, Triangulation of a spherical triangle using successive refinements, p.146

, A 3D walk avoiding the negative octant

, 3D walks avoiding a wedge

, suitably normalized) eigenfunction associated to ? 1 . In the particular case of 3D Brownian motion, if the cone K is an intersection of three halfspaces, the section C becomes a spherical triangle and the exponent in (5.40) is directly related to the principal eigenvalue of a spherical triangle

, First, the case of non-identity covariance matrices is easily reduced to the standard case, by applying a simple linear transform (notice, however, that this implies changing the initial cone, and therefore the domain of the Dirichlet problem). The situation is more subtle in the case of drifted Brownian motion: various asymptotic regimes exist

, let us mention the following: Singularity analysis. Is it possible to obtain similar results on non-D-finiteness of Hadamard models using the Hadamard product of generating functions? This would mean to prove Corollaries 69 and 73 directly

, This is clearly the model for which we can find the greatest number of estimations in the literature, 3D Kreweras model

, Costabel, vol.55, 2008.

, ? 5.159 by Ratzkin and Treibergs, vol.117, 2009.

, ? 5.1589 by Bostan, Raschel and Salvy, vol.33, 2012.

, ? 5.162 by Balakrishna, 2013.

, ? 5.1606 by Balakrishna, 2013.

, ? 5.1591452 by Bacher, Kauers and Yatchak, 2016.

, ? 5.159145642466 Guttmann, vol.88, 2017.

, ? 5.159145642470 by our result with a finite element method (see Section 5.7)

, What is the exact value? Is it a rational number? The triangle associated to Kreweras model

I. Adan, J. Wessels, and W. Zijm, Analysis of the asymmetric shortest queue problem, Queueing Systems Theory Appl, vol.8, issue.1, pp.1-58, 1991.

M. Albert and M. Bousquet-mélou, Permutations sortable by two stacks in parallel and quarter plane walks, European J. Combin, vol.43, pp.131-164, 2015.
URL : https://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/hal-00962390

C. Alves and P. Antunes, The method of fundamental solutions applied to boundary value problems on the surface of a sphere, Comput. Math. Appl, vol.75, issue.7, pp.2365-2373, 2018.

D. André, Solution directe du problème résolu par M. Bertrand. C. R. Acad. Sci, vol.105, pp.436-437, 1887.

R. Bañuelos and R. Smits, Brownian motion in cones, vol.108, pp.299-319, 1997.

A. Bacher, M. Kauers, and R. Yatchak, Continued classification of 3d lattice models in the positive octant, Proceedings of FPSAC'16, pp.95-106, 2016.
URL : https://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/hal-02173752

B. Balakrishna, Heat equation on the cone and the spectrum of the spherical Laplacian, vol.6202, pp.1-16, 1301.

B. Balakrishna, On multi-particle brownian survivals and the spherical Laplacian, 2013.

C. Banderier and M. Drmota, Formulae and asymptotics for coefficients of algebraic functions, Combin. Probab. Comput, vol.24, issue.1, pp.1-53, 2015.

C. Banderier and P. Flajolet, Basic analytic combinatorics of directed lattice paths. Theoret, Comput. Sci, vol.281, issue.1-2, pp.37-80, 2002.

C. Banderier and M. Wallner, Lattice paths with catastrophes, Discrete Math. Theor. Comput. Sci, vol.19, issue.1, p.32, 2017.
URL : https://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/hal-02414193

N. R. Beaton, A. L. Owczarek, and A. Rechnitzer, Exact solution of some quarter plane walks with interacting boundaries, Electron. J. Combin, vol.26, issue.3, 2019.

P. Bérard, Remarques sur la conjecture de Weyl, Compositio Math, vol.48, issue.1, pp.35-53, 1983.

P. Bérard and G. Besson, Spectres et groupes cristallographiques. II. Domaines sphériques, Ann. Inst. Fourier (Grenoble), vol.30, issue.3, pp.237-248, 1980.

M. Berger, . Geometry, . Ii, and . Universitext, , 1987.

O. Bernardi, Bijective counting of Kreweras walks and loopless triangulations, J. Combin. Theory Ser. A, vol.114, issue.5, pp.931-956, 2007.
URL : https://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/hal-00068433

O. Bernardi, M. Bousquet-mélou, and K. Raschel, Counting quadrant walks via Tutte's invariant method, vol.08215, pp.1-54, 1708.

J. Bertoin and R. A. Doney, On conditioning a random walk to stay nonnegative, Ann. Probab, vol.22, issue.4, pp.2152-2167, 1994.

J. Bertrand, Solution d'un problème, C. R. Acad. Sci, vol.105, p.1887

P. Biane, Some properties of quantum Bernoulli random walks, Quantum probability & related topics, QP-PQ, VI, pp.193-203, 1991.

P. Biane, Équation de Choquet-Deny sur le dual d'un groupe compact, Probab. Theory Related Fields, vol.94, issue.1, pp.39-51, 1992.

P. Biane, Frontière de Martin du dual de SU(2), Séminaire de Probabilités, XXVI, vol.1526, pp.225-233, 1992.

P. Biane, Minuscule weights and random walks on lattices, Quantum probability & related topics, QP-PQ, VII, pp.51-65, 1992.

S. Billiard and V. C. Tran, A general stochastic model for sporophytic self-incompatibility, J. Math. Biol, vol.64, issue.1-2, pp.163-210, 2012.
URL : https://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/hal-00588732

B. Bogosel, The method of fundamental solutions applied to boundary eigenvalue problems, J. Comput. Appl. Math, vol.306, pp.265-285, 2016.

B. Bogosel, V. Perrollaz, K. Raschel, and A. Trotignon, 3D positive lattice walks and spherical triangles, 2018.
URL : https://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/hal-01764327

A. Bostan, M. Bousquet-mélou, M. Kauers, and S. Melczer, On 3-dimensional lattice walks confined to the positive octant, Ann. Comb, vol.20, issue.4, pp.661-704, 2016.
URL : https://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/hal-01063886

A. Bostan, M. Bousquet-mélou, and S. Melczer, On walks with large steps in an orthant, 2018.

A. Bostan, M. Chyzak, M. Van-hoeij, L. Kauers, and . Pech, Hypergeometric expressions for generating functions of walks with small steps in the quarter plane, European J. Combin, vol.61, pp.242-275, 2017.
URL : https://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/hal-01332175

A. Bostan and M. Kauers, Automatic classification of restricted lattice walks, 21st International Conference on Formal Power Series and Algebraic Combinatorics, pp.201-215, 2009.
URL : https://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/hal-00780428

A. Bostan and M. Kauers, The complete generating function for Gessel walks is algebraic, Proc. Amer. Math. Soc, vol.138, issue.9, pp.3063-3078, 2010.
URL : https://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/hal-00780429

A. Bostan, I. Kurkova, and K. Raschel, A human proof of Gessel's lattice path conjecture, Trans. Amer. Math. Soc, vol.369, issue.2, pp.1365-1393, 2017.

A. Bostan, K. Raschel, and B. Salvy, Unpublished notes, 2012.

A. Bostan, K. Raschel, and B. Salvy, Non-D-finite excursions in the quarter plane, J. Combin. Theory Ser. A, vol.121, pp.45-63, 2014.
URL : https://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/hal-00697386

A. Bouaziz, S. Mustapha, and M. Sifi, Discrete harmonic functions on an orthant in Z d, Electron. Commun. Probab, vol.20, issue.52, 2015.

N. Bourbaki, Éléments de mathématique. Fasc. XXXIV. Groupes et algèbres de Lie. Chapitre IV: Groupes de Coxeter et systèmes de Tits. Chapitre V: Groupes engendrés par des réflexions. Chapitre VI: systèmes de racines. Actualités Scientifiques et Industrielles, No. 1337, 1968.

M. Bousquet-mélou, Algebraic generating functions in enumerative combinatorics and context-free languages, STACS 2005, vol.3404, pp.18-35, 2005.

M. Bousquet-mélou, An elementary solution of Gessel's walks in the quadrant, Adv. Math, vol.303, pp.1171-1189, 2016.

M. Bousquet-mélou, An elementary solution of Gessel's walks in the quadrant, Adv. Math, vol.303, pp.1171-1189, 2016.

M. Bousquet-mélou, Square lattice walks avoiding a quadrant, J. Combin. Theory Ser. A, vol.144, pp.37-79, 2016.

M. Bousquet-mélou and M. Mishna, Walks with small steps in the quarter plane, Algorithmic probability and combinatorics, vol.520, pp.1-39, 2010.

M. Bousquet-mélou and M. Petkov?ek, Linear recurrences with constant coefficients: the multivariate case, Discrete Math, vol.225, issue.1-3, pp.51-75, 1998.

M. Bousquet-mélou and M. Petkov?ek, Walks confined in a quadrant are not always Dfinite, Theoret. Comput. Sci, vol.307, issue.2, pp.257-276, 2003.

M. Bousquet-mélou and G. Schaeffer, Walks on the slit plane, vol.124, pp.305-344, 2002.

M. Buchacher and M. Kauers, Inhomogeneous restricted lattice walks, Proceedings of FPSAC 2019, pp.1-12, 2019.

T. Budd, Winding of simple walks on the square lattice. arXiv, 1709, vol.04042, pp.1-33, 2017.

N. Champagnat, P. Diaconis, and L. Miclo, On Dirichlet eigenvectors for neutral twodimensional Markov chains, Electron. J. Probab, vol.17, issue.63, p.41, 2012.
URL : https://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/hal-00672938

I. Chavel, Eigenvalues in Riemannian geometry, Pure and Applied Mathematics, vol.115, 1984.

J. Cohen, Analysis of random walks, Studies in Probability, vol.2, 1992.

J. Cohen and O. Boxma, Boundary value problems in queueing system analysis, North-Holland Mathematics Studies, vol.79, 1983.

R. Cont and A. De-larrard, Price dynamics in a Markovian limit order market, SIAM J. Financial Math, vol.4, issue.1, pp.1-25, 2013.
URL : https://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/hal-00832155

J. Dahne and B. Salvy, Enclosing the first eigenvalue of the Laplacian on a spherical triangle, 2019.

M. Dauge, Elliptic boundary value problems on corner domains, Lecture Notes in Mathematics, vol.1341, 1988.

M. Dauge, , 2017.

A. I. Davydychev and R. Delbourgo, A geometrical angle on Feynman integrals, J. Math. Phys, vol.39, issue.9, pp.4299-4334, 1998.

R. and D. Deblassie, Exit times from cones in R n of Brownian motion, Probab. Theory Related Fields, vol.74, issue.1, pp.1-29, 1987.

D. Denisov and V. Wachtel, Random walks in cones, Ann. Probab, vol.43, issue.3, pp.992-1044, 2015.

Y. Doumerc and N. O'connell, Exit problems associated with finite reflection groups. Probab. Theory Related Fields, vol.132, pp.501-538, 2005.

T. Dreyfus and C. Hardouin, Length derivative of the generating series of walks confined in the quarter plane, 1902.

T. Dreyfus, C. Hardouin, J. Roques, and M. Singer, Walks in the quarter plane, 2017.
URL : https://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/hal-01959037

T. Dreyfus, C. Hardouin, J. Roques, and M. Singer, On the nature of the generating series of walks in the quarter plane, Invent. Math, vol.213, issue.1, pp.139-203, 2018.
URL : https://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/hal-01897314

T. Dreyfus and K. Raschel, Differential transcendence and algebraicity criteria for the series counting weighted quadrant walks, Publications mathématiques de Besançon, vol.1, pp.41-80, 2017.

D. Du, Q. Hou, and R. Wang, Infinite orders and non-D-finite property of 3-dimensional lattice walks, Electron. J. Combin, vol.23, issue.3, 2016.

R. J. Duffin, Basic properties of discrete analytic functions, Duke Math. J, vol.23, pp.335-363, 1956.

J. Duraj, Random walks in cones: the case of nonzero drift, Stochastic Process. Appl, vol.124, issue.4, pp.1503-1518, 2014.

J. Duraj and V. Wachtel, Invariance principles for random walks in cones. arXiv, 1508, vol.07966, pp.1-17, 2015.

P. Duren, Univalent functions, volume 259 of Grundlehren der Mathematischen Wissenschaften, 1983.

G. Dziuk and C. Elliott, Finite element methods for surface PDEs, Acta Numer, vol.22, pp.289-396, 2013.

A. Price and A. Guttmann, Permutations sortable by deques and by two stacks in parallel, European J. Combin, vol.59, pp.71-95, 2017.

G. Fayolle and R. Iasnogorodski, Two coupled processors: the reduction to a Riemann-Hilbert problem, Z. Wahrsch. Verw. Gebiete, vol.47, issue.3, pp.325-351, 1979.

G. Fayolle, R. Iasnogorodski, and V. Malyshev, Random walks in the quarter plane, Probability Theory and Stochastic Modelling
URL : https://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/inria-00572276

G. Fayolle and K. Raschel, Random walks in the quarter-plane with zero drift: an explicit criterion for the finiteness of the associated group, Markov Process. Related Fields, vol.17, issue.4, pp.619-636, 2011.
URL : https://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/inria-00572276

G. Fayolle and K. Raschel, Some exact asymptotics in the counting of walks in the quarter plane, 23rd Intern. Meeting on Probabilistic, Combinatorial, and Asymptotic Methods for the Analysis of Algorithms (AofA'12), pp.109-124, 2012.
URL : https://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/hal-00661541

G. Fayolle and K. Raschel, About a possible analytic approach for walks in the quarter plane with arbitrary big jumps, C. R. Math. Acad. Sci, vol.353, issue.2, pp.89-94, 2015.
URL : https://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/hal-01021327

J. Ferrand, Fonctions préharmoniques et fonctions préholomorphes, Bull. Sci. Math, vol.68, issue.2, pp.152-180, 1944.

G. Fichera, Comportamento asintotico del campo elettrico e della densità elettrica in prossimità dei punti singolari della superficie conduttore, Rend. Sem. Mat. Univ. e Politec. Torino, vol.32, pp.111-143, 1975.

G. Fichera and L. Sneider, Distribution de la charge électrique dans le voisinage des sommets et des arêtes d'un cube, C. R. Acad. Sci. Paris Sér. A, vol.278, pp.1303-1306, 1974.

P. Flajolet and R. Sedgewick, Analytic combinatorics, 2009.
URL : https://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/inria-00072739

L. Flatto, Two parallel queues created by arrivals with two demands. II, SIAM J. Appl. Math, vol.45, issue.5, pp.861-878, 1985.

L. Flatto and S. Hahn, Two parallel queues created by arrivals with two demands. I, SIAM J. Appl. Math, vol.44, issue.5, pp.1041-1053, 1984.

R. Foley and D. Mcdonald, Join the shortest queue: stability and exact asymptotics, Ann. Appl. Probab, vol.11, issue.3, pp.569-607, 2001.

F. D. Gakhov, Translated from the Russian, 1990.

R. Garbit and K. Raschel, On the exit time from a cone for Brownian motion with drift, Electron. J. Probab, vol.19, issue.63, 2014.
URL : https://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/hal-00880523

R. Garbit and K. Raschel, On the exit time from a cone for random walks with drift, Rev. Mat. Iberoam, vol.32, issue.2, pp.511-532, 2016.
URL : https://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/hal-00838721

D. Gouyou-beauchamps-;-montreal and Q. , Chemins sous-diagonaux et tableaux de Young, Combinatoire énumérative, vol.1234, pp.112-125, 1985.

, Polygons, polyominoes and polycubes, vol.775, 2009.

T. Guttmann, , 2017.

B. Helffer, T. Hoffmann-ostenhof, and S. Terracini, On spectral minimal partitions: the case of the sphere, Around the research of Vladimir Maz'ya. III, vol.13, pp.153-178, 2010.

L. Hillairet and C. Judge, Generic spectral simplicity of polygons, Proc. Amer. Math. Soc, vol.137, issue.6, pp.2139-2145, 2009.
URL : https://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/hal-00345668

I. Ignatiouk-robert and C. Loree, Martin boundary of a killed random walk on a quadrant, Ann. Probab, vol.38, issue.3, pp.1106-1142, 2010.

T. Kato, Perturbation theory for linear operators, Grundlehren der Mathematischen Wissenschaften, p.132, 1976.

M. Kauers, , 2017.

M. Kauers, C. Koutschan, and D. Zeilberger, Proof of Ira Gessel's lattice path conjecture, Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA, vol.106, pp.11502-11505, 2009.

M. Kauers and R. Wang, Lattice walks in the octant with infinite associated groups, Proceedings of EUROCOMB 2017, Electronic Notes in Discrete Mathematics, pp.703-709, 2017.

M. Kauers and R. Yatchak, Walks in the quarter plane with multiple steps, Proceedings of FPSAC 2015, pp.25-36, 2015.
URL : https://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/hal-01337843

G. Kreweras, Sur une classe de problèmes de dénombrement liés au treillis des partitions des entiers, In Cahiers du B.U.R.O, vol.6, pp.5-105, 1965.

I. Kurkova and V. Malyshev, Martin boundary and elliptic curves, Markov Process. Related Fields, vol.4, pp.203-272, 1998.

I. Kurkova and K. Raschel, Explicit expression for the generating function counting Gessel's walks, Adv. in Appl. Math, vol.47, issue.3, pp.414-433, 2011.

I. Kurkova and K. Raschel, On the functions counting walks with small steps in the quarter plane, Publ. Math. Inst. Hautes Études Sci, vol.116, pp.69-114, 2012.
URL : https://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/hal-00779729

I. Kurkova and K. Raschel, New steps in walks with small steps in the quarter plane: series expressions for the generating functions, Ann. Comb, vol.19, issue.3, pp.461-511, 2015.

I. Kurkova and Y. Suhov, Malyshev's theory and JS-queues. Asymptotics of stationary probabilities, Ann. Appl. Probab, vol.13, issue.4, pp.1313-1354, 2003.

A. Lejay and S. Maire, Computing the principal eigenvalue of the Laplace operator by a stochastic method, Math. Comput. Simulation, vol.73, issue.6, pp.351-363, 2007.
URL : https://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/inria-00092408

J. Lu, Boundary value problems for analytic functions, of Series in Pure Mathematics, vol.16, 1993.

V. A. Malyshev, Wiener-Hopf equations in the quarter-plane, discrete groups and automorphic functions, Mat. Sb. (N.S.), vol.84, issue.126, pp.499-525, 1971.

S. Melczer and M. Mishna, Singularity analysis via the iterated kernel method, Combin. Probab. Comput, vol.23, issue.5, pp.861-888, 2014.
URL : https://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/hal-01229731

S. Melczer and M. Mishna, Asymptotic lattice path enumeration using diagonals, Algorithmica, vol.75, issue.4, pp.782-811, 2016.
URL : https://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/hal-01394157

M. Mishna, Classifying lattice walks restricted to the quarter plane, J. Combin. Theory Ser, vol.116, issue.2, pp.460-477, 2009.

M. Mishna and A. Rechnitzer, Two non-holonomic lattice walks in the quarter plane, Theoret. Comput. Sci, vol.410, pp.3616-3630, 2009.

M. Mishna and S. Simon, , 2018.

S. Mustapha, Non-D-Finite Walks in a Three-Quadrant Cone, Ann. Comb, vol.23, issue.1, pp.143-158, 2019.

M. Picardello and W. Woess, Martin boundaries of Cartesian products of Markov chains, Nagoya Math. J, vol.128, pp.153-169, 1992.

K. , Counting walks in a quadrant: a unified approach via boundary value problems, J. Eur. Math. Soc. (JEMS), vol.14, issue.3, pp.749-777, 2012.

K. , Random walks in the quarter plane, discrete harmonic functions and conformal mappings, Stochastic Process. Appl, vol.124, issue.10, pp.3147-3178, 2014.

K. Raschel and A. Trotignon, On walks avoiding a quadrant, Electronic Journal of Combinatorics, vol.26, pp.1-34, 2019.
URL : https://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/hal-01848287

J. Ratzkin and A. Treibergs, A capture problem in Brownian motion and eigenvalues of spherical domains, Trans. Amer. Math. Soc, vol.361, issue.1, pp.391-405, 2009.

J. Ratzkin and A. Treibergs, A Payne-Weinberger eigenvalue estimate for wedge domains on spheres, Proc. Amer. Math. Soc, vol.137, issue.7, pp.2299-2309, 2009.

H. A. Schwarz, Ueber diejenigen Fälle, in welchen die Gaussische hypergeometrische Reihe eine algebraische Function ihres vierten Elementes darstellt, J. Reine Angew. Math, vol.75, pp.292-335, 1873.

S. Smirnov, Conformal invariance in random cluster models. I. Holomorphic fermions in the Ising model, Ann. of Math, vol.172, issue.2, pp.1435-1467, 2010.

R. Stanley, With a foreword by Gian-Carlo Rota, of Cambridge Studies in Advanced Mathematics, vol.1, 1997.

R. Stanley, With a foreword by Gian-Carlo Rota and appendix 1 by Sergey Fomin, of Cambridge Studies in Advanced Mathematics, vol.2, 1999.

A. Trotignon, Discrete harmonic functions in the three-quarter plane. arXiv, vol.08082, pp.1-26, 1906.
URL : https://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/hal-02159567

W. Tutte, Chromatic sums revisited, Aequationes Math, vol.50, issue.1-2, pp.95-134, 1995.

H. Walden, Solution of an eigenvalue problem for the laplace operator on a spherical surface. Document No. X-582-74-41, 1974.

H. Walden and R. B. Kellogg, Numerical determination of the fundamental eigenvalue for the Laplace operator on a spherical domain, J. Engrg. Math, vol.11, issue.4, pp.299-318, 1977.

W. Woess, Random walks on infinite graphs and groups, Cambridge Tracts in Mathematics, vol.138, 2000.

R. Xu, N. R. Beaton, and A. L. Owczarek, Quarter-plane lattice paths with interacting boundaries: Kreweras and friends, Proceedings of FPSAC 2019, pp.1-12, 2019.

R. Yatchak, Résumé : Les marches sur des réseaux dans des cônes ont de nombreuses applications en combinatoire et en probabilités. Tandis que les marches restreintes au quart de plan ont été très étudiées, le cas des cônes non convexes et des marches en trois dimensions n'a été approché que récemment. Dans cette thèse, nous étendons la méthode analytique à l'étude des marches et ses fonctions harmoniques discrètes dans le quart de plan au trois quarts de plan en appliquant la stratégie de couper le domaine en deux cônes symétriques convexes. Cette méthode est composée de trois parties : écrire un système d'équations fonctionnelles satisfait par la fonction génératrice, qui peut être réduit à une seule équation sous des conditions de symétrie ; transformer cette équation fonctionnelle en problème frontière ; et finalement résoudre ce problème à l'aide de transformations conformes. Nous obtenons des expressions explicites pour la fonction génératrice des marches et ses fonctions harmoniques associées. L'avantage de cette méthode est un traitement uniforme des modèles correspondant à des ensembles de pas différents. Dans la deuxième partie de la thèse, nous explorons l'asymptotique de l'énumération des excursions tridimensionnelles dans l'octant positif. L'exposant critique est relié à la plus petite valeur propre d'un problème de Dirichlet dans un triangle sphérique, Proceedings of EUROCOMB 2017, Electronic Notes in Discrete Mathematics, vol.61, pp.1061-1067, 2017.

, Fonctions génératrices