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, has been established from skeletal muscle satellite cells of a 41-year-old Caucasian subject [23]( see Note 1). The membrane repair assay can be implemented for other cell types, LHCN-M2 cell line: This cell line, which was obtained from the platform for immortalization of human cells from the Center of Research in Myology

, Growth medium: skeletal muscle medium (Promocell) supplemented with 20% fetal bovine serum, 50 ?g/mL fetuin, 10 ng/ mL epidermal growth factor, 1 ng/mL basic fibroblast growth factor, 10 ?g/mL insulin, 0.4 ?g/mL dexamethasone, and 50 ?g/mL gentamycin (Promocell). Home-made medium can also be used

, Differentiation medium: skeletal muscle medium supplemented only with 10 ?g/mL human recombinant insulin

. Trypsin-edta,

, Dulbecco's PBS (DPBS)

, DMSO, cell culture grade

, TCS SP2 AOBS two-photon confocal scanning microscope (Leica) equipped with an HCX PL APO CS 63.0 Â 1.40 oilobjective lens

, Chameleon-Vision? mode-locked Titanium:Saphire laser (Coherent)

, Fieldmate laser power meter equipped with a OP-2 VIS sensor (Coherent)

, 100 ?g of the lyophilized dye is dissolved in 500 ?L of ultrapure water. This stock solution must be stored at À20 C and discarded after 2 weeks. Prepare extemporarily the working solution at 5 ?g/mL in ice-cold DPBS containing or not 1 mM calcium (Ca 2+ ), pp.1-43

, ImageJ

, Place 2 Â 10 4 LHCN-M2 myoblasts in one well of a 8-well Lab-Tek? chambered coverglass and culture them in 250 ?L growth medium until cell confluence reaches 80%

, Replace growth medium by differentiation medium and culture the cells for 3 days

, After 24 h differentiation cells must be elongated and tightly associated with a common orientation

, LHCN-M2 myotubes have to be assayed for membrane repair from 3 to 5 days after the addition of the differentiation medium

, Set parameters for the "bleaching" step, which actually will correspond to IR laser irradiation inducing cell membrane damage. Click to IR button opening the "MP Laser Configuration" window and set the wavelength at, vol.820

, Open the MP shutter and return to the "Setting Parameters for Bleaching" window

, Adjust gain and offset values to obtain IR laser power equal to 110 (AE5) mW at the entry of the microscope or to 10 (AE1) mW at the exit of the objective (see Notes 5 and 6)

, 12. Define the ROI for "bleaching" by choosing rectangular selection. Draw a square of 1 Â 1 ?m on sarcolemma of a myotube

, Click Run to start experiment. Save the experiment as a

, Image Analysis 1. Through the "Bio-Formats Importer

, Bio-Formats Import Options" window, activate the check box "Split channels into separate windows

, Bio-Formats Series Options" window, select the series to be analyzed. The series opens as a stack file (Fig. 2a)

, Open the first Prebleach frame (Fig. 2b)

, Subtract the Prebleach frame to all images of the stack (Process/Image calculator; operation: subtract). Click YES to process all 105 images from the stack (Fig. 2c)

, Within the resulting stack, display the frame corresponding to the last image from the experiment (frame 105/105) and draw the cell following the cell membrane by means of polygon selection (Fig. 2d)

, Measure mean intracellular fluorescence intensity throughout the stack (Image/Stack/Plot z-axis profile) and save the plot values, which is displayed by clicking on "List" from the

, Data Analysis 1. Open plot values in spreadsheet software and delete values from frame 2-5, which correspond to the second Prebleach image and the three images acquired during laser irradiation (Fig. 3a)

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, The area is successively observed through fluorescence microscopy (upper panels) and bright-field microscopy (lower panels) during scannings. (a) Scan 1: cell membrane has to be centered within the image. (b) Scan 2: Photobleaching of FM1-43 ensures optimal focalization of the IR laser. (c) Scan 3: The formation of a bubble reflects the local heating that triggers membrane disruption, Sequence of events during laser-induced sarcolemmal injury, p.206

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, Sarcolemma Repair Assay, p.207

, a.bouter@cbmn.u-bordeaux.fr Secondary antibody: Alexa Fluor 488-and 1.4-nm gold nanoparticles-conjugated anti-mouse goat antibody (FluoroNanogold, Nanoprobes TM

, Olympus IX81 microscope equipped with U-MINIBA2 fluorescence cube (470-to 490-nm bandpass excitation filter, 505-nm dichroic mirror, 510-to 550-nm bandpass emission filter) and with UPlan FLN 10×/0.30 objective and UPlan FLN 60×/1.25 oil-objective lenses (or an equivalent fluorescence microscopy system)

. Cellsens-r-software,

, Immunostaining of cells 1. Immediately after laser irradiation, fix the cells by incubation with 1 ml of 1% glutaraldehyde for 20 min at room temperature

, Permeabilize and saturate the cells by dispending 1 ml permeabilization solution for 10 min at room temperature

, Wash the cells twice, each time with blocking solution

, Incubate the cells with appropriate mouse primary antibody for 1 hr at room temperature

, Incubate the cells with secondary Alexa Fluor 488-and 1.4-nm gold nanoparticlesconjugated anti-mouse goat antibody, 1:100

, Wash the cells for 7 min with blocking solution

, Wash the cells three times, each time with DPBS +/+. Fluorescence microscopy 12

, Launch CellSens R software

, Depose an oil drop on the 60× oil-objective lens and switch to the 10× objective lens

, In bright-field microscopy, find the area containing the irradiated myotubes

, Switch to 60× oil-objective lens, and select the optimal focus. Image the irradiated myotubes in both bright-field and fluorescence microscopy (Fig. 6A-B). Save images in TIFF format

, Clean the 60× oil-objective lens and the MatTek dish, and switch back to the 10× objective lens

, Post-fixation, dehydration and embedding 1. Post-fix the cells by dispensing 1 ml of Karnovsky fixative overnight at 4°C. 2. Wash five times

, Incubate the cells with the silver enhancement kit for 6 min at room temperature according to manufacturer's instructions

, Wash five times, each time with deionized water

, Incubate the cells with freshly prepared 1% (v/v) osmium tetroxide in sodium cacodylate buffer for 1 hr at room temperature. CAUTION: Osmium tetroxide is highly toxic upon swallowing, on inhalation, and on contact with the skin. Use gloves, laboratory coat and mask

, Wash three times, each time with sodium cacodylate buffer

, Dehydrate the cells with successive EtOH incubations at room temperature: 30% EtOH for 5 min, 50% EtOH for 5 min, 70% EtOH for 10 min, 90% EtOH for 10 min, and twice 100% EtOH for 15 min

, Incubate the cells with 1/3 Epon-Araldite resin and 2/3 EtOH for 1 hr at room temperature. CAUTION: Epon-Araldite resin is harmful. Use gloves and laboratory coat

, Fill to the brim a half of a gelatin capsule with Epon-Araldite resin and embed the cells of interest by inverting the capsule over the marked area

, After curing, the result will be a capsule-shaped peg of polymerized Epon with its base on the marked cell region

, Transfer the coverslip-capsule assembly for 24 hr in an oven heated to 60°C

, To separate the resin block from the coverslip, realize a thermal shock by diving the assembly in liquid nitrogen for few seconds, and then in water warmed to ebullition for few seconds and carefully remove the coverslip

, Once cured and separated from the coverslip, resin blocks may be stored at RT indefinitely. CAUTION: Liquid nitrogen is a cryogen. Use gloves, goggles, laboratory coat, and closed-toed shoes. Handling liquid nitrogen in a well-ventilated area

, Incubate the grids, matt side up, under UV for 5 min

, Using a transfer pipet positioned 10-cm above the water surface, place a drop of 1% butvar solution

, According to its thickness, the butvar film varies in color. Yellow and blue butvar films are thicker than the white one. The film has to be as thin as possible for optimal TEM observation

, 1% (v/v) glutaraldehyde (Agar Scientific, cat. no. R1020) in Dulbecco's PBS with calcium and magnesium (DPBS +/+)(Gibco R by Life Technologies

, Growth medium Four volumes of DMEM high glucose + Glutamax TM without pyruvate One volume of 199 medium + Glutamax TM 20% (final concentration) fetal bovine serum (FBS; Gibco R by Life Technologies, CAUTION: Glutaraldehyde is toxic upon swallowing, on inhalation, and on contact with the skin

, 15750-037) Skeletal muscle cell growth medium supplement mix (50 µg/ml fetuin, 10 ng/ml epidermal growth factor, 1 ng/ml basic fibroblast growth factor, 10 µg/ml insulin, 0.4 µg/ml dexamethasone) (Promocell, cat. no. C-39365) according to manufacturer's instructions, µg/ml gentamicin (Gibco R by Life Technologies

, Karnovsky fixative 4% (v/v) paraformaldehyde (Agar Scientific, cat. no. R1026)

, 5% (v/v) glutaraldehyde in sodium cacodylate buffer Store up to 6 months at 4°C CAUTION: All of these products are toxic. Use gloves and laboratory coat. Handling Karnovsky fixative in a fume hood

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