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, Annexe 7. Fiche technique sur le principe de fonctionnement des scanners optiques. On distingue 2 types de scanners optiques

. Les,

, Cela va permettre l'acquisition rapide de nombreuses images qui, assemblées par le logiciel, vont engendrer la reconstitution 3D des volumes bucco-dentaires (Ouadour, 2009.

G. La,

, Elle est basée sur le principe du microscope confocal

, En faisant varier la distance entre l'objet et l'objectif, différentes images, dans les différents plans focaux, sont obtenues, permettant de reconstituer de proche en proche le volume mesuré. Dans le cas d'une caméra optique, l'enjeu est de capturer un nombre suffisant d'images en un temps acceptable. Pour cela, une grille de microlentilles possédant toutes le même plan focal, est ajoutée. La grille est inclinée afin de couvrir plusieurs plans. Cela permet de multiplier le nombre d'images et le nombre de plans focaux en une seule prise, Ce principe de fonctionnement nécessite une utilisation par prises de vues et non par balayage comme une majorité de caméras optiques, 2007.

, Constituant des systèmes optiques

, Un système optique comprend : -des capteurs spécifiques du rayonnement émis qui analysent la déformation de la lumière ou son intensité. Ils fournissent le plus généralement une information analogique, L'enjeu d'une numérisation 3D est de récupérer et de convertir des données analogiques en données numériques

, 2 types de capteurs sont couramment utilisés pour la capture des images : -CCD (Charge-Coupled Device, Complementary Metal Oxyde Semiconductor) (Gamal et Eltoukhy, 2005.

, Ces 2 types de matrices sont des circuits intégrés gravés sur une surface de silicium, composés d'un réseau de pixels sensibles à la lumière. Les photodiodes des pixels réagissent à lumière et fournissent un signal électrique

, Pour le capteur CCD, le signal de chaque colonne de pixel est récupéré et un signal électrique analogique est fourni au convertisseur A/D en sortie de capteur, 2009.

, Pour le capteur CMOS, la différence majeure avec la matrice CCD vient du fait que chaque pixel contient une photodiode (qui sert à la conversion photon-charge et au stockage des charges) et un amplificateur qui va permettre de convertir les charges en tension dans le pixel lui-même. De ce fait, il est plus rapide que le CCD mais moins performant dans le cas de luminosité faible

C. Dans-le, Grâce aux émetteurs, cette technologie vise à exploiter les propriétés optiques de la lumière en projetant sur les surfaces à reconstituer un rayonnement choisi et connu. Il existe différentes techniques qui vont permettre à la caméra d'évaluer le relief, selon le type de scanners

, -des filtres et des algorithmes pour traiter l'image obtenue et la transmettre le plus généralement dans un format exploitable et universel .STL (Duret et Pelissier, 2010.

, observation différents et cela, autant de fois qu'il est nécessaire pour en couvrir toute la surface, en prenant soin d'avoir une zone commune pour chaque image 3D. Ces images 3D individuelles, ainsi captées, sont par la suite fusionnées à l'aide d'un logiciel qui utilise les zones communes de chacune d'elles, pour assembler de façon très précise le modèle numérique 3D. Le logiciel permet aussi d'éliminer les points redondants dans les zones communes de façon à obtenir une couche de points 3D de densité homogène sur toute la

. Carayon-d, K. Adhikari, P. Monsarrat, J. Dumoncel, J. Braga et al., A geometric morphometric approach to the study of variation of shovel-shaped incisors, American Journal of Physical Anthropology, pp.1-13, 2018.

, Communications Affichées

. Carayon-d, J. Dumoncel, C. Zanolli, . Donat-r, F. Duret et al., « Intérêts de l'imagerie 3D dans l'approche morphologique et morphométrique des caractères discrets dentaires, 2016.

. Carayon-d, J. Dumoncel, C. Zanolli, . Donat-r, F. Duret et al., Morphological and morphometric dental characterisation in population study: interests of 3D imaging, PhD Students' Days. Toulouse, pp.13-14, 2016.