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, Développement de la coopération régionale via une plate-forme d'épidémio-surveillance dédiée au sud ouest de l'océan indien (SWIO)
, Renforcement des actions de recherche (épidémiologie)
, Renforcement des opérations de communication visant à préserver l'état sanitaire du cheptel apiaire réunionnais
, Mise en place d'un plan d'assainissement de certaines maladies ou agents pathogènes, p.97
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, Bilan sanitaire de la filière apicole réunionnaise et évaluation des risques d'introduction d'agents pathogènes exotiques, 2013.
, ? Multiplication de l'agent pathogène (PEVV2)
, Bilan sanitaire de la filière apicole réunionnaise et évaluation des risques d'introduction d'agents pathogènes exotiques, 2013.
, Globalement, la probabilité que la maladie clinique s'exprime et soit observable (PEVV3) est plus
, Techer, 2012), la sous-espèce d'abeilles que l'on retrouve à La Réunion est Apis mellifera unicolor qui est très proche de la sous espèce malgache, D'après les études génétiques effectuées par le CIRAD en 2012
, Les conditions retrouvées à La Réunion étant très semblables à celles de Madagascar (même sous-espèce d'abeille et conditions climatiques identiques), il est possible que le même scénario se reproduise sur l'île. En ce qui concerne les essaims sauvages, tous les auteurs sont unanimes, Suite à l'arrivée de varroa, une étude réalisée par la faculté des sciences d'Antananarivo, a permis d'évaluer les pertes à Madagascar entre 30% à 98% de colonies mortes dans un rucher infesté, 2012.
, Par ailleurs, lorsque le couvain est présent toute l'année, comme c'est le cas à La Réunion, la population de parasite est multipliée par 800 dans l'année (Martin, 1998a). Donc, à partir d'une infestation d'un parasite dans une ruche, les pertes commenceraient environ 1 an après son arrivée, 2006.
, La vitesse de dispersion de Varroa destructor est un élément capital à intégrer dans la démarche
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, Des gravures rupestres en Espagne ont montré au début du Néolithique (avant la sédentarisation de l'homme) des hommes entourés d'abeilles et pratiquant l'apicueillette en récoltant du miel dans une colonie sauvage (Dams and Dams, 1977.
, 2011) et fut vantée jusque dans l'Antiquité. Blinos en 79 disait : « La richesse de l'Arabie Fertile (Arabia Felix) dépassait celle du monde entier, parce que son territoire possédait des jungles parfumées, des mines d'or, ses terres étaient irriguées et il était produit en quantité du miel et de la cire ». Les romains pratiquaient une apiculture rudimentaire (Crane, 1994) et qui s, 500 ans avant JC), il n'y avait pas de ruches à proprement parler mais les égyptiens proposaient des abris dans des poteries aux abeilles, 1975.
, preuve du dynamisme de la filière apicole, deux courants s'opposaient farouchement : les nombreux modèles de ruches virent le jour : Dadant, Dadant-Blatt, Layens, Voirnot, WBC etc. C'est en 1851 que le révérant Lorenzo Lorraine Langstroth, pp.1810-1895
, L'homme s'est toujours déplacé emmenant avec lui des abeilles : « Comme le chien, les abeilles ont toujours accompagné l'homme dans ses plus grandes migrations, et certains des nouveaux colons dans chaque partie du Nouveau Monde ont emmené avec eux des ruches et des abeilles, 1975.
, Figure 1: représentation picturale de scènes d'apicueillette en Espagne(datation estimée, p.0
, ) : a: La Araña; b:Dos Aguas; c : Los Trepadores (Dams and Dams, J.C, 1977.
, Napoléon Ier apparut avec un manteau brodé de 1500 abeilles d'or. L'insecte, devenu emblème de l'Empire avec l'aigle, remplaça la fleur de lys. L'abeille figure dans la symbolique d'État française de 1804 à 1814
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, Figure 2: à gauche, abeille (qui serait en réalité une cigale) issue du trésor de Childéric 1 er ; à droite : portrait de Napoléon 1 er dans sa robe de couronnement pourpre ornée de 1500 abeilles
, Sources respectives : Bibliothèque Nationale de France et Museum of Fine Arts de Boston De nos jours, l'abeille reste au coeur de rites sociaux et spirituels majeurs. En Espagne par exemple, lors d'un enterrement, les enfants imitent le bourdonnement des abeilles. Cela symbolise les abeilles qui accompagnent l, pp.1755-1830
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