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, PE : Pelouse écorchée ; PA_éco : Pelouse aérohaline écorchée ; PR : Pelouse rase ; VP_éco : Végétation prairiale écorchée ; VP : Végétation prairiale ; P_LD : Mosaïque de pelouses et de landeslittorales ; LH : Lande herbeuse ; LD_éco : Lande littorale écorchée ; LD : Lande littorale ; F : Végétation préforesière ou fourré littoral ; VR : Végétation rudérale

, Une valeur négative (en vert) signifie une probabilité de transition qui augmente dans le temps et une valeur positive (en rouge) signifie une diminution de cette probabilité. Le nombre d'occurrences correspond au nombre de transitions ayant comme végétation initiale la végétation de la ligne. PE : Pelouse écorchée ; PA_éco : Pelouse aérohaline écorchée ; PA : Pelouse aérohaline, Tableau 40. Différence entre les matrices de transition calculée à court (P 1?8 ) et moyen (P 8?14 ) et long terme (P 14?23 )

, Le nombre d'occurrences correspond au nombre de transitions ayant comme végétation initiale la végétation de la ligne. SN : Sol nu ; CH : Végétation chasmo ou chomo-halophile ; PE : Pelouse écorchée ; PA_éco : Pelouse aérohaline écorchée ; PA : Pelouse aérohaline ; PR : Pelouse rase ; VP_éco : Végétation prairiale écorchée ; VP : Végétation prairiale ; P_LD : Mosaïque de pelouses et de landeslittorales ; LH : Lande herbeuse, Tableau 41. Différence entre les matrices de transition à partir des données modélisées (P 0?6 model ) et celle calculée à partir des données réelles (P 0?6 réelle )

, Différents types de successions d'espèces et phénomènes expliquant ces successions 272, Tableau, vol.42

, Signifie une probabilité inférieure à 1%. eG : espèces généralistes des pelouses littorales ; eCH : espèces chasmo ou chomo-halophiles ; ePE : espèces de pelouses écorchées ; ePA : espèces de pelouses aérohalines ; ePR : espèces de pelouses rases ; eVP : espèces de végétation prairiale ; eHL : espèces herbacées des landes littorales ; eCL : espèces chaméphytes des landes littorales ; eF : espèces pré-forestières ou de fourré littoral ; eR : espèces rudérales ou nitrophiles, Moyenne des probabilités de transitions (en %) annuelles observées lors des huit premières années de restauration entre une espèce a à T0, vol.43

, Une valeur négative (en vert) signifie une probabilité de transition qui augmente à moyen terme et une valeur positive (en rouge) signifie une diminution de cette probabilité à moyen terme. Le nombre d'occurrences correspond au nombre de transitions ayant comme espèce initiale l'espèce inscrite en ligne. Seules les espèces observées dans plus de 10 transitions à court et à moyen terme ont été conservées. Seules les différences de supérieures à 1% ou inférieures à -1% ont été indiquées. eG : espèces généralistes des pelouses littorales ; eCH : espèces chasmo ou chomo-halophiles ; ePE : espèces de pelouses écorchées ; ePA : espèces de pelouses aérohalines ; ePR : espèces de pelouses rases ; eVP : espèces de végétation prairiale ; eHL : espèces herbacées des landes littorales ; eCL : espèces chaméphytes des landes littorales ; eF : espèces pré-forestières ou de fourré littoral ; eR : espèces rudérales ou nitrophiles, 2003.

, Seules les espèces observées dans plus de 10 transitions ont été conservées et seules les probabilités >0,05 sont indiquées. eG : espèces généralistes des pelouses littorales ; ePE : espèces de pelouses écorchées ; ePA : espèces de pelouses aérohalines ; eVP : espèces de végétation prairiale ; eHL : espèces herbacées des landes littorales ; eCL : espèces chaméphytes des landes littorales ; eF : espèces pré-forestières ou de fourré littoral, Tableau 45. Moyennes des probabilités de transitions observées entre une espèce a (colonne de gauche) vers une espèce b. deux valeurs ont été calculées, les probabilités de transitions annuelles observées sur la période, 2002.

, Un test U de Mann-Whitney a été réalisé entre chaque année et pour chaque GE, *** : p.value<0,001 ; ** : p.value < 0,01 ; * : p.value < 0,05. Recou : recouvrement total de la végétation ; eCH : espèces chasmo ou chomo-halophiles ; eG : espèces généralistes des pelouses littorales ; eCL : espèces chaméphytes des landes littorales ; ePA : espèces de pelouses aérohalines, Tableau 46. Recouvrement de différents groupes écologiques (GE) en fonction de l'année du relevé et de son type de végétation de référence ou du type de dégradation initiale du site de l'Apothicairerie

, Matrice de probabilité de transition calculée entre la carte de 2016 et celle de 2018. * signifie une probabilité de transition inférieure à 0,01. CH : Végétation chasmo ou chomohalophile ; PA : Pelouse aérohaline, Tableau, vol.47

. Vp_Éco, Végétation prairiale écorchée ; VP : Végétation prairiale ; VP_LD : Mosaïque de pelouses aérohalines et de landes ; LH : Lande herbeuse ; LD : Lande littorale ; F : Végétation préforesière ou fourré littoral ; VR : Végétation rudérale ; VP_rud : Végétation prairiale rudérale ; SN : Sol nu

. .. U-de-mannwhitney, Les lettres correspondent aux valeurs significativement différentes entre états et au sein d'un même site d'après le test, Tableau 48. Richesse spécifique moyenne par site et par état de dégradation pour les communautés d'araignées et communautés végétales

, ANOSIM entre les diversités bêta des communautés des différents sites et des différents états de dégradation (RF : référence; MY : moyennement dégradé; HD : hautement dégradé), Tableau, vol.49

, La diversité bêta (?-Bray) a été calculée en utilisant l'indice de dissimilarité de Bray-Curtis

, Une ANOSIM a également été réalisée sur les deux valeurs explicatives de la diversité bêta : ?-E : variation équilibrée et ?-U : Variation unilatérale. Les valeurs reportées correspondent à la valeur des ANOSIM ayant une p.value < 0,001

, Les valeurs indiquées correspondent : pour les arthropodes, au nombre d'individus moyen retrouvé dans chaque placette et pour les plantes, au recouvrement moyen par placette. Seuls les taxons ayant un IndVal > 0,5 et étant présent sur les trois sites ont été reportés, Tableau 50. Taxons indicateurs identifiés pour les différents niveaux de dégradation

, Lande littorale écorchée ; LD : Lande littorale ; F : Végétation préforesière ou fourré littoral

.. .. Remerciements,

.. .. Sommaire,

. .. Introduction-générale,

, 21 1.1.1. Naissance de l'écologie de la restauration

L. De-bretagne and .. .. ,

, Bilan de la restauration des hauts de falaises littorales de Bretagne, Partie, vol.2

, 2.1. Toward a social-ecological approach to ecological restoration: A look back at three decades of maritime clifftop restoration, Bilan de 30 ans de restauration des hauts de falaises littorales

, Étude des différentes représentations de la, vol.3

. .. , 121 3.3.1. Enjeux identifiés sur les hauts de falaise, Étude des représentations dans le cadre d'opération de restauration

, Évaluation des méthodes de restauration, Partie, vol.4

, Description des successions des communautés végétales, vol.5

, Utilisation de la cartographie dans un suivi de restauration

, Études des arthropodes des hauts de falaises dégradées

, 1.1. Impacts positifs et négatifs de trois mesures de restauration

, 2.2. Développement d'une méthode d'évaluation

, 349 Identification des points forts et des points faibles de la restauration des hauts de falaises

, Approfondissement des connaissances sur les représentations de ces opérations, p.353

, Des effets de la restauration active très dépendants des objectifs et du contexte environnemental du site

, Utilisation des arthropodes comme indicateur de restauration

.. .. Conclusion,

.. .. Bibliographie,

. .. Liste-des-tableaux,

.. .. Annexes,