,
, 212 6.2.3.1 Des surfaces décalées par des failles de grande dimension
, Des surfaces décalées par des failles de moyenne dimension (2 -10 km, p.213
, 215 6.3.1 Analyse des indices de déformation dans la saprolite
, 221 6.4.1 Introduction à l'article (Fluvial incisions in the North-Western Pyrenees (Aspe Valley) : dissection of a former planation surface and some tectonic implications) publié à Terra Nova par J, p.221
, dissection of a former planation surface and some tectonic implications, 223 6.4.3 Fluvial incisions in the North-Western Pyrenees
,
, , p.246
, Informations apportées par l'étude du remplissage du bassin d'Aquitaine
,
,
, 3 European-scale synthesis of vertical motion evidence, p.272
, 272 7.3.2 European-scale vertical motion synthesis maps for the Langhian -present-day interval
,
, Les chapitres 5 et 6 ont, de manière indépendante, permis de conclure à un probable soulèvement de la chaîne des Pyrénées durant la période post-compressive, Un tel soulèvement a déjà été suggéré à l'échelle locale dans les Pyrénées, 1996.
, mais les di érents indices n'ont jamais été intégrés à l'échelle de la chaîne. Di érents moteurs ont été proposés pour expliquer cette surrection, 1997.
, Les modèles (i) et (ii) sont majoritairement basés sur des observations de terrain localisées et ne, (ii) un e et thermique résultant d'un amincissement de la racine lithosphérique des Pyrénées orientales, 1990.
, Dans ce chapitre, nous présentons la synthèse des indices de mouvements verticaux à l'échelle des Pyrénées et de l'Europe de l'Ouest durant l'intervalle Miocène -actuel. Cette synthèse permet de confirmer l'existence d'un soulèvement post-compressif dans les Pyrénées et d'en estimer l'amplitude et la longueur d'onde. Nous discutons les moteurs possibles du soulèvement post-compressif des, ce qui est largement en dessous des valeurs de soulèvement proposées à l'échelle locale dans la chaîne (e.g. ca. 1000 m dans les Pyrénées orientales (Suc and Fauquette, 2012), centrales, 1997.
, Le travail présenté dans ce chapitre fera prochainement l'objet d'une publication et est donc présenté en anglais. Un résumé en français est fourni dans la section qui suit
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, Diffraction des rayons X. Techniques et études des structures cristallline
, Introduction à la Diffraction des Rayons X. ENS Cachan. phytem.ens-paris-saclay.fr ? com.univ.collaboratif.utils.LectureFichiergw Ceci implique que l'atome père radioactif soit inclus dans la structure cristalline du minéral et que l'atome fils conserve cette position sans possibilité de diffusion hors du minéral. Cependant, les sources d'ouverture d'un système sont nombreuses. Il s'agit principalement des changements de conditions de pression et de température, de conditions redox,? qui peuvent être à l'origine de phénomènes de diffusion, de modifications cristallochimiques, 2014.
, Elle est généralement contrôlée par la diffusion volumique mais les défauts dans la structure des minéraux sont aussi responsables de diffusions non volumiques. Dans les milieux endogènes, la diffusion s'interrompt théoriquement en dessous d'une température (Dodson, 1973 ; Jäger, 1973) appelée température de fermeture isotopique. Dans les milieux supergènes, ce sont principalement les reprises par l'altération des phases néoformées qui induiront la diffusion de l'argon
, Le 40 K est connu pour être radioactif depuis le début du vingtième siècle (1900-1910), mais ce n'est qu'en 1948 que Aldrich & Nier ont montré que l'argon, extrait de minéraux riches en potassium, était significativement enrichi en 40 Ar par rapport à l'argon atmosphérique, pp.40-76
, La méthode de datation K-Ar était née. ? La décroissance radioactive du 40 K, vol.56
, Les variations de la composition isotopique générale du potassium ne seraient pas supérieures à 1%. Pour les échantillons terrestres, il semble qu'elles soient inférieures à 0.15 %. Seul le 40 K est radioactif bien que tous ses isotopes aient un nombre de neutrons supérieur au nombre de protons, le potassium est un élément très réactif qui n'existe pas à l'état non combiné
, La décroissance du 40 K se fait selon plusieurs mécanismes (Fig. 2) : v
, Ar par capture d'un électron orbital et dégagement d'une énergie totale de
, Cette capture se fait par un proton du noyau qui se transforme alors en neutron avec émission d'un neutrino. L'élément fils isobarique produit, p.40
, Ar) se trouve à l'état excité. Il atteint l'état de repos par émission d'un rayonnement g
, Ar par capture d'un électron et production directe d' 40 Ar à l'état de repos
, Ar par émission d'un positron (b+), ayant un point d'énergie de 0.49 MeV, avec l'annihilation du positron et dégagement d
, La réaction par émission d'un positron est donc négligeable. v 40 K ® 40 Ca par émission d'un électron et perte de 1.33 MeV. (~88.8% de l'ensemble des réactions). C'est la voie principale de désintégration du 40 K. Elle ne pourrait être utilisée en géochronologie que dans des échantillons qui seraient initialement dépourvus de calcium
, RUB-7 est un minéral synthétique obtenu par traitement hydrothermal de birnessites alcalines, 1996.
, L'utilisation de la méthode K-Ar, qui nécessite de grandes quantités de matériel, ne permet généralement pas de résoudre ces problèmes de contamination des échantillons. En effet, les cryptomélanes, minéraux principalement supergènes ou hydrothermaux, apparaissent sous des habitus variés (plasmas cryptocristallins, veines et veinules, concrétions) en générations simples ou multiples, associés à des minéraux hérités (feldspathoïdes, quartz), à des paragenèses argileuses en milieu supergène, et à des minéraux de gangue (en milieux hydrothermaux ou volcaniques). Les premières applications de la méthode 40 Ar/ 39 Ar ont, Les premières applications de la méthode K-Ar sur ce type de matériel, bien que prometteuses, mirent en évidence les difficultés de séparer les cryptomélanes des minéraux de gangue, des minéraux hérités, ainsi que d'en différencier les différentes générations, 1966.
, , 1995.
, La méthode 40 Ar/ 39 Ar nécessitant beaucoup moins de matériau que la méthode K-Ar, ces problèmes de contamination des échantillons s'en trouvent amoindris, sans être toutefois entièrement résolus, 1996.
, Une répartition inhomogène peut en effet traduire l'existence de pertes ou d'excès d'argon, ou même de déplacements de l' 39 Ar lors de l'irradiation. Le deuxième intérêt de la représentation en spectre d'âge est qu'elle permet, à chaque étape de séparer les composantes atmosphériques et radiogéniques ou même, sur l'ensemble du spectre, de séparer les composantes radiogéniques issues de phases distinctes (mélange de phases ou héritage), Ar/ 39 Ar se présente alors sous la forme d'un diagramme (encore appelé spectre d'âge) présentant l'âge en fonction de la proportion cumulée d' 39 Ar dégazé