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, Retirer délicatement le surnageant dans chaque tube (faire attention à ne pas verser le culot)

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, Alphonsine Amanan Koffi, vol.3

U. Mivegec, . Montpellier, . Cnrs, and . Ird,

R. Institut-pierre,

, These authors contributed equally to this work *Corresponding author Email: dieusoma@yahoo.fr (DDS) Abstract Background: Twenty-seven villages were selected in southwest Burkina Faso to implement new vector control strategies in addition

, Methods: We carried out hourly catches (from 17:00 to 09:00) inside and outside 4 houses in each village using the Human Landing Catch technique. Mosquitoes were identified using morphological taxonomic keys. Specimens belonging to the Anopheles gambiae complex and Anopheles funestus Group were identified using molecular techniques as well as detection of Plasmodium falciparum infection and insecticide resistance target-site mutations. Results: Eight Anopheles species were detected in the area. Anopheles funestus s.s was the main vector during the dry cold season. It was replaced by Anopheles coluzzii during the dry hot season whereas An. coluzzii and An, ) and rainy season, 2017.

, All insecticide resistance mechanisms (kdr-w, kdr-e and ace-1 target site mutations) investigated were found in each members of the An. gambiae complex but at different frequencies. We observed early and late biting phenotypes in the main malaria vector species

, Conclusion: The entomological indicators of malaria transmission were high despite the universal coverage with LLINs. We detected early and late biting phenotypes in the main malaria vector species as well as physiological insecticide resistance mechanisms. These vectors might mediate residual transmission. These data highlight the need to develop complementary tools in order to better control resistant malaria vectors and to monitor insecticide resistance. Keywords: Residual transmission, Entomological inoculation rates were 0.087, 0.089 and 0.375 infected bites per human per night during dry cold season, dry hot season and rainy season, respectively

, We identified 3 Anopheles species in both Nouvielgane and Nipodja villages and 2 Anopheles species in Yelbelela and Niaba. In all other villages, only one Anopheles species was present at low densities. During the rainy season, An. coluzzii remained the major species (65.71%, n=897/1365) followed by An

, During this survey, An. funestus s.s fall under 1% of the total. We collected Anopheles spp. mosquitoes in 25 villages out of the 27 surveyed (Fig 1C). The higher densities were observed in Niaba (n = 264, 4 species), Diagnon (n = 224, 6 species) and Kpédia (n=190, 3 species). We identified 4 Anopheles species in Lobignonao (n=31)

, Kouloh (n=25), Anopheles species in Dangbara (n=31)

, In the remaining villages, 3 Anopheles species was sampled. No Anopheles spp mosquitoes were collected in Sousoubro and Moulé, Tiakiero (n=10), and 1 Anopheles species in Gongombiro (n=3)

, Species composition of the Anopheles population varied significantly among surveys (Pearson's Chi-squared test, ! 2 =1339, vol.7

, Mosquito biting behavior Overall, endophagy rate (ER) of Anopheles spp

, 0005) and An. gambiae s.s. (EMM ER = 83

, EMM ERs of An. funestus s.s and An. gambiae s.s decreased to 56

, During rainy season, the ER of An. coluzzii increased significantly

, The median catching times of An. coluzzii, An. gambiae s.s, and An. pharoensis were recorded between 01:00 and 02:00 while those of An. funestus s.s and An. arabiensis were one hour later (between 02:00 and 03:00; Fig 3). These differences were significant between An. funestus s.s and both An. coluzzii and An

, An. coluzzii, An. gambiae s.s, An. pharoensis and An. funestus s.s showed early biting activity (beginning at 18:00) than An. arabiensis (beginning at 21:00). A late biting activity (after 06:00) was observed with An. coluzzii, An. gambiae s.s and An

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