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, Je remercie vivement Catherine Bonnin et Sylvie Maingé de l'IPCMS. Sans vous nous serions certainement bien perdus ici
, Merci de m'avoir aidé dans les démarches administratives et merci à vous pour votre gentillesse. Sylvie, je te souhaite de passer une bonne retraite prochaine, tu l'auras vraiment bien méritée !
Et surtout, merci pour nos discussions, ton franc parlé et ton humour décalé qui ont rendu cette thèse un peu plus cocasse. A toi aussi je te souhaite une bonne retraite dans un futur plus ou moins proche, puisses tu attraper les plus gros poissons ! Merci également à Céline Kiefer de faire régner l'ordre au laboratoire. Merci à Gilles Versini pour nos bavardages et ton sourire qui égaye les couloirs de l'IPCMS. Je te souhaite encore un prompt rétablissement. Merci à Béatrice Masson de s'occuper de la bibliothèque et des imprimantes. Merci à José Radmacher pour la réception et l'envoi des colis et la réservation des salles, merci pour tous les ATG que tu m'as fait ,
, Toujours à l'IPCMS mais extérieur au DCMI, je tiens à remercier Nathaly, Matias et Wenjia pour nos discussions, soirées, jeux de rôles et tests culinaires. Bonne chance à vous dans la réussite de vos thèses
, Marc et Anne pour organiser des soirées de retrouvailles entre collègues et, surtout, les soirées jeux de société
, Merci aux professeurs référents des cours : Matthias Pauly, Quentin Raffy, Marco Cecchini et Rachel Schurhammer. Merci aussi à Yannick Geiger pour son accompagnement lors des enseignements de TP et à Nicole Caccaveli et Aurélie Husser pour l'organisation de la salle
, Je remercie aussi mes encadrants de stage de M1 Rémy Barillon, Quentin Raffy et Nicolas Ludwig qui ont confirmé mon goût pour la physico-chimie et m'ont donné celui pour le monde des accélérateurs de particules
, Je tiens à remercier mes enseignants de la faculté de chimie de Strasbourg pour l'excellence de la formation, Burkhard Bechinger et Marc Henry, qui sont des enseignants passionnés et fournissent des cours exemplaires !
Et en particulier à Robin, Cédric et Coraline mes amis de la faculté et mes amis de galères. Je vous souhaite à tous de réussir dans vos entreprises professionnelles et personnelles ! ,
ici c'est aussi grâce à l'ensemble de ma famille et surtout ma maman, ma mamie et ma soeur. Merci de m'avoir permis de réaliser cette thèse. Et surtout, merci pour votre soutient moral et financier ,
, Merci aussi à ma soeur pour l'aide apporté dans l'élaboration du premier schéma, Je te souhaite de pouvoir t'épanouir dans tes études et de les réussir pleinement ! Pense à aller boire quelques verres avec tes camarades plus souvent
, En tout dernier lieu, je tiens à remercier ma compagne, Paula, de me supporter chaque jour et de m'avoir épaulé lors de cette thèse et surtout lors de sa rédaction. J'attends avec impatience de pouvoir te rendre la pareil pour ta soutenance qui arrive à grands pas ! Bon courage à toi pour ta dernière année ! Bientôt nous pourront mettre Drs sur la boîte aux lettres =)
, Représentation schématique de la configuration de spins pendant l'enregistrement du moment magnétique mesuré en fonction du moment magnétique appliqué après refroidissement sous champ à une interface FM/AFM avec a) KAFMVAFM>KFMVFM, b) KAFMVAFM<KFMVFM. Adapté de ref
, Afin de de synthétiser des nanoparticules de type coeur@coquille, avec l'oxyde de fer au centre et une coquille AFM, il faut que la phase AFM cristallise dans un système similaire avec un paramètre de maille le plus proche possible de celui de la magnétite (amagnetite = 8.396 Å fiche JCPDS, Ainsi, il est possible d'augmenter l'énergie d'anisotropie magnétique de petites nanoparticules d'oxyde de fer grâce à un couplage d'exchange-bias avec un matériau AFM, pp.19-0629
MnO a une faible TN (118 K) et une constante d'anisotropie (KMnO = 2.8 10 -2 J/m 3 ) plus faible que celle de la magnetite (KFe3O4 = 2 10 4 J/m 3 3,4 ) qui fait qu'il n'arrivera pas à polariser les moments magnétiques de l'oxyde de fer. CoO est celui ayant la plus grande constante d'anisotropie de 5.0 10 2 J/m 3 pour une TN de 290 K ,
, Comme NiO et Fe3O4 ont des constantes d'anisotropies relativement proches, les nanoparticules Fe3-dO4@NiO ne présentent qu'un petit champ d'échange qui témoigne d'un faible couplage d'exchange bias. Bien que la TN de NiO soit élevée, la TB des nanoparticules Fe3-dO4@NiO est peu différente de celle des nanoparticules de Fe3-dO4 de base, vol.5, p.7
Grâce à l'ajout d'une coquille supplémentaire, TB a été augmentée au-delà de la température ambiante. A 10 K, le champ coercitif des nanoparticules C est de 0pour CSSC. Le grand HC pour CSSA et CSSB peut s'expliquer par l'augmentation de la phase de ferrite de cobalt. Puis la diminution de ce HC dans CSSC est attribuée à la croissance de la phase douce d'oxyde de fer. Pour mieux étudier les effets dur/doux, les champs coercitifs des échantillons CS, CSSA, CSSB et CSSC ont été mesuré à différentes températures. En appliquant la formule de Stoner-Wohlfarth au modèle obtenu, il est possible d'extraire les anisotropies magnétiques effectives de chaque échantillon, Ainsi Tmax a été augmentée de C à CS grâce à la propriété d'exchange bias jusqu'à la TN de CoO (290 K) ,
, J/m 3 dans CSSC qui est attribué à la présence d'une très grande quantité de ferrite de cobalt
, Les mesures d'aimantation en fonction d'un champ appliqué après refroidissement sous un champ de CSSA, CSSB et CSSC, ce qui conforte les hypothèses précédentes concernant la diminution de KAFMVAFM et l'augmentation de Jint qui petit à
, la quantité de CoO comme montré par les analyses RX même s'il reste encore du CoO dans CSSC tel que mis en évidence par les analyses EELS. CoO n'est alors plus suffisant pour régir seul les propriétés magnétiques des nanoparticules
, L'aimantation à saturation de CS est faible (41 emu/g) du fait de la présence de CoO AFM à la surface des NPs. Le MS augmente ensuite à 51, 55 puis 72 emu/g pour CSSA, CSSB et CSSC du fait de la diminution de la phase antiferromagnétique de CoO et de l'augmentation des phases d
Ainsi l'hystérèse de CS est quelque peu penchée du fait du fort couplage d'exchange bias et aussi de la forte contribution antiferromagnétique du CoO. Ce ratio augmente à 59, 68 et 66 % pour CSSA ,
, montre que l'ajout de la seconde coquille ne produit pas un couplage d'échange supplémentaire. En effet, son effet sur les propriétés magnétiques est seulement lié à des effets de volume
Cela démontre une augmentation de la dureté magnétique de la nanoparticule avec la croissance de ferrite de cobalt en première coquille. Puis comme la seconde coquille a une composition chimique similaire à celle de la nanoparticule CS ,
, De la même manière, l'aimantation à saturation augmente de 58 à 78 emu/g de C à CS puis reste similaire à CS pour CSS
, Ainsi, les nanoparticules synthétisées ont bien une structure Fe3-dO4, Fe3-dO4@CoFe2O4 et Fe3-dO4@CoFe2O4@Fe3-dO4 qui ont été démontré à l'aide des techniques DRX, XAS, Mössbauer et TEM
Ainsi, les analyses Mössbauer et XAS XMCD s'entendent pour montrer qu'une couche interfaciale de ferrite de cobalt est bien présente dans ces dernières, des nanoparticules de Fe3-dO4@CoO, Fe3-dO4@CoFe2O4 et Fe3-dO4 dopées au cobalt ont été synthétisées dans le but d'étudier les phénomènes de diffusion interfaciale présent dans les nanoparticules de Fe3-dO4@CoO ,
Il apparaît que l'échantillon rechauffé a une taille plus petite que les Fe3-dO4@CoO natives. Cela a été attribué à un phénomène de resolubilisation partielle de la coquille du fait de la haute température du solvant utilisé. Les études précédentes ont été nécessaires dans le but de synthétiser des nanoparticules de composition espérée Fe3-dO4@CoO@Fe3-dO4. Il était attendu qu'un tel objet puisse bénéficier d'un double couplage d'exchange bias du fait de deux interfaces FiM/AFM. L'étude de la composition chimique grâce aux rayons X, spectroscopie Mössbauer, des nanoparticules de Fe3-dO4@CoO ont été rechauffées pour mimer la synthèse d'une seconde coquille (CS2r) ,
En effet, il a été démontré que la température de blocage augmente fortement du coeur au coeur@coquille. A contrario, l'augmentation de TB de Fe3-dO4@CoFe2O4 à Fe3-dO4@CoFe2O4@Fe3-dO4 est beaucoup plus faible que précédemment et provient d'un effet de volume plutôt que d'un double couplage d'échange de type dur-mou, la synthèse de nanoparticules de Fe3-dO4@CoFe2O4@Fe3-dO4 permet de répondre à la question précédente ,
, Donc pour synthétiser les coquilles de NiO, une étude sur la décomposition de précurseurs organométallique à base de Ni a d'abord été menée. Celle-ci est présentée en annexe. Puis, une fois les conditions de synthèses déterminées, Le NiO possède une très haute TN de 525 K et pourrait donc augmenter la TB de nanoparticules de Fe3-dO4@CoO en synthétisant des nanoparticules de Fe3-dO4@CoO@NiO. La synthèse de NiO est très peu rapportée dans la littérature
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Begin-Colin, S. Magnetic Iron Oxide Nanoparticles: Reproducible Tuning of the Size and Nanosized-Dependent Composition, Defects, and Spin Canting, J. Phys. Chem. C, issue.7, pp.3795-3810, 2014. ,
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Unexpected Insights about Cation-Exchange on Metal Oxide Nanoparticles and Its Effect on Their Magnetic Behavior, Chem. Mater, vol.30, issue.21, pp.8099-8112, 2018. ,
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