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, Compound in coffee have been shown to induce the endogenous defense system and the DNA repair capacity and to reduce the expression of genes involved in inflammation. One cup of coffee per day showed a significant decreased risk of liver cancer. The WCRF found that a higher consumption of coffee can probably protects against liver cancer. The highest score was given to individuals drinking more than 2 cups a day

, Replacing saturated fats with polyunsaturated fats leads to positive changes in lipid profiles, is associated with a lower risk of CHD, and may lower risk of type 2 diabetes. Furthermore, a low-fat diet had no beneficial effects on CVD risk factors, lipid profile, or blood pressure and did not reduce the risk of CVD, breast cancer, colon cancer, or total mortality. We gave the highest score to individuals with ?10% of total energy intake from PUFA on the basis of current guidelines from the USDA and the AHA

, Furthermore, sodium-reduced diets significantly lowered blood pressure and CVD risk in clinical trials. Large reductions in sodium intake, to levels recommended by the USDA, may prevent a substantial number of new cases of CHD. The cutoffs for sodium were based on deciles of distribution in the population, due to lack of brand specificity in the FFQ to accurately estimate absolute intake. Values in lowest decile were ?1112 mg/d in women and ?1612 mg/d in men and in highest decile were ?3337 mg, High sodium intake has been associated with higher blood pressure, and salt-preserved foods are associated with greater risk of stomach cancer, CVD, and total mortality

, One serving of fish per week, specifically of species high in long-chain (n-3) fatty acids EPA + DHA, is strongly protective against fatal cardiac arrhythmias and sudden cardiac death and may lower the incidence of other CVD. EPA + DHA were associated with lower risk of diabetes in some, but not all, studies, and the relation with cancer risk is unclear but studies showed that it decreased the formation of pre-neoplastic stages and could altergene expression

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