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, ), -rostre court, robuste et triarticulé (2b. B), -pas d'ocelles, -antennes de 4 articles cachées sous les yeux (2b. C), articles 2 et 3 présentant généralement des projections latérales (2b. D), -hémélytres avec une membrane bien distincte, veinée-articulée, -pattes antérieures ravisseuses avec des fémurs fortement dilatés sauf chez le genre Limnogeton, tibias courts et courbés, s'appliquant étroitement contre la marge antérieure des fémurs, tarses antérieurs de 1 à 3 articles avec 1 ou 2 griffes, -pattes intermédiaires et postérieures plus ou moins aplaties, ciliées, adaptées toutes à la nage, Annexe 2b-Diagnose des Belostomatidae Caractères morphologiques généraux des Belostomatidae A : aspect envue dorsale, B : rostre, C : projections antennaires

, 5 à 15 mm) de long aplatis dorso-ventralement, -tête courte et triangulaire très hypognathe, -ocelles absents sauf chez Diaprepocorinae, -antennes de 3 à 4 articles cachées entre les yeux et le prothorax, -rostre conique apparemment non segmenté immobile et fusionné à la tête (2c. B), -scutellum visible ou caché par le pronotum, -pronotum et hém-élytres souvent ornés de lignes plus ou moins régulières alternativement jaunes et bruns noirâtres (2c. C), -pattes antérieures courtes, tarses non segmentés transformés en une palette garnie de fortes soies (2c. B), -pattes intermédiaires longues et grêles, -tarse de 1 ou 2 articles munis de deux longues griffes, -pattes postérieures plus robustes, aplaties et frangées de longues soies serrées, tarses de 2 articles pourvus d'une seule griffe réduite et bifurquée, -présence d'un appareil stridulant sous forme de peigne sur la partie basale du tibia antérieur, Principaux caractères morphologiques des Corixidae : A : vue dorsale de Micronecta, B : vue ventrale de la partie antérieure, C : vue dorsale de Sigara en pleine nage Hétéroptères de très petite à moyenne taille

, Insectes larges, assez convexes, au corps ovalaire, de taille moyenne (5 à 14mm), -tégument lisse, -tête courte, inclinée en avant (prognathe) et enfoncée jusqu'aux yeux dans le pronotum (2d. A), -marge externe des yeux formant une courbe régulière avec celle de la tête qui est transverse et non proéminente, -antennes courtes de 4 articles sans projections latérales (2d. C), -rostre court et robuste de 3 articles (2d. B), -fémur antérieur aplati et très fortement dilaté, marge intérieure présentant une fossette dans laquelle s'applique le tibia au repos, -tibia et tarse soudés, Annexe 2d-Diagnose des Naucoridae Caractères morphologiques généraux des Naucoridae A : vue dorsale, B : vue ventrale montrant le rostre, C : antenne dans une dépression sous l'oeil dépourvue de projections latérales

, D : hémiélytres montrant les deux parties Corps comprimé, très convexe sur le dos et aplati sur la face ventrale, -yeux composés très larges et réniformes sinués sur les côtés externes (2f. A), -antennes de 3 à 4 articles dépourvues de projections latérales et cachées dans une dépression entre la tête et le thorax, -rostre court robuste de quatre articles (2f. B), hémélytres divisés en 2 parties disposées en forme de tente et membrane non innervée (2f. D), -tarses antérieurs et intermédiaires généralement de 2 articles, -1 er très souvent réduit ou absent, tarses postérieurs de 2 articles toujours présents, -tous les tarses se terminent par deux griffes qui sont moins visibles sur les pattes postérieures. Ces dernières transformées en palettes natatoires frangées de longues soies sur leurs tibias et tarses, Référence Annexe 2f-Diagnose des Notonectidae Caractères morphologiques généraux des Notonectidae : A : vue latérale, B : vue latérale de la tête, C : face ventrale de l'abdomen

, B : un Gerride patinant à la surface de l'eau Hémiptères à longues pattes, de petite à moyenne taille ( 3 à 7 cm) de long pattes exclues, -tête souvent prolongée en avant de la marge intérieure des yeux composés, -ocelles absents, -présence de 4 paires de trichobothries sur la tête, -antennes longues parfois plus longues que le corps de 4 articles, pattes antérieures courtes et robustes, -pattes intermédiaires et postérieures longues et grêles locomotrices (2h. B), -fémur et tibia généralement de même longueur, -hanches antérieures réduites insérées en avant du thorax, -hanches intermédiaires et postérieures insérées en arrière du thorax (2h. A), -tarses bi-articulées, couverts d'une pilosité dense hydrofuge et griffes insérées dans une encoche subapicale

, Annexe 4c-Diagnose des Hydrometridae Caractères morphologiques généraux des Hydrometridae : A-B : Hydrometra patinant à la surface de l'eau Corps linéaire de 2,7 à 22 mm de long, -tête cylindrique très allongée renflée et massue en avant portant les yeux globuleux éloignés de la marge antérieure du prothorax (2i. A-B), -ocelles absents ou présents, -antennes longues filiformes de 4 articles, -rostre grêle de trois articles, plus court que la tête, -corps recouvert de courts poils denses et hydrofuges surtout ventralement, -pattes longues et grêles uniquement ambulatoires, -hanches intermédiaires et postérieures écartées situées sur les côtés du corps, -tarses de 3 articles revêtus de longs poils et terminés par 2 griffes, -polymorphisme alaire fréquent, hémélytres présentant deux nervures principales longitudinales. Référence YoungInternationalResearchTeamJEAIATOMyc (AIRD/IRD),andbyagrant fromtheFrench NationalResearchAgency, pp.11-00704

, Ourgrateful thanksarealsoextendedtothestaffoftheInstitutdeRecherche pourleDéveloppement(IRD),leCentredecoopérationinternationaleen rechercheagronomiquepourledéveloppement(CIRAD),andInstitutPasteur fordiscussionandsupportintheresearch.K.CarolanwassupportedbytheANREXTR AMUproject,LabExCEBAandJEAIATOMyc.S.Meyin ÀEbong was supportedbyaPhDstudentshipfromAIRD/IRDandtheCentrePasteurdu Cameroun,J.Landierwas supportedbyaPhDstudentshipfromInstitutPasteur, Unitéd'EpidemiologiedeMaladiesEmergentes,andD.Sanhueza,was supported byaPhDstudentshipfromBecasAgenciadeCooperación InternacionaldeChile(AGCI)andtheBIOHOPSYSprogrammefromthe LabEx-CEBA,A.GarchitorenawassupportedbyaPhDstudentshipfromthe Écoledeshautesétudesensantépublique(EHESP)

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, Citethis article as:Carolanetal.:Ecologicalniche modellingof Hemipteraninsects inCameroon; the paradoxofave ctor-borne transmissionforMycobacteriumulcerans,the causative agentofBuruli ulcer.InternationalJournalofHealthGeographics201413:44. Submit your nextmanuscript to BioMedCentral and take full advantageof: in PubMed, CAS, Scopus and GoogleScholar synopsis of Limnogeton Mayr,1853 (Insecta: Hemiptera: Heteroptera: Belostomatidae)

, Campus São Gabriel. Avenida Antônio Trilha1 847

. Service-de-mycobactériologie, Centre Pasteur du Cameroun, Cameroun-Réseau International des Instituts Pasteur, BP 1274 Yaoundé, Cameroon. E-mail: solange

, Laboratoire Evolution, Génomes et Spéci-ation, UPR 9034, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), 91198 Gif sur Yvette Cedex, France et Université ParisSud 11, 91405.

, Département Systématique et Evolution, UMR 7205 CNRS, CP 50-57 rue Cuvier, p.75005

, Morphological terminology follows mainly Poisson (1949), except for the male genitalia, which follows Lauck & Menke (1961). Techniques for preparation of genital structures are those of Ribeiro, 2007.

. Genus-limnogeton-mayr, , p.1853

L. Mayr, Type species by monotypy: Limnogeton fieberi Mayr, 1853. Borborotrephes Stål, 1854:239. Type species by monotypy: Borborotrephes hedenborgi Stål, 1854(syn. By Mayrin 1863)

, Fore femur with a single, flat groove for reception of the tibia; foretarsus with segments 2 and 3 equal in length and twice as long as wide; fore tibiae and fore tarsi subcylindrical; hindtrochanter with a spiniform process directed posterolaterally; pubescence off ourthventrallatero tergites at taining external margin along its entirelength;armsofphallosomascarcelydeveloped, orshort;genitaloperculum offemales roundedatapexand fringed with hairs along its posterior margin, Diagnosis

M. Limnogeton-expansum, Limnogetone xpansum: Poisson (1949): 7. Limnogeton expansum: Linnavuori, p.356, 1971.

, Republic of Congo), Africa, deposited in ISNB according to Montandon (1896). Material examined, J. R. I. Ribeiro det, p.1, 2011.

. Haute-sanga, , p.1

. Cameroon and M. Batouri, identifiedas L.fieberi): 2 m (MNHN), 1939.

. Distribution and . Tanganyika, Democratic Republic of Congo) and Kilimandjaro (Tanzania), 1949.

. Linnavuori1971, This species is newly recorded here in from Batouri (Cameroon) and Brazzaville and Haute

, Total length (from apex of head to apex of abdomen at rest): 50.0-57.2/54.1

T. Head, Male genitalia: Parameres symmetrical, both with apex curved and poorly hooked ;left one strongly edentate, The other smoothly curved; length of phallotheca about 1.4 times ventral diverticulum indorsal view; ventral diverticulum robust; dorsal arms of phallotheca strongly divergent, symmetrical, connected or fused along basal portion, V-shaped and abruptly arrowed at apex in dorsal view (Fig. 1D); lateral outer margins of ventral diverticulum almost straight (Fig. 1E), Pronotum with longitudinal median carina (Fig

, Males of this species can be readily distinguished from the other species of Limnogeton by having the dorsal arms of ventral diverticulum robust, Taxonomic notes

, Limnogeton expansum Montandon, external morphology and male genital structures. 1A, Dorsal habitus showing pronotum with longitudinal median carina.1B,Headshowing prosternal carina, lateral view. 1C,Ventral aspect of abdomen showing development of pilosity which covers half of connexivum. 1D-E, Male genital structures: 1D, Dorsal apical membranous processes arising from phallotheca.1E,Ventral diverticulum of phallosoma showing anterior margins, FIGURE 1

, MVD, margins of ventral diverticulum

. Pc and . Pil,

, Limnogeton fieberiMayr, 1853 (Figs.2A-D)

M. Limnogeton-fieberi, , p.355, 1949.

. Figure2, . Limnogeton, and . Mayr, external morphology and male genital structures. 2A, Dorsal habitus showing pronotum with longitudinal median carina. 2B, Head showing prosternal carina, lateral view. 2C-D, Male genital structures: 2C, Dorsal apical membranous processes arising from phallotheca. 2D, Ventral diverticulum of phallosoma showing anterior margins

;. Mvd and . Pc,

. Types, Limnogeton fieberi was described based on a male holotype (from Mayr's collection) from Kordofan, Sud an according to Mayr (1853), probably deposited in NHMW. This specimen was not examined. Materiale xamined. Marno, vol.1882, p.1

, EGYPTE. 1880, (Letourneux), vol.1899, p.3, 2011.

, J.R.I. Ribeiro det, p.1, 2011.

. Garoua, S.E. Meyin det, p.1, 2012.

. Distribution and . Mabwe, Upemba (Democratic Republic of Congo), 1954.

. Kordofan,

, Egypt (Mayr 1871, Linnavuori, 1964.

, Brazzaville (Congo), 1967.

B. Lake, Région de la Kafubu, 1968.

. Luanza, , 1969.

, Total length

T. Head, Pronotum with longitudinal median carina usually developed on posterior portion

, Pilosity poorly developed, covering almost half of connexivum, slightly constricted between spiracles, not extending posteriorly along genital operculum (see Fig. 3C, compare with Fig.1C). Male genitalia: Parameres symmetrical with apex curved, prosternal keel elongate and cylindrical, strongly spiniform, with apex acute (Fig. 2B, PC)

, Taxonomic notes. Members of this species are now thought to comprise part of as trange morphocline, including L. expansum and L. scutellatum, for we have always found forms with the dorsal arms of phallotheca short and never V-shaped in L. fieberi (Fig.2C), where as they are either somewhat or quite long in L. scutellatum and L. expansum, respectively (Figs.1D, 5C), length of phallotheca about twice ventral diverticulum in dorsal view; ventral iverticulum not robust; dorsal arms of phallotheca poorly developed and poorly connected or fused along basal portion

S. Borborotrephes-hedenborgi, Limnogeton hedenborgi: Montandon (1896):517. Limnogeton hedenborgi: Poisson, Limnogeton hedenborgi: Poisson, p.355, 1949.

, Limnogetone xpansum: Linnavuori, p.356, 1971.

, This specimen was not examined. Material examined, Types. Limnogeton hedenborgi was described based on a holotype which was labeled as being from Egypt (according to Stål1854),deposited in NHRS, vol.1899, p.2, 2011.

X. I. Suez, 1868:1f (MNHN); (Letouneux 66-96):1f (MNHN); (Noualhiercoll. 1898), identified as Borborotrephes hedenborgi, p.1

. Cameroon and . Garoua, S.E. Meyin det, vol.2013, p.1, 2012.

;. Yaoundé, J. R. Ribeiro-det-;-], and (. D. Duviard-"rec, 2011:1 f(MNHN). IVORY COAST. Bouaké, 09.VIII, Gaétan Mollerleg.), p.1, 1969.

, Réc.P. Schoemaker, vol.1782, p.1

K. Katanga and V. ;. Overlaet, , p.2, 1933.

X. ;. Sandoa and . Overlaet, , 1931.

M. Tanganyika and O. , 9898"], identified as L. fieberi by A.L. Montandon 1899, 2011:1m (MNHN). UGANDA.Victoria Nyanza, 1938.

. N. Congo and . Rhodesia,

. Distribution and . Mabwe, Upemba (Democratic Republic of Congo), 1954.

. Sudan,

, Brazzaville (Congo) (Stål 1854, 1967.

B. Lake, Région de la Kafubu

. Luanza, This species are here in newly recorded from, 1969.

, external morphology and male genital structures. 3A, Dorsal habitus showing pronotum with longitudinal median carina.3B, Head showing prosternal carina, lateral view. 3C, Ventral aspect of abdomen showing poorly developed pilosity covering almost half of connexivum. 3D-F, Male genital structures: 3D, Dorsal apical membranous processes arising from phallotheca.3E-F, Ventral diverticulum of phallosoma showing anterior margins, FIGURE 3.Limnogeton hedenborgi (Stål)

, LOM, lateral out ermargins of ventral diverticulum

, MVD, margins of ventral diverticulum

. Pc and . Pil,

, Limnogeton hedenborgi (Stål), external morphology. 3A, Dorsal habitus showing pronotum with longitudinal median carina. 3B-C, Head showing prosternal carina, lateral view: 3C, Female specimen from Egypt. 3D, Female specimen from Senegal. LMC, longitudinal median carina

. Pc,

, Total length

, In the Poisson's (1949) key to African species, some L. fieberi specimens keyed out as L. hedenborgi, especially because of their body size. In addition,there is some variation in the prosternal carinae of female specimensfromEgyptandSenegal, althoughthisprosternalcarinaisalwaysrobust.Afemale fromSenegalbears the prosternal carina slightly more curved than that of the female from Egypt (Figs.4B-C), which is straight. Given that the prosternal carina in Limnogeton seems to be also linked to body size, a sexual size dimorphism in this genus might lead to some misunderstandings concerning reliable identifications both in L.fieberi and L. hedenborgi. It would therefore not be unlikely to identify some females of L. fieberi as L. hedenborgi, because females are usually bigger than males in Limnogeton (J.R.I.Ribeiro,unpubl. data), and have variable development of their prosternal carina. Despite this, the shape of prosternal carina in L. hedenborgi still seems to be distinctive, Body ovate with wings either covering or not covering abdomen. Head, thorax, and abdomen. Pronotum with longitudinal median carin ausually developed only on posterior portion (Fig. 3A, LMC); prosternal keele longate and cylindrical, spiniform, usually robust, with apex truncate or obtuse (Figs. 4B-C),s ometimes projecting anteriorly (Fig. 4B, BC). Pilosity poorly developed, covering almost half of connexivum (a sFig. 3C), slightly constricted between spiracles, not extending posteriorly along genital operculum, 1947.

M. Limnogeton-scutellatum, , p.1863

M. Limnogeton-scutellatum, Limnogeton scutellatum: Mayr (1871):431. Limnogeton scutellatum: Poisson (1949):7. Limnogeton scutellatum: Linnavuori, p.356, 1971.

. Types, The species was described based on a holotype of unknown gender (Africa), deposited in NHMW, according to Mayr (1863) and Montandon (1896), J.R.I.Ribeiro det, p.1, 2011.

. Cameroon and . Garoua, S.E.Meyin det, vol.3, issue.1, 2012.

;. F. Yagoua, ). Puylart, J. R. Ribeiro, ;. G. Mrac), and . No38, 2011 (identified as L. fieberi): 1m (MNHN). DEMOCRATIC REPUBLIC OF THE CONGO. Molindi River, ex. Mus. Budapest, N. Nieser det.1970:1m (NC). CENTRAL AFRICAN REPUBLIC. Lamaboké, 08.VIII. 1966, (R.Pujol), p.1, 2013.

. Congo and V. Brazzaville, , 1959.

. Zambia, S. Muliba, ;. R. Pool, and . Poissondet, 2013:1m (MRAC), p.1, 1959.

, Poisson 1949:7); thelatter locality is not particularly precise because it refers to a region comprising at least five countries. In addition, Congo (Poisson 1949) is now known as Democratic Republic of the Congo and Republic of the Congo,which left the range of L. scutellatum in doubt. As argued in Polhemusetal, Distribution. Limnogeton scutellatum has been reported from Africa ("aus Afrika, 1995.

P. Pc, Almost uniformly brown.Body ovate with wings almost covering abdomen

T. Head, Male genitalia.Parameres symmetrical with apex strongly curved; length of phallotheca about 1.5 times Ventral diverticulum in dorsal view; ventral diverticulum not robust; dorsal arms of phallotheca directed laterally, slightly divergent, connected or fused along basal portion, U-shaped, rounded at apex (Fig. 5C); ventral diverticulum with anterior margins not strongly sclerotized, some what robust, parallel posteriorly in ventral view (Fig. 5D, MVD). Taxonomic notes. There is no significant difference in male styli among specimens of L. expansum and L. scutellatum,but the former species clearly comprises the majority of the largest specimens studied. Poisson (1949) stated that thealleged "differences" in male styli, also stressed and discussed by Linnavuori (1971), are not enough to differentiate these species. Poisson thus considered them as conspecific, with L. expansum representing merely large specimens of L. scutellatum. Nevertheless, we have found evident male genitalic characteristics distinguishing L.scutellatum from L.expansum, and these are apparently linked to the differences in growth among these insects (see above). For example, L. scutellatum male specimens, the majority of which are smaller than those of L. expansum

, Prosternal keel with apex some what truncated, irregular, slightly directed posterad (Fig.1B, PC); pilosity of connexivum large (Fig.1C, PIL); dorsal arms of ventral diverticulum of male genitalia strongly divergent, narrowing at apex (Fig.1D,DA); lateral margins of ventral diverticulum with out sinuosity, Taxonomic key to adults of Limnogeton Mayr (partially based on Poisson 1949) 1a. Prosternal keel robust, cylindrical, slightly curved anterador not, with apex truncated

. .. ,

L. Stål and ;. .. , Total length of body 2.2-2.3 times its greatest width; dorsal arms of ventral diverticulum not V-shaped, slightly sinuate (Fig. 2C,DA); length of phallotheca almost twice that of ventral diverticulum in dorsal view; ventral diverticulum with anterior margins not strongly sclerotized, narrower, obviously convergent posteriorly inventral view (Fig. 2D, MVD), p.1853

M. ). 5d, scutellatumMayr,1863(Fig.5A) References Armúa-de-Reyes, Predation on Biomphalariasp. (Mollusca: Planorbidae) by three species of the genus Belostoma (Heteroptera: Belostomatidae), vol.66, p.1033, 2006.

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