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, 25 1.2 Average semi-elasticities of labor: Perfect substitute specfication (simulations from Table A1.4 )

, Average semi-elasticities of labor: Imperfect substitutes specification (simulations from Table A1.5 )

, Average semi-elasticities of labor: Translog specification (simulations from Table A1.7 )

, Effect of household labor and of household demograhic characteristics on the use of inputs

, Average semi-elasticities of labor, Simulation from OLS and IV estimations, vol.46

, Average value of semi-elasticities in Tanzanian Shillings, p.48

, Average semi-elasticities with gender heterogeneity (Perfect substitutes), p.51

, Mean of semi-elasticities from perfect specification with age heterogeneity (equation 1.19)

, Descriptive statistics: characteristics of agricultural households, p.57

, Number of days of farm labor per household, by category, p.58

, Percentage of children without parent living in the household, p.58

, 4 OLS estimations: perfect substitute specification

. .. , 5 OLS estimations: imperfect substitute specification, p.60

. A1, OLS estimations: Translog specification with interaction terms between labor and other inputs

, IV estimations of the production function

, Estimation of the substitution parameter ?, A1.9

, 10OLS estimations of the production function for the unrestricted sample (with households observed only at one wave)

, A1.11Effect of the number of children on child labor by gender, p.69

, A1.12Effect of the number of children by age groups on child labor, p.70

, 13Mean of semi-elasticities: perfect specification with age heterogeneity (equation (1.19))

, A1.14Mean of the semi-elasticity of children aged 11 to 16 and adults aged 17 to 65

, The instruments are the number of children by age groups N 10, A1.15Mean of the semi-elasticity of labor

. .. Livestock, A1.16Comparison of households with and without, p.73

. .. Villlages-in-tanzania,

. .. , IV estimates of the returns to education by sectors, p.101

, Average marginal effect of education on the probability of working in each sector of activity (mult. logit)

, The cumulative effect of education

, A2.1 Descriptive statistics from the, 2002.

, Descriptive statistics from the LSMS

. .. , Effect of dwelling characteristics on consumption, p.111

, Evolution of education attainment by period and region groups, vol.115, p.200

, OLS estimates of the returns to education

, Effect of education on consumption : IV estimations with education level and primary education level

, Effect of education on consumption: IV estimations with partially treated, p.119

, 10IV estimations at different geographical scales

, Income index constructed from the 2002 census data)

, 12IV estimates of the returns to education by sector

, Effect of positive shocks on children

. .. , Effect of shocks during schooling on education decisions, p.147

, Effect of Shocks during schooling on Test Scores

, Effect of Early Life Shocks on children's activities(beta coefficients), p.152

, Effect of Early Life Shocks on Schooling Outcomes (beta coefficients), p.154

, Effects of productivity shocks on the log of Household Production (beta coefficients)

, Effect of climate and aggregate price variables on days of labor in the field (beta coefficients)

, A3.1 Descriptive statistics from the LSMS

. .. , Descriptive statistics from the Tanzanian Uwezo survey, p.164

, Effect of Climatic Shocks on Household Production, p.171

, Effect of aggregate subsistence price variable on days of labor in the field (beta coefficients)

, A3.5 Effects of productivity shocks on days of labor in the fields by age groups (beta coefficients)

, Effects of productivity shocks on the probability of working the week prior the survey, vol.173, p.201

, Effects of productivity shocks on the labor intensity by activity (hours over last week)

, Effect of climate and price variations on Z-score of height for age (beta coefficients)

, Effect of positive and negative shocks on children's activities according to household consumption, A3.9

, A3.10Effect of positive and negative shocks on children's activities by gender, p.176

, A3.11Effect of positive and negative shocks on children's activities across age-group, vol.177

, 12Effect of the number of shocks according to household consumption, p.178

, A3.13Effect of the number of shocks across age-groups

, A3.14Effect of the number of shocks across gender

, 15Effect of shocks during school age on Test Scores by age groups, p.180

, 16Effect of shocks during school age on test scores by gender, p.180

, A3.17Effect of continuous climate and price variables on children's activities (beta coefficients)

, A3.18Effect of continuous climate and price variables on test scores (beta coefficients)

, A3.19Effect of future price and rainfalls on education decisions.(beta coefficients, p.182

, A3.20Effect of future shocks on education decisions

, 21Effect of shocks during school age on test scores standardized by age, p.184

, A3.22Effect of continuous climate and price variables on sample selection (beta coefficients)

. .. , 186 List of Figures 1 Evolution of Enrollment Rates in sub-Saharan Africa, A3.23Effect of climate and prices on quality of education, vol.3, p.202

. .. , Percentage of the population living in rural areas

. .. , Distribution of children within the pool of children, p.58

, Time spent at working by activities over the last weeek, p.64

, Time spent at working (in hours)

, Time spent in domestic tasks (in hours), A1.5

, Labor distribution among main crops

. .. Cohort, , vol.87

. .. , Relationship between the expected consumption lnC and lnC, p.112

, Evolution of education attainment by region from T0 to T1 according to the education level in T0

, Evolution of education attainment by region from T0 to T1 according to the number of schools in 1967

, Evolution of the education attainment by district according to the education level in 1967

, A2.10Education level by district in 1978

, Children activities by age in rural areas

. .. , Percentage of enrolled children by age cohort, vol.165, p.203

, Percentage of dropout children by age cohort

, Percentage of children who passed the exam by age cohort, p.166

, Distribution of children who passed the tests, A3.5

, Percentage of land allocated to coffee plantation in Tanzania, p.169

, Standardized price deviations for the main cash-crop commodities in Tanzania, A3.8

, Standardized price deviations for the main subsistence commodities in Tanzania (deviations from HP trend), A3.9, vol.170, p.204

.. .. Chapter,

.. .. Lsms-isa-data,

, Child labor in the data

, Production functions and identification 26

.. .. Inputs,

, 2 First-stage of IV specifications

, Validity tests for IV specifications

, How much should children be compensated?, p.47

, Semi-elasticities with function log M

. .. Upe-program, The Impact of the Universal Primary Education Program on Labor Market Outcomes: Evidence from Tanzania 75 background and the, p.79

, The returns to education

, Returns to education by sector of activity

. .. , 109 2.5.3 Construction of the proxy for consumption, p.111

, Good or bad timing? The pro-cyclical and counter-cyclical effect of shocks on education investment and on schooling, Chapter

, The effect of shocks which occur during schooling, p.133

. .. , The effect of shocks which occur in early life, p.135

. .. Shocks, 136 3.2.3.1 By access to markets

.. .. Price-data,

, Estimation strategy and results 143

. .. , 143 3.4.2 Effect of the length and frequency of school-aged, p.146

.. .. Effect-of-early-shocks,

.. .. Mechanisms,

, Effect of shocks on labor allocation decisions, p.175

, Robustness checks