, Un exemple du succès d'une telle approche peut être illustré par l'expérience de pensée de la machine à plaisir. Son auteur, Robert Nozick, cherche à contrer l'affirmation utilitariste selon laquelle le plaisir serait l'unique valeur digne d'intérêt pour un agent moral. Pour ce faire, Nozick demande à son lecteur d'imaginer une « machine à plaisir, La première est celle conduite par les philosophes « dans leur fauteuil » et consiste en des expériences de pensée

, Un second type d'approche est constitué par 1) l'histoire de l'émergence de nouvelles valeurs et 2) leur diffusion. Ces deux processus méritent d'être distingués car les valeurs nouvelles peuvent tout aussi bien naître de sphères sociologiquement distinctes 2 , que s'imposer « matériellement »à l'ensemble d'une population 3 . Dans chacun de ces cas, le mécanisme de diffusion est diffèrent. Alors que dans le premier, la mise en évidence d'une valeur ne suppose pas l'adhésion automatique tant des sphères dirigeantes, Pouvons-nous dire d'un individu qui passerait sa vie dans une telle machine que sa dignité morale a été respectée ? Nozick répond par la négative. Nous ne voulons pas vivre une vie où toutes nos satisfactions ont été simulées

, On retrouve ici les ingrédients de ce que Foucault qualifiait d'épistémé. En soulignant ces difficultés, l'histoire des idées suggère a posteriori des transitions possibles entre certains systèmes de valeurs. Les outils employés par cette 2. Je ne prétends pas que seul les chercheurs, artistes ou autres créateurs soient susceptibles de mettre en exergue de nouvelles valeurs. En revanche, je prétends que les nouvelles valeurs sont créées par une communauté qui rencontre des problèmes particuliers et dont les préoccupations ne sont pas automatiquement celles de l'ensemble de la population. Par ailleurs, il ne s'agit pas de dire que les créateurs de nouvelles valeurs soient susceptibles d'être, Le type de liaison qui s'opère entre ces sphères est un objet d'étude en soi. L'histoire des idées révèle la difficulté de certaines valeurs à pénétrer le terrain intellectuel d'une époque particulière

, Bien que j'emploie le terme d'histoire des idées, je ne crois que la délibération partielle nous impose d'adhérer à une forme d'idéalisme radical

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