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, UN-Habitat UTOPIA, Tripoli Najda Now, Beirut Geographic Affairs Directorate of the Lebanese Army Issam Fares Institute (IFI) of the American University of Beirut The French Ministry of Higher Education, The following institutions have been instrumental in the completion of this dissertation, 2014.

. .. General-introduction,

, Urban resilience, or spatial justice?, Cities in Lebanon

?. .. Migrants,

, An overview on the Syrian refugee situation in the region

.. .. Method,

;. Chapt-er-1, . Syrian, . In, . City:-historic, and . .. Context,

I. Uncertainty and . Division, Three challenges that burden cities in Lebanon

.. .. Uncertainty,

.. .. Socio-spatial-division,

, 27 A status of illegality imposed on Syrians that is difficult to circumvent, The Lebanese political climate and its implications for Syrian refugees, vol.30

, 34 Lebanese government struggles to position itself vis-à-vis the Syrian conflict and the refugee presence in its territories, Debate on refugees' status in Lebanon used for political gain

. Urban and . .. Specific, 40 2.1 From an international to a national perspective

.. .. Syrian-urban-refuge-in-lebanon,

, An overview of refugees in Lebanon in 2018

, The rapid decline in the social and urban position of Syrian refugees in cities

, Unregulated, random restrictions on Syrians' use of public spaces

. Tension, . Between, . Syria, . In, . Division et al.,

, 54 The significance of naturalisation for a city, An overview of Lebanese-Syrian diplomatic relations since the beginning of the twentieth century

. Chapt-er-2,

G. Of, . In, and . .. Scales, 77 1.2 Local authorities in Lebanon: their mandate and shaky role as regulators of the refugee influx

. The, . Coexistence, . Different, and . .. Lebanon, , vol.8, p.9

, Religion, conflict, and money: three elements that fragment cities in Lebanon

, The electricity service in Lebanon and the progression towards its looming privatization

, Difficult coexistence for dwellers amidst discerning negotiations on space

. Rights and . .. Lebanon, 106 3.1 Insufficient and ineffective urban services are for dwellers in Lebanon

, The Palestinians in Lebanon: both refugees and refugee hosts

.. .. Analytical,

. .. On-urban-interactions, On the refugee situation as the latest phase of the history of Syrian migration into Lebanon

. Conducting, . Three, . In, and . Between, 140 2.1 Several events mark turning points in the field during the research period, 2014.

, The number of refugees reaches one million, rendering refugees over visible in the cities

. .. , 144 Entitlement to international aid creates local tensions, The Policy Paper of October 2014, another turning point in national politics and local policies

, Dealing with situations of excessive inequality

, From a third space?

. Using-a-combination, . Three, . Of, and . .. Approaches,

. Method, . Tools-for, and . .. Collection,

, The unreliability of quantitative data

.. .. Lebanon, 159 Data on the economic competition between Syrians refugees and Lebanese

.. .. Status,

, Actors in the study and data collection tools

.. .. Categories,

. Submitting and . .. Field-investigation,

, 191 1.2 The neighbourhood of Tebbeneh, in the periphery of Tripoli

, The neighbourhood of El-Nab'a, Bourj Hammoud, in the periphery of Beirut

, the periphery of Beirut

. Five, . Of, and . .. Sites,

. Chapt-er-5, . Situating, . Refugees, . The, . Socio-spatial et al., 239 5.3 A DEBATABLE IDENTITY? WHO ARE THE SYRIANS IN LEBANON?

. Chapt-er-6, . Daily, . Conditions, . Syrian, and . .. Lebanon,

, A glimpse of the poor condition of housing

.. .. Monetizing, 256 Abusive practices: brokers, evictions, arbitrary rent increases

T. Strenuous and . .. To-residency,

. The and . .. Job, 271 Among and beyond the Syrian refugees: the recurrence of competition

A. To, . Space, . Tactics, and . .. Invisibility, 280 A window into the daily life of Syrians in Lebanon

. Chapt-er-7, . The, . Of, . For, . .. Dwellers et al., , vol.287

.. .. Tebbeneh,

.. .. ,

, Accepting to sharing spaces within an implicit social contract

. .. General-conclusion,

.. .. On, 337 Timing of the research, timing of the event

. .. Lebanon, 339 How to negotiate a place ? The dialectics of inequalities and injustices

.. .. Perspectives,

. .. Synthèse-en-français,

. .. Annexes,

. List and . .. Figures,

. List and . .. Bibliographic-references,

. Table and . .. Contents,

. Negocier-l'espace, Études de cas à Tripoli (quartier de Tebbeneh) et à Beyrouth, 2011.

, Recevoir en trois ans un afflux de migrants correspondant à un quart de sa population constitue un défi majeur pour n'importe quelle nation. Cette recherche tente de comprendre comment un tel phénomène, à priori inconcevable, a pu advenir dans les villes du Liban, qui ont accueilli plus d'un million de réfugiés depuis 2011. Partant de ce phénomène brutal, elle examine les facteurs qui ont permis à ces réfugiés urbains de s'installer tant bien que

, ) au niveau national, dans lequel la géopolitique interne à la société libanaise et les effets de l'action publique du gouvernement, des collectivités territoriales et des ONG prennent un rôle direct, influençant l'accès des réfugiés à la ville ; (3) à l'échelle géopolitique internationale enfin, qui aborde la situation du Moyen-Orient. À cette échelle, l'analyse s'attache aux effets des relations historiques entre le Liban et la Syrie dans l'installation actuelle des réfugiés. Cependant, l'espace de négociation n'est pas exclusivement perçu comme le résultat d'une relation binaire entre réfugiés et société d'accueil. Plus largement, la thèse démontre comment cette relation s'insère dans des mécanismes qui produisent et reproduisent des inégalités exprimées à des échelles multiples et qui opèrent sur l'ensemble des populations citadines, La thèse aborde cette question à trois niveaux : (1) à l'échelle urbaine locale, où citadins et réfugiés vivent un cycle continu de s , r eflété dans des situations quotidiennes de tension et de conflit

, Ceux-ci sont accompagnés d'observations systématiques menées dans trois quartiers urbains : Tebbeneh à Tripoli, El-Nab'a et le camp palestinien de Bourj el-Barajneh à Beyrouthe Mots clés : négocier l'espace, inégalités socio-spatiales, réfugiés urbains, villes du Liban NEGOTIATING SPACE: Cities in Lebanon and the challenge of the Syrian refugee influx, L'étude repose sur une approche ethnographique qualitative faisant appel à diverses méthodes, particulièrement des entretiens approfondis auprès d'échantillons de population très divers, 2011.