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, List of Minerals The chemical formula of the minerals appearing in the thesis are summarized below. In addition, general formula and/or general description is given for groups or subgroups of minerals, Geochimica et Cosmochimica Acta, vol.140, pp.435-454, 2014.
,
, group of inosilicate minerals with the general formula AX 2 Z 5
,
, Ca 3 Fe
, Ca 5
, Ni,Co) Mn 4+
,
, BaSO 4
, family of three carbonate-fluoride minerals, bastnäsite-(Ce)
, Be 3 Sc 2 (Si 6 O 18 )
, AlSi 3 O 10 (OH,F) 2
,
, CaCO 3
,
, SnO 2
, cryptocrystalline form of quartz
, group of micaceous phyllosilicate minerals with the general formula A 5?6 T 4 Z 18
, FeNb 2 O 6 and columbite-(Mn), MnNb 2 O 6, solid solution series between columbite-(Fe)
,
,
, CaScAlSiO 6
,
,
, CaMgSi 2 O 6
, CaMg(CO 3 ) 2
, Ca 3 Sc
,
, Fe 2 SiO 4
,
, supergroup of minerals including all isostructural minerals with the general formula X 3 Y 2 (Z 4 ) 3 where X, Y and Z refer to dodecahedral, octahedral and tetrahedral sites respectively and is O, OH or F
, , p.3
,
, Ca 3 Al
,
, ScTaO 4
,
, solid solution series between magnesio-hornblende and ferro-hornblende with the formula Ca 2, p.4
, , vol.22
, FeTiO 3
, Processes of Scandium Enrichment, 2017.
,
,
, ? Kenomagnetite: solid solution series between magnetite and maghemite
,
, Ca 2 ScSn(Si 2 O 7 )(Si 2 O 6 OH)
,
,
,
, Fe 2+ Fe 3+
, group of phyllosilicote minerals with the general formula XY 2?3 Z 4 O 10 (OH,F) 2 , with
,
, Th)PO 4 , monazite-(La), monazite-(Nd) and monazite-(Sm) also exists, ? Monazite: the most common member, monazite-(Ce) has the following formula: (Ce
, Ca) 0.3 (Al,Mg) 2 Si 4 O 10 (OH) 2 · nH 2 O
,
,
,
, Mg,Fe 2+ ) 2 SiO 4
, ? Opal: amorphous mineral with the general formula SiO 2 · nH 2 O
, CT: opal made of clusters of stacking cristobalite and tridymite
,
, subgroup of orthorhombic pyroxene minerals
, solid solutions series between perrierite-(Ce) and perrierite-(La) with the formula, ) 4 (Fe 2+ ,Mg)
, intergrowth of two feldspar, potassium-rich feldspar (KAlSi 3 O 8 ) and sodium-rich feldspar (NaAlSi 3 O 8 )
,
, ScPO 4
, Ca,Na) 2 Nb 2 O 6 (OH,F)
, Mg 3 Al
, group of inosilicate minerals with the general formula XY(Si,Al) 2 O 6 with X = Mg, Fe 2+
,
, group of REE-bearing phosphates, rhabdophane-(Ce): (Ce,La)PO 4 · (H 2 O)
,
, Ca 0.26 (Mg,Fe), p.4
, ? Scandia: Sc, vol.2, issue.3
, Ca 2 (Fe 2+ ,Mn)ScSi 5 O 14 (OH)
, solid solutions series between marialite (3NaAlSi 3 O 8 ·NaCl), meionite (3CaAl 2 Si 2 O 8 ·CaCO 3 ) and silvialite (3CaAl 2 Si 2 O 8 ·CaSO 4 ) with the general formula
, group of phyllosilicate minerals with the general formula D 2?3 Si 2 O 5 (OH) 4 ± H 2 O, with D = Mg, Fe 2+, Fe 3+
, group of phyllosilicate minerals with the general formula A 0.3 D 2?3
, MgAl 2 O 4
, Mg 3 Si, vol.4, p.4
,
, solid solution between magnetite and ulvospinel
, TiO 4 )
,
, Processes of Scandium Enrichment, 2017.
, AlPO 4 · 2(H 2 O)
, Al) 3 (Al,Si) 4 O 10 (OH) 2 · 4H 2 O
, Fe 2+ ,Mn 2+ )WO 4
, ZrSiO 4 . List of Abbreviations ? AMG: Australian Map Grid
, Analysis of Variance
,
,
, Banded Iron Formation
, Before Present
,
,
, Centre d'analyse des minéraux de Paris
, ARC Centre of Excellence for Core to Crust Fluid Systems
,
,
, Cathode Ray Tube
,
,
, Expectation-Maximization
, Electron Microprobe
,
, Extended X-ray Absorption Fine Structure
, Fayalite-Magnetite-Quartz buffer
, ? f O 2 : oxygen fugacity
, First-Row Transition Elements. List of Abbreviations ? GAU: Geochemical Analysis Unit
, ARC National Key Centre for Geochemical Evolution and Metallogeny of Continents
, Geochemistry of Rocks of the Oceans and Continents
,
,
, High-Pressure Acid Leaching
, Heavy Rare Earth Elements
, Inductively Coupled Plasma Mass Spectrometry
, ? ICT: Information and Communications Technology
, International Geoscience Program, formerly International Geological Cooperation Program
,
, International Mineralogical Association
, Institut de minéralogie, de physique des matériaux et de cosmochimie
, International Union of Geological Sciences
,
,
, Laser-Ablation Inductively Coupled Plasma Mass Spectrometry
, lithium fluoride
,
,
,
,
, Medium (or Mid) Rare Earth Elements
, National Aeronautics and Space Administration
,
,
,
, Processes of Scandium Enrichment, 2017.
,
,
, , 1990.
,
,
,
,
,
,
, Rare earth elements
, ? Res: residue of melting
, Regression on Order Statistics
, scandium-stabilized zirconia
, Scanning Electron Microscopy
,
, Solid Oxide Fuel Cell. ? T : Brey & Köhler, 1990.
, ? T : nickel thermometer, 1996.
,
, Transmission Electron Microscopy
, United Nation Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization
, United States dollar
,
, United States of America
,
,
,
, Wavelength Dispersive Spectrometer. List of Abbreviations ? WR: Whole Rock
, World Trade Organization
, X-ray Absorption Near-Edge Structure
, X-ray Absorption Spectroscopy
,
,
, yttrium-stabilized zirconia
, Introduction I.1 A great variety of uses for mineral resources in early human history
, Evolution in the range of elements used since the eighteenth century
, Criticality matrix of the European Commission
, Prices of selected REE between, 2006.
, Diversity of REE deposits in their geological context
, 27 2 Conditions and Processes of Formation of Lateritic Profiles 2.1.1 Facade of the Ta Keo temple in Angkor (Cambodia), An Overview of Scandium Characteristics, Market and Deposits 1.1.1 Lanthanides contraction
, Box-and-whisker plot of Sc concentration in some common lithologies, p.65
, 66 3.2.1 Proportion of Sc incorporated by each mineral of garnet-bearing mantle rocks, p.71
, Scatter plot of Sc concentration in the host-rock versus the proportion attributable to garnets
, 72 3.2.4 Scatter plot of Sc concentration in garnet versus the modal garnet content of the host-rock, Histogram and density plots of Sc concentration in
, 76 3.2.8 Correlation matrix and scatter plots of Sc concentration versus major and minor elements in mantle-derived garnets
, 79 3.2.11Correlation matrix and scatter plots of Sc concentration versus trace elements in mantle-derived garnets
, 3.7 Scatter plot of Sc relationships to major and trace elements in clinopyroxene indicating fluid-related processes, 15Onuma diagrams for the
, Outputs of the models of partial melting
, 114 4.1.3 Paleographic reconstructions and model for the evolution of Eastern Australia from the Ordovician to the Silurian, The Syerston-Flemington Scandium-Enriched Lateritic Deposit 4.1.1 Location of the Syerston-Flemington deposit
, 122 4.2.2 Diagram representing the horizons of the JSD-001 and JSD-002 cores, p.131
, Example of XAS spectrum at the Sc K -edge
, Processes Forming High-Grade Lateritic Scandium Deposits 5.1.1 Evolution of the XRD patterns from the lateritic profiles
, 155 5.2.1 Evolution of the concentrations of Si, Ti, Al, Fe, Mg, Ca and Sc and loss on ignition along the JSD-001 lateritic profile, and Sc and loss on ignition along the JSD-002
, Isocon diagrams for selected horizons of the JSD-001 lateritic profile, p.170
, 171 5.2.7 Variation of selected major-and trace-element concentrations relative to parent rock concentrations along the JSD-001 lateritic profile, Isocon diagrams for selected horizons of the JSD-002
, Variation of selected major-and trace-element concentrations relative to parent rock concentrations along the JSD-002 lateritic profile
, Yb and Sc along the JSD-001 lateritic profile, .10Evolution of the concentrations in Ni
, 187 5.3.4 AsB images and EDXS mapping of a thin section from the saprolite, p.188
, 191 List of Figures 5.3.6 AsB images and EDXS mapping of thin sections from the lateritic duricrust, p.193
, 5.3.8 Evolution of whole-rock XANES spectra at the Sc K -edge along the lateritic profiles200 5.3.9 Scandium K -edge XANES spectra from smectite-rich horizons with or without dissolution of Fe oxides, p.202
, 204 5.4.1 Correlation between Sc and Fe for lateritic profiles from Australia, New Caledonia and the Caribbean, 11Spatially-resolved XANES spectra at the Fe and
, 1 Box-and-whisker plot of Sc concentration in lithologies resulting from the eruption of mantle-derived melts
, Scanning electron microscope image of the micromorphology of goethite crystals from the lateritic profile
, Comparison between experimental XANES spectra and DFT calculations for scandia
, D Photographs of the Drill Cores and Samples D.1 Photographs of the JSD-001 and JSD-002 cores
, Photographs of each collected sample (JSD-001 core)
, Photographs of each collected sample (JSD-002 core)
, F Identification of the Scandium-Bearing Reference Materials F.1 X-ray diffraction patterns of the Sc-bearing references under study, p.290
, H Supplementary Results from Thin-Sections: Petrography and Chemistry H.1 AsB images indicating the position of EMP and ICP-MS analyses on a thin section from the sample JSD1-278
, AsB images indicating the position of EMP and ICP-MS analyses on a thin section from the sample JSD2-320
, AsB images indicating the position of EMP and ICP-MS analyses on a thin section from the sample JSD2-230
, AsB image indicating the position of EMP and ICP-MS analyses on a thin section from the
, AsB images indicating the position of EMP and ICP-MS analyses on a thin section from the sample JSD2-150
, Processes of Scandium Enrichment, 2017.
, AsB images indicating the position of EMP and ICP-MS analyses on a thin section from the sample JSD2-125
, AsB images indicating the position of EMP and ICP-MS analyses on a thin section from the sample JSD1-065
, AsB images indicating the position of EMP and ICP-MS analyses on a thin section from the sample JSD2-040
, AsB images indicating the position of EMP and ICP-MS analyses on a thin section from the sample JSD1-006
, AsB images indicating the position of EMP and ICP-MS analyses on a thin section from the sample JSD2-000
, Processes of Scandium Enrichment, 2017.
, Average EMP and LA-ICPMS analyses of typical grains from the saprolite, p.190
, Average EMP and LA-ICPMS analyses of typical grains from the lateritic duricrust195
, analyses of typical grains from the transportedresidual lateritic duricrust
, A Constitution of the Database of Scandium Analyses in Mantle Materials A.1 Origin of the data on individual garnet grains
, Origin of the data on individual olivine grains
, Origin of the data on individual orthopyroxene grains
, Origin of the data on individual clinopyroxene grains
, Origin of the data on mantle-related rocks
, B Summary Statistics of the Meta-Analyses on the Geochemistry of Scandium B.1 Summary statistics of Sc distribution in selected lithotypes rock-forming minerals 250
, Results of the Dunnett's modified Tukey-Kramer test on the distribution of Sc concentration in selected rock-forming minerals and lithotypes, p.251
, Statistical properties of the Gaussian functions fitting the probability density function of Sc concentration in garnet, p.251
, Summary statistics of Sc distribution in garnets from the database, p.252
, Results of the Dunnett's modified Tukey-Kramer test for each pair of host-rock lithotype of the garnets given in the database
, Correlation matrix of major elements and Sc content of the garnets from the database
, Summary of the principal component analysis on major-element and Sc content of the garnets from the database
, Coefficients of the correlation matrix for trace-element and Sc content of the garnets from the database
, Summary of the principal component analysis on trace-element and Sc content of the garnets from the database
, Summary statistics of the distribution of the modal contents in olivine, pyroxene and garnet depending on the lithotype of the host-rock
, 11 Correlation matrix of major-element and Sc content of the olivines from the database257
, 12 Correlation matrix of major-element and Sc content of the orthopyroxenes from the database
, 13 Correlation matrix of major-element and Sc content of the clinopyroxenes from the database
, Summary statistics of Sc distribution in lithotypes resulting from the eruption of mantle-derived melts
, 15 Results of the Dunnett's modified Tukey-Kramer test lithotypes resulting from the eruption of mantle-derived melts
, E Detailed Results on Whole-Rock Methods E.1 Phase proportions in the JSD-001 core estimated from Rietveld refinement, p.268
, Phase proportions in the JSD-002 core estimated from Rietveld refinement, p.269
, Error on estimation of phase proportion from Rietveld refinement, p.270
, Major-element concentrations in the JSD-001 core measured by ICP-MS, p.271
, Major-element concentrations in the JSD-002 core measured by ICP-MS, p.272
, Error on major-element concentration measured by XRF, p.273
, Trace-element concentrations in the JSD-001 core measured by ICP-MS, p.275
, Trace-element concentrations in the JSD-002 core measured by ICP-MS, p.277
, Error on trace-element concentrations measured by, p.278
, E.10 Trace-element concentrations in the adsorbed, exchangeable and carbonate fractions from the JSD-001
, E.11 Trace-element concentrations in the adsorbed, exchangeable and carbonate fractions from the JSD-002
, E.12 Trace-element concentrations in the amorphous Fe oxide fractions from the JSD-001
, E.13 Trace-element concentrations in the amorphous Fe oxide fractions from the JSD-002
, E.14 Trace-element concentrations in the crystalline Fe oxide fractions from the JSD-001
, 15 Trace-element concentrations in the crystalline Fe fractions from the JSD-002 core284
, Error on trace-element concentration of adsorbed, exchangeable and carbonate fractions
, 17 Error on trace-element concentration of amorphous oxide fractions, p.286
, 18 Error on trace-element concentrations of crystalline Fe oxide fractions, p.287
, Mass balance calculations for major elements in the JSD-001 core obtained from isocon analyses, G Isocon Analysis: Principles and Detailed Results G.1
, Mass balance calculations for major elements in the JSD-002 core obtained from isocon analyses
, Mass balance calculations for trace elements in the JSD-001 core obtained from isocon analyses
, Mass balance calculations for trace elements in the JSD-002 core obtained from isocon analyses