, vol.163, pp.501-509, 2013.

K. K. Ballen, E. Gluckman, and H. E. Broxmeyer, Umbilical cord blood transplantation: the first 25 years and beyond, Blood, vol.122, pp.491-498, 2013.

J. Banchereau and R. M. Steinman, Dendritic cells and the control of immunity, Nature, vol.392, pp.245-252, 1998.

T. Banovic, K. P. Macdonald, E. S. Morris, V. Rowe, R. Kuns et al., TGF-? in allogeneic stem cell transplantation: friend or foe?, Blood, vol.106, pp.2206-2214, 2005.

T. Banovic, K. A. Markey, R. D. Kuns, S. D. Olver, N. C. Raffelt et al., Graft-versus-host disease prevents the maturation of plasmacytoid dendritic cells, J. Immunol. Baltim. Md, vol.182, pp.912-920, 1950.

D. W. Barnes and J. F. Loutit, Haemopoietic stem cells in the peripheral blood, Lancet Lond. Engl, vol.2, pp.1138-1141, 1967.

M. H. Barnett, J. G. Mcleod, S. R. Hammond, and J. F. Kurtzke, Migration and multiple sclerosis in immigrants from United Kingdom and Ireland to Australia: a reassessment. III: risk of multiple sclerosis in UKI immigrants and Australian-born in Hobart, Tasmania. J. Neurol, vol.263, pp.792-798, 2016.

L. Bar-on, T. Birnberg, K. L. Lewis, B. T. Edelson, D. Bruder et al., CX3CR1+ CD8alpha+ dendritic cells are a steady-state population related to plasmacytoid dendritic cells, Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U. S. A, vol.107, pp.14745-14750, 2010.

A. Bar-or, L. Fawaz, B. Fan, P. J. Darlington, A. Rieger et al., Abnormal B-cell cytokine responses a trigger of T-cell-mediated disease in MS?, Ann. Neurol, vol.67, pp.452-461, 2010.

T. A. Barr, P. Shen, S. Brown, V. Lampropoulou, T. Roch et al., B cell depletion therapy ameliorates autoimmune disease through ablation of IL-6-producing B cells, J. Exp. Med, vol.209, pp.1001-1010, 2012.

E. J. Baughman, J. P. Mendoza, S. B. Ortega, C. L. Ayers, B. M. Greenberg et al., , 2011.

, Neuroantigen-specific CD8+ regulatory T-cell function is deficient during acute exacerbation of multiple sclerosis, J. Autoimmun, vol.36, pp.115-124

B. Becher, B. G. Durell, N. , and R. J. , Experimental autoimmune encephalitis and inflammation in the absence of interleukin-12, J. Clin. Invest, vol.110, pp.493-497, 2002.

I. Bechmann, G. Mor, J. Nilsen, M. Eliza, R. Nitsch et al., FasL (CD95L, Apo1L) is expressed in the normal rat and human brain: evidence for the existence of an immunological brain barrier, Glia, vol.27, pp.62-74, 1999.

D. W. Beelen, A. Elmaagacli, K. Müller, H. Hirche, and U. W. Schaefer, Influence of Intestinal Bacterial Decontamination Using Metronidazole and Ciprofloxacin or Ciprofloxacin Alone on the Development of Acute Graft-Versus-Host Disease After Marrow Transplantation in Patients With Hematologic Malignancies: Final Results and Long-Term Follow-Up of an Open-Label Prospective Randomized Trial, Blood, vol.93, pp.3267-3275, 1999.

K. Berer, M. Mues, M. Koutrolos, Z. A. Rasbi, M. Boziki et al., , 2011.

, Commensal microbiota and myelin autoantigen cooperate to trigger autoimmune demyelination, Nature, vol.479, pp.538-541

A. Beres, R. Komorowski, M. Mihara, and W. R. Drobyski, Instability of Foxp3 expression limits the ability of induced regulatory T cells to mitigate graft versus host disease, Clin. Cancer Res. Off. J. Am. Assoc. Cancer Res, vol.17, pp.3969-3983, 2011.

A. J. Beres, D. Haribhai, A. C. Chadwick, P. J. Gonyo, C. B. Williams et al., CD8+ Foxp3+ regulatory T cells are induced during graft-versus-host disease and mitigate disease severity, J. Immunol. Baltim. Md, vol.189, pp.464-474, 1950.

R. K. Bergman, J. J. Munoz, and J. L. Portis, Vascular permeability changes in the central nervous system of rats with hyperacute experimental allergic encephalomyelitis induced with the aid of a substance from Bordetella pertussis, Infect. Immun, vol.21, pp.627-637, 1978.

E. Bettelli, M. Pagany, H. L. Weiner, C. Linington, R. A. Sobel et al., Myelin oligodendrocyte glycoprotein-specific T cell receptor transgenic mice develop spontaneous autoimmune optic neuritis, J. Exp. Med, vol.197, pp.1073-1081, 2003.

E. Bettelli, M. Oukka, and V. K. Kuchroo, T(H)-17 cells in the circle of immunity and autoimmunity, Nat. Immunol, vol.8, pp.345-350, 2007.

B. Beverly, S. M. Kang, M. J. Lenardo, and R. H. Schwartz, Reversal of in vitro T cell clonal anergy by IL-2 stimulation, Int. Immunol, vol.4, pp.661-671, 1992.

V. A. Bhadri, T. N. Trahair, and R. B. Lock, Glucocorticoid resistance in paediatric acute lymphoblastic leukaemia, J. Paediatr. Child Health, vol.48, pp.634-640, 2012.

A. Bhattacharya, X. Parillon, S. Zeng, S. Han, and N. T. Eissa, Deficiency of Autophagy in Dendritic Cells Protects against Experimental Autoimmune Encephalomyelitis, J. Biol. Chem, vol.289, pp.26525-26532, 2014.

A. Bitsch, J. Schuchardt, S. Bunkowski, T. Kuhlmann, and W. Brück, Acute axonal injury in multiple sclerosis. Correlation with demyelination and inflammation, Brain J. Neurol, vol.123, pp.1174-1183, 2000.

P. Björses, J. Aaltonen, N. Horelli-kuitunen, M. L. Yaspo, and L. Peltonen, Gene defect behind APECED: a new clue to autoimmunity, Hum. Mol. Genet, vol.7, pp.1547-1553, 1998.

A. L. Blasius and B. Beutler, Intracellular Toll-like Receptors, Immunity, vol.32, pp.305-315, 2010.

A. Blasius, W. Vermi, A. Krug, F. Facchetti, M. Cella et al., A cell-surface molecule selectively expressed on murine natural interferon-producing cells that blocks secretion of interferon-alpha, Blood, vol.103, pp.4201-4206, 2004.

A. L. Blasius, M. Cella, J. Maldonado, T. Takai, and M. Colonna, Siglec-H is an IPC-specific receptor that modulates type I IFN secretion through DAP12, Blood, vol.107, pp.2474-2476, 2006.

B. Blazar, E. S. White, and D. Couriel, Understanding Chronic GVHD from Different Angles, Biol. Blood Marrow Transplant. J. Am. Soc. Blood Marrow Transplant, vol.18, pp.184-188, 2012.

B. R. Blazar, R. Korngold, and D. A. Vallera, Recent advances in graft-versus-host disease (GVHD) prevention, Immunol. Rev, vol.157, pp.79-109, 1997.

B. R. Blazar, H. J. Mckenna, A. Panoskaltsis-mortari, and P. A. Taylor, Flt3 ligand (FL) treatment of murine donors does not modify graft-versus-host disease (GVHD) but FL treatment of recipients post-bone marrow transplantation accelerates GVHD lethality, Biol. Blood Marrow Transplant. J. Am. Soc. Blood Marrow Transplant, vol.7, pp.197-207, 2001.

J. A. Bluestone, J. H. Buckner, M. Fitch, S. E. Gitelman, S. Gupta et al., Type 1 diabetes immunotherapy using polyclonal regulatory T cells, Sci. Transl. Med, vol.7, pp.315-189, 2015.

M. Boieri, P. Shah, D. Jalapothu, O. Zaitseva, L. Walter et al., Rat acute GvHD is Th1 driven and characterized by predominant donor CD4+ T-cell infiltration of skin and gut, Exp. Hematol, vol.50, pp.33-45, 2017.

M. A. Boks, J. R. Kager-groenland, M. S. Haasjes, J. J. Zwaginga, S. M. Van-ham et al., IL-10-generated tolerogenic dendritic cells are optimal for functional regulatory T cell induction--a comparative study of human clinical-applicable DC, Clin. Immunol. Orlando Fla, vol.142, pp.332-342, 2012.

H. A. Bolton, B. Roediger, and B. F. Groth, The effects of IL-2 and Treg cells on dendritic cell homeostasis are mediated indirectly via activation of conventional T cells, Eur. J. Immunol, vol.45, pp.1141-1147

L. Borghesi, L. Hsu, J. P. Miller, M. Anderson, L. Herzenberg et al., B Lineage-specific Regulation of V(D)J Recombinase Activity Is Established in Common Lymphoid Progenitors, J. Exp. Med, vol.199, pp.491-502, 2004.

C. Bossard, F. Malard, J. Arbez, P. Chevallier, T. Guillaume et al., Plasmacytoid dendritic cells and Th17 immune response contribution in gastrointestinal acute graft-versus-host disease, Leukemia, vol.26, pp.1471-1474, 2012.
URL : https://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/inserm-00722709

R. Brattsand and M. Linden, Cytokine modulation by glucocorticoids: mechanisms and actions in cellular studies, Aliment. Pharmacol. Ther, vol.10, issue.2, pp.81-90, 1996.

P. Brawand, D. R. Fitzpatrick, B. W. Greenfield, K. Brasel, C. R. Maliszewski et al., Murine Plasmacytoid Pre-Dendritic Cells Generated from Flt3 Ligand-Supplemented Bone Marrow Cultures Are Immature APCs, J. Immunol, vol.169, pp.6711-6719, 2002.

C. De-brito, M. Tomkowiak, R. Ghittoni, C. Caux, Y. Leverrier et al., CpG promotes crosspresentation of dead cell-associated antigens by pre-CD8?+ dendritic cells, 2011.
URL : https://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/hal-00794086

, J. Immunol. Baltim. Md, vol.186, pp.1503-1511, 1950.

S. A. Brod and Z. Hood, Ingested (oral) SIRS peptide 1-21 inhibits acute EAE by inducing Th2-like cytokines, J. Neuroimmunol, vol.183, pp.89-95, 2007.

H. E. Broxmeyer, Is interleukin 17, an inducible cytokine that stimulates production of other cytokines, merely a redundant player in a sea of other biomolecules?, J. Exp. Med, vol.183, pp.2411-2415, 1996.

A. M. Bruin, . De, S. F. Libregts, M. Valkhof, L. Boon et al., IFN? induces monopoiesis and inhibits neutrophil development during inflammation, Blood, vol.119, pp.1543-1554, 2012.

A. M. De-bruin, M. Buitenhuis, K. F. Van-der-sluijs, K. P. Van-gisbergen, L. Boon et al., , 2010.

, Eosinophil differentiation in the bone marrow is inhibited by T cell-derived IFN-gamma, Blood, vol.116, pp.2559-2569

M. E. Brunkow, E. W. Jeffery, K. A. Hjerrild, B. Paeper, L. B. Clark et al., Disruption of a new forkhead/winged-helix protein, scurfin, results in the fatal lymphoproliferative disorder of the scurfy mouse, Nat. Genet, vol.27, pp.68-73, 2001.

T. Brunner, R. J. Mogil, D. Laface, N. J. Yoo, A. Mahboubi et al., Cell-autonomous Fas (CD95)/Fas-ligand interaction mediates activation-induced apoptosis in T-cell hybridomas, Nature, vol.373, pp.441-444, 1995.

C. G. Brunstein, J. E. Wagner, D. J. Weisdorf, S. Cooley, H. Noreen et al., Negative effect of KIR alloreactivity in recipients of umbilical cord blood transplant depends on transplantation conditioning intensity, Blood, vol.113, pp.5628-5634, 2009.

C. G. Brunstein, J. S. Miller, Q. Cao, D. H. Mckenna, K. L. Hippen et al., Infusion of ex vivo expanded T regulatory cells in adults transplanted with umbilical cord blood: safety profile and detection kinetics, Blood, vol.117, pp.1061-1070, 2011.

D. Bryder, V. Ramsfjell, I. Dybedal, K. Theilgaard-mönch, C. M. Högerkorp et al., Self-renewal of multipotent long-term repopulating hematopoietic stem cells is negatively regulated by Fas and tumor necrosis factor receptor activation, J. Exp. Med, vol.194, pp.941-952, 2001.

M. Bsibsi, R. Ravid, D. Gveric, and J. M. Van-noort, Broad expression of Toll-like receptors in the human central nervous system, J. Neuropathol. Exp. Neurol, vol.61, pp.1013-1021, 2002.

L. G. Burdelya, V. I. Krivokrysenko, T. C. Tallant, E. Strom, A. S. Gleiberman et al., An Agonist of Toll-Like Receptor 5 Has Radioprotective Activity in Mouse and Primate Models, Science, vol.320, pp.226-230, 2008.

R. K. Burt, W. Burns, P. Ruvolo, A. Fischer, C. Shiao et al., Syngeneic bone marrow transplantation eliminates V beta 8.2 T lymphocytes from the spinal cord of Lewis rats with experimental allergic encephalomyelitis, J. Neurosci. Res, vol.41, pp.526-531, 1995.

R. K. Burt, J. Padilla, W. S. Begolka, M. C. Canto, and S. D. Miller, Effect of disease stage on clinical outcome after syngeneic bone marrow transplantation for relapsing experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis, Blood, vol.91, pp.2609-2616, 1998.

R. K. Burt, J. Padilla, M. C. Dal-canto, and S. D. Miller, Viral hyperinfection of the central nervous system and high mortality after hematopoietic stem cell transplantation for treatment of Theiler's murine encephalomyelitis virus-induced demyelinating disease, Blood, vol.94, pp.2915-2922, 1999.

R. K. Burt, B. A. Cohen, E. Russell, K. Spero, A. Joshi et al., Hematopoietic stem cell transplantation for progressive multiple sclerosis: failure of a total body irradiation-based conditioning regimen to prevent disease progression in patients with high disability scores, Blood, vol.102, pp.2373-2378, 2003.

R. K. Burt, Y. Loh, B. Cohen, D. Stefoski, D. Stefosky et al., Autologous non-myeloablative haemopoietic stem cell transplantation in relapsing-remitting multiple sclerosis: a phase I/II study, Lancet Neurol, vol.8, pp.244-253, 2009.

R. K. Burt, R. Balabanov, X. Han, B. Sharrack, A. Morgan et al., Association of nonmyeloablative hematopoietic stem cell transplantation with neurological disability in patients with relapsing-remitting multiple sclerosis, JAMA, vol.313, pp.275-284, 2015.

C. Calcaterra, L. Sfondrini, A. Rossini, M. Sommariva, C. Rumio et al., Critical role of TLR9 in acute graft-versus-host disease, J. Immunol. Baltim. Md, vol.181, pp.6132-6139, 1950.

L. Calvet, A. Cabrespine, N. Boiret-dupré, E. Merlin, C. Paillard et al., , p.342

M. J. Carlson, M. L. West, J. M. Coghill, A. Panoskaltsis-mortari, B. R. Blazar et al., In vitrodifferentiated TH17 cells mediate lethal acute graft-versus-host disease with severe cutaneous and pulmonary pathologic manifestations, Blood, vol.113, pp.1365-1374, 2009.

N. A. Carter, R. Vasconcellos, E. C. Rosser, C. Tulone, A. Muñoz-suano et al., Mice lacking endogenous IL-10-producing regulatory B cells develop exacerbated disease and present with an increased frequency of Th1/Th17 but a decrease in regulatory T cells, J. Immunol. Baltim. Md, vol.186, pp.5569-5579, 1950.

G. Casella, A. Finardi, H. Descamps, F. Colombo, C. Maiorino et al., IL-27, but not IL-35, inhibits neuroinflammation through modulating GM-CSF expression, Sci. Rep, vol.7, p.16547, 2017.

M. Castellazzi, C. Tamborino, A. Cani, E. Negri, E. Baldi et al., Epstein-Barr virus-specific antibody response in cerebrospinal fluid and serum of patients with multiple sclerosis, Mult. Scler. J, vol.16, pp.883-887, 2010.

M. Cella, D. Jarrossay, F. Facchetti, O. Alebardi, H. Nakajima et al., , 1999.

, Plasmacytoid monocytes migrate to inflamed lymph nodes and produce large amounts of type I interferon, Nat. Med, vol.5, pp.919-923

M. Cella, F. Facchetti, A. Lanzavecchia, and M. Colonna, Plasmacytoid dendritic cells activated by influenza virus and CD40L drive a potent TH1 polarization, Nat. Immunol, vol.1, pp.305-310, 2000.

R. Chakraverty, H. Eom, J. Sachs, J. Buchli, P. Cotter et al., Host MHC class II+ antigen-presenting cells and CD4 cells are required for CD8-mediated graft-versus-leukemia responses following delayed donor leukocyte infusions, Blood, vol.108, pp.2106-2113, 2006.

S. Chamorro, J. J. García-vallejo, W. W. Unger, R. J. Fernandes, S. C. Bruijns et al., TLR triggering on tolerogenic dendritic cells results in TLR2 up-regulation and a reduced proinflammatory immune program, J. Immunol. Baltim. Md, vol.183, pp.2984-2994, 1950.

J. Chandra, P. T. Kuo, A. M. Hahn, G. T. Belz, and I. H. Frazer, Batf3 selectively determines acquisition of CD8+ dendritic cell phenotype and function, Immunol. Cell Biol, vol.95, pp.215-223, 2017.

W. Chen, W. Jin, N. Hardegen, K. Lei, L. Li et al., Conversion of peripheral CD4+CD25-naive T cells to CD4+CD25+ regulatory T cells by TGF-beta induction of transcription factor Foxp3, J. Exp. Med, vol.198, pp.1875-1886, 2003.

X. Chen, S. Vodanovic-jankovic, B. Johnson, M. Keller, R. Komorowski et al., Absence of regulatory T-cell control of TH1 and TH17 cells is responsible for the autoimmune-mediated pathology in chronic graft-versus-host disease, Blood, vol.110, pp.3804-3813, 2007.

X. Chen, R. Das, R. Komorowski, A. Beres, M. J. Hessner et al., Blockade of interleukin-6 signaling augments regulatory T-cell reconstitution and attenuates the severity of graft-versus-host disease, Blood, vol.114, pp.891-900, 2009.

Z. Chen, D. Yang, X. Peng, J. Lin, Z. Su et al., Beneficial effect of atorvastatinmodified dendritic cells pulsed with myelin oligodendrocyte glycoprotein autoantigen on experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis, Neuroreport, vol.29, pp.317-327, 2018.

H. Cheng, J. Tian, Z. Li, L. Zeng, B. Pan et al., TH17 cells are critical for skin-specific pathological injury in acute graft-versus-host disease, Transplant. Proc, vol.44, pp.1412-1418, 2012.

C. Chien and B. Chiang, Regulatory T cells induced by B cells: a novel subpopulation of regulatory T cells, J. Biomed. Sci, vol.24, p.86, 2017.

V. Chitu and E. R. Stanley, Colony-stimulating factor-1 in immunity and inflammation, Curr. Opin. Immunol, vol.18, pp.39-48, 2006.

C. Y. Chiu, A. L. Greninger, K. Kanada, T. Kwok, K. F. Fischer et al., Identification of cardioviruses related to Theiler's murine encephalomyelitis virus in human infections, Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U. S. A, vol.105, pp.14124-14129, 2008.

B. Y. Choi, J. H. Kim, A. R. Kho, I. Y. Kim, S. H. Lee et al., Inhibition of NADPH oxidase activation reduces EAE-induced white matter damage in mice, J. Neuroinflammation, vol.12, p.104, 2015.

H. Choi, R. H. Lee, N. Bazhanov, J. Y. Oh, and D. J. Prockop, Anti-inflammatory protein TSG-6 secreted by activated MSCs attenuates zymosan-induced mouse peritonitis by decreasing TLR2/NF-?B signaling in resident macrophages, Blood, vol.118, pp.330-338, 2011.

S. W. Choi, C. L. Kitko, T. Braun, S. Paczesny, G. Yanik et al., Change in plasma tumor necrosis factor receptor 1 levels in the first week after myeloablative allogeneic transplantation correlates with severity and incidence of GVHD and survival, Blood, vol.112, pp.1539-1542, 2008.

W. P. Chong, R. Horai, M. J. Mattapallil, P. B. Silver, J. Chen et al., IL-27p28 inhibits central nervous system autoimmunity by concurrently antagonizing Th1 and Th17 responses, J. Autoimmun, vol.50, pp.12-22, 2014.

A. Chorny, E. Gonzalez-rey, A. Fernandez-martin, D. Ganea, and M. Delgado, Vasoactive intestinal peptide induces regulatory dendritic cells that prevent acute graft-versus-host disease while maintaining the graft-versustumor response, Blood, vol.107, pp.3787-3794, 2006.

H. Chou, C. Hsieh, R. Charles, L. Wang, T. Wagner et al., Myeloid-derived suppressor cells protect islet transplants by B7-H1 mediated enhancement of T regulatory cells, Transplantation, vol.93, pp.272-282, 2012.

J. L. Christensen and I. L. Weissman, Flk-2 is a marker in hematopoietic stem cell differentiation: a simple method to isolate long-term stem cells, Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U. S. A, vol.98, pp.14541-14546, 2001.

F. Ciceri, C. Bonini, M. T. Stanghellini, A. Bondanza, C. Traversari et al., Infusion of suicide-gene-engineered donor lymphocytes after family haploidentical haemopoietic stem-cell transplantation for leukaemia (the TK007 trial): a non-randomised phase I-II study, Lancet Oncol, vol.10, pp.489-500, 2009.

F. J. Clark, L. Freeman, A. Dzionek, J. Schmitz, D. Mcmullan et al., Origin and subset distribution of peripheral blood dendritic cells in patients with chronic graft-versus-host disease, Transplantation, vol.75, pp.221-225, 2003.

C. E. Cocuzza, F. Piazza, R. Musumeci, D. Oggioni, S. Andreoni et al., Quantitative Detection of Epstein-Barr Virus DNA in Cerebrospinal Fluid and Blood Samples of Patients with Relapsing-Remitting Multiple Sclerosis, PLOS ONE, vol.9, p.94497, 2014.

L. Codarri, G. Gyülvészi, V. Tosevski, L. Hesske, A. Fontana et al., ROR?t drives production of the cytokine GM-CSF in helper T cells, which is essential for the effector phase of autoimmune neuroinflammation, Nature Immunology, pp.560-567, 2011.

J. A. Cohen, P. B. Imrey, S. M. Planchon, R. A. Bermel, E. Fisher et al., Pilot trial of intravenous autologous culture-expanded mesenchymal stem cell transplantation in multiple sclerosis, Mult. Scler. Houndmills Basingstoke Engl, vol.24, pp.501-511, 2018.

A. J. Coles, M. G. Wing, P. Molyneux, A. Paolillo, C. M. Davie et al., Monoclonal antibody treatment exposes three mechanisms underlying the clinical course of multiple sclerosis, Ann. Neurol, vol.46, pp.296-304, 1999.

Y. L. Colson, K. Christopher, J. Glickman, K. N. Taylor, R. Wright et al., Absence of clinical GVHD and the in vivo induction of regulatory T cells after transplantation of facilitating cells, Blood, vol.104, pp.3829-3835, 2004.

A. Compston and A. Coles, Multiple sclerosis, Lancet Lond. Engl, vol.359, pp.1221-1231, 2002.
URL : https://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/hal-00996686

A. D. Cook, A. L. Turner, E. L. Braine, J. Pobjoy, J. C. Lenzo et al., Regulation of systemic and local myeloid cell subpopulations by bone marrow cell-derived granulocyte-macrophage colony-stimulating factor in experimental inflammatory arthritis, Arthritis Rheum, vol.63, pp.2340-2351, 2018.

K. R. Cooke, A. Gerbitz, J. M. Crawford, T. Teshima, G. R. Hill et al., LPS antagonism reduces graft-versus-host disease and preserves graft-versus-leukemia activity after experimental bone marrow transplantation, J. Clin. Invest, vol.107, pp.1581-1589, 2001.

J. L. Coombes, K. R. Siddiqui, C. V. Arancibia-cárcamo, J. Hall, C. Sun et al., A functionally specialized population of mucosal CD103+ DCs induces Foxp3+ regulatory T cells via a TGF-beta and retinoic acid-dependent mechanism, J. Exp. Med, vol.204, pp.1757-1764, 2007.

D. A. Copland, C. J. Calder, B. J. Raveney, L. B. Nicholson, J. Phillips et al., Monoclonal Antibody-Mediated CD200 Receptor Signaling Suppresses Macrophage Activation and Tissue Damage in Experimental Autoimmune Uveoretinitis, Am. J. Pathol, vol.171, pp.580-598, 2007.

E. Coppin, J. Florentin, S. B. Vasamsetti, A. Arunkumar, J. Sembrat et al., Splenic hematopoietic stem cells display a pre-activated phenotype, Immunol. Cell Biol

A. Corcione, F. Benvenuto, E. Ferretti, D. Giunti, V. Cappiello et al., Human mesenchymal stem cells modulate B-cell functions, Blood, vol.107, pp.367-372, 2006.

J. Correale and M. F. Farez, Parasite Infections in Multiple Sclerosis Modulate Immune Responses through a Retinoic Acid-Dependent Pathway, J. Immunol, vol.191, pp.3827-3837, 2013.

J. Correale, M. Fiol, and W. Gilmore, The risk of relapses in multiple sclerosis during systemic infections, Neurology, vol.67, pp.652-659, 2006.

I. Cossío, M. D. Scala, J. M. Adrover, M. Casanova-acebes, L. Weiss et al., Replenishment of Damaged Bone Marrow Niches By Circulating Hematopoietic Stem Cells, Blood, vol.130, pp.3750-3750, 2017.

D. R. Couriel, R. Saliba, M. De-lima, S. Giralt, B. Andersson et al., A phase III study of infliximab and corticosteroids for the initial treatment of acute graft-versus-host disease, Biol. Blood Marrow Transplant. J. Am. Soc. Blood Marrow Transplant, vol.15, pp.1555-1562, 2009.

A. Croxford, M. Lanzinger, F. Hartmann, B. Schreiner, F. Mair et al., The Cytokine GM-CSF Drives the Inflammatory Signature of CCR2+ Monocytes and Licenses Autoimmunity, vol.43, pp.502-514, 2015.

A. Croxford, S. Spath, and B. Becher, GM-CSF in Neuroinflammation: Licensing Myeloid Cells for Tissue Damage, Trend in immunol, vol.36, pp.651-662, 2015.

D. J. Cua, J. Sherlock, Y. Chen, C. A. Murphy, B. Joyce et al., Interleukin-23 rather than interleukin-12 is the critical cytokine for autoimmune inflammation of the brain, Nature, vol.421, pp.744-748, 2003.

C. Cudrici, T. Ito, E. Zafranskaia, F. Niculescu, K. M. Mullen et al., Dendritic cells are abundant in non-lesional gray matter in multiple sclerosis, Exp. Mol. Pathol, vol.83, pp.198-206, 2007.

K. Cunnusamy, E. J. Baughman, J. Franco, S. B. Ortega, S. Sinha et al., Disease exacerbation of multiple sclerosis is characterized by loss of terminally differentiated autoregulatory CD8+ T cells, Clin. Immunol. Orlando Fla, vol.152, pp.115-126, 2014.

A. Dann, H. Poeck, A. L. Croxford, S. Gaupp, K. Kierdorf et al., Cytosolic RIG-I-like helicases act as negative regulators of sterile inflammation in the CNS, Nat. Neurosci, vol.15, pp.98-106, 2011.

K. A. Darlak, Y. Wang, J. Li, W. A. Harris, L. M. Owens et al., Enrichment of IL-12-producing plasmacytoid dendritic cells in donor bone marrow grafts enhances graft-versus-leukemia activity in allogeneic hematopoietic stem cell transplantation, Biol. Blood Marrow Transplant. J. Am. Soc. Blood Marrow Transplant, vol.19, pp.1331-1339, 2013.

P. J. Darlington, T. Touil, J. Doucet, D. Gaucher, J. Zeidan et al., Diminished Th17 (not Th1) responses underlie multiple sclerosis disease abrogation after hematopoietic stem cell transplantation, Ann. Neurol, vol.73, pp.341-354

E. Daro, B. Pulendran, K. Brasel, M. Teepe, D. Pettit et al., Polyethylene Glycol-Modified GM-CSF Expands CD11bhighCD11chigh But Not CD11blowCD11chigh Murine Dendritic Cells In Vivo: A Comparative Analysis with Flt3 Ligand, vol.165, pp.49-58, 2000.

L. S. Davis and P. E. Lipsky, Tolerance induction of human CD4+ T cells: markedly enhanced sensitivity of memory versus naive T cells to peripheral anergy, Cell. Immunol, vol.146, pp.351-361, 1993.

S. Deaglio, K. M. Dwyer, W. Gao, D. Friedman, A. Usheva et al., Adenosine generation catalyzed by CD39 and CD73 expressed on regulatory T cells mediates immune suppression, J. Exp. Med, vol.204, pp.1257-1265, 2007.

R. L. Degowin and S. L. Lass, Chronic inflammation impairs hematopoiesis and survival after irradiation, J. Lab. Clin. Med, vol.105, pp.299-304, 1985.

R. W. Depaolo, F. Tang, I. Kim, M. Han, N. Levin et al., Toll-like receptor 6 drives differentiation of tolerogenic dendritic cells and contributes to LcrV-mediated plague pathogenesis, Cell Host Microbe, vol.4, pp.350-361, 2008.

T. Derfuss, K. Parikh, S. Velhin, M. Braun, E. Mathey et al., Contactin-2/TAG-1-directed autoimmunity is identified in multiple sclerosis patients and mediates gray matter pathology in animals, Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U. S. A, vol.106, pp.8302-8307, 2009.

T. Derfuss, C. Linington, R. Hohlfeld, and E. Meinl, Axo-glial antigens as targets in multiple sclerosis: implications for axonal and grey matter injury, J. Mol. Med. Berl. Ger, vol.88, pp.753-761, 2010.

R. H. Derijk, F. Eskandari, and E. M. Sternberg, Corticosteroid resistance in a subpopulation of multiple sclerosis patients as measured by ex vivo dexamethasone inhibition of LPS induced IL-6 production, J. Neuroimmunol, vol.151, pp.180-188, 2004.

P. Deshpande, I. L. King, and B. M. Segal, Cutting edge: CNS CD11c+ cells from mice with encephalomyelitis polarize Th17 cells and support CD25+CD4+ T cell-mediated immunosuppression, suggesting dual roles in the disease process, J. Immunol. Baltim. Md, vol.178, pp.6695-6699, 1950.

P. Desreumaux, A. Foussat, M. Allez, L. Beaugerie, X. Hébuterne et al., Safety and efficacy of antigen-specific regulatory T-cell therapy for patients with refractory Crohn's disease, Gastroenterology, vol.143, pp.1207-1217, 2012.

T. M. Dexter, T. D. Allen, and L. G. Lajtha, Conditions controlling the proliferation of haemopoietic stem cells in vitro, J. Cell. Physiol, vol.91, pp.335-344, 1977.

M. V. Dhodapkar, R. M. Steinman, J. Krasovsky, C. Munz, and N. Bhardwaj, Antigen-Specific Inhibition of Effector T Cell Function in Humans after Injection of Immature Dendritic Cells, J. Exp. Med, vol.193, pp.233-238, 2001.

D. Caro, V. Phillips, B. Engman, C. Harnaha, J. Trucco et al., Involvement of Suppressive B-Lymphocytes in the Mechanism of Tolerogenic Dendritic Cell Reversal of Type 1 Diabetes in NOD Mice, PLoS ONE, vol.9, 2014.

D. Dario, M. Colombo, E. Govi, C. De-feo, D. Messina et al., Myeloid cells as target of fingolimod action in multiple sclerosis, Neurol. Neuroimmunol. Neuroinflammation, vol.2, p.157, 2015.

M. Di-ianni, F. Falzetti, A. Carotti, A. Terenzi, F. Castellino et al., Tregs prevent GVHD and promote immune reconstitution in HLA-haploidentical transplantation, Blood, vol.117, pp.3921-3928, 2011.

D. Nicola, M. Carlo-stella, C. Magni, M. Milanesi, M. Longoni et al., Human bone marrow stromal cells suppress T-lymphocyte proliferation induced by cellular or nonspecific mitogenic stimuli, Blood, vol.99, pp.3838-3843, 2002.

T. Di-pucchio, B. Chatterjee, A. Smed-sörensen, S. Clayton, A. Palazzo et al., Direct proteasome-independent cross-presentation of viral antigen by plasmacytoid dendritic cells on major histocompatibility complex class I, Nat. Immunol, vol.9, pp.551-557, 2008.

J. Diao, E. Winter, C. Cantin, W. Chen, L. Xu et al., In situ replication of immediate dendritic cell (DC) precursors contributes to conventional DC homeostasis in lymphoid tissue, J. Immunol. Baltim. Md, vol.176, pp.7196-7206, 1950.

D. J. Dilillo, T. Matsushita, and T. F. Tedder, B10 cells and regulatory B cells balance immune responses during inflammation, autoimmunity, and cancer, Ann. N. Y. Acad. Sci, vol.1183, pp.38-57

C. Diveu, M. J. Mcgeachy, K. Boniface, J. S. Stumhofer, M. Sathe et al., IL-27 blocks RORc expression to inhibit lineage commitment of Th17 cells, J. Immunol. Baltim. Md, vol.182, pp.5748-5756, 1950.

Y. Dombrowski, T. O'hagan, M. Dittmer, R. Penalva, S. R. Mayoral et al., Regulatory T cells promote myelin regeneration in the central nervous system, Nat. Neurosci, vol.20, pp.674-680, 2017.

M. Dominici, K. Le-blanc, I. Mueller, I. Slaper-cortenbach, F. Marini et al., Minimal criteria for defining multipotent mesenchymal stromal cells. The International Society for Cellular Therapy position statement, Cytotherapy, vol.8, pp.315-317, 2006.

J. H. Duarte, S. Zelenay, M. Bergman, A. C. Martins, and J. Demengeot, Natural Treg cells spontaneously differentiate into pathogenic helper cells in lymphopenic conditions, Eur. J. Immunol, vol.39, pp.948-955, 2009.

U. A. Duffner, Y. Maeda, K. R. Cooke, P. Reddy, R. Ordemann et al., Host Dendritic Cells Alone Are Sufficient to Initiate Acute Graft-versus-Host Disease, J. Immunol, vol.172, pp.7393-7398, 2004.

F. V. Duraes, C. Lippens, K. Steinbach, J. Dubrot, D. Brighouse et al., pDC therapy induces recovery from EAE by recruiting endogenous pDC to sites of CNS inflammation, J. Autoimmun, vol.67, 2016.
URL : https://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/hal-01792631

N. Durakovic, K. B. Bezak, M. Skarica, V. Radojcic, E. J. Fuchs et al., Host-derived Langerhans cells persist after MHC-matched allografting independent of donor T cells and critically influence the alloresponses mediated by donor lymphocyte infusions, J. Immunol. Baltim. Md, vol.177, pp.4414-4425, 1950.

L. Durelli, L. Conti, M. Clerico, D. Boselli, G. Contessa et al., Thelper 17 cells expand in multiple sclerosis and are inhibited by interferon-beta, Ann. Neurol, vol.65, pp.499-509, 2009.

S. Dutt, J. Ermann, D. Tseng, Y. P. Liu, T. I. George et al., L-selectin and beta7 integrin on donor CD4 T cells are required for the early migration to host mesenteric lymph nodes and acute colitis of graft-versus-host disease, Blood, vol.106, pp.4009-4015, 2005.

L. M. Ebert, P. Schaerli, and B. Moser, Chemokine-mediated control of T cell traffic in lymphoid and peripheral tissues, Mol. Immunol, vol.42, pp.799-809, 2005.

M. Edinger, P. Hoffmann, J. Ermann, K. Drago, C. G. Fathman et al., CD4+CD25+ regulatory T cells preserve graft-versus-tumor activity while inhibiting graft-versus-host disease after bone marrow transplantation, Nat. Med, vol.9, pp.1144-1150, 2003.

A. H. Elmaagacli, M. Koldehoff, and D. W. Beelen, Improved outcome of hematopoietic SCT in patients with homozygous gene variant of Toll-like receptor 9, Bone Marrow Transplant, vol.44, pp.295-302, 2009.

W. Elyaman, E. M. Bradshaw, Y. Wang, M. Oukka, P. Kivisäkk et al., Jagged1 and Delta1 Differentially Regulate the Outcome of Experimental Autoimmune Encephalomyelitis, J. Immunol, vol.179, pp.5990-5998, 2007.

P. M. Emmer, J. Van-der-vlag, G. J. Adema, and L. B. Hilbrands, Dendritic cells activated by lipopolysaccharide after dexamethasone treatment induce donor-specific allograft hyporesponsiveness, Transplantation, vol.81, pp.1451-1459, 2006.

A. Ephrem, S. Chamat, C. Miquel, S. Fisson, L. Mouthon et al., Expansion of CD4?CD25? regulatory T cells by intravenous immunoglobulin: a critical factor, 2008.

Y. Eriguchi, S. Takashima, H. Oka, S. Shimoji, K. Nakamura et al., Graft-versus-host disease disrupts intestinal microbial ecology by inhibiting Paneth cell production of ?-defensins, Blood, vol.120, pp.223-231, 2012.

J. Ermann, P. Hoffmann, M. Edinger, S. Dutt, F. G. Blankenberg et al., Only the CD62L+ subpopulation of CD4+CD25+ regulatory T cells protects from lethal acute GVHD, Blood, vol.105, pp.2220-2226, 2005.

J. L. Espinoza, R. Kotecha, and S. Nakao, Microbe-Induced Inflammatory Signals Triggering Acquired Bone Marrow Failure Syndromes, Front. Immunol, vol.8, 2017.

B. L. Esplin, T. Shimazu, R. S. Welner, K. P. Garrett, L. Nie et al., Chronic Exposure to a TLR Ligand Injures Hematopoietic Stem Cells, J. Immunol, vol.186, pp.5367-5375, 2011.

J. Fagius, J. Lundgren, and G. Oberg, Early highly aggressive MS successfully treated by hematopoietic stem cell transplantation, Mult. Scler. Houndmills Basingstoke Engl, vol.15, pp.229-237, 2009.

F. Fallarino, C. Vacca, C. Orabona, M. L. Belladonna, R. Bianchi et al., Functional expression of indoleamine 2,3-dioxygenase by murine CD8 alpha(+) dendritic cells, Int. Immunol, vol.14, pp.65-68, 2002.

H. Fan, O. M. Peck, G. E. Tempel, P. V. Halushka, and J. A. Cook, Toll-like receptor 4 coupled GI protein signaling pathways regulate extracellular signal-regulated kinase phosphorylation and AP-1 activation independent of NFkappaB activation, Shock Augusta Ga, vol.22, pp.57-62, 2004.

B. Fancke, M. Suter, H. Hochrein, and M. Keeffe, M-CSF: a novel plasmacytoid and conventional dendritic cell poietin, Blood, vol.111, pp.150-159, 2008.

D. L. Farber, A. , and M. , Dissecting the complexity of the memory T cell response, Immunol. Res, vol.25, pp.247-259, 2002.

A. S. Farias, G. S. Spagnol, P. Bordeaux-rego, C. O. Oliveira, A. G. Fontana et al., Vitamin D3 induces IDO+ tolerogenic DCs and enhances Treg, reducing the severity of EAE, CNS Neurosci. Ther, vol.19, pp.269-277, 2013.

A. Fassas, A. Anagnostopoulos, A. Kazis, K. Kapinas, I. Sakellari et al., Peripheral blood stem cell transplantation in the treatment of progressive multiple sclerosis: first results of a pilot study, Bone Marrow Transplant, vol.20, pp.631-638, 1997.

A. S. Fauci and D. C. Dale, Alternate-day prednisone therapy and human lymphocyte subpopulations, J. Clin. Invest, vol.55, pp.22-32, 1975.

A. S. Fauci and D. C. Dale, The effect of Hydrocortisone on the kinetics of normal human lymphocytes, Blood, vol.46, pp.235-243, 1975.

J. Feng, T. Misu, K. Fujihara, S. Sakoda, Y. Nakatsuji et al., Ibudilast, a nonselective phosphodiesterase inhibitor, regulates Th1/Th2 balance and NKT cell subset in multiple sclerosis, Mult. Scler. Houndmills Basingstoke Engl, vol.10, pp.494-498, 2004.

J. L. Ferrara and H. J. Deeg, Graft-versus-host disease, N. Engl. J. Med, vol.324, pp.667-674, 1991.

S. Fillatreau, C. H. Sweenie, M. J. Mcgeachy, D. Gray, and S. M. Anderton, B cells regulate autoimmunity by provision of IL-10, Nat. Immunol, vol.3, pp.944-950, 2002.

N. Fiore, G. Castellano, A. Blasi, C. Capobianco, A. Loverre et al., Immature myeloid and plasmacytoid dendritic cells infiltrate renal tubulointerstitium in patients with lupus nephritis, Mol. Immunol, vol.45, pp.259-265, 2008.

H. G. Fischer and G. Reichmann, Brain dendritic cells and macrophages/microglia in central nervous system inflammation, J. Immunol. Baltim. Md, vol.166, pp.2717-2726, 1950.

D. C. Fitzgerald, B. Ciric, T. Touil, H. Harle, J. Grammatikopolou et al., Suppressive effect of IL-27 on encephalitogenic Th17 cells and the effector phase of experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis, J. Immunol. Baltim. Md, vol.179, pp.3268-3275, 1950.

A. J. Fleetwood, A. D. Cook, and J. A. Hamilton, Functions of granulocyte-macrophage colony-stimulating factor, Crit. Rev. Immunol, vol.25, pp.405-428, 2005.

A. Fleming, A. , and V. D. , Lysozyme") Found in Secretions and Tissues, Br. J. Exp. Pathol, vol.3, pp.252-260, 1922.

F. Flores-borja, A. Bosma, D. Ng, V. Reddy, M. R. Ehrenstein et al., , 2013.

, CD19+CD24hiCD38hi B cells maintain regulatory T cells while limiting TH1 and TH17 differentiation, Sci. Transl. Med, vol.5, pp.173-196

L. Flores-romo, P. Björck, V. Duvert, C. Van-kooten, S. Saeland et al., CD40 ligation on human cord blood CD34+ hematopoietic progenitors induces their proliferation and differentiation into functional dendritic cells, J. Exp. Med, vol.185, pp.341-349, 1997.

M. E. Flowers, Y. Inamoto, P. A. Carpenter, S. J. Lee, H. Kiem et al., Comparative analysis of risk factors for acute graft-versus-host disease and for chronic graft-versus-host disease according to National Institutes of Health consensus criteria, Blood, vol.117, pp.3214-3219, 2011.

D. K. Fogg, C. Sibon, C. Miled, S. Jung, P. Aucouturier et al., A clonogenic bone marrow progenitor specific for macrophages and dendritic cells, Science, vol.311, pp.83-87, 2006.

J. E. Foley, J. Mariotti, K. Ryan, M. Eckhaus, and D. H. Fowler, Th2 Cell Therapy of Established Acute Graft-Versus-Host Disease Requires IL-4 and IL-10 and Is Abrogated by IL-2 or Host-type Antigen-Presenting-Cells, Biol. Blood Marrow Transplant. J. Am. Soc. Blood Marrow Transplant, vol.14, pp.959-972, 2008.

J. Fonteneau, M. Larsson, A. Beignon, K. Mckenna, I. Dasilva et al., Human immunodeficiency virus type 1 activates plasmacytoid dendritic cells and concomitantly induces the bystander maturation of myeloid dendritic cells, J. Virol, vol.78, pp.5223-5232, 2004.

D. H. Fowler, K. Kurasawa, A. Husebekk, P. A. Cohen, and R. E. Gress, Cells of Th2 cytokine phenotype prevent LPS-induced lethality during murine graft-versus-host reaction. Regulation of cytokines and CD8+ lymphoid engraftment, J. Immunol. Baltim. Md, vol.152, pp.1004-1013, 1950.

D. H. Fowler, J. Breglio, G. Nagel, M. A. Eckhaus, and R. E. Gress, Allospecific CD8+ Tc1 and Tc2 populations in graft-versus-leukemia effect and graft-versus-host disease, J. Immunol. Baltim. Md, vol.157, pp.4811-4821, 1950.

B. Franke-fayard, J. Fonager, A. Braks, S. M. Khan, and C. J. Janse, Sequestration and Tissue Accumulation of Human Malaria Parasites: Can We Learn Anything from Rodent Models of Malaria?, PLoS Pathog, vol.6, 2010.

M. Fransson, E. Piras, J. Burman, B. Nilsson, M. Essand et al., CAR/FoxP3-engineered T regulatory cells target the CNS and suppress EAE upon intranasal delivery, J. Neuroinflammation, vol.9, p.112, 2012.

C. Fritz-french and W. Tyor, Interferon-? (IFN?) neurotoxicity, Cytokine Growth Factor Rev, vol.23, pp.7-14, 2012.

B. Fritzsching, J. Haas, F. König, P. Kunz, E. Fritzsching et al., Intracerebral human regulatory T cells: analysis of CD4+ CD25+ FOXP3+ T cells in brain lesions and cerebrospinal fluid of multiple sclerosis patients, PloS One, vol.6, 2011.

J. Fu, D. Wang, Y. Yu, J. Heinrichs, Y. Wu et al., Tbet is critical for the development of acute graft-versus-host disease through controlling T cell differentiation and function, J. Immunol. Baltim. Md, pp.388-397, 2015.

I. J. Fugier-vivier, F. Rezzoug, Y. Huang, A. J. Graul-layman, C. L. Schanie et al., Plasmacytoid precursor dendritic cells facilitate allogeneic hematopoietic stem cell engraftment, J. Exp. Med, vol.201, pp.373-383, 2005.

W. Fujii, E. Ashihara, H. Hirai, H. Nagahara, N. Kajitani et al., Myeloid-derived suppressor cells play crucial roles in the regulation of mouse collagen-induced arthritis, J. Immunol. Baltim. Md, pp.1073-1081, 2013.

M. Fujimoto, Y. Fujimoto, J. C. Poe, P. J. Jansen, C. A. Lowell et al., CD19 regulates Src family protein tyrosine kinase activation in B lymphocytes through processive amplification, Immunity, vol.13, pp.47-57, 2000.

S. Fujita, Y. Sato, K. Sato, K. Eizumi, T. Fukaya et al., Regulatory dendritic cells protect against cutaneous chronic graft-versus-host disease mediated through CD4+CD25+Foxp3+ regulatory T cells, Blood, vol.110, pp.3793-3803, 2007.

N. T. Funderburg, J. K. Jadlowsky, M. M. Lederman, Z. Feng, A. Weinberg et al., The Toll-like receptor 1/2 agonists Pam3CSK4 and human ?-defensin-3 differentially induce interleukin-10 and nuclear factor-?B signalling patterns in human monocytes, Immunology, vol.134, pp.151-160, 2011.

D. I. Gabrilovich and S. Nagaraj, Myeloid-derived suppressor cells as regulators of the immune system, Nat. Rev. Immunol, vol.9, pp.162-174, 2009.

S. P. Gadani, J. T. Walsh, I. Smirnov, J. Zheng, and J. Kipnis, The glia-derived alarmin IL-33 orchestrates the immune response and promotes recovery following CNS injury, Neuron, vol.85, pp.703-709, 2015.

D. Galimberti, D. Scalabrini, C. Fenoglio, M. De-riz, C. Comi et al., Gender-specific influence of the chromosome 16 chemokine gene cluster on the susceptibility to Multiple Sclerosis, J. Neurol. Sci, vol.267, pp.86-90, 2008.

V. S. Gallicchio, S. I. Shedlofsky, A. T. Swim, J. M. Robinson, B. C. Hulette et al., Modulation of murine hematopoiesis in vivo with recombinant murine interleukin-1, J. Biol. Response Mod, vol.8, pp.422-439, 1989.

R. Gandhi, M. F. Farez, Y. Wang, D. Kozoriz, F. J. Quintana et al., Cutting edge: human latencyassociated peptide+ T cells: a novel regulatory T cell subset, J. Immunol. Baltim. Md, vol.184, pp.4620-4624, 1950.

M. R. Garcia, L. Ledgerwood, Y. Yang, J. Xu, G. Lal et al., , 2010.

, Monocytic suppressive cells mediate cardiovascular transplantation tolerance in mice, J. Clin. Invest, vol.120, pp.2486-2496

L. Gautreau, M. Arcangeli, V. Pasqualetto, A. Joret, C. Garcia-cordier et al., Treatment of experimental allergic encephalomyelitis in rats with total body irradiation and syngeneic BMT, Bone Marrow Transplant, vol.179, pp.233-241, 1993.

F. Geissman, M. Manz, S. Jung, M. Sieweke, M. Merad et al., Development of monocytes, macrophages and dendritic cells, Science, vol.327, issue.5966, pp.656-661, 2010.

E. Gerdoni, B. Gallo, S. Casazza, S. Musio, I. Bonanni et al., Mesenchymal stem cells effectively modulate pathogenic immune response in experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis, Ann. Neurol, vol.61, pp.219-227

K. Gerritse, J. D. Laman, R. J. Noelle, A. Aruffo, J. A. Ledbetter et al., CD40-CD40 ligand interactions in experimental allergic encephalomyelitis and multiple sclerosis, Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci, vol.93, pp.2499-2504, 1996.

S. Ghannam, J. Pène, G. Torcy-moquet, C. Jorgensen, Y. et al., Mesenchymal Stem Cells Inhibit Human Th17 Cell Differentiation and Function and Induce a T Regulatory Cell Phenotype, J. Immunol, vol.185, pp.302-312, 2010.
URL : https://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/hal-02193434

C. Ghirelli, R. Zollinger, and V. Soumelis, Systematic cytokine receptor profiling reveals GM-CSF as a novel TLR-independent activator of human plasmacytoid predendritic cells, Blood, vol.115, pp.5037-5040, 2010.

H. S. Ghosh, B. Cisse, A. Bunin, K. L. Lewis, and B. Reizis, Continuous expression of the transcription factor E2-2 maintains the cell fate of mature plasmacytoid dendritic cells, Immunity, vol.33, pp.905-916, 2010.

N. Giannoukakis, B. Phillips, D. Finegold, J. Harnaha, and M. Trucco, Phase I (Safety) Study of Autologous Tolerogenic Dendritic Cells in Type 1 Diabetic Patients, Diabetes Care, vol.34, pp.2026-2032, 2011.

M. Gilliet, A. Boonstra, C. Paturel, S. Antonenko, X. Xu et al., The Development of Murine Plasmacytoid Dendritic Cell Precursors Is Differentially Regulated by FLT3-ligand and Granulocyte/Macrophage Colony-Stimulating Factor, J. Exp. Med, vol.195, pp.953-958, 2002.

M. T. Giordana, P. Cavalla, A. Uccelli, A. Laroni, F. Bandini et al., Overexpression of sphingosine-1-phosphate receptors on reactive astrocytes drives neuropathology of multiple sclerosis rebound after fingolimod discontinuation, Mult. Scler. Houndmills Basingstoke Engl, 2018.

G. Giovannoni, G. Cutter, M. P. Sormani, S. Belachew, R. Hyde et al., Is multiple sclerosis a length-dependent central axonopathy? The case for therapeutic lag and the asynchronous progressive MS hypotheses, Mult. Scler. Relat. Disord, vol.12, pp.70-78, 2017.

J. D. Glenn, M. D. Smith, P. A. Calabresi, and K. A. Whartenby, Mesenchymal stem cells differentially modulate effector CD8+ T cell subsets and exacerbate experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis, Stem Cells Dayt. Ohio, vol.32, pp.2744-2755, 2014.

H. Glucksberg, R. Storb, A. Fefer, C. D. Buckner, P. E. Neiman et al., Clinical manifestations of graft-versus-host disease in human recipients of marrow from HL-A-matched sibling donors, Transplantation, vol.18, pp.295-304, 1974.

P. Gniadek, O. Aktas, K. Wandinger, J. Bellmann-strobl, O. Wengert et al., Systemic IFN-? treatment induces apoptosis of peripheral immune cells in MS patients, J. Neuroimmunol, vol.137, pp.187-196, 2003.

D. I. Godfrey, J. Kennedy, P. Mombaerts, S. Tonegawa, and A. Zlotnik, Onset of TCR-beta gene rearrangement and role of TCR-beta expression during CD3-CD4-CD8-thymocyte differentiation, J. Immunol. Baltim. Md, vol.152, pp.4783-4792, 1950.

M. V. Gonçalves, M. Yamamoto, E. Y. Kimura, V. A. Colturato, M. P. De-souza et al., Low Counts of Plasmacytoid Dendritic Cells after Engraftment Are Associated with High Early Mortality after Allogeneic Stem Cell Transplantation, Biol. Blood Marrow Transplant, vol.21, pp.1223-1229, 2015.

K. M. Gowdy, J. L. Nugent, T. Martinu, E. Potts, L. D. Snyder et al., Protective role of T-bet and Th1 cytokines in pulmonary graft-versus-host disease and peribronchiolar fibrosis, Am. J. Respir. Cell Mol. Biol, vol.46, pp.249-256, 2012.

G. E. Grajales-reyes, A. Iwata, J. Albring, X. Wu, R. Tussiwand et al., Batf3 maintains autoactivation of Irf8 for commitment of a CD8?(+) conventional DC clonogenic progenitor, Nat. Immunol, vol.16, pp.708-717, 2015.

R. C. Gray, J. Kuchtey, and C. V. Harding, CpG-B ODNs potently induce low levels of IFN-alphabeta and induce IFN-alphabeta-dependent MHC-I cross-presentation in DCs as effectively as CpG-A and CpG-C ODNs, J. Leukoc. Biol, vol.81, pp.1075-1085, 2007.

P. R. Graze and R. P. Gale, Chronic graft versus host disease: A syndrome of disordered immunity, Am. J. Med, vol.66, pp.611-620, 1979.

S. Gregori, D. Tomasoni, V. Pacciani, M. Scirpoli, M. Battaglia et al., Differentiation of type 1 T regulatory cells (Tr1) by tolerogenic DC-10 requires the IL-10-dependent ILT4/HLA-G pathway, Blood, vol.116, pp.935-944, 2010.

M. Greter, F. L. Heppner, M. P. Lemos, B. M. Odermatt, N. Goebels et al., , 2005.

, Dendritic cells permit immune invasion of the CNS in an animal model of multiple sclerosis, Nat. Med, vol.11, pp.328-334

U. Grohmann, C. Orabona, F. Fallarino, C. Vacca, F. Calcinaro et al., CTLA-4-Ig regulates tryptophan catabolism in vivo, Nat. Immunol, vol.3, pp.1097-1101, 2002.

G. Grouard, M. C. Rissoan, L. Filgueira, I. Durand, J. Banchereau et al., The enigmatic plasmacytoid T cells develop into dendritic cells with interleukin (IL)-3 and CD40-ligand, J. Exp. Med, vol.185, pp.1101-1111, 1997.

H. Groux, M. Bigler, J. E. De-vries, and M. G. Roncarolo, Interleukin-10 induces a long-term antigen-specific anergic state in human CD4+ T cells, J. Exp. Med, vol.184, pp.19-29, 1996.

I. Gruh, M. , and U. , Transdifferentiation of stem cells: a critical view, Adv. Biochem. Eng. Biotechnol, vol.114, pp.73-106, 2009.

J. Gu, L. Lu, M. Chen, L. Xu, Q. Lan et al., TGF-?-induced CD4+Foxp3+ T cells attenuate acute graft-versus-host disease via suppressing expansion and killing of effector CD8+ cells, J. Immunol. Baltim. Md, pp.3388-3397, 2014.

B. Guo, E. Y. Chang, and G. Cheng, The type I IFN induction pathway constrains Th17-mediated autoimmune inflammation in mice, J. Clin. Invest, vol.118, pp.1680-1690, 2008.

W. Guo, C. Wang, X. Wang, C. Luo, D. Yu et al., A novel human truncated IL12r?1-Fc fusion protein ameliorates experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis via specific binding of p40 to inhibit Th1 and Th17 cell differentiation, Oncotarget, vol.6, pp.28539-28555, 2015.

H. Hadeiba and E. Butcher, Thymus-homing dendritic cells in central tolerance, Eur J Immunol, vol.43, issue.6, pp.1425-1429, 2013.

H. Hadeiba, T. Sato, A. Habtezion, C. Oderup, J. Pan et al., CCR9 expression defines tolerogenic plasmacytoid dendritic cells able to suppress acute graft-versus-host disease, Nat. Immunol, vol.9, pp.1253-1260, 2008.

L. Haider, T. Zrzavy, S. Hametner, R. Höftberger, F. Bagnato et al., The topograpy of demyelination and neurodegeneration in the multiple sclerosis brain, Brain J. Neurol, vol.139, pp.807-815, 2016.

J. Han, L. Sun, X. Fan, Z. Wang, Y. Cheng et al., Role of Regulatory B Cells in Neuroimmunologic Disorders, J. of Neuro. Res, vol.94, pp.693-701, 2016.

S. Harada, T. Kimura, H. Fujiki, H. Nakagawa, Y. Ueda et al., Flt3 ligand promotes myeloid dendritic cell differentiation of human hematopoietic progenitor cells: Possible application for cancer immunotherapy, Int. J. Oncol, 2007.

D. Haribhai, J. B. Williams, S. Jia, D. Nickerson, E. G. Schmitt et al., A requisite role for induced regulatory T cells in tolerance based on expanding antigen receptor diversity, Immunity, vol.35, pp.109-122, 2011.

C. T. Harp, S. Ireland, L. S. Davis, G. Remington, B. Cassidy et al., Memory B cells from a subset of treatment-naïve relapsing-remitting multiple sclerosis patients elicit CD4(+) T-cell proliferation and IFN-? production in response to myelin basic protein and myelin oligodendrocyte glycoprotein, Eur. J. Immunol, vol.40, pp.2942-2956, 2010.

L. E. Harrington, R. D. Hatton, P. R. Mangan, H. Turner, T. L. Murphy et al., , 2005.

, Interleukin 17-producing CD4 + effector T cells develop via a lineage distinct from the T helper type 1 and 2 lineages, Nat. Immunol, vol.6, pp.1123-1132

T. J. Harrison, The Fine Structure of the Nervous System: the Neurons and Supporting Cells, J. Anat, vol.127, p.638, 1978.

C. Hart, D. Drewel, G. Mueller, J. Grassinger, M. Zaiss et al., Expression and Function of Homing-Essential Molecules and Enhanced In Vivo Homing Ability of Human Peripheral Blood-Derived Hematopoietic Progenitor Cells after Stimulation with Stem Cell Factor, STEM CELLS, vol.22, pp.580-589

M. Hassan, K. Lin, J. Li, W. Harris, and E. K. Waller, Defining the optimal plasmacytoid dendritic cell graft source for hematopoietic stem cell transplantation, J. Immunol, vol.196, 2016.

E. Haus, D. J. Lakatua, J. Swoyer, and L. Sackett-lundeen, Chronobiology in hematology and immunology, Am. J. Anat, vol.168, pp.467-517, 1983.

T. He, C. Tang, S. Xu, T. Moyana, and J. Xiang, Interferon gamma stimulates cellular maturation of dendritic cell line DC2.4 leading to induction of efficient cytotoxic T cell responses and antitumor immunity, Cell. Mol. Immunol, vol.4, pp.105-111, 2007.

W. R. Heath, J. Allison, M. W. Hoffmann, G. Schönrich, G. Hämmerling et al., , 1992.

, Autoimmune diabetes as a consequence of locally produced interleukin-2, Nature, vol.359, pp.547-549

J. Heinrichs, J. Li, H. Nguyen, Y. Wu, D. Bastian et al.,

, CD8(+) Tregs promote GVHD prevention and overcome the impaired GVL effect mediated by CD4(+) Tregs in mice, Oncoimmunology, vol.5, p.1146842

J. Helft, J. Böttcher, P. Chakravarty, S. Zelenay, J. Huotari et al., , 2015.

. Gm-csf, Mouse Bone Marrow Cultures Comprise a Heterogeneous Population of CD11c(+)MHCII(+) Macrophages and Dendritic Cells, Immunity, vol.42, pp.1197-1211

H. Hemmi, T. Kaisho, K. Takeda, A. , and S. , The roles of Toll-like receptor 9, MyD88, and DNA-dependent protein kinase catalytic subunit in the effects of two distinct CpG DNAs on dendritic cell subsets, J. Immunol. Baltim. Md, vol.170, pp.3059-3064, 1950.

D. Herndler-brandstetter and R. A. Flavell, Producing GM-CSF: a unique T helper subset?, Cell Res, vol.24, pp.1379-1380, 2014.

E. L. Herzog, L. Chai, and D. S. Krause, Plasticity of marrow-derived stem cells, Blood, vol.102, pp.3483-3493, 2003.

J. Hettinger, D. M. Richards, J. Hansson, M. M. Barra, A. Joschko et al., Origin of monocytes and macrophages in a committed progenitor, Nat. Immunol, vol.14, pp.821-830, 2013.

Y. Hicheri, A. Bouchekioua, Y. Hamel, A. Henry, H. Rouard et al., Donor regulatory T cells identified by FoxP3 expression but also by the membranous CD4+CD127low/neg phenotype influence graft-versus-tumor effect after donor lymphocyte infusion, J. Immunother, 2008.

H. Md, , vol.31, pp.806-811, 1997.

W. F. Hickey and H. Kimura, Graft-vs.-host disease elicits expression of class I and class II histocompatibility antigens and the presence of scattered T lymphocytes in rat central nervous system, Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci, vol.84, pp.2082-2086, 1987.

S. L. Highfill, P. C. Rodriguez, Q. Zhou, C. A. Goetz, B. H. Koehn et al., Bone marrow myeloid-derived suppressor cells (MDSCs) inhibit graft-versushost disease (GVHD) via an arginase-1-dependent mechanism that is up-regulated by interleukin-13, Blood, vol.116, pp.5738-5747, 2010.

K. Hildner, B. T. Edelson, W. E. Purtha, M. Diamond, H. Matsushita et al., Batf3 deficiency reveals a critical role for CD8alpha+ dendritic cells in cytotoxic T cell immunity, Science, vol.322, pp.1097-1100, 2008.

G. R. Hill and J. L. Ferrara, The primacy of the gastrointestinal tract as a target organ of acute graft-versushost disease: rationale for the use of cytokine shields in allogeneic bone marrow transplantation, Blood, vol.95, pp.2754-2759, 2000.

G. R. Hill, J. M. Crawford, K. R. Cooke, Y. S. Brinson, L. Pan et al., Total Body Irradiation and Acute Graft-Versus-Host Disease: The Role of Gastrointestinal Damage and Inflammatory Cytokines, Blood, vol.90, pp.3204-3213, 1997.

G. R. Hill, J. M. Crawford, K. R. Cooke, Y. S. Brinson, L. Pan et al., Total Body Irradiation and Acute Graft-Versus-Host Disease: The Role of Gastrointestinal Damage and Inflammatory Cytokines, Blood, vol.90, pp.3204-3213, 1997.

G. R. Hill, T. Teshima, A. Gerbitz, L. Pan, K. R. Cooke et al., , 1999.

, Differential roles of IL-1 and TNF-? on graft-versus-host disease and graft versus leukemia, J. Clin. Invest, vol.104, pp.459-467

K. L. Hippen, S. C. Merkel, D. K. Schirm, C. M. Sieben, D. Sumstad et al., Massive ex vivo expansion of human natural regulatory T cells (T(regs)) with minimal loss of in vivo functional activity, Sci. Transl. Med, vol.3, pp.83-124, 2011.

S. Hirata, H. Matsuyoshi, D. Fukuma, A. Kurisaki, Y. Uemura et al., Involvement of Regulatory T Cells in the Experimental Autoimmune Encephalomyelitis-Preventive Effect of Dendritic Cells Expressing Myelin Oligodendrocyte Glycoprotein plus TRAIL, J. Immunol, vol.178, pp.918-925, 2007.

M. Hirotani, M. Niino, T. Fukazawa, S. Kikuchi, I. Yabe et al., Decreased IL-10 production mediated by Toll-like receptor 9 in B cells in multiple sclerosis, J. Neuroimmunol, vol.221, pp.95-100, 2010.

I. Ho and L. H. Glimcher, Transcription: tantalizing times for T cells, Cell, vol.109, pp.109-120, 2002.

P. Hoffmann, J. Ermann, M. Edinger, C. G. Fathman, and S. Strober, Donor-type CD4(+)CD25(+) regulatory T cells suppress lethal acute graft-versus-host disease after allogeneic bone marrow transplantation, J. Exp. Med, vol.196, pp.389-399, 2002.

C. P. Hofstetter, E. J. Schwarz, D. Hess, J. Widenfalk, A. El-manira et al., Marrow stromal cells form guiding strands in the injured spinal cord and promote recovery, Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U. S. A, vol.99, pp.2199-2204, 2002.

E. Holler, H. J. Kolb, A. Möller, J. Kempeni, S. Liesenfeld et al., Increased serum levels of tumor necrosis factor alpha precede major complications of bone marrow transplantation, Blood, vol.75, pp.1011-1016, 1990.

S. Hori, T. Nomura, and S. Sakaguchi, Control of regulatory T cell development by the transcription factor Foxp3, Science, vol.299, pp.1057-1061, 2003.

E. M. Horwitz, Marrow mesenchymal cell transplantation for genetic disorders of bone, Cytotherapy, vol.3, pp.399-401, 2001.

R. Hosokai, M. Masuko, Y. Shibasaki, A. Saitoh, T. Furukawa et al., Donor Killer Immunoglobulin-Like Receptor Haplotype B/x Induces Severe Acute Graft-versus-Host Disease in the Presence of Human Leukocyte Antigen Mismatch in T Cell-Replete Hematopoietic Cell Transplantation, Biol. Blood Marrow Transplant. J. Am. Soc. Blood Marrow Transplant, vol.23, pp.606-611, 2017.

C. D. Howell, T. Yoder, H. N. Claman, and J. M. Vierling, Hepatic homing of mononuclear inflammatory cells isolated during murine chronic graft-vs-host disease, J. Immunol. Baltim. Md, vol.143, pp.476-483, 1950.

G. M. Hoyo, . Del, P. Martín, H. H. Vargas, S. Ruiz et al., Characterization of a common precursor population for dendritic cells, Nature, vol.415, pp.1043-1047, 2002.

M. H. Hsieh and R. Korngold, Differential use of FasL-and perforin-mediated cytolytic mechanisms by T-cell subsets involved in graft-versus-myeloid leukemia responses, Blood, vol.96, pp.1047-1055, 2000.

P. Hsu, B. Santner-nanan, M. Hu, K. Skarratt, C. H. Lee et al., , 2015.

, IL-10 Potentiates Differentiation of Human Induced Regulatory T Cells via STAT3 and Foxo1, pp.3665-3674, 1950195.

S. Hsu, R. Mathew, A. W. Taylor, and J. Stein-streilein, Ex-vivo tolerogenic F4/80+ antigen-presenting cells (APC) induce efferent CD8+ regulatory T cell-dependent suppression of experimental autoimmune uveitis, Clin. Exp. Immunol, vol.176, pp.37-48, 2014.

Y. Hu, G. He, X. Zhao, X. Zhao, Y. Wang et al., , 2017.

, Regulatory B cells promote graft-versus-host disease prevention and maintain graft-versus-leukemia activity following allogeneic bone marrow transplantation, Oncoimmunology, vol.6, p.1284721

H. Huang and W. E. Paul, Impaired interleukin 4 signaling in T helper type 1 cells, J. Exp. Med, vol.187, pp.1305-1313, 1998.

H. Huang, Y. Ma, W. Dawicki, X. Zhang, G. et al., Comparison of induced versus natural regulatory T cells of the same TCR specificity for induction of tolerance to an environmental antigen, J. Immunol. Baltim. Md, pp.1136-1143, 2013.

Y. Huang, M. J. Elliott, E. S. Yolcu, T. O. Miller, J. Ratajczak et al., Characterization of human CD8+TCR-facilitating cells in vitro and in vivo in a NOD/SCID/IL2r?null mouse model, Am. J. Transplant. Off. J. Am. Soc. Transplant. Am. Soc. Transpl. Surg, vol.16, pp.440-453, 2016.

M. Huber, S. Heink, A. Pagenstecher, K. Reinhard, J. Ritter et al., IL-17A secretion by CD8+ T cells supports Th17-mediated autoimmune encephalomyelitis, J. Clin. Invest, vol.123, pp.247-260, 2013.

A. Hundeshagen, M. Hecker, B. K. Paap, C. Angerstein, O. Kandulski et al., Elevated type I interferon-like activity in a subset of multiple sclerosis patients: molecular basis and clinical relevance, J. Neuroinflammation, vol.9, p.140, 2012.

E. S. Huseby, D. Liggitt, T. Brabb, B. Schnabel, C. Ohlén et al., A pathogenic role for myelinspecific CD8(+) T cells in a model for multiple sclerosis, J. Exp. Med, vol.194, pp.669-676, 2001.

D. J. Huss, R. C. Winger, H. Peng, Y. Yang, M. K. Racke et al., TGF-? Enhances Effector Th1 Cell Activation but Promotes Self-Regulation via IL-10, J. Immunol. Baltim. Md, vol.184, pp.5628-5636, 1950.

E. Ichikawa, S. Hida, Y. Omatsu, S. Shimoyama, K. Takahara et al., Defective development of splenic and epidermal CD4+ dendritic cells in mice deficient for IFN regulatory factor-2, Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U. S. A, vol.101, pp.3909-3914, 2004.

C. Iclozan, Y. Yu, C. Liu, Y. Liang, T. Yi et al., T helper17 cells are sufficient but not necessary to induce acute graft-versus-host disease, Biol. Blood Marrow Transplant. J. Am. Soc. Blood Marrow Transplant, vol.16, pp.170-178, 2010.

I. Ifergan, H. Kebir, J. I. Alvarez, G. Marceau, M. Bernard et al., Central nervous system recruitment of effector memory CD8+ T lymphocytes during neuroinflammation is dependent on ?4 integrin, Brain J. Neurol, vol.134, pp.3560-3577, 2011.
URL : https://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/pasteur-00723279

L. Imberti, A. Sottini, and D. Primi, T cell repertoire and autoimmune diseases, Immunol. Res, vol.12, pp.149-167, 1993.

B. A. Imhof and M. Aurrand-lions, Adhesion mechanisms regulating the migration of monocytes, Nat. Rev. Immunol, vol.4, pp.432-444, 2004.

K. Inaba, R. M. Steinman, M. W. Pack, H. Aya, M. Inaba et al., Identification of proliferating dendritic cell precursors in mouse blood, J. Exp. Med, vol.175, pp.1157-1167, 1992.

M. Inoue, K. L. Williams, T. Oliver, P. Vandenabeele, J. V. Rajan et al., IFN? therapy against EAE is effective only when development of the disease depends on the NLRP3 inflammasome, Sci. Signal, vol.5, p.38, 2012.

M. Inoue, P. Chen, S. Siecinski, Q. Li, C. Liu et al., An interferon-?-resistant and NLRP3 inflammasome-independent subtype of EAE with neuronal damage, Nat. Neurosci, vol.19, pp.1599-1609, 2016.

A. H. Beecham, N. A. Patsopoulos, D. K. Xifara, M. F. Davis, A. Kemppinen et al., Analysis of immune-related loci identifies 48 new susceptibility variants for multiple sclerosis, International Multiple Sclerosis Genetics Consortium (IMSGC), vol.45, pp.1353-1360, 2013.

M. Ioannou, T. Alissafi, I. Lazaridis, G. Deraos, J. Matsoukas et al., Crucial Role of Granulocytic Myeloid-Derived Suppressor Cells in the Regulation of Central Nervous System Autoimmune Disease, J. Immunol, vol.188, pp.1136-1146, 2012.

S. J. Ireland, M. Blazek, C. T. Harp, B. Greenberg, E. M. Frohman et al., Antibodyindependent B cell effector functions in relapsing remitting multiple sclerosis: clues to increased inflammatory and reduced regulatory B cell capacity, Autoimmunity, vol.45, pp.400-414, 2012.

M. Irla, N. Küpfer, T. Suter, R. Lissilaa, M. Benkhoucha et al., MHC class II-restricted antigen presentation by plasmacytoid dendritic cells inhibits T cell-mediated autoimmunity, J. Exp. Med, vol.207, pp.1891-1905, 2010.

M. I. Iruretagoyena, S. E. Sepúlveda, J. P. Lezana, M. Hermoso, M. Bronfman et al., Inhibition of Nuclear Factor-?B Enhances the Capacity of Immature Dendritic Cells to Induce Antigen-Specific Tolerance in Experimental Autoimmune Encephalomyelitis, J. Pharmacol. Exp. Ther, vol.318, pp.59-67, 2006.

S. H. Isakson, S. D. Katzman, and K. K. Hoyer, Spontaneous autoimmunity in the absence of IL-2 is driven by uncontrolled dendritic cells, J. Immunol. Baltim. Md, vol.189, pp.1585-1593, 1950.

M. Isaksson, B. Ardesjö, L. Rönnblom, O. Kämpe, H. Lassmann et al., Plasmacytoid DC promote priming of autoimmune Th17 cells and EAE, Eur. J. Immunol, vol.39, pp.2925-2935

Y. Iso, J. L. Spees, C. Serrano, B. Bakondi, R. Pochampally et al., Multipotent human stromal cells improve cardiac function after myocardial infarction in mice without long-term engraftment, Biochem. Biophys. Res. Commun, vol.354, pp.700-706, 2007.

H. Iwasaki, C. Somoza, H. Shigematsu, E. A. Duprez, J. Iwasaki-arai et al., Distinctive and indispensable roles of PU.1 in maintenance of hematopoietic stem cells and their differentiation, Blood, vol.106, pp.1590-1600, 2005.
URL : https://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/hal-00080082

Y. Iwata, K. Furuichi, K. Kitagawa, A. Hara, T. Okumura et al., Involvement of CD11b+ GR-1 low cells in autoimmune disorder in MRL-Fas lpr mouse, Clin. Exp. Nephrol, vol.14, pp.411-417, 2010.

C. S. Jack, N. Arbour, J. Manusow, V. Montgrain, M. Blain et al., TLR signaling tailors innate immune responses in human microglia and astrocytes, J. Immunol. Baltim. Md, vol.175, pp.4320-4330, 1950.

S. W. Jackson, H. M. Jacobs, T. Arkatkar, E. M. Dam, N. E. Scharping et al., B cell IFN-? receptor signaling promotes autoimmune germinal centers via cell-intrinsic induction of BCL-6, J. Exp. Med, vol.213, pp.733-750, 2016.

M. Jacobsen, S. Cepok, E. Quak, M. Happel, R. Gaber et al., Oligoclonal expansion of memory CD8+ T cells in cerebrospinal fluid from multiple sclerosis patients, Brain J. Neurol, vol.125, pp.538-550, 2002.

P. Jain, C. Coisne, G. Enzmann, R. Rottapel, and B. Engelhardt, ?4?1 Integrin Mediates the Recruitment of Immature Dendritic Cells across the Blood-Brain Barrier during Experimental Autoimmune Encephalomyelitis, J. Immunol. Baltim. Md, vol.184, pp.7196-7206, 1950.

L. K. Jasperson, C. Bucher, A. Panoskaltsis-mortari, P. A. Taylor, A. L. Mellor et al., , 2008.

, Indoleamine 2,3-dioxygenase is a critical regulator of acute graft-versus-host disease lethality, Blood, vol.111, pp.3257-3265

L. K. Jasperson, C. Bucher, A. Panoskaltsis-mortari, A. L. Mellor, D. H. Munn et al., Inducing the tryptophan catabolic pathway, indoleamine 2,3-dioxygenase (IDO), for suppression of graft-versus-host disease (GVHD) lethality, Blood, vol.114, p.5062, 2009.

A. Jauregui-amezaga, R. Cabezón, A. Ramírez-morros, C. España, J. Rimola et al., Intraperitoneal Administration of Autologous Tolerogenic Dendritic Cells for Refractory Crohn's Disease: A Phase I Study, J. Crohns Colitis, vol.9, pp.1071-1078, 2015.

M. K. Jenkins and R. H. Schwartz, Antigen presentation by chemically modified splenocytes induces antigenspecific T cell unresponsiveness in vitro and in vivo, J. Exp. Med, vol.165, pp.302-319, 1987.

R. R. Jenq, C. Ubeda, Y. Taur, C. C. Menezes, R. Khanin et al., Regulation of intestinal inflammation by microbiota following allogeneic bone marrow transplantation, J. Exp. Med, vol.209, pp.903-911, 2012.

D. Jiang, Y. Chen, and H. Schwarz, CD137 induces proliferation of murine hematopoietic progenitor cells and differentiation to macrophages, J. Immunol. Baltim. Md, vol.181, pp.3923-3932, 1950.

L. Jiang, H. He, P. Yang, X. Lin, H. Zhou et al., Splenic CD8+ T cells secrete TGF-?1 to exert suppression in mice with anterior chamber-associated immune deviation, Graefes Arch. Clin. Exp. Ophthalmol, vol.247, pp.87-92, 2009.

H. L. Johnson, R. C. Willenbring, F. Jin, W. A. Manhart, S. J. Lafrance et al., Perforin competent CD8 T cells are sufficient to cause immune-mediated blood-brain barrier disruption, PloS One, vol.9, 2014.

H. Jonuleit, E. Schmitt, G. Schuler, J. Knop, and A. H. Enk, Induction of Interleukin 10-Producing, Nonproliferating Cd4+ T Cells with Regulatory Properties by Repetitive Stimulation with Allogeneic Immature Human Dendritic Cells, J. Exp. Med, vol.192, pp.1213-1222, 2000.

Y. Joo, W. Lee, H. Won, S. Lee, J. Choi et al.,

, Upregulation of TLR2 expression on G-CSF-mobilized peripheral blood stem cells is responsible for their rapid engraftment after allogeneic hematopoietic stem cell transplantation, Cytokine, vol.54, pp.36-42

J. Ju, H. Lee, K. Oh, D. Lee, and E. Y. Choi, Kinetics of IFN-? and IL-17 Production by CD4 and CD8 T Cells during Acute Graft-versus-Host Disease, Immune Netw, vol.14, pp.89-99, 2014.

T. A. Judge, Z. Wu, X. G. Zheng, A. H. Sharpe, M. H. Sayegh et al., The role of CD80, CD86, and CTLA4 in alloimmune responses and the induction of long-term allograft survival, J. Immunol. Baltim. Md, vol.162, pp.1947-1951, 1950.

U. Jung, J. E. Foley, A. A. Erdmann, M. A. Eckhaus, and D. H. Fowler, CD3/CD28-costimulated T1 and T2 subsets: differential in vivo allosensitization generates distinct GVT and GVHD effects, Blood, vol.102, pp.3439-3446, 2003.

K. Kabashima, T. A. Banks, K. M. Ansel, T. T. Lu, C. F. Ware et al., Intrinsic Lymphotoxin-? Receptor Requirement for Homeostasis of Lymphoid Tissue Dendritic Cells, Immunity, vol.22, pp.439-450, 2005.

L. A. Kalekar, S. E. Schmiel, S. L. Nandiwada, W. Y. Lam, L. O. Barsness et al., CD4(+) T cell anergy prevents autoimmunity and generates regulatory T cell precursors, Nat. Immunol, vol.17, pp.304-314, 2016.

A. T. Kamath, S. Henri, F. Battye, D. F. Tough, and K. Shortman, Developmental kinetics and lifespan of dendritic cells in mouse lymphoid organs, Blood, vol.100, pp.1734-1741, 2002.

H. Kao, J. Lin, D. R. Littman, A. S. Shaw, A. et al., Regulated movement of CD4 in and out of the immunological synapse, J. Immunol. Baltim. Md, vol.181, pp.8248-8257, 1950.

N. J. Karandikar, M. P. Crawford, X. Yan, R. B. Ratts, J. M. Brenchley et al., Glatiramer acetate (Copaxone) therapy induces CD8(+) T cell responses in patients with multiple sclerosis, J. Clin. Invest, vol.109, pp.641-649, 2002.

H. Kared, H. Adle-biassette, E. Foïs, A. Masson, J. Bach et al., , 2006.

, Jagged2-expressing hematopoietic progenitors promote regulatory T cell expansion in the periphery through notch signaling, Immunity, vol.25, pp.823-834

H. Kared, B. Leforban, R. Montandon, A. Renand, E. Layseca-espinosa et al., Role of GM-CSF in tolerance induction by mobilized hematopoietic progenitors, Blood, vol.112, pp.2575-2578, 2008.
URL : https://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/hal-00322544

H. Karsunky, M. Merad, A. Cozzio, I. L. Weissman, and M. G. Manz, Flt3 Ligand Regulates Dendritic Cell Development from Flt3+ Lymphoid and Myeloid-committed Progenitors to Flt3+ Dendritic Cells In Vivo, J. Exp. Med, vol.198, pp.305-313, 2003.

D. M. Karussis, S. Slavin, D. Lehmann, R. Mizrachi-koll, O. Abramsky et al., Prevention of experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis and induction of tolerance with acute immunosuppression followed by syngeneic bone marrow transplantation, J. Immunol. Baltim. Md, vol.148, pp.1693-1698, 1950.

H. Kasahara, S. Okamoto, T. Sekiya, Y. , and A. , Vitamin C Stabilizes Foxp3 Expression in Induced Treg Cells By Targeted DNA Demethylation and Prevents Murine Model of Acute Graft Versus Host Disease, Blood, vol.130, pp.70-70, 2017.

A. Kaser, F. Deisenhammer, T. Berger, and H. Tilg, Interferon-?1b augments activation-induced T-cell death in multiple sclerosis patients, The Lancet, vol.353, pp.1413-1414, 1999.

M. Kashiwada, N. L. Pham, L. L. Pewe, J. T. Harty, and P. B. Rothman, NFIL3/E4BP4 is a key transcription factor for CD8? + dendritic cell development, Blood, vol.117, pp.6193-6197, 2011.

A. Kassem, P. Henning, B. Kindlund, C. Lindholm, and U. H. Lerner, TLR5, a novel mediator of innate immunity-induced osteoclastogenesis and bone loss, FASEB J. Off. Publ. Fed. Am. Soc. Exp. Biol, vol.29, pp.4449-4460, 2015.

C. L. Kaufman, Y. L. Colson, S. M. Wren, S. Watkins, R. L. Simmons et al., Phenotypic characterization of a novel bone marrow-derived cell that facilitates engraftment of allogeneic bone marrow stem cells, Blood, vol.84, pp.2436-2446, 1994.

J. H. Kehrl, L. M. Wakefield, A. B. Roberts, S. Jakowlew, M. Alvarez-mon et al., Production of transforming growth factor beta by human T lymphocytes and its potential role in the regulation of T cell growth, J. Exp. Med, vol.163, pp.1037-1050, 1986.

M. E. Keir, S. C. Liang, I. Guleria, Y. E. Latchman, A. Qipo et al., Tissue expression of PD-L1 mediates peripheral T cell tolerance, J. Exp. Med, vol.203, pp.883-895, 2006.

A. Kelly, M. W. Robinson, G. Roche, C. A. Biron, C. O'farrelly et al., Immune Cell Profiling of IFN-? Response Shows pDCs Express Highest Level of IFN-?R1 and Are Directly Responsive via the JAK-STAT Pathway, J. Interferon Cytokine Res, vol.36, pp.671-680, 2016.

G. A. Kennedy, A. Varelias, S. Vuckovic, P. Zhang, K. P. Macdonald et al., The Addition Of Interleukin-6 Inhibition To Standard Gvhd Prophylaxis Prevents Acute Gvhd: Interim Results Of a Phase I/II Clinical Study, Blood, vol.122, pp.908-908, 2013.

R. Khorooshi, M. T. Mørch, T. H. Holm, C. T. Berg, R. T. Dieu et al., Induction of endogenous Type I interferon within the central nervous system plays a protective role in experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis, Acta Neuropathol. (Berl.), vol.130, pp.107-118, 2015.

S. J. Khoury and M. H. Sayegh, The roles of the new negative T cell costimulatory pathways in regulating autoimmunity, Immunity, vol.20, pp.529-538, 2004.

S. J. Khoury, W. W. Hancock, and H. L. Weiner, Oral tolerance to myelin basic protein and natural recovery from experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis are associated with downregulation of inflammatory cytokines and differential upregulation of transforming growth factor beta, interleukin 4, and prostaglandin E expression in the brain, J. Exp. Med, vol.176, pp.1355-1364, 1992.

R. Kiefer, T. Schweitzer, S. Jung, K. V. Toyka, and H. Hartung, Sequential Expression of Transforming Growth Factor-pi by T-cells, Macrophages, and Microglia in Rat Spinal Cord during Autoimmune Inflammation, J. Neuropathol. Exp. Neurol, vol.57, pp.385-395, 1998.

M. J. Kiel, G. L. Radice, and S. J. Morrison, Lack of evidence that hematopoietic stem cells depend on Ncadherin-mediated adhesion to osteoblasts for their maintenance, Cell Stem Cell, vol.1, pp.204-217, 2007.

J. M. Kim, J. P. Rasmussen, and A. Y. Rudensky, Regulatory T cells prevent catastrophic autoimmunity throughout the lifespan of mice, Nat. Immunol, vol.8, pp.191-197, 2007.

J. S. Kim, S. Kim, J. Cheong, Y. Kim, D. Y. Hwang et al., Clinical significance of B cell-activating factor (BAFF) and a proliferation-inducing ligand (APRIL) in acute graft-versus-host disease after allogeneic hematopoietic stem cell transplantation, Korean J. Hematol, vol.46, pp.175-179, 2011.

I. L. King, T. L. Dickendesher, and B. M. Segal, Circulating Ly-6C+ myeloid precursors migrate to the CNS and play a pathogenic role during autoimmune demyelinating disease, Blood, vol.113, pp.3190-3197, 2009.

C. L. Kitko, S. Paczesny, G. Yanik, T. Braun, D. Jones et al., Plasma Elevations of Tumor Necrosis Factor-Receptor-1 at Day 7 Post Allogeneic Transplant Correlate with Graft Versus Host Disease Severity and Overall Survival in Pediatric Patients, Biol. Blood Marrow Transplant. J. Am. Soc. Blood Marrow Transplant, vol.14, pp.759-765, 2008.

I. Kleer, . De, B. Vastert, M. Klein, G. Teklenburg et al., Autologous stem cell transplantation for autoimmunity induces immunologic self-tolerance by reprogramming autoreactive T cells and restoring the CD4+CD25+ immune regulatory network, Blood, vol.107, pp.1696-1702, 2006.

S. Kleffel, A. Vergani, S. Tezza, M. Ben-nasr, M. A. Niewczas et al., Interleukin-10+ Regulatory B Cells Arise Within Antigen-Experienced CD40+ B Cells to Maintain Tolerance to Islet Autoantigens, Diabetes, vol.64, pp.158-171, 2015.

S. Knaan-shanzer, P. Houben, E. P. Kinwel-bohré, and D. W. Van-bekkum, Remission induction of adjuvant arthritis in rats by total body irradiation and autologous bone marrow transplantation, Bone Marrow Transplant, vol.8, pp.333-338, 1991.

H. Ko, J. L. Brady, V. Ryg-cornejo, D. S. Hansen, D. Vremec et al., GM-CSF-responsive monocyte-derived dendritic cells are pivotal in Th17 pathogenesis, J. Immunol. Baltim. Md, pp.2202-2209, 2014.

B. H. Koehn, P. Apostolova, J. M. Haverkamp, J. S. Miller, V. Mccullar et al., GVHD-associated, inflammasome-mediated loss of function in adoptively transferred myeloid-derived suppressor cells, Blood, vol.126, pp.1621-1628, 2015.

C. Koenecke, N. Czeloth, A. Bubke, S. Schmitz, A. Kissenpfennig et al., Alloantigen-specific de novo-induced Foxp3+ Treg revert in vivo and do not protect from experimental GVHD, Eur. J. Immunol, vol.39, pp.3091-3096, 2009.
URL : https://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/hal-00431886

Y. Komiyama, S. Nakae, T. Matsuki, A. Nambu, H. Ishigame et al., IL-17 plays an important role in the development of experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis, J. Immunol. Baltim. Md, vol.177, pp.566-573, 1950.

G. Kooij, J. Kroon, D. Paul, A. Reijerkerk, D. Geerts et al., P-glycoprotein regulates trafficking of CD8(+) T cells to the brain parenchyma, Acta Neuropathol. (Berl.), vol.127, pp.699-711, 2014.

S. Korniotis, C. Gras, H. Letscher, R. Montandon, J. Mégret et al., Treatment of ongoing autoimmune encephalomyelitis with activated B-cell progenitors maturing into regulatory B cells, Nat. Commun, vol.7, p.12134, 2016.

M. Koutrolos, K. Berer, N. Kawakami, H. Wekerle, and G. Krishnamoorthy, Treg cells mediate recovery from EAE by controlling effector T cell proliferation and motility in the CNS, Acta Neuropathol. Commun, vol.2, 2014.

M. Koyama, D. Hashimoto, K. Aoyama, K. Matsuoka, K. Karube et al., Plasmacytoid dendritic cells prime alloreactive T cells to mediate graft-versus-host disease as antigen-presenting cells, Blood, vol.113, pp.2088-2095, 2009.

W. Krenger, K. M. Snyder, J. C. Byon, G. Falzarano, and J. L. Ferrara, Polarized type 2 alloreactive CD4+ and CD8+ donor T cells fail to induce experimental acute graft-versus-host disease, J. Immunol. Baltim. Md, vol.155, pp.585-593, 1950.

G. W. Kreutzberg, Microglia: a sensor for pathological events in the CNS, Trends Neurosci, vol.19, pp.312-318, 1996.

A. M. Krieg, A. K. Yi, S. Matson, T. J. Waldschmidt, G. A. Bishop et al., CpG motifs in bacterial DNA trigger direct B-cell activation, Nature, vol.374, pp.546-549, 1995.

A. Krug, S. Rothenfusser, V. Hornung, B. Jahrsdörfer, S. Blackwell et al., Identification of CpG oligonucleotide sequences with high induction of IFN-alpha/beta in plasmacytoid dendritic cells, Eur. J. Immunol, vol.31, pp.2154-2163, 2001.

T. Korn, J. Reddy, W. Gao, E. Bettelli, A. Awasthi et al., Myelin-specific regulatory T cells accumulate in the CNS but fail to control autoimmune inflammation, Nat Med, vol.13, issue.4, pp.423-431, 2007.

A. Kupfer, S. J. Singer, C. A. Janeway, and S. L. Swain, Coclustering of CD4 (L3T4) molecule with the T-cell receptor is induced by specific direct interaction of helper T cells and antigen-presenting cells, Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U. S. A, vol.84, pp.5888-5892, 1987.

K. , E. A. Popova, L. Kwinn, L. Haynes, L. M. Jones et al., Pattern recognition receptors TLR4 and CD14 mediate response to respiratory syncytial virus, Nat. Immunol, vol.1, pp.398-401, 2000.

C. Kurts, H. Kosaka, F. R. Carbone, J. F. Miller, and W. R. Heath, Class I-restricted Cross-Presentation of Exogenous Self-Antigens Leads to Deletion of Autoreactive CD8+ T Cells, J. Exp. Med, vol.186, pp.239-245, 1997.

C. Kurts, R. M. Sutherland, G. Davey, M. Li, A. M. Lew et al., , 1999.

, CD8 T cell ignorance or tolerance to islet antigens depends on antigen dose, Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U. S. A, vol.96, pp.12703-12707

R. Kushwah, J. Wu, J. R. Oliver, G. Jiang, J. Zhang et al., Uptake of apoptotic DC converts immature DC into tolerogenic DC that induce differentiation of Foxp3+ Treg, Eur. J. Immunol, vol.40, pp.1022-1035, 2010.

J. J. Lafaille, F. V. De-keere, A. L. Hsu, J. L. Baron, W. Haas et al., Myelin Basic Protein-specific T Helper 2 (Th2) Cells Cause Experimental Autoimmune Encephalomyelitis in Immunodeficient Hosts Rather than Protect Them from the Disease, J. Exp. Med, vol.186, pp.307-312, 1997.

M. Lafon, F. Megret, M. Lafage, and C. Prehaud, The innate immune facet of brain: human neurons express TLR-3 and sense viral dsRNA, J. Mol. Neurosci. MN, vol.29, pp.185-194, 2006.

J. R. Lamb, B. J. Skidmore, N. Green, J. M. Chiller, and M. Feldmann, Induction of tolerance in influenza virusimmune T lymphocyte clones with synthetic peptides of influenza hemagglutinin, J. Exp. Med, vol.157, pp.1434-1447, 1983.

K. L. Lambertsen, R. Gregersen, M. Meldgaard, B. H. Clausen, E. K. Heibøl et al., A Role for Interferon-Gamma in Focal Cerebral Ischemia in Mice, J. Neuropathol. Exp. Neurol, vol.63, pp.942-955, 2004.

I. A. Lampert, R. H. Moore, R. Huby, and J. Cohen, Observations on the role of endotoxin in graft-versus-host disease, Prog. Clin. Biol. Res, vol.272, pp.351-359, 1988.

C. Larochelle, M. Lécuyer, J. I. Alvarez, M. Charabati, O. Saint-laurent et al., Melanoma cell adhesion molecule-positive CD8 T lymphocytes mediate central nervous system inflammation, Ann. Neurol, vol.78, pp.39-53, 2015.

H. Lassmann, F. Zimprich, K. Vass, and W. F. Hickey, Microglial cells are a component of the perivascular glia limitans, J. Neurosci. Res, vol.28, pp.236-243, 1991.

L. Blanc, K. Tammik, L. Sundberg, B. Haynesworth, S. E. Ringdén et al., Mesenchymal stem cells inhibit and stimulate mixed lymphocyte cultures and mitogenic responses independently of the major histocompatibility complex, Scand. J. Immunol, vol.57, pp.11-20, 2003.

L. Blanc, K. Rasmusson, I. Sundberg, B. Götherström, C. Hassan et al., Treatment of severe acute graft-versus-host disease with third party haploidentical mesenchymal stem cells, Lancet Lond. Engl, vol.363, pp.1439-1441, 2004.

L. Bon, A. Schiavoni, G. D'agostino, G. Gresser, I. Belardelli et al., Type i interferons potently enhance humoral immunity and can promote isotype switching by stimulating dendritic cells in vivo, Immunity, vol.14, pp.461-470, 2001.

M. Leclerc, S. Naserian, C. Pilon, A. Thiolat, G. H. Martin et al., Control of GVHD by regulatory T cells depends on TNF produced by T cells and TNFR2 expressed by regulatory T cells, Blood, vol.128, pp.1651-1659, 2016.

H. M. Lee and C. Hsieh, Rare development of Foxp3+ thymocytes in the CD4+CD8+ subset, J. Immunol. Baltim. Md, vol.183, pp.2261-2266, 1950.

H. J. Lee, B. Oran, R. M. Saliba, D. M. Couriel, K. Shin et al., Steroid myopathy in patients with acute graft-versus-host disease treated with high-dose steroid therapy, Bone Marrow Transplant, vol.38, pp.299-303, 2006.

J. Lee, J. H. Richburg, E. B. Shipp, M. L. Meistrich, and K. Boekelheide, The Fas system, a regulator of testicular germ cell apoptosis, is differentially up-regulated in Sertoli cell versus germ cell injury of the testis, Endocrinology, vol.140, pp.852-858, 1999.

S. J. Lee, D. Zahrieh, E. Agura, M. L. Macmillan, R. T. Maziarz et al., Effect of up-front daclizumab when combined with steroids for the treatment of acute graftversus-host disease: results of a randomized trial, Blood, vol.104, pp.1559-1564, 2004.

S. Lee, Y. Park, T. So, B. S. Kwon, H. Cheroutre et al., Identification of Regulatory Functions for 4-1BB and 4-1BBL in Myelopoiesis and the Development of Dendritic Cells, Nat. Immunol, vol.9, pp.917-926, 2008.

W. Lee, J. Kim, H. Won, S. Lee, Y. Suh et al., Effect of upregulated TLR2 expression from G-CSF-mobilized donor grafts on acute graft-versus-host disease, Int. Immunopharmacol, vol.29, pp.488-493, 2015.

Y. Lee, Y. Ishida, M. Rifa'i, Z. Shi, K. Isobe et al., Essential role of CD8+CD122+ regulatory T cells in the recovery from experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis, J. Immunol. Baltim. Md, vol.180, pp.825-832, 1950.

Y. K. Lee, H. Turner, C. L. Maynard, J. R. Oliver, D. Chen et al., Late developmental plasticity in the T helper 17 lineage, Immunity, vol.30, pp.92-107, 2009.

B. Lemaitre, E. Nicolas, L. Michaut, J. M. Reichhart, and J. A. Hoffmann, The dorsoventral regulatory gene cassette spätzle/Toll/cactus controls the potent antifungal response in Drosophila adults, Cell, vol.86, pp.973-983, 1996.

B. León, A. , and C. , Monocyte-derived dendritic cells in innate and adaptive immunity, Immunol. Cell Biol, vol.86, pp.320-324, 2008.

B. León, M. López-bravo, A. , and C. , Monocyte-derived dendritic cells formed at the infection site control the induction of protective T helper 1 responses against Leishmania, Immunity, vol.26, pp.519-531, 2007.

T. Leuenberger, M. Paterka, E. Reuter, J. Herz, R. A. Niesner et al., The role of CD8+ T cells and their local interaction with CD4+ T cells in myelin oligodendrocyte glycoprotein35-55-induced experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis, J. Immunol. Baltim. Md, pp.4960-4968, 2013.

J. E. Levine, J. P. Uberti, L. Ayash, C. Reynolds, J. L. Ferrara et al., Lowered-intensity preparative regimen for allogeneic stem cell transplantation delays acute graft-versus-host disease but does not improve outcome for advanced hematologic malignancy, Biol. Blood Marrow Transplant. J. Am. Soc. Blood Marrow Transplant, vol.9, pp.189-197, 2003.

H. Levy, Y. Assaf, and D. Frenkel, Characterization of brain lesions in a mouse model of progressive multiple sclerosis, Exp. Neurol, vol.226, pp.148-158, 2010.

J. Li and E. K. Waller, Donor antigen-presenting cells regulate T-cell expansion and antitumor activity after allogeneic bone marrow transplantation, Biol. Blood Marrow Transplant. J. Am. Soc. Blood Marrow Transplant, vol.10, pp.540-551, 2004.

H. Li, A. J. Demetris, J. Mcniff, C. Matte-martone, H. S. Tan et al., Profound depletion of host conventional dendritic cells, plasmacytoid dendritic cells, and B cells does not prevent graft-versus-host disease induction, J. Immunol. Baltim. Md, vol.188, pp.3804-3811, 1950.

J. Li, J. Li, and E. K. Waller, Inhibition of vasoactive intestinal polypeptide signaling augments T cell activation by plasmacytoid dendritic cells: implications for cellular immunotherapy, J. Immunol, vol.196, pp.15-116, 2016.

R. Li, A. Rezk, Y. Miyazaki, E. Hilgenberg, H. Touil et al., Proinflammatory GM-CSF-producing B cells in multiple sclerosis and B cell depletion therapy, Sci. Transl. Med, vol.7, pp.310-166, 2015.

X. Li, J. Mai, A. Virtue, Y. Yin, R. Gong et al., IL-35 Is a Novel Responsive Anti-inflammatory Cytokine -A New System of Categorizing Anti-inflammatory Cytokines, PLOS ONE, vol.7, p.33628, 2012.

X. K. Li, T. Okuyama, A. Tamura, S. Enosawa, Y. Kaneda et al., Prolonged survival of rat liver allografts transfected with Fas ligand-expressing plasmid, Transplantation, vol.66, pp.1416-1423, 1998.

Y. Liang, T. Huang, C. Zhang, I. Todorov, M. Atkinson et al., Donor CD8+ T cells facilitate induction of chimerism and tolerance without GVHD in autoimmune NOD mice conditioned with anti-CD3 mAb, Blood, vol.105, pp.2180-2188, 2005.

R. Liblau, Experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis in IL-4-deficient mice, Int. Immunol, vol.9, pp.799-803, 1997.

S. F. Libregts and M. A. Nolte, Parallels between immune driven-hematopoiesis and T cell activation: 3 signals that relay inflammatory stress to the bone marrow, Exp. Cell Res, vol.329, pp.239-247, 2014.

S. F. Libregts, L. Gutiérrez, A. M. De-bruin, F. M. Wensveen, P. Papadopoulos et al., Chronic IFN-? production in mice induces anemia by reducing erythrocyte life span and inhibiting erythropoiesis through an IRF-1/PU.1 axis, Blood, vol.118, pp.2578-2588, 2011.

J. Lim, M. Park, K. Im, N. Kim, E. Jeon et al., Combination cell therapy using mesenchymal stem cells and regulatory T-cells provides a synergistic immunomodulatory effect associated with reciprocal regulation of TH1/TH2 and th17/treg cells in a murine acute graft-versus-host disease model, Cell Transplant, vol.23, pp.703-714, 2014.

C. A. Lindemans and A. M. Hanash, The importance of bone marrow involvement in GVHD, Blood, vol.124, pp.837-838, 2014.

J. Link, Interferon-gamma, interleukin-4 and transforming growth factor-beta mRNA expression in multiple sclerosis and myasthenia gravis, Acta Neurol. Scand. Suppl, vol.158, pp.1-58, 1994.

R. A. Linker, E. Rott, H. H. Hofstetter, T. Hanke, K. V. Toyka et al., EAE in beta-2 microglobulindeficient mice: axonal damage is not dependent on MHC-I restricted immune responses, Neurobiol. Dis, vol.19, pp.218-228, 2005.

L. Liou, A. L. Blasius, M. J. Welch, M. Colonna, M. B. Oldstone et al., In vivo conversion of BM plasmacytoid DC into CD11b+ conventional DC during virus infection, Eur. J. Immunol, vol.38, pp.3388-3394, 2008.

C. Lippens, F. V. Duraes, J. Dubrot, D. Brighouse, M. Lacroix et al., IDO-orchestrated crosstalk between pDCs and Tregs inhibits autoimmunity, J. Autoimmun, vol.75, pp.39-49, 2016.
URL : https://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/hal-01438478

Y. Liu, IPC: professional type 1 interferon-producing cells and plasmacytoid dendritic cell precursors, Annu. Rev. Immunol, vol.23, pp.275-306, 2005.

J. Liu, J. D. Farmer, W. S. Lane, J. Friedman, I. Weissman et al., Calcineurin is a common target of cyclophilin-cyclosporin A and FKBP-FK506 complexes, Cell, vol.66, pp.807-815, 1991.

K. Liu, C. Waskow, X. Liu, K. Yao, J. Hoh et al., Origin of dendritic cells in peripheral lymphoid organs of mice, Nat. Immunol, vol.8, pp.578-583, 2007.

K. Liu, G. D. Victora, T. A. Schwickert, P. Guermonprez, M. M. Meredith et al., In vivo analysis of dendritic cell development and homeostasis, Science, vol.324, pp.392-397, 2009.

Y. C. Liu, R. C. Gray, G. A. Hardy, J. Kuchtey, D. W. Abbott et al., CpG-B Oligodeoxynucleotides Inhibit TLR-Dependent and -Independent Induction of Type I IFN in Dendritic Cells, J. Immunol. Baltim. Md, vol.184, pp.3367-3376, 1950.

T. Lohmann, R. D. Leslie, and M. Londei, T cell clones to epitopes of glutamic acid decarboxylase 65 raised from normal subjects and patients with insulin-dependent diabetes, J. Autoimmun, vol.9, pp.385-389, 1996.

S. López-giral, N. E. Quintana, M. Cabrerizo, M. Alfonso-pérez, M. Sala-valdés et al., Chemokine receptors that mediate B cell homing to secondary lymphoid tissues are highly expressed in B cell chronic lymphocytic leukemia and non-Hodgkin lymphomas with widespread nodular dissemination, J. Leukoc. Biol, vol.76, pp.462-471, 2004.

A. Louveau, I. Smirnov, T. J. Keyes, J. D. Eccles, S. J. Rouhani et al., Structural and functional features of central nervous system lymphatic vessels, Nature, vol.523, pp.337-341, 2015.

Y. Lu, W. Harris, J. Li, and E. K. Waller, Donor BM Dendritic Cells Expressing IDO Limit Graft-Versus-Host Disease After Allogeneic Bone Marrow Transplant, Blood, vol.114, pp.1331-1331, 2009.

Y. Lu, C. R. Giver, A. Sharma, J. M. Li, K. A. Darlak et al., , 2012.

, 3-dioxygenase signaling between donor dendritic cells and T cells regulates graft versus host and graft versus leukemia activity, Blood, vol.2, pp.1075-1085

F. D. Lublin, J. D. Bowen, J. Huddlestone, M. Kremenchutzky, A. Carpenter et al., Human placenta-derived cells (PDA-001) for the treatment of adults with multiple sclerosis: a randomized, placebo-controlled, multiple-dose study, Mult. Scler. Relat. Disord, vol.3, pp.696-704, 2014.

G. Lui, O. Manches, J. Angel, J. Molens, L. Chaperot et al., Plasmacytoid Dendritic Cells Capture and Cross-Present Viral Antigens from Influenza-Virus Exposed Cells, PLOS ONE, vol.4, p.7111, 2009.
URL : https://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/inserm-00419345

X. Luo, L. Liu, N. Tang, K. Q. Lu, T. S. Mccormick et al., Inhibition of monocyte-derived dendritic cell differentiation and interleukin-12 production by complement iC3b via a mitogen-activated protein kinase signalling pathway, Exp. Dermatol, vol.14, pp.303-310, 2005.

M. B. Lutz, IL-3 in dendritic cell development and function: a comparison with GM-CSF and IL-4, Immunobiology, vol.209, pp.79-87, 2004.

M. B. Lutz, Therapeutic Potential of Semi-Mature Dendritic Cells for Tolerance Induction, Front. Immunol, vol.3, 2012.

I. C. Macaulay, V. Svensson, C. Labalette, L. Ferreira, F. Hamey et al., , 2016.

, Single-Cell RNA-Sequencing Reveals a Continuous Spectrum of Differentiation in Hematopoietic Cells, Cell Rep, vol.14, pp.966-977

K. P. Macdonald, R. D. Kuns, V. Rowe, E. S. Morris, T. Banovic et al., Effector and regulatory T-cell function is differentially regulated by RelB within antigenpresenting cells during GVHD, Blood, vol.109, pp.5049-5057, 2007.

M. L. Macmillan, D. J. Weisdorf, S. M. Davies, T. E. Defor, L. J. Burns et al., Early antithymocyte globulin therapy improves survival in patients with steroid-resistant acute graft-versushost disease, Biol. Blood Marrow Transplant. J. Am. Soc. Blood Marrow Transplant, vol.8, pp.40-46, 2002.

F. Malard, C. Bossard, E. Brissot, P. Chevallier, T. Guillaume et al., Increased plasmacytoid dendritic cells and ROR?t-expressing immune effectors in cutaneous acute graft-versus-host disease, J. Leukoc. Biol, vol.94, pp.1337-1343

R. A. Maldonado, R. A. Lamothe, J. D. Ferrari, A. Zhang, R. J. Rossi et al., Polymeric synthetic nanoparticles for the induction of antigen-specific immunological tolerance, Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U. S. A, vol.112, pp.156-165, 2015.

S. Malhotra, J. Río, E. Urcelay, R. Nurtdinov, M. F. Bustamante et al., NLRP3 inflammasome is associated with the response to IFN-? in patients with multiple sclerosis, Brain J. Neurol, vol.138, pp.644-652, 2015.

M. J. Mansilla, C. Sellès-moreno, S. Fàbregas-puig, J. Amoedo, J. Navarro-barriuso et al., Beneficial Effect of Tolerogenic Dendritic Cells Pulsed with MOG Autoantigen in Experimental Autoimmune Encephalomyelitis, CNS Neurosci. Ther, vol.21, pp.222-230

R. Mansson, S. Zandi, E. Welinder, P. Tsapogas, N. Sakaguchi et al., Single-cell analysis of the common lymphoid progenitor compartment reveals functional and molecular heterogeneity, Blood, vol.115, pp.2601-2609, 2010.

M. G. Manz, D. Traver, T. Miyamoto, I. L. Weissman, A. et al., Dendritic cell potentials of early lymphoid and myeloid progenitors, Blood, vol.97, pp.3333-3341, 2001.

E. Maraskovsky, K. Brasel, M. Teepe, E. R. Roux, S. D. Lyman et al., Dramatic increase in the numbers of functionally mature dendritic cells in Flt3 ligand-treated mice: multiple dendritic cell subpopulations identified, J. Exp. Med, vol.184, pp.1953-1962, 1996.

N. Marek-trzonkowska, M. Mysliwiec, A. Dobyszuk, M. Grabowska, I. Techmanska et al., Administration of CD4+CD25highCD127-regulatory T cells preserves ?-cell function in type 1 diabetes in children, Diabetes Care, vol.35, pp.1817-1820, 2012.

J. C. Marie, J. J. Letterio, M. Gavin, and A. Y. Rudensky, TGF-beta1 maintains suppressor function and Foxp3 expression in CD4+CD25+ regulatory T cells, J. Exp. Med, vol.201, pp.1061-1067, 2005.

K. A. Markey, T. Banovic, R. D. Kuns, S. D. Olver, A. L. Don et al., Conventional dendritic cells are the critical donor APC presenting alloantigen after experimental bone marrow transplantation, Blood, vol.113, pp.5644-5649, 2009.

S. Markovic-plese, H. Fukaura, J. Zhang, A. Sabbagh, S. Southwood et al., T cell recognition of immunodominant and cryptic proteolipid protein epitopes in humans, J. Immunol. Baltim. Md, vol.155, pp.982-992, 1950.

P. J. Martin, G. Schoch, L. Fisher, V. Byers, C. Anasetti et al., A retrospective analysis of therapy for acute graft-versus-host disease: initial treatment, Blood, vol.76, pp.1464-1472, 1990.

P. J. Martin, J. D. Rizzo, J. R. Wingard, K. Ballen, P. T. Curtin et al., First and Second-Line Systemic Treatment of Acute Graft-versus-host Disease: Recommendations of the American Society of Blood and Marrow Transplantation, Biol. Blood Marrow Transplant, vol.18, pp.1150-1163, 2012.

N. E. Martinez, F. Sato, S. Omura, A. Minagar, J. S. Alexander et al., Immunopathological Patterns from EAE and Theiler's Virus Infection: Is Multiple Sclerosis a Homogenous 1-stage or Heterogenous 2-stage Disease?, Pathophysiol. Off. J. Int. Soc. Pathophysiol. ISP, vol.20, pp.71-84, 2013.

P. Mart??n, G. M. Hoyo, F. Anjuère, S. R. Ruiz, C. F. Arias et al., Concept of lymphoid versus myeloid dendritic cell lineages revisited: both CD8?? and CD8?+dendritic cells are generated from CD4lowlymphoid-committed precursors, Blood, vol.96, pp.2511-2519, 2000.

I. D. Mascanfroni, A. Yeste, S. M. Vieira, E. J. Burns, B. Patel et al., IL-27 acts on DCs to suppress the T cell response and autoimmunity by inducing expression of the immunoregulatory molecule CD39, Nat. Immunol, vol.14, pp.1054-1063, 2013.

J. Masjuan, J. C. Alvarez-cermeño, N. García-barragán, M. Díaz-sánchez, M. Espiño et al., Clinically isolated syndromes: a new oligoclonal band test accurately predicts conversion to MS, Neurology, vol.66, pp.576-578, 2006.

E. K. Mathey, T. Derfuss, M. K. Storch, K. R. Williams, K. Hales et al., Neurofascin as a novel target for autoantibody-mediated axonal injury, J. Exp. Med, vol.204, pp.2363-2372, 2007.

H. Matsumoto, Y. Murakami, K. Kataoka, S. Notomi, D. Mantopoulos et al., Membrane-bound and soluble Fas ligands have opposite functions in photoreceptor cell death following separation from the retinal pigment epithelium, Cell Death Dis, vol.6, 1986.

C. C. Matte, J. Liu, J. Cormier, B. E. Anderson, I. Athanasiadis et al., Donor APCs are required for maximal GVHD but not for GVL, Nat. Med, vol.10, pp.987-992, 2004.

M. Matysiak, B. Makosa, A. Walczak, and K. Selmaj, Patients with multiple sclerosis resisted to glucocorticoid therapy: abnormal expression of heat-shock protein 90 in glucocorticoid receptor complex, Mult. Scler. Houndmills Basingstoke Engl, vol.14, pp.919-926, 2008.

P. Matzinger, The danger model: a renewed sense of self, Science, vol.296, pp.301-305, 2002.

I. Mavroudi and H. A. Papadaki, The role of CD40/CD40 ligand interactions in bone marrow granulopoiesis, ScientificWorldJournal, vol.11, pp.2011-2019, 2011.

W. I. Mcdonald, A. Compston, G. Edan, D. Goodkin, H. P. Hartung et al., Recommended diagnostic criteria for multiple sclerosis: guidelines from the International Panel on the diagnosis of multiple sclerosis, Ann. Neurol, vol.50, pp.121-127, 2001.

H. J. Mckenna, K. L. Stocking, R. E. Miller, K. Brasel, T. De-smedt et al., Mice lacking flt3 ligand have deficient hematopoiesis affecting hematopoietic progenitor cells, dendritic cells, and natural killer cells, Blood, vol.95, pp.3489-3497, 2000.

K. A. Mclaughlin, T. Chitnis, J. Newcombe, B. Franz, J. Kennedy et al., Age-dependent B cell autoimmunity to a myelin surface antigen in pediatric multiple sclerosis, J. Immunol. Baltim. Md, vol.183, pp.4067-4076, 1950.

B. L. Mcrae, C. L. Vanderlugt, M. C. Dal-canto, and S. D. Miller, Functional evidence for epitope spreading in the relapsing pathology of experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis, J. Exp. Med, vol.182, pp.75-85, 1995.

B. L. Mcrae, R. T. Semnani, M. P. Hayes, and G. A. Van-seventer, Type I IFNs inhibit human dendritic cell IL-12 production and Th1 cell development, J. Immunol. Baltim. Md, vol.160, pp.4298-4304, 1950.

P. B. Medawar, Immunity to Homologous Grafted Skin. III. The Fate of Skin Homographs Transplanted to the Brain, to Subcutaneous Tissue, and to the Anterior Chamber of the Eye, Br. J. Exp. Pathol, vol.29, pp.58-69, 1948.

R. Medzhitov, P. Preston-hurlburt, and C. A. Janeway, A human homologue of the Drosophila Toll protein signals activation of adaptive immunity, Nature, vol.388, pp.394-397, 1997.

M. Mehling, L. Kappos, and T. Derfuss, Fingolimod for multiple sclerosis: mechanism of action, clinical outcomes, and future directions, Curr. Neurol. Neurosci. Rep, vol.11, pp.492-497, 2011.

M. Meira, C. Sievers, F. Hoffmann, M. Rasenack, J. Kuhle et al., , 2014.

, Unraveling Natalizumab Effects on Deregulated miR-17 Expression in CD4

A. L. Mellor and D. H. Munn, Tryptophan catabolism and T-cell tolerance: immunosuppression by starvation?, Immunol. Today, vol.20, pp.469-473, 1999.

S. Méndez-ferrer, D. Lucas, M. Battista, and P. S. Frenette, Haematopoietic stem cell release is regulated by circadian oscillations, Nature, vol.452, pp.442-447, 2008.

S. Méndez-ferrer, M. Battista, and P. S. Frenette, Cooperation of ?2-and ?3-adrenergic receptors in hematopoietic progenitor cell mobilization, Ann. N. Y. Acad. Sci, vol.1192, pp.139-144, 2010.

M. Menges, S. Rössner, C. Voigtländer, H. Schindler, N. A. Kukutsch et al., Repetitive injections of dendritic cells matured with tumor necrosis factor alpha induce antigen-specific protection of mice from autoimmunity, J. Exp. Med, vol.195, pp.15-21, 2002.

A. Mensen, K. Jöhrens, I. Anagnostopoulos, S. Demski, M. Oey et al., Bone marrow T-cell infiltration during acute GVHD is associated with delayed B-cell recovery and function after HSCT, Blood, vol.124, pp.963-972, 2014.

L. W. Meredith, M. J. Farquhar, A. W. Tarr, and J. A. Mckeating, Type I interferon rapidly restricts infectious hepatitis C virus particle genesis, Hepatol. Baltim. Md, vol.60, pp.1891-1901, 2014.

D. Mevorach, T. Zuckerman, I. Reiner, A. Shimoni, S. Samuel et al., Single Infusion of Donor Mononuclear Early Apoptotic Cells as Prophylaxis for Graft-versus-Host Disease in Myeloablative HLA-Matched Allogeneic Bone Marrow Transplantation: A Phase I/IIa Clinical Trial, Biol. Blood Marrow Transplant, vol.20, pp.58-65, 2014.

M. Mielcarek, T. Furlong, B. E. Storer, M. L. Green, G. B. Mcdonald et al., Effectiveness and safety of lower dose prednisone for initial treatment of acute graft-versus-host disease: a randomized controlled trial, Haematologica, vol.100, pp.842-848, 2015.

A. Mildner, M. Mack, H. Schmidt, W. Brück, M. Djukic et al., , 2009.

, CCR2+Ly-6Chi monocytes are crucial for the effector phase of autoimmunity in the central nervous system, Brain J. Neurol, vol.132, pp.2487-2500

A. Miller, O. Lider, A. B. Roberts, M. B. Sporn, and H. L. Weiner, Suppressor T cells generated by oral tolerization to myelin basic protein suppress both in vitro and in vivo immune responses by the release of transforming growth factor beta after antigen-specific triggering, Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U. S. A, vol.89, pp.421-425, 1992.

S. Millot, V. Andrieu, P. Letteron, S. Lyoumi, M. Hurtado-nedelec et al., Erythropoietin stimulates spleen BMP4-dependent stress erythropoiesis and partially corrects anemia in a mouse model of generalized inflammation, Blood, vol.116, pp.6072-6081, 2010.

C. Min, B. Kim, G. Park, B. Cho, and I. Oh, IL-10-transduced bone marrow mesenchymal stem cells can attenuate the severity of acute graft-versus-host disease after experimental allogeneic stem cell transplantation, Bone Marrow Transplant, vol.39, pp.637-645, 2007.

E. Misawa, T. Sakurai, M. Yamada, Y. Tamura, and K. Motoyoshi, Administration of macrophage colonystimulating factor mobilized both CD11b+CD11c+ cells and NK1.1+ cells into peripheral blood, Int. Immunopharmacol, vol.4, pp.791-803, 2004.

R. E. Mitchell, M. Hassan, B. R. Burton, G. Britton, E. V. Hill et al., IL-4 enhances IL-10 production in Th1 cells: implications for Th1 and Th2 regulation, Sci. Rep, vol.7, p.11315, 2017.

A. Mizoguchi, E. Mizoguchi, H. Takedatsu, R. S. Blumberg, and A. K. Bhan, Chronic Intestinal Inflammatory Condition Generates IL-10-Producing Regulatory B Cell Subset Characterized by CD1d Upregulation, Immunity, vol.16, pp.219-230, 2002.

M. Mohty, D. Blaise, C. Faucher, V. Bardou, J. Gastaut et al., Impact of plasmacytoid dendritic cells on outcome after reduced-intensity conditioning allogeneic stem cell transplantation, Leukemia, vol.19, pp.1-6, 2005.

C. Molle, M. Nguyen, V. Flamand, J. Renneson, F. Trottein et al.,

, IL-27 Synthesis Induced by TLR Ligation Critically Depends on IFN Regulatory Factor 3, J. Immunol, vol.178, pp.7607-7615

R. Montandon, S. Korniotis, E. Layseca-espinosa, C. Gras, J. Mégret et al., Innate pro-B-cell progenitors protect against type 1 diabetes by regulating autoimmune effector T cells, Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U. S. A, vol.110, pp.2199-2208, 2013.
URL : https://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/hal-00845005

S. Morecki, Y. Gelfand, E. Yacovlev, O. Eizik, Y. Shabat et al., CpG-induced myeloid CD11b+Gr-1+ cells efficiently suppress T cell-mediated immunoreactivity and graft-versus-host disease in a murine model of allogeneic cell therapy, Biol. Blood Marrow Transplant. J. Am. Soc. Blood Marrow Transplant, vol.14, pp.973-984, 2008.

A. Moretta, C. Bottino, D. Pende, G. Tripodi, G. Tambussi et al., Identification of four subsets of human CD3-CD16+ natural killer (NK) cells by the expression of clonally distributed functional surface molecules: correlation between subset assignment of NK clones and ability to mediate specific alloantigen recognition, J. Exp. Med, vol.172, pp.1589-1598, 1990.

M. Morita, C. Miller, J. Fung, L. Lu, and S. Qian, Elimination of Activated T Cells Is Pre-Condition for Immune Suppressor Cells to Induce Transplant Tolerance, Abstract# 2142, vol.98, p.40, 2014.

S. J. Morrison and I. L. Weissman, The long-term repopulating subset of hematopoietic stem cells is deterministic and isolatable by phenotype, Immunity, vol.1, pp.661-673, 1994.

L. Muffly, K. Sheehan, R. Armstrong, K. Jensen, K. Tate et al., Infusion of donor-derived CD8+ memory T cells for relapse following allogeneic hematopoietic cell transplantation, Blood Adv, vol.2, pp.681-690, 2018.

P. A. Muraro, D. C. Douek, A. Packer, K. Chung, F. J. Guenaga et al., Thymic output generates a new and diverse TCR repertoire after autologous stem cell transplantation in multiple sclerosis patients, J. Exp. Med, vol.201, pp.805-816, 2005.

P. A. Muraro, H. Robins, S. Malhotra, M. Howell, D. Phippard et al., T cell repertoire following autologous stem cell transplantation for multiple sclerosis, J. Clin. Invest, vol.124, pp.1168-1172, 2014.

S. Muth, K. Schütze, H. Schild, and H. C. Probst, Release of dendritic cells from cognate CD4+ T-cell recognition results in impaired peripheral tolerance and fatal cytotoxic T-cell mediated autoimmunity, Proc Natl Acad Sci, vol.109, issue.23, pp.9059-64, 2012.

S. Na, Y. Cao, C. Toben, L. Nitschke, C. Stadelmann et al., Naive CD8 T-cells initiate spontaneous autoimmunity to a sequestered model antigen of the central nervous system, Brain J. Neurol, vol.131, pp.2353-2365, 2008.

Y. Nagai, K. P. Garrett, S. Ohta, U. Bahrun, T. Kouro et al., Toll-like receptors on hematopoietic progenitor cells stimulate innate immune system replenishment, Immunity, vol.24, pp.801-812, 2006.

P. Nagyoszi, I. Wilhelm, A. E. Farkas, C. Fazakas, N. T. Dung et al., Expression and regulation of toll-like receptors in cerebral endothelial cells, Neurochem. Int, vol.57, pp.556-564, 2010.

H. Naiditch, M. R. Shurin, and G. V. Shurin, Targeting myeloid regulatory cells in cancer by chemotherapeutic agents, Immunol. Res, vol.50, pp.276-285, 2011.

S. H. Naik, D. Metcalf, A. Nieuwenhuijze, . Van, I. Wicks et al., Intrasplenic steady-state dendritic cell precursors that are distinct from monocytes, Nat. Immunol, vol.7, pp.663-671, 2006.

N. Najafian, T. Chitnis, A. D. Salama, B. Zhu, C. Benou et al., Regulatory functions of CD8+CD28-T cells in an autoimmune disease model, J. Clin. Invest, vol.112, pp.1037-1048, 2003.

R. A. Nash, G. J. Hutton, M. K. Racke, U. Popat, S. M. Devine et al., High-dose immunosuppressive therapy and autologous hematopoietic cell transplantation for relapsing-remitting multiple sclerosis (HALT-MS): a 3-year interim report, JAMA Neurol, vol.72, pp.159-169, 2015.

M. Nasso, G. Fedele, F. Spensieri, R. Palazzo, P. Costantino et al., Genetically detoxified pertussis toxin induces Th1/Th17 immune response through MAPKs and IL-10-dependent mechanisms, J. Immunol. Baltim. Md, vol.183, pp.1892-1899, 1950.

H. Neumann, I. M. Medana, J. Bauer, and H. Lassmann, Cytotoxic T lymphocytes in autoimmune and degenerative CNS diseases, Trends Neurosci, vol.25, pp.313-319, 2002.

V. H. Nguyen, R. Zeiser, D. L. Dasilva, D. S. Chang, A. Beilhack et al., In vivo dynamics of regulatory T-cell trafficking and survival predict effective strategies to control graft-versus-host disease following allogeneic transplantation, Blood, vol.109, pp.2649-2656, 2007.

W. G. Nichols, L. Corey, T. Gooley, C. Davis, and M. Boeckh, High risk of death due to bacterial and fungal infection among cytomegalovirus (CMV)-seronegative recipients of stem cell transplants from seropositive donors: evidence for indirect effects of primary CMV infection, J. Infect. Dis, vol.185, pp.273-282, 2002.

M. Niino, M. Hirotani, Y. Miyazaki, and H. Sasaki, Memory and naïve B-cell subsets in patients with multiple sclerosis, Neurosci. Lett, vol.464, pp.74-78, 2009.

B. Nikolic, S. Lee, R. T. Bronson, M. J. Grusby, and M. Sykes, Th1 and Th2 mediate acute graft-versus-host disease, each with distinct end-organ targets, J. Clin. Invest, vol.105, pp.1289-1298, 2000.

A. Noori-zadeh, S. A. Mesbah-namin, S. Bistoon-beigloo, S. Bakhtiyari, H. Abbaszadeh et al., Regulatory T cell number in multiple sclerosis patients: A meta-analysis, Mult. Scler. Relat. Disord, vol.5, pp.73-76, 2016.

G. J. Nossal and B. L. Pike, Clonal anergy: persistence in tolerant mice of antigen-binding B lymphocytes incapable of responding to antigen or mitogen, Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U. S. A, vol.77, pp.1602-1606, 1980.

F. Notta, S. Doulatov, E. Laurenti, A. Poeppl, I. Jurisica et al., Isolation of Single Human Hematopoietic Stem Cells Capable of Long-Term Multilineage Engraftment, Science, vol.333, pp.218-221, 2011.

S. L. Nutt, D. Metcalf, A. D'amico, M. Polli, and L. Wu, Dynamic regulation of PU.1 expression in multipotent hematopoietic progenitors, J. Exp. Med, vol.201, pp.221-231, 2005.

B. Obermeier, R. Mentele, J. Malotka, J. Kellermann, T. Kümpfel et al., Matching of oligoclonal immunoglobulin transcriptomes and proteomes of cerebrospinal fluid in multiple sclerosis, Nat. Med, vol.14, pp.688-693, 2008.

R. A. O'connor, C. T. Prendergast, C. A. Sabatos, C. W. Lau, M. D. Leech et al., , 2008.

, Cutting Edge: Th1 Cells Facilitate the Entry of Th17 Cells to the Central Nervous System during Experimental Autoimmune Encephalomyelitis, J. Immunol. Baltim. Md, vol.181, pp.3750-3754, 1950.

P. S. Ohashi, S. Oehen, K. Buerki, H. Pircher, C. T. Ohashi et al., Ablation of "tolerance" and induction of diabetes by virus infection in viral antigen transgenic mice, Cell, vol.65, pp.305-317, 1991.

T. Oida and H. L. Weiner, TGF-? Induces Surface LAP Expression on Murine CD4 T Cells Independent of Foxp3 Induction, PLoS ONE, vol.5, 2010.

S. Okamoto, H. Fujiwara, H. Nishimori, K. Matsuoka, N. Fujii et al., Anti-IL-12/23 p40 antibody attenuates experimental chronic graft-versus-host disease via suppression of IFN-?/IL-17-producing cells, J. Immunol. Baltim. Md, pp.1357-1363, 2015.

J. O'keeffe, C. M. Gately, T. Counihan, M. Hennessy, T. Leahy et al., T-cells expressing natural killer (NK) receptors are altered in multiple sclerosis and responses to alpha-galactosylceramide are impaired, J. Neurol. Sci, vol.275, pp.22-28, 2008.

M. O'keeffe, H. Hochrein, D. Vremec, I. Caminschi, J. L. Miller et al., Mouse plasmacytoid cells: long-lived cells, heterogeneous in surface phenotype and function, that differentiate into CD8(+) dendritic cells only after microbial stimulus, J. Exp. Med, vol.196, pp.1307-1319, 2002.

Y. Omatsu, T. Iyoda, Y. Kimura, A. Maki, M. Ishimori et al., Development of Murine Plasmacytoid Dendritic Cells Defined by Increased Expression of an Inhibitory NK Receptor, Ly49Q, J. Immunol, vol.174, pp.6657-6662, 2005.

N. Onai, K. Kurabayashi, M. Hosoi-amaike, N. Toyama-sorimachi, K. Matsushima et al., , 2013.

, A Clonogenic Progenitor with Prominent Plasmacytoid Dendritic Cell Developmental Potential, Immunity, vol.38, pp.943-957

B. Oppmann, R. Lesley, B. Blom, J. C. Timans, Y. Xu et al., , 2000.

, Novel p19 protein engages IL-12p40 to form a cytokine, IL-23, with biological activities similar as well as distinct from IL-12, Immunity, vol.13, pp.715-725

G. E. Orlandini, A. F. Holstein, and R. Möller, , 1979.

, Bull. Assoc. Anat. (Nancy), vol.63, pp.309-316

M. Osawa, K. Hanada, H. Hamada, and H. Nakauchi, Long-Term Lymphohematopoietic Reconstitution by a Single CD34-Low/Negative Hematopoietic Stem Cell, Science, vol.273, pp.242-245, 1996.

K. Ota, M. Matsui, E. L. Milford, G. A. Mackin, H. L. Weiner et al., T-cell recognition of an immunodominant myelin basic protein epitope in multiple sclerosis, Nature, vol.346, pp.183-187, 1990.

G. P. Owens, A. M. Ritchie, M. P. Burgoon, R. A. Williamson, J. R. Corboy et al., Single-cell repertoire analysis demonstrates that clonal expansion is a prominent feature of the B cell response in multiple sclerosis cerebrospinal fluid, J. Immunol. Baltim. Md, vol.171, pp.2725-2733, 1950.

B. Pan, L. Zeng, H. Cheng, G. Song, C. Chen et al., Altered balance between Th1 and Th17 cells in circulation is an indicator for the severity of murine acute GVHD, Immunol. Lett, vol.142, pp.48-54, 2012.

W. Pang, Role of muscle-derived cells in hematopoietic reconstitution of irradiated mice, Blood, vol.95, pp.1106-1108, 2000.

H. S. Panitch, R. L. Hirsch, A. S. Haley, J. , and K. P. , Exacerbations of multiple sclerosis in patients treated with gamma interferon, Lancet Lond. Engl, vol.1, pp.893-895, 1987.

R. Paolini, G. Bernardini, R. Molfetta, and A. Santoni, NK cells and interferons, vol.26, pp.113-120, 2015.
URL : https://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/pasteur-01182761

T. L. Papenfuss, N. D. Powell, M. A. Mcclain, A. Bedarf, A. Singh et al.,

, Estriol Generates Tolerogenic Dendritic Cells In Vivo That Protect against Autoimmunity, J. Immunol. Baltim. Md, vol.186, pp.3346-3355, 1950.

K. H. Paraiso, T. Ghansah, A. Costello, R. W. Engelman, and W. G. Kerr, Induced SHIP deficiency expands myeloid regulatory cells and abrogates graft-versus-host disease, J. Immunol. Baltim. Md, vol.178, pp.2893-2900, 1950.

V. V. Parekh, D. V. Prasad, P. P. Banerjee, B. N. Joshi, A. Kumar et al., B cells activated by lipopolysaccharide, but not by anti-Ig and anti-CD40 antibody, induce anergy in CD8+ T cells: role of TGF-beta 1, J. Immunol. Baltim. Md, vol.170, pp.5897-5911, 1950.

F. Paris, Z. Fuks, A. Kang, P. Capodieci, G. Juan et al., Endothelial apoptosis as the primary lesion initiating intestinal radiation damage in mice, Science, vol.293, pp.293-297, 2001.

C. S. Park, P. Lee, T. Yamada, A. Burns, Y. Shen et al., Kruppel-like factor 4 (KLF4) promotes the survival of natural killer cells and maintains the number of conventional dendritic cells in the spleen, J. Leukoc. Biol, vol.91, pp.739-750, 2012.

H. Park, Z. Li, X. O. Yang, S. H. Chang, R. Nurieva et al., A distinct lineage of CD4 T cells regulates tissue inflammation by producing interleukin 17, Nat. Immunol, vol.6, pp.1133-1141, 2005.

M. Park, S. H. Lee, S. Lee, E. Lee, E. Kim et al., IL-1 Receptor Blockade Alleviates Graft-versus-Host Disease through Downregulation of an Interleukin-1?-Dependent Glycolytic Pathway in Th17 Cells, Mediators Inflamm, 2015.

M. Pashenkov, Y. M. Huang, V. Kostulas, M. Haglund, M. Söderström et al., Two subsets of dendritic cells are present in human cerebrospinal fluid, Brain J. Neurol, vol.124, pp.480-492, 2001.

R. Pelayo, J. Hirose, J. Huang, K. P. Garrett, A. Delogu et al., Derivation of 2 categories of plasmacytoid dendritic cells in murine bone marrow, Blood, vol.105, pp.4407-4415, 2005.

V. L. Perez, L. Van-parijs, A. Biuckians, X. X. Zheng, T. B. Strom et al., Induction of peripheral T cell tolerance in vivo requires CTLA-4 engagement, Immunity, vol.6, pp.411-417, 1997.

M. Perretti and A. Ahluwalia, The Microcirculation and Inflammation: Site of Action for Glucocorticoids, vol.7, pp.147-161

F. Piancone, M. Saresella, I. Marventano, F. L. Rosa, M. Zoppis et al., B Lymphocytes in Multiple Sclerosis: Bregs and BTLA/CD272 Expressing-CD19+, 2016.

, Lymphocytes Modulate Disease Severity. Sci. Rep, vol.6, p.29699

E. R. Pierson, I. M. Stromnes, and J. M. Goverman, B cells promote induction of experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis by facilitating reactivation of T cells in the CNS, J. Immunol. Baltim. Md, pp.929-939, 2014.

E. M. Pietras, D. Reynaud, Y. Kang, D. Carlin, F. J. Calero-nieto et al., Functionally Distinct Subsets of Lineage-Biased Multipotent Progenitors Control Blood Production in Normal and Regenerative Conditions, Cell Stem Cell, vol.17, pp.35-46, 2015.

C. D. Platt, J. K. Ma, C. Chalouni, M. Ebersold, H. Bou-reslan et al., , 2010.

, Mature dendritic cells use endocytic receptors to capture and present antigens, Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U. S. A, vol.107, pp.4287-4292

J. S. Pober, Effects of tumour necrosis factor and related cytokines on vascular endothelial cells, Ciba Found. Symp, vol.131, pp.170-184, 1987.