C. Albouy, F. Leprieur, F. Le-loc'h, N. Mouquet, C. N. Meynard et al., Projected impacts of climate warming on the functional and phylogenetic components of coastal Mediterranean fish biodiversity, Ecography, vol.38, pp.681-689, 2015.
URL : https://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/hal-01922190

C. Albouy, D. Mouillot, D. Rocklin, J. Culioli, L. Loc'h et al., Simulation of the combined effects of artisanal and recreational fisheries on a Mediterranean MPA ecosystem using a trophic model, Mar. Ecol. Prog. Ser, vol.412, pp.207-221, 2010.

C. Albouy, L. Velez, M. Coll, F. Colloca, F. Le-loc'h et al., From projected species distribution to food-web structure under climate change, Glob. Change Biol, vol.20, pp.730-741, 2014.

E. Alessi, D. Carlo, and G. , Out of the plastic trap: saving the Mediterranean from plastic pollution. WWF Mediterranean Marine Initiative, vol.28, 2018.

J. Alheit, P. Licandro, S. Coombs, A. Garcia, A. Giráldez et al., Atlantic Multidecadal Oscillation (AMO) modulates dynamics of small pelagic fishes and ecosystem regime shifts in the eastern North and Central Atlantic, J. Mar. Syst, vol.133, pp.88-102, 2014.

B. J. Allan, P. Domenici, S. A. Watson, P. L. Munday, and M. I. Mccormick, Warming has a greater effect than elevated CO2 on predator-prey interactions in coral reef fish, Proc. Biol. Sci, vol.284, 2017.

A. , Alliance nationale de recherche pour l'environnement (France). The Mediterranean region under climate change: a scientific update, 2016.

O. Allouche, A. Tsoar, and R. Kadmon, Assessing the accuracy of species distribution models: prevalence, kappa and the true skill statistic (TSS), J. Appl. Ecol, vol.43, pp.1223-1232, 2006.

R. O. Amoroso, A. M. Parma, C. R. Pitcher, R. A. Mcconnaughey, J. et al., Comment on "Tracking the global footprint of fisheries, Science, vol.361, 2018.

K. H. Andersen, K. Brander, and L. Ravn-jonsen, Trade-offs between objectives for ecosystem management of fisheries, Ecol. Appl, vol.25, pp.1390-1396, 2015.

K. H. Andersen and M. Pedersen, Damped trophic cascades driven by fishing in model marine ecosystems, Proc. R. Soc. B Biol. Sci, vol.277, pp.795-802, 2010.

T. R. Anderson and P. Pondaven, Non-redfield carbon and nitrogen cycling in the Sargasso Sea: pelagic imbalances and export flux, Deep Sea Res. Part Oceanogr. Res. Pap, vol.50, pp.573-591, 2003.
URL : https://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/hal-00472055

M. Andrello, D. Mouillot, J. Beuvier, C. Albouy, W. Thuiller et al., Low Connectivity between Mediterranean Marine Protected Areas: A Biophysical Modeling Approach for the Dusky Grouper Epinephelus marginatus, Références bibliographiques, vol.8, 2013.
URL : https://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/hal-01771736

M. Andrello, D. Mouillot, S. Somot, W. Thuiller, and S. Manel, Additive effects of climate change on connectivity between marine protected areas and larval supply to fished areas, Divers. Distrib, vol.21, pp.139-150, 2015.
URL : https://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/hal-01841284

S. Angelini, R. Hillary, E. B. Morello, É. E. Plagányi, M. Martinelli et al., An Ecosystem Model of Intermediate Complexity to test management options for fisheries: A case study, Ecol. Model, vol.319, pp.218-232, 2016.

J. A. Anticamara, R. Watson, A. Gelchu, P. , and D. , Global fishing effort (1950-2010): Trends, gaps, and implications, Fish. Res, vol.107, pp.131-136, 2011.

M. B. Araújo, Climate change and spatial conservation planning, Spat. Conserv. Prioritization Quant. Methods Comput. Tools, pp.172-184, 2009.

M. B. Araújo and M. Luoto, The importance of biotic interactions for modelling species distributions under climate change, Glob. Ecol. Biogeogr, vol.16, pp.743-753, 2007.

M. B. Araújo and M. New, Ensemble forecasting of species distributions, Trends Ecol. Evol, vol.22, pp.42-47, 2007.

E. Arndt, O. Givan, D. Edelist, O. Sonin, and J. Belmaker, Shifts in Eastern Mediterranean Fish Communities: Abundance Changes, Trait Overlap, and Possible Competition between Native and Non-Native Species. Fishes, vol.3, p.19, 2018.

P. A. Auger, F. Diaz, C. Ulses, C. Estournel, J. Neveux et al., Functioning of the planktonic ecosystem on the Gulf of Lions shelf (NW Mediterranean) during spring and its impact on the carbon deposition: a field data and 3-D modelling combined approach, Biogeosciences, vol.8, pp.3231-3261, 2011.
URL : https://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/hal-00766797

O. Aumont, C. Ethé, A. Tagliabue, L. Bopp, and M. Gehlen, PISCES-v2: an ocean biogeochemical model for carbon and ecosystem studies, Geosci. Model Dev, vol.8, pp.2465-2513, 2015.
URL : https://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/hal-01496516

E. Azzurro, M. Ciesm, and F. Briand, The advance of thermophilic fishes in the Mediterranean sea: overview and methodological questions, Commission Internationale pour l'Exploration Scientifique de la Mer Mediterranee, pp.39-46, 2008.

E. Azzurro, P. Moschella, and F. Maynou, Tracking Signals of Change in Mediterranean Fish Diversity Based on Local Ecological Knowledge, PLoS ONE, vol.6, 2011.

M. Baklouti, V. Faure, L. Pawlowski, and A. Sciandra, Investigation and sensitivity analysis of a mechanistic phytoplankton model implemented in a new modular numerical tool (Eco3M) dedicated to biogeochemical modelling, Prog. Oceanogr, vol.71, pp.34-58, 2006.
URL : https://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/hal-00746680

D. B?naru, F. Diaz, P. Verley, R. Campbell, J. Navarro et al., Implementation of an endto-end model of the Gulf of Lions ecosystem (NW Mediterranean Sea). I. Parameterization, calibration and evaluation, Ecol. Model, vol.401, pp.1-19, 2019.

D. B?naru, C. Mellon-duval, D. Roos, J. Bigot, A. Souplet et al., Trophic structure in the Gulf of Lions marine ecosystem (north-western Mediterranean Sea) and fishing impacts, J. Mar. Syst, vol.111, pp.45-68, 2013.

M. Barange, T. Bahri, M. C. Beveridge, K. Cochrane, S. Funge-smith et al., Impacts of climate change on fisheries and aquaculture: synthesis of current knowledge, adaptation and mitigation options. FAO Fisheries and Aquaculture Technical Paper No. 627, 2018.

M. Barange, G. Merino, J. L. Blanchard, J. Scholtens, J. Harle et al., Impacts of climate change on marine ecosystem production in societies dependent on fisheries, Nat. Clim. Change, vol.4, pp.211-216, 2014.

M. Barbet-massin, J. , and W. , The effect of range changes on the functional turnover, structure and diversity of bird assemblages under future climate scenarios, Glob. Change Biol, vol.21, pp.2917-2928, 2015.

M. Barbet-massin, B. A. Walther, W. Thuiller, C. Rahbek, J. et al., Potential impacts of climate change on the winter distribution of Afro-Palaearctic migrant passerines, Biol. Lett, 2009.

C. Barnes, D. M. Bethea, R. D. Brodeur, J. Spitz, V. Ridoux et al., Predator and Prey Body Sizes in Marine Food Webs, Ecology, vol.89, pp.881-881, 2008.

L. A. Barnett, T. A. Branch, R. A. Ranasinghe, and T. E. Essington, Old-Growth Fishes Become Scarce under Fishing, Curr. Biol, vol.27, pp.2843-2848, 2017.

A. D. Barnosky, E. A. Hadly, J. Bascompte, E. L. Berlow, J. H. Brown et al., Approaching a state shift in Earth's biosphere, Nature, vol.486, pp.52-58, 2012.

A. D. Barnosky, N. Matzke, S. Tomiya, G. O. Wogan, B. Swartz et al., Has the Earth's sixth mass extinction already arrived?, Nature, vol.471, pp.51-57, 2011.

V. Bartolino, F. Colloca, L. Taylor, and G. Stefansson, First implementation of a Gadget model for the analysis of hake in the Mediterranean, Fish. Res, vol.107, pp.75-83, 2011.

J. K. Baum and R. A. Myers, Shifting baselines and the decline of pelagic sharks in the Gulf of Mexico: Pelagic shark declines, Ecol. Lett, vol.7, pp.135-145, 2004.

J. K. Baum, R. A. Myers, D. G. Kehler, B. Worm, S. J. Harley et al., Collapse and Conservation of Shark Populations in the Northwest Atlantic, Science, vol.299, pp.389-392, 2003.

J. K. Baum and B. Worm, Cascading top-down effects of changing oceanic predator abundances, J. Anim. Ecol, vol.78, pp.699-714, 2009.

G. Beaugrand, K. M. Brander, J. A. Lindley, S. Souissi, R. et al., Plankton effect on cod recruitment in the North Sea, Nature, vol.426, p.661, 2003.

G. Beaugrand and R. R. Kirby, How Do Marine Pelagic Species Respond to Climate Change? Theories and Observations, Annu. Rev. Mar. Sci, vol.10, pp.169-197, 2018.

J. Begley and D. Howell, An overview of Gadget, the Globally applicable Area-Disaggregated General Ecosystem Toolbox. In dst2: development of structurally detailed statistically testable models of marine populations, ICES Available, pp.64-72, 2004.

I. M. Belkin, Rapid warming of Large Marine Ecosystems, Prog. Oceanogr, vol.81, pp.207-213, 2009.

F. Ben-rais-lasram, F. Guilhaumon, C. Albouy, S. Somot, W. Thuiller et al., The Mediterranean Sea as a 'cul-de-sac' for endemic fishes facing climate change, Glob. Change Biol, vol.16, pp.3233-3245, 2010.

F. Ben-rais-lasram and D. Mouillot, Increasing southern invasion enhances congruence between endemic and exotic Mediterranean fish fauna, Biol. Invasions, vol.11, p.697, 2009.

F. Benedetti, The Mediterranean region under climate change -A scientific update. Allenvi / IRD Editions, pp.211-217, 2016.

F. Benedetti, S. Ayata, J. Irisson, F. Adloff, and F. Guilhaumon, Climate change may have minor impact on zooplankton functional diversity in the Mediterranean Sea, Divers. Distrib, vol.25, pp.568-581, 2019.
URL : https://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/hal-02108192

G. Benoit and A. Comeau, A sustainable future for the Mediterranean. The Blue Plan's Environment and Development Outlook, 2005.

J. A. Bertrand, L. G. Sola, . De, C. Papaconstantinou, G. Relini et al., The general specifications of the MEDITS surveys, Sci. Mar, vol.66, pp.9-17, 2002.

J. Beuvier, K. Béranger, C. Lebeaupin-brossier, S. Somot, F. Sevault et al., Spreading of the Western Mediterranean Deep Water after winter 2005: Time scales and deep cyclone transport, J. Geophys. Res. Oceans, vol.117, p.7022, 2012.
URL : https://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/hal-00766483

J. Beuvier, C. L. Brossier, K. Béranger, T. Arsouze, R. Bourdallé-badie et al., MED12, Oceanic component for the modeling of the regional Mediterranean earth system, Mercator Ocean Quarterly Newsletter, vol.46, 2012.
URL : https://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/hal-01138958

J. Beuvier, F. Sevault, M. Herrmann, H. Kontoyiannis, W. Ludwig et al., Modeling the Mediterranean Sea interannual variability during 1961-2000: Focus on the Eastern Mediterranean Transient, J. Geophys. Res. Oceans, vol.115, 2010.

R. J. Beverton, Small marine pelagic fish and the threat of fishing; are they endangered?, J. Fish Biol, vol.37, pp.5-16, 1990.

C. N. Bianchi, Biodiversity issues for the forthcoming tropical Mediterranean Sea, Biodiversity in Enclosed Seas and Artificial Marine Habitats, pp.7-21, 2007.

C. N. Bianchi and C. Morri, Marine Biodiversity of the Mediterranean Sea: Situation, Problems and Prospects for Future Research, Mar. Pollut. Bull, vol.40, pp.367-376, 2000.

C. N. Bianchi and C. Morri, Global sea warming and" tropicalization" of the Mediterranean Sea: biogeographic and ecological aspects, Biogeographia, vol.24, pp.319-328, 2003.

G. Bianchi, H. Gislason, K. Graham, L. Hill, X. Jin et al., Impact of fishing on size composition and diversity of demersal fish communities, ICES J. Mar. Sci, vol.57, pp.558-571, 2000.

M. Bilecenoglu, E. Ta?kavak, and K. B. Kunt, Range extension of three lessepsian migrant fish (Fistularia commersoni, Sphyraena flavicauda, Lagocephalus suezensis) in the Mediterranean Sea, J. Mar. Biol. Assoc. U. K, vol.82, pp.525-526, 2002.

J. L. Blanchard, S. Jennings, R. Holmes, J. Harle, G. Merino et al., Potential consequences of climate change for primary production and fish production in large marine ecosystems, Philos. Trans. R. Soc. Lond. B. Biol. Sci, vol.367, pp.2979-2989, 2012.

F. Boero, Review of jellyfish blooms in the Mediterranean and Black Sea, 2013.

F. Boero, J. Féral, E. Azzurro, V. Cardin, B. Riedel et al., I-Executive summary of CIESM Workshop 35 'Climate warming and related changes in Mediterranean marine biota, CIESM workshop monographs, pp.5-21, 2008.

L. Bopp, O. Aumont, P. Cadule, S. Alvain, and M. Gehlen, Response of diatoms distribution to global warming and potential implications: A global model study, Geophys. Res. Lett, vol.32, 2005.
URL : https://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/hal-00122471

L. Bopp, L. Resplandy, J. C. Orr, S. C. Doney, J. P. Dunne et al., Multiple stressors of ocean ecosystems in the 21st century: projections with CMIP5 models, Biogeosciences, vol.10, pp.6225-6245, 2013.

E. Bosc, A. Bricaud, A. , and D. , Seasonal and interannual variability in algal biomass and primary production in the Mediterranean Sea, as derived from 4 years of SeaWiFS observations, Glob. Biogeochem. Cycles, vol.18, 2004.

F. Bosello, E. Delpiazzo, and F. Eboli, Acidification in the Mediterranean Sea: impacts and adaptation strategies, Rev. Environ. Energy Econ. Re3 Forthcom. Available at, 2015.

L. W. Botsford, J. C. Castilla, and C. H. Peterson, The Management of Fisheries and Marine Ecosystems, Références bibliographiques, vol.277, pp.509-515, 1997.

P. Bourdaud, D. Gascuel, A. Bentorcha, and A. Brind'amour, New trophic indicators and target values for an ecosystem-based management of fisheries, Ecol. Indic, vol.61, pp.588-601, 2016.
URL : https://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/hal-01558433

P. W. Boyd, C. E. Cornwall, A. Davison, S. C. Doney, M. Fourquez et al., Biological responses to environmental heterogeneity under future ocean conditions, Glob. Change Biol, vol.22, pp.2633-2650, 2016.

T. A. Branch, R. Watson, E. A. Fulton, S. Jennings, C. R. Mcgilliard et al., The trophic fingerprint of marine fisheries, Nature, vol.468, pp.431-435, 2010.

K. Brander, Impacts of climate change on fisheries, J. Mar. Syst, vol.79, pp.389-402, 2010.

K. M. Brander, Global fish production and climate change, Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci, vol.104, 2007.

M. Breen, N. Graham, M. Pol, P. He, D. Reid et al., Selective fishing and balanced harvesting, Fish. Res, vol.184, pp.2-8, 2016.

D. Breitburg, L. A. Levin, A. Oschlies, M. Grégoire, F. P. Chavez et al., Declining oxygen in the global ocean and coastal waters, Science, vol.359, p.7240, 2018.

A. Brind'amour, M. Rochet, F. Ordines, G. R. Hosack, O. Berthelé et al., Environmental drivers explain regional variation of changes in fish and invertebrate functional groups across the Mediterranean Sea from 1994 to 2012, Mar. Ecol. Prog. Ser, vol.562, pp.19-35, 2016.

F. Briton, L. Shannon, N. Barrier, P. Verley, and Y. Shin, Reference levels of ecosystem indicators at multispecies maximum sustainable yield, ICES J. Mar. Sci, 2019.
URL : https://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/hal-02170169

C. J. Brown, A. Broadley, M. F. Adame, T. A. Branch, M. P. Turschwell et al., The assessment of fishery status depends on fish habitats, Fish Fish, vol.20, pp.1-14, 2019.

C. J. Brown, E. A. Fulton, A. J. Hobday, R. J. Matear, H. P. Possingham et al., Effects of climate-driven primary production change on marine food webs: implications for fisheries and conservation, Glob. Change Biol, vol.16, pp.1194-1212, 2010.

J. H. Brown, J. F. Gillooly, A. P. Allen, V. M. Savage, and G. B. West, Toward a Metabolic Theory of Ecology, Ecology, vol.85, pp.1771-1789, 2004.

J. F. Bruno, A. E. Bates, C. Cacciapaglia, E. P. Pike, S. C. Amstrup et al., Climate change threatens the world's marine protected areas, Nat. Clim. Change, vol.8, pp.499-503, 2018.

A. Bryndum-buchholz, D. P. Tittensor, J. L. Blanchard, W. W. Cheung, M. Coll et al., Twenty-first-century climate change impacts on marine animal biomass and ecosystem structure across ocean basins, Glob. Change Biol, vol.25, pp.459-472, 2019.

L. Buhl-mortensen, F. Neat, M. Koen-alonso, C. Hvingel, and B. Holte, Fishing impacts on benthic ecosystems: an introduction to the 2014 ICES symposium special issue, ICES J. Mar. Sci, vol.73, pp.1-4, 2016.

L. Buisson and G. Grenouillet, Contrasted impacts of climate change on stream fish assemblages along an environmental gradient, Divers. Distrib, vol.15, pp.613-626, 2009.

L. Buisson, G. Grenouillet, S. Villéger, J. Canal, and P. Laffaille, Toward a loss of functional diversity in stream fish assemblages under climate change, Glob. Change Biol, vol.19, pp.387-400, 2013.
URL : https://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/hal-00956411

M. G. Burgess, G. R. Mcdermott, B. Owashi, L. E. Reeves, T. Clavelle et al., Protecting marine mammals, turtles, and birds by rebuilding global fisheries, Science, vol.359, pp.1255-1258, 2018.

K. D. Burke, J. W. Williams, M. A. Chandler, A. M. Haywood, D. J. Lunt et al., Pliocene and Eocene provide best analogs for near-future climates, Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci, 2018.

S. H. Butchart, M. Walpole, B. Collen, A. Van-strien, J. P. Scharlemann et al., Global biodiversity: indicators of recent declines, Science, vol.328, pp.1164-1168, 2010.

M. Bu?an?i?, ?. Nin?evi?-gladan, I. Marasovi?, G. Ku?pili?, and B. Grbec, Eutrophication influence on phytoplankton community composition in three bays on the eastern Adriatic coast, Oceanologia, vol.58, pp.302-316, 2016.

J. F. Caddy, Options for the regulation of Mediterranean demersal fisheries, Nat. Resour. Model, vol.4, pp.427-475, 1990.

J. F. Caddy, Some future perspectives for assessment and management of Mediterranean fisheries, Sci. Mar. Espana, vol.57, pp.121-130, 1993.

J. F. Caddy, Fisheries management in the twenty-first century: will new paradigms apply?, Rev. Fish Biol. Fish, vol.9, pp.1-43, 1999.

J. Cai and P. Leung, Short-term projection of global fish demand and supply gaps, 2017.

A. Calbet, The trophic roles of microzooplankton in marine systems, ICES J. Mar. Sci, vol.65, pp.325-331, 2008.

E. Calvo, R. Simó, R. Coma, M. Ribes, J. Pascual et al., Effects of climate change on Mediterranean marine ecosystems: the case of the Catalan Sea, Clim. Res, vol.50, pp.1-29, 2011.

A. Canepa, V. Fuentes, A. Sabatés, S. Piraino, F. Boero et al., Pelagia noctiluca in the Mediterranean Sea, Jellyfish Blooms, pp.237-266, 2014.

N. Caputi, M. Kangas, A. Denham, M. Feng, A. Pearce et al., Management adaptation of invertebrate fisheries to an extreme marine heat wave event at a global warming hot spot, Ecol. Evol, vol.6, pp.3583-3593, 2016.

B. J. Cardinale, J. E. Duffy, A. Gonzalez, D. U. Hooper, C. Perrings et al., Biodiversity loss and its impact on humanity, Nature, vol.486, pp.59-67, 2012.

B. J. Cardinale, K. L. Matulich, D. U. Hooper, J. E. Byrnes, E. Duffy et al., The functional role of producer diversity in ecosystems, Am. J. Bot, vol.98, pp.572-592, 2011.

M. Cardinale and G. Scarcella, Mediterranean Sea: A Failure of the European Fisheries Management System, 2017.

A. C. Cardoso, S. Cochrane, H. Doerner, J. G. Ferreira, F. Galgani et al., Scientific support to the European Commission Marine Strategy Framework Directive: management group report, 2010.

D. A. Carozza, D. Bianchi, and E. D. Galbraith, Metabolic impacts of climate change on marine ecosystems: Implications for fish communities and fisheries, Glob. Ecol. Biogeogr, vol.28, pp.158-169, 2019.

V. Carrozzi, M. Di-lorenzo, D. Massi, A. Titone, G. Ardizzone et al., Prey preferences and ontogenetic diet shift of European hake Merluccius merluccius (Linnaeus, 1758) in the central Mediterranean Sea, Reg. Stud. Mar. Sci, vol.25, p.100440, 2019.

J. E. Cartes, M. Hidalgo, V. Papiol, E. Massutí, and J. Moranta, Changes in the diet and feeding of the hake Merluccius merluccius at the shelf-break of the Balearic Islands: Influence of the mesopelagic-boundary community, Deep Sea Res. Part Oceanogr. Res. Pap, vol.56, pp.344-365, 2009.

S. J. Cartwright, K. M. Bowgen, C. Collop, K. Hyder, J. Nabe-nielsen et al., Communicating complex ecological models to non-scientist end users, Ecol. Model, vol.338, pp.51-59, 2016.

C. Cattano, J. Claudet, P. Domenici, and M. Milazzo, Living in a high CO2 world: a global metaanalysis shows multiple trait-mediated fish responses to ocean acidification, Ecol. Monogr, vol.88, pp.320-335, 2018.
URL : https://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/hal-01946160

L. Cavicchia, E. Scoccimarro, S. Gualdi, P. Marson, B. Ahrens et al., Mediterranean extreme precipitation: a multi-model assessment, Clim. Dyn, vol.51, pp.901-913, 2018.

. Cbd, Strategic Plan for Biodiversity, Convention on Biological Diversity. Montreal. Références bibliographiques, p.181, 2010.

F. T. Chan and E. Briski, An overview of recent research in marine biological invasions, Mar. Biol, vol.164, p.121, 2017.

E. Chassot, S. Bonhommeau, N. K. Dulvy, F. Mélin, R. Watson et al., Global marine primary production constrains fisheries catches, Ecol. Lett, vol.13, pp.495-505, 2010.
URL : https://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/ird-00470551

A. Cheaib, V. Badeau, J. Boe, I. Chuine, C. Delire et al., Climate change impacts on tree ranges: model intercomparison facilitates understanding and quantification of uncertainty, Ecol. Lett, vol.15, pp.533-544, 2012.
URL : https://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/hal-01268337

D. Checkley, J. Alheit, Y. Oozeki, R. , and C. , Climate change and small pelagic fish, 2009.
URL : https://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/hal-00454553

R. M. Chefaoui, C. M. Duarte, and E. A. Serrão, Dramatic loss of seagrass habitat under projected climate change in the Mediterranean Sea, Glob. Change Biol, vol.24, pp.4919-4928, 2018.

L. Cheng, J. Abraham, Z. Hausfather, and K. E. Trenberth, How fast are the oceans warming?, Science, vol.363, pp.128-129, 2019.

W. Cheung, J. Bruggeman, M. Butenschön, M. Barange, T. Bahri et al., Projected changes in global and national potential marine fisheries catch under climate change scenarios in the twenty-first century. In: Impacts of climate change on fisheries and aquaculture: synthesis of current knowledge, adaptation and mitigation options, Fisheries and Aquaculture, 2018.

W. W. Cheung, The future of fishes and fisheries in the changing oceans, J. Fish Biol, vol.92, pp.790-803, 2018.

W. W. Cheung, C. Close, V. Lam, R. Watson, P. et al., Application of macroecological theory to predict effects of climate change on global fisheries potential, Mar. Ecol. Prog. Ser, vol.365, pp.187-197, 2008.

W. W. Cheung, J. Dunne, J. L. Sarmiento, P. , and D. , Integrating ecophysiology and plankton dynamics into projected maximum fisheries catch potential under climate change in the Northeast Atlantic, ICES J. Mar. Sci, vol.68, pp.1008-1018, 2011.

W. W. Cheung, M. C. Jones, G. Reygondeau, and T. L. Frölicher, Opportunities for climate-risk reduction through effective fisheries management, Glob. Change Biol, vol.24, pp.5149-5163, 2018.

W. W. Cheung, M. C. Jones, G. Reygondeau, C. A. Stock, V. W. Lam et al., Structural uncertainty in projecting global fisheries catches under climate change, Références bibliographiques, vol.325, pp.57-66, 2016.

W. W. Cheung, V. W. Lam, J. L. Sarmiento, K. Kearney, R. Watson et al., Projecting global marine biodiversity impacts under climate change scenarios, Fish Fish, vol.10, pp.235-251, 2009.

W. W. Cheung, V. W. Lam, J. L. Sarmiento, K. Kearney, R. Watson et al., Large-scale redistribution of maximum fisheries catch potential in the global ocean under climate change, Glob. Change Biol, vol.16, pp.24-35, 2010.

W. W. Cheung, J. L. Sarmiento, J. Dunne, T. L. Frölicher, V. W. Lam et al., Shrinking of fishes exacerbates impacts of global ocean changes on marine ecosystems, Nat. Clim. Change, vol.3, pp.254-258, 2013.

W. W. Cheung, R. Watson, P. , and D. , Signature of ocean warming in global fisheries catch, Nature, vol.497, pp.365-368, 2013.

X. Chevillot, H. Drouineau, P. Lambert, L. Carassou, B. Sautour et al., Toward a phenological mismatch in estuarine pelagic food web, PLoS ONE, vol.12, 2017.
URL : https://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/hal-01541495

V. Christensen, M. Coll, C. Piroddi, J. Steenbeek, J. Buszowski et al., A century of fish biomass decline in the ocean, Mar. Ecol. Prog. Ser, vol.512, pp.155-166, 2014.

V. Christensen, S. Guénette, J. J. Heymans, C. J. Walters, R. Watson et al., Hundred-year decline of North Atlantic predatory fishes, vol.4, pp.1-24, 2003.

V. Christensen, P. , and D. , ECOPATH II -a software for balancing steady-state ecosystem models and calculating network characteristics, Ecol. Model, vol.61, pp.90016-90024, 1992.

V. Christensen and C. J. Walters, Ecopath with Ecosim: methods, capabilities and limitations, Ecol. Model, vol.172, pp.109-139, 2004.

V. Christensen, C. Walters, D. Pauly, F. , and R. , Ecopath with Ecosim version 6. User Guide, Lenfest Ocean Futures Project, vol.235, 2008.

M. R. Clark, Deep sea seamount fisheries: a review of global status and future prospects, Lat. Am. J. Aquat. Res, vol.37, pp.501-512, 2009.

J. Claudet and P. Guidetti, Improving assessments of marine protected areas, Aquat. Conserv. Mar. Freshw. Ecosyst, vol.20, pp.239-242, 2010.

M. Clavero, Shifting Baselines and the Conservation of Non-Native Species, Conserv. Biol, vol.28, pp.1434-1436, 2014.

N. Colin, S. Villéger, M. Wilkes, A. De-sostoa, and A. Maceda-veiga, Functional diversity measures revealed impacts of non-native species and habitat degradation on species-poor freshwater fish assemblages, Références bibliographiques, vol.625, p.183, 2018.
URL : https://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/hal-01826661

M. Coll, M. Carreras, C. Ciércoles, M. Cornax, G. Gorelli et al., Assessing Fishing and Marine Biodiversity Changes Using Fishers' Perceptions: The Spanish Mediterranean and Gulf of Cadiz Case Study, PLOS ONE, vol.9, 2014.

M. Coll, P. Cury, E. Azzurro, M. Bariche, G. Bayadas et al., The scientific strategy needed to promote a regional ecosystem-based approach to fisheries in the Mediterranean and Black Seas, Rev. Fish Biol. Fish, vol.23, pp.415-434, 2013.

M. Coll and S. Libralato, Contributions of food web modelling to the ecosystem approach to marine resource management in the Mediterranean Sea, Fish Fish, vol.13, pp.60-88, 2012.

M. Coll, H. K. Lotze, and T. N. Romanuk, Structural Degradation in Mediterranean Sea Food Webs: Testing Ecological Hypotheses Using Stochastic and Mass-Balance Modelling, Ecosystems, vol.11, pp.939-960, 2008.

M. Coll, I. Palomera, S. Tudela, and M. Dowd, Food-web dynamics in the South Catalan Sea ecosystem, Ecol. Model, vol.217, pp.95-116, 2008.

M. Coll, I. Palomera, S. Tudela, and F. Sardà, Trophic flows, ecosystem structure and fishing impacts in the South Catalan Sea, Northwestern Mediterranean, J. Mar. Syst, vol.59, pp.63-96, 2006.

M. Coll, C. Piroddi, C. Albouy, F. Ben-rais-lasram, W. W. Cheung et al., The Mediterranean Sea under siege: spatial overlap between marine biodiversity, cumulative threats and marine reserves, Glob. Ecol. Biogeogr, vol.21, pp.465-480, 2012.

M. Coll, C. Piroddi, J. Steenbeek, K. Kaschner, F. Ben-rais-lasram et al., The Biodiversity of the Mediterranean Sea: Estimates, Patterns, and Threats, vol.5, 2010.

M. Coll, A. Santojanni, I. Palomera, A. , and E. , Food-web changes in the Adriatic Sea over the last three decades, Mar. Ecol. Prog. Ser, vol.381, pp.17-37, 2009.

M. Coll, A. Santojanni, I. Palomera, S. Tudela, A. et al., An ecological model of the Northern and Central Adriatic Sea: Analysis of ecosystem structure and fishing impacts, J. Mar. Syst, vol.67, pp.119-154, 2007.

M. Coll, L. J. Shannon, K. M. Kleisner, M. J. Juan-jordá, A. Bundy et al., Ecological indicators to capture the effects of fishing on biodiversity and conservation status of marine ecosystems, Ecol. Indic, vol.60, pp.947-962, 2016.
URL : https://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/hal-01443629

M. Coll, L. J. Shannon, C. L. Moloney, I. Palomera, and S. Tudela, Comparing trophic flows and fishing impacts of a NW Mediterranean ecosystem with coastal upwelling systems by means of standardized models and indicators, Ecol. Model, vol.198, pp.53-70, 2006.

M. Coll and J. Steenbeek, Standardized ecological indicators to assess aquatic food webs: The ECOIND software plug-in for Ecopath with Ecosim models, Environ. Model. Softw, vol.89, pp.120-130, 2017.
URL : https://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/hal-01927191

M. Coll, J. Steenbeek, F. Ben-rais-lasram, D. Mouillot, and P. Cury, Low-hanging fruit'for conservation of marine vertebrate species at risk in the Mediterranean Sea, Glob. Ecol. Biogeogr, vol.24, pp.226-239, 2015.
URL : https://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/hal-01840071

M. Coll, J. Steenbeek, J. Sole, I. Palomera, and V. Christensen, Modelling the cumulative spatialtemporal effects of environmental drivers and fishing in a NW Mediterranean marine ecosystem, Ecol. Model, vol.331, pp.100-114, 2016.
URL : https://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/hal-01926186

M. Colléter, A. Valls, J. Guitton, D. Gascuel, D. Pauly et al., Global overview of the applications of the Ecopath with Ecosim modeling approach using the EcoBase models repository, Ecol. Model, vol.302, pp.42-53, 2015.

B. B. Collette, K. E. Carpenter, B. A. Polidoro, M. J. Juan-jordá, A. Boustany et al., High Value and Long Life-Double Jeopardy for Tunas and Billfishes, Science, vol.333, pp.291-292, 2011.

J. S. Collie, L. W. Botsford, A. Hastings, I. C. Kaplan, J. L. Largier et al., Ecosystem models for fisheries management: finding the sweet spot, Fish Fish, vol.17, pp.101-125, 2016.

J. S. Collie and H. Gislason, Biological reference points for fish stocks in a multispecies context, Can. J. Fish. Aquat. Sci, vol.58, pp.2167-2176, 2001.

F. Colloca, M. Cardinale, F. Maynou, M. Giannoulaki, G. Scarcella et al., Rebuilding Mediterranean fisheries: a new paradigm for ecological sustainability, Fish Fish, vol.14, pp.89-109, 2013.

F. Colloca, G. Mastrantonio, G. J. Lasinio, A. Ligas, and P. Sartor, Parapenaeus longirostris (Lucas, 1846) an early warning indicator species of global warming in the central Mediterranean Sea, J. Mar. Syst, vol.138, pp.29-39, 2014.

F. Colloca, G. Scarcella, and S. Libralato, Recent Trends and Impacts of Fisheries Exploitation on Mediterranean Stocks and Ecosystems, 2017.

A. C. Colonese, M. A. Mannino, . Bar-yosef, D. E. Mayer, D. A. Fa et al., Marine mollusc exploitation in Mediterranean prehistory: An overview, Quat. Int, vol.239, pp.86-103, 2011.

J. Cook, D. Nuccitelli, S. A. Green, M. Richardson, B. Winkler et al., Quantifying the consensus on anthropogenic global warming in the scientific literature, Environ. Res. Lett, vol.8, p.24024, 2013.

X. Corrales, M. Coll, E. Ofir, J. J. Heymans, J. Steenbeek et al., Future scenarios of marine resources and ecosystem conditions in the Eastern Mediterranean under the impacts of fishing, alien species and sea warming, Sci. Rep, vol.8, p.14284, 2018.

, Références bibliographiques, p.185

X. Corrales, M. Coll, E. Ofir, C. Piroddi, M. Goren et al., Hindcasting the dynamics of an Eastern Mediterranean marine ecosystem under the impacts of multiple stressors, Mar. Ecol. Prog. Ser, vol.580, pp.17-36, 2017.

X. Corrales, M. Coll, S. Tecchio, J. M. Bellido, Á. M. Fernández et al., Ecosystem structure and fishing impacts in the northwestern Mediterranean Sea using a food web model within a comparative approach, J. Mar. Syst, vol.148, pp.183-199, 2015.
URL : https://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/hal-01841517

X. Corrales, E. Ofir, M. Coll, M. Goren, D. Edelist et al., Modeling the role and impact of alien species and fisheries on the Israeli marine continental shelf ecosystem, J. Mar. Syst, vol.170, pp.88-102, 2017.

M. Cortés-sánchez, A. Morales-muñiz, M. D. Simón-vallejo, M. C. Lozano-francisco, J. L. Vera-peláez et al., Earliest Known Use of Marine Resources by Neanderthals, PLOS ONE, vol.6, 2011.

D. Costalago, S. Garrido, and I. Palomera, Comparison of the feeding apparatus and diet of European sardines Sardina pilchardus of Atlantic and Mediterranean waters: ecological implications, J. Fish Biol, vol.86, pp.1348-1362, 2015.

R. Costanza, R. De-groot, P. Sutton, S. Van-der-ploeg, S. J. Anderson et al., Changes in the global value of ecosystem services, Glob. Environ. Change, vol.26, pp.152-158, 2014.

M. J. Costello, M. Coll, R. Danovaro, P. Halpin, H. Ojaveer et al., A Census of Marine Biodiversity Knowledge, Resources, and Future Challenges, PLOS ONE, vol.5, 2010.

K. L. Cottingham, B. L. Brown, and J. T. Lennon, Biodiversity may regulate the temporal variability of ecological systems, Ecol. Lett, vol.4, pp.72-85, 2001.

A. Cózar, M. Sanz-martín, E. Martí, J. I. González-gordillo, B. Ubeda et al., Plastic Accumulation in the Mediterranean Sea, PLOS ONE, vol.10, 2015.

C. M. Crain, K. Kroeker, and B. S. Halpern, Interactive and cumulative effects of multiple human stressors in marine systems, Ecol. Lett, vol.11, pp.1304-1315, 2008.

W. Cramer, J. Guiot, M. Fader, J. Garrabou, J. Gattuso et al., Climate change and interconnected risks to sustainable development in the Mediterranean, Nat. Clim. Change, vol.8, p.972, 2018.
URL : https://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/hal-01911390

F. Criado-aldeanueva, . Del-río, J. Vera, and J. García-lafuente, Steric and mass-induced Mediterranean sea level trends from 14 years of altimetry data, Glob. Planet. Change, vol.60, pp.563-575, 2008.

L. G. Crozier and J. A. Hutchings, Plastic and evolutionary responses to climate change in fish, Références bibliographiques, vol.7, pp.68-87, 2014.

P. J. Crutzen, Geology of mankind, Nature, vol.415, p.23, 2002.

P. J. Crutzen, The 'Anthropocene,'" in Earth System Science in the Anthropocene, pp.13-18, 2006.

R. Curtin and R. Prellezo, Understanding marine ecosystem based management: A literature review, Mar. Policy, vol.34, pp.821-830, 2010.

P. Cury, A. Bakun, R. J. Crawford, A. Jarre, R. A. Quiñones et al., Small pelagics in upwelling systems: patterns of interaction and structural changes in "wasp-waist" ecosystems, ICES J. Mar. Sci, vol.57, pp.603-618, 2000.

P. M. Cury, Y. Shin, B. Planque, J. M. Durant, J. Fromentin et al., Ecosystem oceanography for global change in fisheries, Trends Ecol. Evol, vol.23, pp.338-346, 2008.

P. Cury, L. Shannon, and Y. Shin, Wallingford : CABI, 103-123.," in The functioning of marine ecosystems: a fisheries perspective, pp.103-123, 2003.

D. H. Cushing, Plankton production and year-class strength in fish populations: an update of the match/mismatch hypothesis, Adv. Mar. Biol, vol.26, pp.249-293, 1990.

I. Cvitkovi?, M. Despalatovi?, A. ?uljevi?, S. Matijevi?, D. Bogner et al., Structure of epibiontic and sediment meiofauna in the area invaded by invasive alga Caulerpa taxifolia, Mar. Biol, vol.164, p.4, 2016.

D. Damalas, C. D. Maravelias, G. C. Osio, F. Maynou, M. Sbrana et al., Once upon a Time in the Mediterranean" Long Term Trends of Mediterranean Fisheries Resources Based on Fishers' Traditional Ecological Knowledge, PLoS ONE, vol.10, 2015.

S. Darmaraki, S. Somot, F. Sevault, P. Nabat, W. D. Narvaez et al., Future evolution of Marine Heatwaves in the Mediterranean Sea, Clim. Dyn, vol.53, pp.1371-1392, 2019.

S. Darmaraki, S. Somot, F. Sevault, P. Nabat, L. Cavicchia et al., Future Evolution of Marine Heat Waves in the Mediterranean: Coupled Regional Climate Projections. in, 2037, 2017.

A. M. Darnaude, C. Salen-picard, N. V. Polunin, and M. L. Harmelin-vivien, Trophodynamic linkage between river runoff and coastal fishery yield elucidated by stable isotope data in the Gulf of Lions, Oecologia, vol.138, pp.325-332, 2004.

G. M. Daskalov, Overfishing drives a trophic cascade in the Black Sea, Mar. Ecol. Prog. Ser, vol.225, pp.53-63, 2002.

G. M. Daskalov, A. N. Grishin, S. Rodionov, and V. Mihneva, Trophic cascades triggered by overfishing reveal possible mechanisms of ecosystem regime shifts, Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci, vol.104, pp.10518-10523, 2007.

M. Daufresne, K. Lengfellner, and U. Sommer, Global warming benefits the small in aquatic ecosystems, Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci, vol.106, pp.12788-12793, 2009.

M. Davis, S. Faurby, and J. Svenning, Mammal diversity will take millions of years to recover from the current biodiversity crisis, Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci, 2018.

A. M. De-biasi, Impact of experimental trawling on the benthic assemblage along the Tuscany coast (north Tyrrhenian Sea, Italy), ICES J. Mar. Sci, vol.61, pp.1260-1266, 2004.

C. F. De-la-hoz, E. Ramos, A. Puente, F. Méndez, M. Menéndez et al., Ecological typologies of large areas. An application in the Mediterranean Sea, J. Environ. Manage, vol.205, pp.59-72, 2018.

L. De-mora, M. Butenschön, A. , and J. I. , The assessment of a global marine ecosystem model on the basis of emergent properties and ecosystem function: a case study with, ERSEM. Geosci. Model Dev, vol.9, pp.59-76, 2016.

J. G. Derraik, The pollution of the marine environment by plastic debris: a review, Mar. Pollut. Bull, vol.44, pp.842-852, 2002.

J. Desforges, A. Hall, B. Mcconnell, A. Rosing-asvid, J. L. Barber et al., Predicting global killer whale population collapse from PCB pollution, Science, vol.361, pp.1373-1376, 2018.

V. Devictor, C. Swaay, T. Van,-brereton, L. Brotons, D. Chamberlain et al., Differences in the climatic debts of birds and butterflies at a continental scale, Nat. Clim. Change, vol.2, pp.121-124, 2012.

T. Devries, The oceanic anthropogenic CO2 sink: Storage, air-sea fluxes, and transports over the industrial era, Glob. Biogeochem. Cycles, vol.28, pp.631-647, 2014.

R. J. Diaz and R. Rosenberg, Spreading Dead Zones and Consequences for Marine Ecosystems, Science, vol.321, pp.926-929, 2008.

S. Díaz, J. Fargione, F. S. Iii, and D. Tilman, Biodiversity Loss Threatens Human Well-Being, PLOS Biol, vol.4, p.277, 2006.

D. Dimarchopoulou, K. I. Stergiou, and A. C. Tsikliras, Gap analysis on the biology of Mediterranean marine fishes, PLOS ONE, vol.12, 2017.

M. Dimech, M. J. Kaiser, S. Ragonese, and P. J. Schembri, Ecosystem effects of fishing on the continental slope in the Central Mediterranean Sea, Mar. Ecol. Prog. Ser, vol.449, pp.41-54, 2012.

R. Dirzo, R. , and P. H. , Global State of Biodiversity and Loss, Annu. Rev. Environ. Resour, vol.28, pp.137-167, 2003.

R. Dirzo, H. S. Young, M. Galetti, G. Ceballos, N. J. Isaac et al., Defaunation in the Anthropocene, Science, vol.345, pp.401-406, 2014.

J. M. Donelson, S. Jennifer, M. Figueira-will, F. Gaitán-espitia-juan-diego, H. Alistair et al., Understanding interactions between plasticity, adaptation and range shifts in response to marine environmental change, Philos. Trans. R. Soc. B Biol. Sci, vol.374, 2019.

S. C. Doney, M. Ruckelshaus, E. Duffy, J. Barry, J. P. Chan et al., Climate Change Impacts on Marine Ecosystems, Annu. Rev. Mar. Sci, vol.4, pp.11-37, 2012.

Z. Dong, D. Liu, and J. K. Keesing, Contrasting Trends in Populations of Rhopilema esculentum and Aurelia aurita in Chinese Waters, Jellyfish Blooms, pp.207-218, 2014.

J. Druon, F. Fiorentino, M. Murenu, L. Knittweis, F. Colloca et al., Modelling of European hake nurseries in the Mediterranean Sea: An ecological niche approach, Prog. Oceanogr, vol.130, pp.188-204, 2015.
URL : https://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/hal-01840308

J. Druon, J. Fromentin, A. R. Hanke, H. Arrizabalaga, D. Damalas et al., Habitat suitability of the Atlantic bluefin tuna by size class: An ecological niche approach, Prog. Oceanogr, vol.142, pp.30-46, 2016.
URL : https://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/hal-01922668

R. Duboz, D. Versmisse, M. Travers, E. Ramat, and Y. Shin, Application of an evolutionary algorithm to the inverse parameter estimation of an individual-based model, Ecol. Model, vol.221, pp.840-849, 2010.

J. Dul?i?, G. Scordella, and P. Guidetti, On the record of the Lessepsian migrant Fistularia commersonii (Rüppell, 1835) from the Adriatic Sea, J. Appl. Ichthyol, vol.24, pp.101-102, 2008.

R. P. Duncan, M. Bomford, D. M. Forsyth, and L. Conibear, High predictability in introduction outcomes and the geographical range size of introduced Australian birds: a role for climate, J. Anim. Ecol, vol.70, pp.621-632, 2001.

X. Durrieu-de-madron, C. Guieu, R. Sempéré, P. Conan, D. Cossa et al., Marine ecosystems' responses to climatic and anthropogenic forcings in the Mediterranean, Prog. Oceanogr, vol.91, pp.97-166, 2011.
URL : https://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/hal-00753879

M. Edwards and A. J. Richardson, Impact of climate change on marine pelagic phenology and trophic mismatch, Nature, vol.430, p.881, 2004.

R. Eppley, Temperature and phytoplankton growth in the sea, Fish. Bull. Nat. Ocean. Atmos. Adm, vol.70, pp.1063-85, 1972.

M. Eriksen, L. C. Lebreton, H. S. Carson, M. Thiel, C. J. Moore et al., Plastic pollution in the world's oceans: more than 5 trillion plastic pieces weighing over 250,000 tons afloat at sea, PloS One, vol.9, 2014.

T. E. Essington, M. L. Baskett, J. N. Sanchirico, and C. Walters, A novel model of predator-prey interactions reveals the sensitivity of forage fish: piscivore fishery trade-offs to ecological conditions, ICES J. Mar. Sci, vol.72, pp.1349-1358, 2015.

T. E. Essington, A. H. Beaudreau, and J. Wiedenmann, Fishing through marine food webs, Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci, vol.103, pp.3171-3175, 2006.

, Proposal for a Council regulation concerning measures for the sustainable exploitation of fishery resources in the Mediterranean Sea and amending regulations (EC) No 2847/93 and (EC) No 973/2001. Commission of the European Communities, European Commission, vol.589, p.39, 2003.

, Directive 2008/56/EC of the European Parliament and of the Council establishing a framework for community action in the field of marine environmental policy (Marine Strategy Framework Directive) Off, European Commission, vol.164, pp.19-40, 2008.

, Global Integrated Assessment to Support EU Future Environment Policies (GLIMP). Final Report. Prepared by PBL Netherlands Environmental Assessment Agency, in cooperation with WUR-LEI Agricultural Economics Institute and the Fisheries centre of the University of British Columbia, DG ENV Service Contract, 2012.

. Ser/f1 and . Luxembourg,

, Report on the Blue Growth Strategy. Towards more sustainable growth and jobs in the blue economy. Commission staff working document, vol.128, 2017.

, Proposal for a regulation of the European Parliament and of the Council establishing a multi-annual plan for the fisheries exploiting demersal stocks in the western Mediterranean Sea, European Commission, vol.115, p.59, 2018.

D. Faget, L'écaille et le banc: ressources de la mer dans la Méditerranée moderne: XVIe-XVIIIe siècle, 2017.

. Fao, Code of Conduct for Responsible Fisheries. FAO, 1995.

, Références bibliographiques

. Fao, Fisheries and aquaculture software. FishStat Plus -Universal software for fishery statistical time series, FAO Fisheries and Aquaculture Department, 2006.

. Rome, Updated, 2013.

. Fao, Fisheries and aquaculture software. FAO, Fisheries and aquaculture software FishStatJsoftware for fishery statistical time series. FAO Fisheries and Aquaculture Department, 2016.

. Fao, The State of Mediterranean and Black Sea Fisheries. General Fisheries Commission for the Mediterranean, p.152, 2016.

. Fao, Fisheries Topics: Utilization. Utilisation du poisson et des produits de la mer, Département des pêches et de l'aquaculture de la FAO, 2018.

. Rome, , 2016.

. Fao, Impacts of climate change on fisheries and aquaculture. Synthesis of current knowledge, adaptation and mitigation options. FAO fisheries and aquaculture technical paper 627, p.654, 2018.

. Fao, The State of Mediterranean and Black Sea Fisheries. General Fisheries Commission for the Mediterranean, p.172, 2018.

. Fao, The State of World Fisheries and Aquaculture 2018 -Meeting the sustainable development goals, 2018.

M. T. Farriols, F. Ordines, P. J. Somerfield, C. Pasqual, M. Hidalgo et al., Bottom trawl impacts on Mediterranean demersal fish diversity: Not so obvious or are we too late?, Cont. Shelf Res, vol.137, pp.84-102, 2017.

C. Ferrà, A. N. Tassetti, F. Grati, G. Pellini, P. Polidori et al., Mapping change in bottom trawling activity in the Mediterranean Sea through AIS data, Mar. Policy, vol.94, pp.275-281, 2018.

F. Ferretti, R. A. Myers, F. Serena, and H. K. Lotze, Loss of Large Predatory Sharks from the Mediterranean Sea: Large Sharks in the Mediterranean, Conserv. Biol, vol.22, pp.952-964, 2008.

F. Fiorentino, E. Massuti, F. Tinti, S. Somarakis, G. Garofalo et al., Stock units: Identification of distinct biological units (stock units) for different fish and shellfish species and among different GFCM-GSA, STOCKMED Deliverable 03: FINAL REPORT, vol.460, p.pp, 2014.

E. M. Fischer and C. Schär, Consistent geographical patterns of changes in high-impact European heatwaves, Nat. Geosci, vol.3, pp.398-403, 2010.

E. Flaounas, F. D. Kelemen, H. Wernli, M. A. Gaertner, M. Reale et al., Assessment of an ensemble of ocean-atmosphere coupled and uncoupled regional climate models to reproduce the climatology of Mediterranean cyclones, Clim. Dyn, vol.51, pp.1023-1040, 2018.

A. Frainer, R. Primicerio, S. Kortsch, M. Aune, A. V. Dolgov et al., Climate-driven changes in functional biogeography of Arctic marine fish communities, Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci, vol.114, pp.12202-12207, 2017.

K. T. Frank, B. Petrie, J. S. Choi, and W. C. Leggett, Trophic Cascades in a Formerly Cod-Dominated Ecosystem, Science, vol.308, pp.1621-1623, 2005.

K. T. Frank, B. Petrie, W. C. Leggett, and D. G. Boyce, Exploitation drives an ontogenetic-like deepening in marine fish, Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci, vol.115, pp.6422-6427, 2018.

C. M. Free, J. T. Thorson, M. L. Pinsky, K. L. Oken, J. Wiedenmann et al., Impacts of historical warming on marine fisheries production, Science, vol.363, pp.979-983, 2019.

R. Froese and M. Quaas, Rio+20 and the reform of the Common Fisheries Policy in Europe, Mar. Policy, vol.39, pp.53-55, 2013.

R. Froese, C. Walters, D. Pauly, H. Winker, O. L. Weyl et al., Assumptions behind size-based ecosystem models are realistic, Reply to Andersen et, vol.73, pp.1656-1658, 2016.

R. Froese, H. Winker, D. Gascuel, U. R. Sumaila, P. et al., Minimizing the impact of fishing, Fish Fish, vol.17, pp.785-802, 2016.
URL : https://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/hal-01558434

J. Fromentin and J. E. Powers, Atlantic bluefin tuna: population dynamics, ecology, fisheries and management, Fish Fish, vol.6, pp.281-306, 2005.

C. Fu, N. Olsen, N. Taylor, A. Grüss, S. Batten et al., Spatial and temporal dynamics of predator-prey species interactions off western Canada, ICES J. Mar. Sci, vol.74, pp.2107-2119, 2017.
URL : https://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/hal-01928592

C. Fu, R. I. Perry, Y. Shin, J. Schweigert, and H. Liu, An ecosystem modelling framework for incorporating climate regime shifts into fisheries management, Prog. Oceanogr, vol.115, pp.53-64, 2013.

C. Fu, M. Travers-trolet, L. Velez, A. Grüss, A. Bundy et al., Risky business: The combined effects of fishing and changes in primary productivity on fish communities, Ecol. Model, vol.368, pp.265-276, 2018.
URL : https://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/hal-01826746

E. A. Fulton, Approaches to end-to-end ecosystem models, J. Mar. Syst, vol.81, pp.171-183, 2010.

E. A. Fulton, M. Fuller, A. D. Smith, and A. E. Punt, Ecological indicators of the ecosystem effects of fishing. Final report. CSIRO; Australian Fisheries Management Authority, 2005.

E. A. Fulton, A. D. Smith, J. , and C. R. , Effect of complexity on marine ecosystem models, Mar. Ecol. Prog. Ser, vol.253, pp.1-16, 2003.

E. A. Fulton, A. D. Smith, and A. E. Punt, Which ecological indicators can robustly detect effects of fishing?, ICES J. Mar. Sci, vol.62, pp.540-551, 2005.

M. Á. Gaertner, J. J. González-alemán, R. Romera, M. Domínguez, V. Gil et al., Simulation of medicanes over the Mediterranean Sea in a regional climate model ensemble: impact of ocean-atmosphere coupling and increased resolution, Clim. Dyn, vol.51, pp.1041-1057, 2018.
URL : https://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/insu-01403900

S. D. Gaines, C. Costello, B. Owashi, T. Mangin, J. Bone et al., Improved fisheries management could offset many negative effects of climate change, 2018.

G. Gal, V. Makler-pick, and N. Shachar, Dealing with uncertainty in ecosystem model scenarios: Application of the single-model ensemble approach, Environ. Model. Softw, vol.61, pp.360-370, 2014.

E. D. Galbraith, D. A. Carozza, and D. Bianchi, A coupled human-Earth model perspective on longterm trends in the global marine fishery, Nat. Commun, vol.8, p.14884, 2017.

B. S. Galil, A sea under siege-alien species in the Mediterranean, Biol. Invasions, vol.2, pp.177-186, 2000.

B. S. Galil, Loss or gain? Invasive aliens and biodiversity in the Mediterranean Sea, Mar. Pollut. Bull, vol.55, pp.314-322, 2007.

B. S. Galil, G. M. Davenport, T. Burnell, M. Cross, R. Emmerson et al., Alien species in the Mediterranean Sea-which, when, where, why? in Challenges to Marine Ecosystems Developments in Hydrobiology, pp.105-116, 2008.

B. S. Galil and A. Zenetos, A sea change-exotics in the Eastern Mediterranean Sea, Invasive Aquatic Species of Europe. Distribution, Impacts and Management, pp.325-336, 2002.

L. Gamfeldt, J. S. Lefcheck, J. E. Byrnes, B. J. Cardinale, J. E. Duffy et al., Marine biodiversity and ecosystem functioning: what's known and what's next?, Oikos, vol.124, pp.252-265, 2015.

H. E. Garcia, R. A. Locarnini, T. P. Boyer, and J. I. Antonov, Nutrients (phosphate, nitrate, and silicate), S. Levitus, Ed. NOAA Atlas NESDIS, vol.4, 2005.

S. M. Garcia, J. Boncoeur, and D. Gascuel, Aires marines protégées et la pêche: bioécologie, socioéconomie et gouvernance. Presses Universitaires de Perpignan Available, 2013.

S. M. Garcia and K. L. Cochrane, Ecosystem approach to fisheries: a review of implementation guidelines, ICES J. Mar. Sci, vol.62, pp.311-318, 2005.

S. M. Garcia, J. Kolding, J. Rice, M. Rochet, S. Zhou et al., Reconsidering the Consequences of Selective Fisheries, Science, vol.335, pp.1045-1047, 2012.

S. M. Garcia and I. D. Moreno, GLOBAL OVERVIEW OF MARINE FISHERIES, vol.23, 2001.

S. M. Garcia, A. Zerbi, C. Aliaume, T. Do-chi, and G. Lasserre, The ecosystem approach to fisheries. Issues, terminology, principles, institutional foundations, implementation and outlook. FAO Fisheries Technical Paper. No. 443. Rome, FAO, vol.71, 2003.

A. Garcia-rubies, E. Cebrian, P. J. Schembri, J. Evans, and E. Macpherson, Ecological Effects and Benefits of Mediterranean Marine Protected Areas, Management of Marine Protected Areas, pp.21-47, 2017.

D. Gascuel, The trophic-level based model: A theoretical approach of fishing effects on marine ecosystems, Ecol. Model, vol.189, pp.315-332, 2005.

D. Gascuel, Pour une révolution dans la mer -De la surpêche à la résilience, 2019.

D. Gascuel, M. Coll, C. Fox, S. Guénette, J. Guitton et al., Fishing impact and environmental status in European seas: a diagnosis from stock assessments and ecosystem indicators, Fish Fish. Available, 2014.
URL : https://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/hal-01523694

D. Gascuel, L. Morissette, M. L. Palomares, and V. Christensen, Trophic flow kinetics in marine ecosystems: Toward a theoretical approach to ecosystem functioning, Ecol. Model, vol.217, pp.33-47, 2008.

D. Gascuel, P. , and D. , EcoTroph: Modelling marine ecosystem functioning and impact of fishing, Ecol. Model, vol.220, pp.2885-2898, 2009.
URL : https://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/hal-01453846

J. Gattuso, A. Magnan, R. Billé, W. W. Cheung, E. L. Howes et al., Contrasting futures for ocean and society from different anthropogenic CO2 emissions scenarios, Science, vol.349, p.4722, 2015.
URL : https://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/hal-01508133

. Gfcm, Mid-term strategy (2017-2020) towards the sustainability of Mediterranean and Black Sea fisheries (Mid-term strategy), 2017.

. Gfcm, Working Group on Stock Assessment of Demersal Species (WGSAD). FAO headquarters, p.70, 2017.

. Gfcm, GFCM Data Collection Reference Framework (DCRF). Version: 2018.1, p.121, 2018.

S. Giakoumi, H. S. Grantham, G. D. Kokkoris, and H. P. Possingham, Designing a network of marine reserves in the Mediterranean Sea with limited socio-economic data, Références bibliographiques, vol.144, pp.753-763, 2011.

S. Giakoumi, M. Sini, V. Gerovasileiou, T. Mazor, J. Beher et al., EcoregionBased Conservation Planning in the Mediterranean: Dealing with Large-Scale Heterogeneity, PLOS ONE, vol.8, 2013.

M. Giannoulaki, A. Belluscio, F. Colloca, S. Fraschetti, M. Scardi et al., DG MARE Specific Contract SI2.600741, Final Report, vol.557, 2013.

M. Giannoulaki, M. Iglesias, M. P. Tugores, A. Bonanno, B. Patti et al., Characterizing the potential habitat of European anchovy Engraulis encrasicolus in the Mediterranean Sea, at different life stages, Fish. Oceanogr, vol.22, pp.69-89, 2013.

. K. Giec-;-r, L. A. Pachauri, and . Meyer, Changements climatiques 2014: rapport de synthèse : contribution des Groupes de travail I, II et III au cinquième Rapport d'évaluation du Groupe d'experts intergouvernemental sur l'évolution du climat [Sous la direction de l'équipe de rédaction principale, 2014.

G. Giec and S. , , vol.161

F. Giorgi, Climate change hot-spots, Geophys. Res. Lett, vol.33, p.8707, 2006.

F. Giorgi, L. , and P. , Climate change projections for the Mediterranean region, Glob. Planet. Change, vol.63, pp.90-104, 2008.

R. Girardin, E. A. Fulton, S. Lehuta, M. Rolland, O. Thébaud et al., Identification of the main processes underlying ecosystem functioning in the Eastern English Channel, with a focus on flatfish species, as revealed through the application of the Atlantis end-to-end model, Estuar. Coast. Shelf Sci, vol.201, pp.208-222, 2018.
URL : https://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/hal-01939777

R. Girardin, Y. Vermard, O. Thébaud, A. Tidd, and P. Marchal, Predicting fisher response to competition for space and resources in a mixed demersal fishery, Ocean Coast. Manag, vol.106, pp.124-135, 2015.
URL : https://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/hal-01726738

P. J. Gleckler, P. J. Durack, R. J. Stouffer, G. C. Johnson, and C. E. Forest, Industrial-era global ocean heat uptake doubles in recent decades, Nat. Clim. Change, vol.6, p.394, 2016.

L. Godet and V. Devictor, What Conservation Does, Trends Ecol. Evol, vol.33, 2018.
URL : https://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/hal-01902845

D. Golani, First record of the bluespotted cornetfish from the Mediterranean Sea, J. Fish Biol, vol.56, pp.1545-1547, 2000.

C. Goodwin, R. Rodolfo-metalpa, B. Picton, and J. M. Spencer, Effects of ocean acidification on sponge communities, Mar. Ecol, vol.35, pp.41-49, 2014.

R. Q. Grafton, Adaptation to climate change in marine capture fisheries, Policy, vol.34, pp.606-615, 2010.

, Références bibliographiques, p.195

V. Granger, J. Fromentin, N. Bez, G. Relini, C. N. Meynard et al., Large-scale spatio-temporal monitoring highlights hotspots of demersal fish diversity in the Mediterranean Sea, Prog. Oceanogr, vol.130, pp.65-74, 2015.
URL : https://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/hal-01839952

S. P. Greenstreet, S. I. Rogers, J. C. Rice, G. J. Piet, E. J. Guirey et al., Development of the EcoQO for the North Sea fish community, ICES J. Mar. Sci, vol.68, pp.1-11, 2011.

D. Grémillet, C. R. White, M. Authier, G. Dorémus, V. Ridoux et al., Ocean sunfish as indicators for the 'rise of slime, Curr. Biol, vol.27, pp.1263-1264, 2017.

G. P. Griffith, E. A. Fulton, R. Gorton, and A. J. Richardson, Predicting Interactions among Fishing, Ocean Warming, and Ocean Acidification in a Marine System with Whole-Ecosystem Models, Conserv. Biol, vol.26, pp.1145-1152, 2012.

V. Grimm, D. Ayllón, and S. F. Railsback, Next-Generation Individual-Based Models Integrate Biodiversity and Ecosystems: Yes We Can, and Yes We Must, Ecosystems, vol.20, pp.229-236, 2017.

P. Gros, In: Connaissance des impacts du changement climatique sur la biodiversité en France métropolitaine-synthèse de la bibliographie, 2011.

A. Grüss, M. J. Schirripa, D. Chagaris, M. Drexler, J. Simons et al., Evaluation of the trophic structure of the West Florida Shelf in the 2000s using the ecosystem model OSMOSE, J. Mar. Syst, vol.144, pp.30-47, 2015.

A. Grüss, M. J. Schirripa, D. Chagaris, L. Velez, Y. Shin et al., Estimating natural mortality rates and simulating fishing scenarios for Gulf of Mexico red grouper (Epinephelus morio) using the ecosystem model OSMOSE-WFS, J. Mar. Syst, vol.154, pp.264-279, 2016.

S. Gubbay, N. Sanders, T. Haynes, J. A. Janssen, J. R. Rodwell et al., European red list of habitats. Part 1. Marine habitats, p.52, 2016.

P. Guidetti, M. Milazzo, S. Bussotti, A. Molinari, M. Murenu et al., Italian marine reserve effectiveness: Does enforcement matter?, Biol. Conserv, vol.141, pp.699-709, 2008.

F. Guilhaumon, C. Albouy, J. Claudet, L. Velez, F. Ben-rais-lasram et al., Representing taxonomic, phylogenetic and functional diversity: new challenges for Mediterranean marine-protected areas, Divers. Distrib, vol.21, pp.175-187, 2015.
URL : https://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/hal-01135644

J. Gunawardena, Models in biology: 'accurate descriptions of our pathetic thinking, BMC Biol, vol.12, p.29, 2014.

, Références bibliographiques

G. Halouani, K. Abdou, T. Hattab, M. S. Romdhane, F. Ben-rais-lasram et al., A spatiotemporal ecosystem model to simulate fishing management plans: A case of study in the Gulf of Gabes (Tunisia), Mar. Policy, vol.69, pp.62-72, 2016.
URL : https://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/hal-01483216

G. Halouani, F. Ben-rais-lasram, Y. Shin, L. Velez, P. Verley et al., Modelling food web structure using an end-to, 2016.
URL : https://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/hal-01443239

, Ecol. Model, vol.339, pp.45-57

G. Halouani, D. Gascuel, T. Hattab, F. B. Lasram, M. Coll et al., Fishing impact in Mediterranean ecosystems: an EcoTroph modeling approach, J. Mar. Syst, vol.150, pp.22-33, 2015.
URL : https://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/hal-01453878

G. Halouani, F. Le-loc'h, Y. Shin, L. Velez, T. Hattab et al., An end-to-end model to evaluate the sensitivity of ecosystem indicators to track fishing impacts, Ecol. Indic, vol.98, pp.121-130, 2019.
URL : https://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/hal-02004379

B. S. Halpern, M. Frazier, J. Potapenko, K. S. Casey, K. Koenig et al., Spatial and temporal changes in cumulative human impacts on the world's ocean, Nat. Commun, vol.6, p.7615, 2015.

B. S. Halpern, S. Walbridge, K. A. Selkoe, C. V. Kappel, F. Micheli et al., A Global Map of Human Impact on Marine Ecosystems, Science, vol.319, pp.948-952, 2008.

S. E. Hamilton, C. , and D. , Creation of a high spatio-temporal resolution global database of continuous mangrove forest cover for the 21st century (CGMFC-21), Glob. Ecol. Biogeogr, vol.25, pp.729-738, 2016.

N. Hammerschlag, O. J. Schmitz, A. S. Flecker, K. D. Lafferty, A. Sih et al., Ecosystem Function and Services of Aquatic Predators in the Anthropocene, Trends Ecol. Evol, vol.34, pp.369-383, 2019.

C. Hansen, K. F. Drinkwater, A. Jähkel, E. A. Fulton, R. Gorton et al., Sensitivity of the Norwegian and Barents Sea Atlantis end-to-end ecosystem model to parameter perturbations of key species, PLOS ONE, vol.14, 2019.

M. Harmelin-vivien, L. Le-diréach, J. Bayle-sempere, E. Charbonnel, J. A. García-charton et al., Gradients of abundance and biomass across reserve boundaries in six Mediterranean marine protected areas: Evidence of fish spillover?, Biol. Conserv, vol.141, pp.1829-1839, 2008.

A. Harzallah, G. Jordà, C. Dubois, G. Sannino, A. Carillo et al., Long term evolution of heat budget in the Mediterranean Sea from Med-CORDEX forced and coupled simulations, Clim. Dyn, vol.51, pp.1145-1165, 2018.

R. M. Hassan, R. J. Scholes, and N. Ash, Ecosystems and human well-being: current state and trends: findings of the Condition and Trends Working Group of the Millennium Ecosystem Assessment, 2005.

T. Hattab, Impacts du changement global sur les assemblages d'espèces exploitées sud méditerranéens, application au golfe de Gabès (Tunisie) : de la modélisation des niches aux conséquences trophiques, 2014.

T. Hattab, C. Albouy, F. Ben-rais-lasram, S. Somot, F. Le-loc'h et al., Towards a better understanding of potential impacts of climate change on marine species distribution: a multiscale modelling approach, Glob. Ecol. Biogeogr, vol.23, pp.1417-1429, 2014.

T. Hattab, F. Ben-rais-lasram, C. Albouy, M. S. Romdhane, O. Jarboui et al., An ecosystem model of an exploited southern Mediterranean shelf region (Gulf of Gabes, Tunisia) and a comparison with other Mediterranean ecosystem model properties, J. Mar. Syst, vol.128, pp.159-174, 2013.

T. Hattab, F. Ben-rais-lasram, C. Albouy, C. Sammari, M. S. Romdhane et al., The Use of a Predictive Habitat Model and a Fuzzy Logic Approach for Marine Management and Planning, PLOS ONE, vol.8, 2013.

T. Hattab, F. Leprieur, F. Ben-rais-lasram, D. Gravel, F. Le-loc'h et al., Forecasting finescale changes in the food-web structure of coastal marine communities under climate change, Ecography, vol.39, pp.1227-1237, 2016.

S. A. Henson, C. Beaulieu, T. Ilyina, J. G. John, M. Long et al., Rapid emergence of climate change in environmental drivers of marine ecosystems, Nat. Commun, vol.8, p.14682, 2017.

M. Herrmann, C. Estournel, F. Adloff, and F. Diaz, Impact of climate change on the northwestern Mediterranean Sea pelagic planktonic ecosystem and associated carbon cycle, J. Geophys. Res. Oceans, vol.119, pp.5815-5836, 2014.
URL : https://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/hal-01068504

M. J. Herrmann and S. Somot, Relevance of ERA40 dynamical downscaling for modeling deep convection in the Mediterranean Sea, Geophys. Res. Lett, vol.35, p.4607, 2008.
URL : https://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/hal-00195054

J. J. Heymans and M. T. Tomczak, Regime shifts in the Northern Benguela ecosystem: Challenges for management, Ecol. Model, vol.331, pp.151-159, 2016.

M. Hidalgo, T. Rouyer, J. Molinero, E. Massutí, J. Moranta et al., Synergistic effects of fishing-induced demographic changes and climate variation on fish population dynamics, Mar. Ecol. Prog. Ser, vol.426, pp.1-12, 2011.

J. G. Hiddink, M. T. Burrows, G. Molinos, and J. , Temperature tracking by North Sea benthic invertebrates in response to climate change, Glob. Change Biol, vol.21, pp.117-129, 2015.

R. Hilborn, Future directions in ecosystem based fisheries management: A personal perspective, Fish. Res, vol.108, pp.235-239, 2011.

R. Hilborn and C. J. Walters, Quantitative fisheries stock assessment: choice, dynamics and uncertainty. Digital duplication of the orig, 1992.

A. Hildering, A. M. Keessen, H. F. Rijswick, and . Van, Tackling pollution of the Mediterranean Sea from land-based sources by an integrated ecosystem approach and the use of the combined international and European legal regimes, Utrecht Law Rev, vol.5, pp.80-100, 2009.

S. L. Hill, G. M. Watters, A. E. Punt, M. K. Mcallister, C. L. Quéré et al., Model uncertainty in the ecosystem approach to fisheries, Fish Fish, vol.8, pp.315-336, 2007.

J. Hjort, Fluctuations in the great fisheries of northern Europe viewed in the light of biological research, ICES J. Mar. Sci, vol.20, p.228, 1914.

O. Hoegh-guldberg and J. F. Bruno, The Impact of Climate Change on the World's Marine Ecosystems, Science, vol.328, pp.1523-1528, 2010.

O. Hoegh-guldberg, R. Cai, E. S. Poloczanska, P. G. Brewer, S. Sundby et al., The Ocean -Chapter 30, Climate Change 2014: Impacts, Adaptation, and Vulnerability. Part B: Regional Aspects. Contribution of Working Group II to the Fifth Assessment Report of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change, 2014.

A. B. Hollowed, N. Bax, R. Beamish, J. Collie, M. Fogarty et al., Are multispecies models an improvement on single-species models for measuring fishing impacts on marine ecosystems?, ICES J. Mar. Sci, vol.57, pp.707-719, 2000.

J. Holt, C. Schrum, H. Cannaby, U. Daewel, I. Allen et al., Potential impacts of climate change on the primary production of regional seas: A comparative analysis of five European seas, Prog. Oceanogr, vol.140, pp.91-115, 2016.
URL : https://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/hal-01587530

E. L. Howes, F. Joos, M. Eakin, and J. Gattuso, An updated synthesis of the observed and projected impacts of climate change on the chemical, physical and biological processes in the oceans, Front. Mar. Sci, vol.2, 2015.

C. Hsieh, C. S. Reiss, R. P. Hewitt, and G. Sugihara, Spatial analysis shows that fishing enhances the climatic sensitivity of marine fishes, Can. J. Fish. Aquat. Sci, vol.65, pp.947-961, 2008.

C. Hsieh, C. S. Reiss, J. R. Hunter, J. R. Beddington, R. M. May et al., Fishing elevates variability in the abundance of exploited species, Nature, vol.443, pp.859-862, 2006.

T. P. Hughes, J. T. Kerry, A. H. Baird, S. R. Connolly, A. Dietzel et al., Global warming transforms coral reef assemblages, Nature, vol.556, pp.492-496, 2018.

G. Huse and I. Ellingsen, Capelin migrations and climate change-a modelling analysis, Clim. Change, vol.87, pp.177-197, 2008.

C. Hussein, M. Verdoit-jarraya, J. Pastor, A. Ibrahim, G. Saragoni et al., Assessing the impact of artisanal and recreational fishing and protection on a white seabream (Diplodus sargus sargus) population in the north-western Mediterranean Sea using a simulation model. Part 1: Parameterization and simulations, Fish. Res, vol.108, pp.163-173, 2011.

C. Hussein, M. Verdoit-jarraya, J. Pastor, A. Ibrahim, G. Saragoni et al., Assessing the impact of artisanal and recreational fishing and protection on a white seabream (Diplodus sargus sargus) population in the north-western Mediterranean Sea, using a simulation model. Part 2: Sensitivity analysis and management measures, Fish. Res, vol.108, pp.174-183, 2011.

G. E. Hutchinson, Concluding remarks, Cold Spring Harb. Symp. Quant. Biol, vol.22, pp.415-427, 1957.

K. Hyder, A. G. Rossberg, J. I. Allen, M. C. Austen, R. M. Barciela et al., Making modelling count -increasing the contribution of shelf-seas community and ecosystem models to policy development and management, Policy, vol.61, pp.291-302, 2015.

L. Ignatiades, O. Gotsis-skretas, K. Pagou, and E. Krasakopoulou, Diversification of phytoplankton community structure and related parameters along a large-scale longitudinal east-west transect of the Mediterranean Sea, J. Plankton Res, vol.31, pp.411-428, 2009.

S. Ferrier, K. N. Ninan, P. Leadley, R. Alkemade, L. A. Acosta et al., The methodological assessment report on scenarios and models of biodiversity and ecosystem services, vol.348, 2016.

, Assessment Report on Biodiversity and Ecosystem Services for Europe and Central Asia, IPBES, 2018.

. Ipcc, Contribution of Working Groups I, II and III to the Fifth Assessment Report of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change [Core Writing Team, Synthesis Report, 2014.

J. B. Jackson, M. X. Kirby, W. H. Berger, K. A. Bjorndal, L. W. Botsford et al., Historical Overfishing and the Recent Collapse of Coastal Ecosystems, Science, vol.293, pp.629-637, 2001.

J. M. Jackson and P. H. Lenz, Predator-prey interactions in the plankton: larval fish feeding on evasive copepods, Sci. Rep, vol.6, p.33585, 2016.

J. Nis, S. , G. Henrik, A. Ken, and H. , The consequences of balanced harvesting of fish communities, Proc. R. Soc. B Biol. Sci, vol.281, 2014.

J. R. Jambeck, R. Geyer, C. Wilcox, T. R. Siegler, M. Perryman et al., Plastic waste inputs from land into the ocean, Science, vol.347, pp.768-771, 2015.

, Références bibliographiques

S. Jennings, S. P. Greenstreet, and J. D. Reynolds, Structural change in an exploited fish community: a consequence of differential fishing effects on species with contrasting life histories, J. Anim. Ecol, vol.68, pp.617-627, 1999.

S. Jennings and M. J. Kaiser, The Effects of Fishing on Marine Ecosystems, Advances in Marine Biology, pp.60212-60218, 1998.

M. Jochum, F. D. Schneider, T. P. Crowe, U. Brose, and E. J. Gorman, Climate-induced changes in bottom-up and top-down processes independently alter a marine ecosystem, Philos. Trans. R. Soc. B Biol. Sci, vol.367, pp.2962-2970, 2012.

C. N. Johnson, A. Balmford, B. W. Brook, J. C. Buettel, M. Galetti et al., Biodiversity losses and conservation responses in the Anthropocene, Science, vol.356, pp.270-275, 2017.

K. R. Jones, C. J. Klein, B. S. Halpern, O. Venter, H. Grantham et al., The Location and Protection Status of Earth's Diminishing Marine Wilderness, Curr. Biol, vol.28, pp.2506-2512, 2018.

A. M. Jönsson, O. Anderbrant, J. Holmér, J. Johansson, G. Schurgers et al., Enhanced science-stakeholder communication to improve ecosystem model performances for climate change impact assessments, Ambio, vol.44, pp.249-255, 2015.

G. Jordà, N. Marbà, and C. M. Duarte, Mediterranean seagrass vulnerable to regional climate warming, Nat. Clim. Change, vol.2, pp.821-824, 2012.

C. Jørgensen, K. Enberg, E. S. Dunlop, R. Arlinghaus, D. S. Boukal et al., Ecology: Managing Evolving Fish Stocks, Science, vol.318, pp.1247-1248, 2007.

M. J. Kaiser, K. R. Clarke, H. Hinz, M. C. Austen, P. J. Somerfield et al., Global analysis of response and recovery of benthic biota to fishing, Mar. Ecol. Prog. Ser, vol.311, pp.1-14, 2006.

M. J. Kaiser, J. S. Collie, S. J. Hall, S. Jennings, and I. R. Poiner, Modification of marine habitats by trawling activities: prognosis and solutions, Fish Fish, vol.3, pp.114-136, 2002.

S. Kalogirou, M. Corsini, G. Kondilatos, and H. Wennhage, Diet of the invasive piscivorous fish Fistularia commersonii in a recently colonized area of the eastern Mediterranean, Biol. Invasions, vol.9, pp.887-896, 2007.

I. C. Kaplan and K. N. Marshall, A guinea pig's tale: learning to review end-to-end marine ecosystem models for management applications, ICES J. Mar. Sci. J. Cons, vol.73, pp.1715-1724, 2016.

P. K. Karachle and K. I. Stergiou, An update on the feeding habits of fish in the Mediterranean Sea, Mediterr. Mar. Sci, vol.18, pp.43-52, 2002.

D. M. Karl, R. R. Bidigare, and R. M. Letelier, Long-term changes in plankton community structure and productivity in the North Pacific Subtropical Gyre: The domain shift hypothesis, Deep Sea Res. Part II Top. Stud. Oceanogr, vol.48, pp.1449-1470, 2001.

S. Katsanevakis, K. Bogucarskis, F. Gatto, J. Vandekerkhove, I. Deriu et al., Building the European Alien Species Information Network (EASIN): a novel approach for the exploration of distributed alien species data, BioInvasions Rec, vol.1, pp.235-245, 2012.

S. Katsanevakis, M. Coll, C. Piroddi, J. Steenbeek, F. Ben-rais-lasram et al., Invading the Mediterranean Sea: biodiversity patterns shaped by human activities. Front, Mar. Sci, vol.1, 2014.

S. Katsanevakis, N. Levin, M. Coll, S. Giakoumi, D. Shkedi et al., Marine conservation challenges in an era of economic crisis and geopolitical instability: The case of the Mediterranean Sea, Policy, vol.51, pp.31-39, 2015.
URL : https://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/hal-01840072

S. Katsanevakis, I. Wallentinus, A. Zenetos, E. Leppäkoski, M. E. Çinar et al., Impacts of invasive alien marine species on ecosystem services and biodiversity: a pan-European review, Aquat. Invasions, vol.9, pp.391-423, 2014.

F. Kessouri, Cycles biogéochimiques de la mer Méditerranée : processus et bilans, 2015.

F. Kessouri, C. Ulses, C. Estournel, P. Marsaleix, T. Severin et al., Nitrogen and Phosphorus Budgets in the Northwestern Mediterranean Deep Convection Region, J. Geophys. Res. Oceans, vol.122, pp.9429-9454, 2017.
URL : https://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/hal-02110063

S. Khatiwala, T. Tanhua, S. Fletcher, M. Gerber, S. C. Doney et al., Global ocean storage of anthropogenic carbon, Biogeosciences, vol.10, pp.2169-2191, 2013.

, The ocean is losing its breath. Kiel Declaration on Ocean Deoxygenation. Participants of the international conference: Ocean Deoxygenation : Drivers and Consequences-Past-Present-Future, 2018.

R. R. Kirby and G. Beaugrand, Trophic amplification of climate warming, Proc. Biol. Sci, vol.276, pp.4095-4103, 2009.
URL : https://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/hal-00480667

R. R. Kirby, G. Beaugrand, and J. A. Lindley, Synergistic Effects of Climate and Fishing in a Marine Ecosystem, Ecosystems, vol.12, pp.548-561, 2009.

L. E. Koehn, T. E. Essington, K. N. Marshall, W. J. Sydeman, A. I. Szoboszlai et al., Tradeoffs between forage fish fisheries and their predators in the California Current, ICES J. Mar. Sci, vol.74, pp.2448-2458, 2017.

J. Kolding, S. M. Garcia, S. Zhou, and M. Heino, Balanced harvest: utopia, failure, or a functional strategy?, ICES J. Mar. Sci, vol.73, pp.1616-1622, 2016.

, Références bibliographiques

J. A. Koslow, G. W. Boehlert, J. D. Gordon, R. L. Haedrich, P. Lorance et al., Continental slope and deep-sea fisheries: implications for a fragile ecosystem, ICES J. Mar. Sci, vol.57, pp.548-557, 2000.

D. A. Kroodsma, J. Mayorga, T. Hochberg, N. A. Miller, K. Boerder et al., Tracking the global footprint of fisheries, Science, vol.359, pp.904-908, 2018.

N. H. Kumagai, J. G. Molinos, H. Yamano, S. Takao, M. Fujii et al., Ocean currents and herbivory drive macroalgae-to-coral community shift under climate warming, Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci, 2018.

A. Kuparinen, A. Boit, F. S. Valdovinos, H. Lassaux, and N. D. Martinez, Fishing-induced life-history changes degrade and destabilize harvested ecosystems, Sci. Rep, vol.6, p.22245, 2016.

T. Lacoue-labarthe, P. A. Nunes, P. Ziveri, M. Cinar, F. Gazeau et al., Impacts of ocean acidification in a warming Mediterranean Sea: An overview, Reg. Stud. Mar. Sci, vol.5, pp.1-11, 2016.
URL : https://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/hal-01253944

T. Laevastu and H. A. Larkins, Marine fisheries ecosystems, its simulation and managment. Fish, vol.162, 1981.

V. W. Lam, W. W. Cheung, G. Reygondeau, and U. R. Sumaila, Projected change in global fisheries revenues under climate change, Sci. Rep, vol.6, p.32607, 2016.

L. M. Laureto, M. V. Cianciaruso, and D. S. Samia, Functional diversity: an overview of its history and applicability, Nat. Conserv, vol.13, pp.112-116, 2015.

S. Lavergne, N. Mouquet, W. Thuiller, R. , and O. , Biodiversity and climate change: integrating evolutionary and ecological responses of species and communities, Annu. Rev. Ecol. Evol. Syst, vol.41, pp.321-350, 2010.

R. Law, Fishing, selection, and phenotypic evolution, ICES J. Mar. Sci, vol.57, pp.659-668, 2000.

R. Law, J. Kolding, and M. J. Plank, Squaring the circle: reconciling fishing and conservation of aquatic ecosystems, Fish Fish, vol.16, pp.160-174, 2015.

R. Law, M. J. Plank, and J. Kolding, Balanced exploitation and coexistence of interacting, sizestructured, fish species, Fish Fish, vol.17, pp.281-302, 2016.

P. Lazzari, G. Mattia, C. Solidoro, S. Salon, A. Crise et al., The impacts of climate change and environmental management policies on the trophic regimes in the Mediterranean Sea: Scenario analyses, J. Mar. Syst, vol.135, pp.137-149, 2014.

L. Quéré, C. Andrew, R. M. Friedlingstein, P. Sitch, S. Pongratz et al., Global Carbon Budget, Earth Syst. Sci. Data, vol.10, pp.405-448, 2017.

W. Le-quesne, M. Brown, J. De-oliveira, J. Casey, and C. Brien, Data-deficient fisheries in EU waters. Directorate-General for internal policies. Policy department B: Structural ad cohesion policies, p.74, 2013.

P. Leadley, H. M. Pereira, R. Alkemade, . Fernandez-manjarrés, V. Proença et al., Biodiversity Scenarios: Projections of 21st century change in biodiversity and associated ecosystem services, Secretariat of the Convention on Biological Diversity, Montreal. Technical Series, vol.132, issue.50, 2010.

R. E. Leakey and R. Lewin, The sixth extinction: patterns of life and the future of humankind, 1996.

S. Lefevre, D. J. Mckenzie, and G. E. Nilsson, In modelling effects of global warming, invalid assumptions lead to unrealistic projections, Glob. Change Biol, vol.24, pp.553-556, 2018.
URL : https://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/hal-01826730

S. Lehuta, R. Girardin, S. Mahévas, M. Travers-trolet, and Y. Vermard, Reconciling complex system models and fisheries advice: Practical examples and leads, Aquat. Living Resour, vol.29, p.208, 2016.

S. Lehuta, S. Mahévas, P. Petitgas, and D. Pelletier, Combining sensitivity and uncertainty analysis to evaluate the impact of management measures with ISIS-Fish: marine protected areas for the Bay of Biscay anchovy (Engraulis encrasicolus) fishery, ICES J. Mar. Sci, vol.67, pp.1063-1075, 2010.

C. Lejeusne, P. Chevaldonné, C. Pergent-martini, C. F. Boudouresque, and T. Pérez, Climate change effects on a miniature ocean: the highly diverse, highly impacted Mediterranean Sea, Trends Ecol. Evol, vol.25, pp.250-260, 2010.
URL : https://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/hal-00618668

K. Leleu, D. Pelletier, E. Charbonnel, Y. Letourneur, F. Alban et al., Métiers, effort and catches of a Mediterranean small-scale coastal fishery: The case of the Côte Bleue Marine Park, Fish. Res, vol.154, pp.93-101, 2014.

P. Lepom, B. Brown, G. Hanke, R. Loos, P. Quevauviller et al., Needs for reliable analytical methods for monitoring chemical pollutants in surface water under the European Water Framework Directive, J. Chromatogr. A, vol.1216, pp.302-315, 2009.

S. Libralato, A. Caccin, and F. Pranovi, Modeling species invasions using thermal and trophic niche dynamics under climate change. Front, Mar. Sci, vol.2, 2015.

S. Libralato and C. Solidoro, Bridging biogeochemical and food web models for an End-to-End representation of marine ecosystem dynamics: The Venice lagoon case study, Ecol. Model, vol.220, pp.2960-2971, 2009.

P. Licandro, D. V. Conway, M. D. Yahia, M. F. De-puelles, S. Gasparini et al., A blooming jellyfish in the northeast Atlantic and Mediterranean, Biol. Lett, 2010.

A. Ligas, P. Sartor, and F. Colloca, Trends in population dynamics and fishery of Parapenaeus longirostris and Nephrops norvegicus in the Tyrrhenian Sea (NW Mediterranean): the relative environmental variables, Mar. Ecol, vol.32, pp.25-35, 2011.

C. Linares, R. Coma, D. Diaz, M. Zabala, B. Hereu et al., Immediate and delayed effects of a mass mortality event on gorgonian population dynamics and benthic community structure in the NW Mediterranean Sea, Mar. Ecol. Prog. Ser, vol.305, pp.127-137, 2005.

R. L. Lindeman, The Trophic-Dynamic Aspect of Ecology, Ecology, vol.23, pp.399-417, 1942.

J. S. Link, Ecosystem-based fisheries management: confronting tradeoffs. Cambridge, 2010.

J. S. Link and H. I. Browman, Integrating what? Levels of marine ecosystem-based assessment and management, ICES J. Mar. Sci, vol.71, pp.1170-1173, 2014.

J. S. Link, J. A. Nye, and J. A. Hare, Guidelines for incorporating fish distribution shifts into a fisheries management context, Fish Fish, vol.12, pp.461-469, 2011.

C. Liquete, C. Piroddi, D. Macías, J. Druon, and G. Zulian, Ecosystem services sustainability in the Mediterranean Sea: assessment of status and trends using multiple modelling approaches, Sci. Rep, vol.6, 2016.

J. Lleonart and F. Maynou, Fish stock assessments in the Mediterranean: state of the art, Sci. Mar, vol.67, pp.37-49, 2003.

J. Lloret, J. Lleonart, I. Solé, and J. Fromentin, Fluctuations of landings and environmental conditions in the north-western Mediterranean Sea, Fish. Oceanogr, vol.10, pp.33-50, 2001.

J. Lloret, I. Palomera, J. Salat, and I. Sole, Impact of freshwater input and wind on landings of anchovy (Engraulis encrasicolus) and sardine (Sardina pilchardus) in shelf waters surrounding the Ebre (Ebro) River delta (north-western Mediterranean), Fish. Oceanogr, vol.13, pp.102-110, 2004.

H. K. Lotze, M. Coll, and J. A. Dunne, Historical Changes in Marine Resources, Food-web Structure and Ecosystem Functioning in the Adriatic Sea, Mediterranean. Ecosystems, vol.14, pp.198-222, 2011.

H. K. Lotze, H. S. Lenihan, B. J. Bourque, R. H. Bradbury, R. G. Cooke et al., Depletion, Degradation, and Recovery Potential of Estuaries and Coastal Seas, Science, vol.312, pp.1806-1809, 2006.

H. K. Lotze, D. P. Tittensor, A. Bryndum-buchholz, T. D. Eddy, W. W. Cheung et al., Ensemble projections of global ocean animal biomass with climate change. bioRxiv, p.467175, 2018.

H. K. Lotze and B. Worm, Historical baselines for large marine animals, Trends Ecol. Evol, vol.24, pp.254-262, 2009.

, Références bibliographiques, p.205

W. Ludwig, A. F. Bouwman, E. Dumont, and F. Lespinas, Water and nutrient fluxes from major Mediterranean and Black Sea rivers: Past and future trends and their implications for the basinscale budgets, Geochem. Geophys. Geosystems, vol.24, 2010.

C. P. Lynam, M. Llope, C. Möllmann, P. Helaouët, G. A. Bayliss-brown et al., Interaction between top-down and bottom-up control in marine food webs, Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci, 2017.

A. D. Maccall, Dynamic geography of marine fish populations, 1990.

D. Macias, E. Garcia-gorriz, C. Piroddi, and A. Stips, Biogeochemical control of marine productivity in the Mediterranean Sea during the last 50 years, Glob. Biogeochem. Cycles, vol.28, pp.897-907, 2014.

D. M. Macias, E. Garcia-gorriz, and A. Stips, Productivity changes in the Mediterranean Sea for the twenty-first century in response to changes in the regional atmospheric forcing. Front, Mar. Sci, vol.2, 2015.

E. Macpherson, Ontogenetic shifts in habitat use and aggregation in juvenile sparid fishes, J. Exp. Mar. Biol. Ecol, vol.220, pp.127-150, 1998.

E. Macpherson and C. M. Duarte, Bathymetric trends in demersal fish size: is there a general relationship?, Mar. Ecol. Prog. Ser, vol.71, pp.103-112, 1991.

S. Mahévas and D. Pelletier, ISIS-Fish, a generic and spatially explicit simulation tool for evaluating the impact of management measures on fisheries dynamics, Ecol. Model, vol.171, pp.65-84, 2004.

B. Manca, M. Burca, A. Giorgetti, C. Coatanoan, M. Garcia et al., Physical and biochemical averaged vertical profiles in the Mediterranean regions: an important tool to trace the climatology of water masses and to validate incoming data from operational oceanography, J. Mar. Syst, vol.48, pp.83-116, 2004.

A. M. Mannino, P. Balistreri, and A. Deidun, The Marine Biodiversity of the Mediterranean Sea in a Changing Climate: The Impact of, Biological Invasions. Mediterranean Identities. Mediterr. Identities -Environ. Soc. Cult, pp.101-127, 2017.

C. D. Maravelias, M. Pantazi, and F. Maynou, Fisheries management scenarios: trade-offs between economic and biological objectives, Fish. Manag. Ecol, vol.21, pp.186-195, 2014.

N. Marbà, E. Díaz-almela, and C. M. Duarte, Mediterranean seagrass (Posidonia oceanica) loss between 1842 and, Biol. Conserv, vol.176, pp.183-190, 2009.

N. Marbà and C. M. Duarte, Mediterranean warming triggers seagrass (Posidonia oceanica) shoot mortality, Glob. Change Biol, vol.16, pp.2366-2375, 2010.

, Références bibliographiques

N. Marbà, G. Jorda, S. Agusti, C. Girard, and C. M. Duarte, Footprints of climate change on Mediterranean Sea biota. Front, Mar. Sci, vol.2, 2015.

P. Martín, A. Sabatés, J. Lloret, and J. Martin-vide, Climate modulation of fish populations: the role of the Western Mediterranean Oscillation (WeMO) in sardine (Sardina pilchardus) and anchovy (Engraulis encrasicolus) production in the north-western Mediterranean, Clim. Change, vol.110, pp.925-939, 2012.

L. Marty, U. Dieckmann, and B. Ernande, Fisheries-induced neutral and adaptive evolution in exploited fish populations and consequences for their adaptive potential, Evol. Appl, vol.8, pp.47-63, 2015.

M. P. Marzloff, E. C. Oliver, N. S. Barrett, N. J. Holbrook, L. James et al., Differential vulnerability to climate change yields novel deep-reef communities, Nat. Clim. Change, vol.1, 2018.

M. Marzloff, Y. Shin, J. Tam, M. Travers, and A. Bertrand, Trophic structure of the Peruvian marine ecosystem in 2000-2006: Insights on the effects of management scenarios for the hake fishery using the IBM trophic model Osmose, J. Mar. Syst, vol.75, pp.290-304, 2009.

F. Maynou, Coviability analysis of Western Mediterranean fisheries under MSY scenarios for 2020, ICES J. Mar. Sci, vol.71, pp.1563-1571, 2014.

F. Maynou, L. Recasens, and A. Lombarte, Fishing tactics dynamics of a Mediterranean small-scale coastal fishery, Aquat. Living Resour, vol.24, pp.149-159, 2011.

N. Mayot, F. D'ortenzio, M. Ribera-d'alcalà, H. Lavigne, C. et al., Interannual variability of the Mediterranean trophic regimes from ocean color satellites, Biogeosciences, vol.13, pp.1901-1917, 2016.
URL : https://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/hal-01341963

S. K. Mazumder, M. De, A. G. Mazlan, C. C. Zaidi, S. M. Rahim et al., Impact of global climate change on fish growth, digestion and physiological status: developing a hypothesis for cause and effect relationships, J. Water Clim. Change, vol.6, pp.200-226, 2015.

D. J. Mccauley, M. L. Pinsky, S. R. Palumbi, J. A. Estes, F. H. Joyce et al., Marine defaunation: Animal loss in the global ocean, Science, vol.347, p.1255641, 2015.

M. J. Mclean, D. Mouillot, N. Goascoz, I. Schlaich, and A. Auber, Functional reorganization of marine fish nurseries under climate warming, Glob. Change Biol, vol.25, pp.660-674, 2019.

M. Mclean, D. Mouillot, and A. Auber, Ecological and life history traits explain a climate-induced shift in a temperate marine fish community, Mar. Ecol. Prog. Ser, vol.606, pp.175-186, 2018.
URL : https://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/hal-01994183

E. Mcleod, R. Salm, A. Green, A. , and J. , Designing marine protected area networks to address the impacts of climate change, Front. Ecol. Environ, vol.7, pp.362-370, 2009.

R. Mcmahon, M. Stauffacher, and R. Knutti, The unseen uncertainties in climate change: reviewing comprehension of an IPCC scenario graph, Clim. Change, vol.133, pp.141-154, 2015.

C. F. Mcsweeney, R. G. Jones, R. W. Lee, and D. P. Rowell, Selecting CMIP5 GCMs for downscaling over multiple regions, Clim. Dyn, vol.44, pp.3237-3260, 2015.

P. Merella, P. Oliver, F. Alemany, and E. Massuti, Approach to a multispecies VPA considering hake-anchovy trophic interactions in the north-western Mediterranean, Cahiers Options Mediterraneennes (CIHEAM) (CIHEAM-IAMZ). Available at, 1998.

G. Merino, M. Barange, J. L. Blanchard, J. Harle, R. Holmes et al., Can marine fisheries and aquaculture meet fish demand from a growing human population in a changing climate?, Glob. Environ. Change, vol.22, pp.795-806, 2012.

E. T. Methratta and J. S. Link, Ontogenetic variation in habitat associations for four flatfish species in the Gulf of Maine-Georges Bank region, J. Fish Biol, vol.70, pp.1669-1688, 2007.

F. Micheli, B. S. Halpern, S. Walbridge, S. Ciriaco, F. Ferretti et al., Cumulative Human Impacts on Mediterranean and Black Sea Marine Ecosystems: Assessing Current Pressures and Opportunities, PLOS ONE, vol.8, 2013.

F. Micheli, N. Levin, S. Giakoumi, S. Katsanevakis, A. Abdulla et al., Setting Priorities for Regional Conservation Planning in the Mediterranean Sea, PLOS ONE, vol.8, 2013.

F. Micheli, A. Saenz-arroyo, A. Greenley, L. Vazquez, J. A. Montes et al., Evidence that marine reserves enhance resilience to climatic impacts, PloS One, vol.7, p.40832, 2012.

, Ecosystems and human well-being: synthesis, 2005.

D. D. Miller, Y. Ota, U. R. Sumaila, A. M. Cisneros-montemayor, and W. W. Cheung, Adaptation strategies to climate change in marine systems, Glob. Change Biol, vol.24, pp.1-14, 2018.

K. Mills, A. Pershing, C. Brown, Y. Chen, F. Chiang et al., Fisheries Management in a Changing Climate: Lessons From the 2012 Ocean Heat Wave in the Northwest Atlantic, Oceanography, vol.26, pp.191-195, 2013.

E. D. Minin, T. M. Brooks, T. Toivonen, S. H. Butchart, V. Heikinheimo et al., Identifying global centers of unsustainable commercial harvesting of species, Sci. Adv, vol.5, 2019.

L. Modica, F. Velasco, I. Preciado, M. Soto, and S. P. Greenstreet, Development of the large fish indicator and associated target for a Northeast Atlantic fish community, ICES J. Mar. Sci, vol.71, pp.2403-2415, 2014.

J. C. Molinero, F. Ibanez, P. Nival, E. Buecher, and S. Souissi, North Atlantic climate and northwestern Mediterranean plankton variability, Limnol. Oceanogr, vol.50, pp.1213-1220, 2005.

J. L. Molnar, R. L. Gamboa, C. Revenga, and M. D. Spalding, Assessing the global threat of invasive species to marine biodiversity, Front. Ecol. Environ, vol.6, pp.485-492, 2008.

H. A. Mooney, The ecosystem-service chain and the biological diversity crisis, Philos. Trans. R. Soc. B Biol. Sci, vol.365, pp.31-39, 2010.

C. Mora, R. Metzger, A. Rollo, and R. A. Myers, Experimental simulations about the effects of overexploitation and habitat fragmentation on populations facing environmental warming, Proc. R. Soc. B Biol. Sci, vol.274, pp.1023-1028, 2007.

A. Morales and E. Roselló, Fishing down the food web in Iberian prehistory? A new look at the fishes from Cueva de Nerja, 2004.

A. Ressour and . Util, XXIVe Rencontres Int. D'archéologie D'histoire D'Antibes Antibes Éditions APDCA, pp.111-123

X. A. Morán, Á. López-urrutia, A. Calvo-díaz, and W. K. Li, Increasing importance of small phytoplankton in a warmer ocean, Glob. Change Biol, vol.16, pp.1137-1144, 2010.

T. Morato, R. Watson, T. J. Pitcher, P. , and D. , Fishing down the deep, Fish Fish, vol.7, pp.24-34, 2006.

E. Morote, M. P. Olivar, F. Villate, and I. Uriarte, A comparison of anchovy (Engraulis encrasicolus) and sardine (Sardina pilchardus) larvae feeding in the Northwest Mediterranean: influence of prey availability and ontogeny, ICES J. Mar. Sci, vol.67, pp.897-908, 2010.

R. H. Moss, J. A. Edmonds, K. A. Hibbard, M. R. Manning, S. K. Rose et al., The next generation of scenarios for climate change research and assessment, Nature, vol.463, pp.747-756, 2010.

D. Mouillot, C. Albouy, F. Guilhaumon, F. Ben-rais-lasram, M. Coll et al., Protected and Threatened Components of Fish Biodiversity in the Mediterranean Sea, Curr. Biol, vol.21, 2011.

F. Moullec, F. Ben-rais-lasram, M. Coll, F. Guilhaumon, G. Halouani et al., Climate change impacts on marine resources: from individual to ecosystem responses, The Mediterranean region under climate change-a scientific update, 2016.

/. Allenvi and . Editions,

F. Moullec, F. Benedetti, C. Saraux, E. Van-beveren, and Y. Shin, Climate change induces bottom-up changes in the food webs of the Mediterranean Sea, 2016.

, The Mediterranean region under climate change -A scientific update, pp.219-228

, Références bibliographiques, p.209

F. Moullec, D. Gascuel, K. Bentorcha, S. Guénette, R. et al., Trophic models: What do we learn about Celtic Sea and Bay of Biscay ecosystems?, J. Mar. Syst, vol.172, pp.104-117, 2017.
URL : https://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/hal-01561006

F. Moullec, L. Velez, P. Verley, N. Barrier, C. Ulses et al., Catching the big picture of the Mediterranean Sea biodiversity with an end-to-end model of climate and fishing impacts. bioRxiv, p.593822, 2019.

N. Mouquet, Y. Lagadeuc, V. Devictor, L. L. Doyen, A. Duputié et al., Predictive ecology in a changing world, J. Appl. Ecol, vol.52, pp.1293-1310, 2015.
URL : https://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/hal-01180277

D. K. Moutopoulos and C. Koutsikopoulos, Fishing strange data in national fisheries statistics of Greece, Mar. Policy, vol.48, pp.114-122, 2014.

B. A. Muhling, S. Lee, J. T. Lamkin, and Y. Liu, Predicting the effects of climate change on bluefin tuna (Thunnus thynnus) spawning habitat in the Gulf of Mexico, ICES J. Mar. Sci, vol.68, pp.1051-1062, 2011.

N. Myers, R. A. Mittermeier, C. G. Mittermeier, G. A. Fonseca, K. Da et al., Biodiversity hotspots for conservation priorities, Nature, vol.403, p.853, 2000.

R. A. Myers and B. Worm, Rapid worldwide depletion of predatory fish communities, Nature, vol.423, p.280, 2003.

P. Nabat, S. Somot, M. Mallet, M. Michou, F. Sevault et al., Dust aerosol radiative effects during summer 2012 simulated with a coupled regional aerosol-atmosphere-ocean model over the Mediterranean, Atmospheric Chem. Phys, vol.15, pp.3303-3326, 2015.

S. Naeem, J. E. Duffy, and E. Zavaleta, The functions of biological diversity in an age of extinction, Science, vol.336, pp.1401-1406, 2012.

, Dynamic changes in marine ecosystems: fishing, food webs, and future options, 2006.

E. Nicholson, E. A. Fulton, T. M. Brooks, R. Blanchard, P. Leadley et al., Scenarios and Models to Support Global Conservation Targets, Trends Ecol. Evol, vol.34, pp.57-68, 2019.

M. D. Nicholson, J. , and S. , Testing candidate indicators to support ecosystem-based management: the power of monitoring surveys to detect temporal trends in fish community metrics, ICES J. Mar. Sci, vol.61, pp.35-42, 2004.

S. W. Nixon, Coastal marine eutrophication: a definition, social causes, and future concerns, Ophelia, vol.41, pp.199-219, 1995.

A. Occhipinti-ambrogi, Global change and marine communities: Alien species and climate change, Mar. Pollut. Bull, vol.55, pp.342-352, 2007.

E. P. Odum, The Strategy of Ecosystem Development, Science, vol.164, pp.262-270, 1969.

M. D. Ohman and H. Hirche, Density-dependent mortality in an oceanic copepod population, Nature, vol.412, p.638, 2001.

P. Oliver, F. Alemany, E. Massuti, and P. Merella, The role of top-predators in resource removal and their interactions with human exploitation. Effects of top-predators on prey species of fisheries interest : The case of hake (Merluccius merluccius) and anchovy (Engraulis encrasicolus) in the Effects of top-predators on prey species of fisheries interest : The case of hake (Merluccius merluccius) and anchovy, 1998.

O. Ramos and R. , End-to-end modelling for an ecosystem approach to fisheries in the Northern Humboldt Current Ecosystem. Inst. MAR PERU -IMARPE, 2014.

R. Oliveros-ramos and Y. Shin, Calibrar: an R package for fitting complex ecological models. ArXiv160303141 Math Q-Bio Stat, 2016.

R. Oliveros-ramos, P. Verley, V. Echevin, and Y. Shin, A sequential approach to calibrate ecosystem models with multiple time series data, Prog. Oceanogr, vol.151, pp.227-244, 2017.
URL : https://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/hal-01630554

E. M. Olsen, M. Heino, G. R. Lilly, M. J. Morgan, J. Brattey et al., Maturation trends indicative of rapid evolution preceded the collapse of northern cod, Nature, vol.428, pp.932-935, 2004.

K. Ortega-cisneros, K. Cochrane, and E. A. Fulton, An Atlantis model of the southern Benguela upwelling system: Validation, sensitivity analysis and insights into ecosystem functioning, Ecol. Model, vol.355, pp.49-63, 2017.

M. Otero, E. Cebrian, P. Francour, B. Galil, and D. Savini, Monitoring marine invasive species in Mediterranean marine protected areas (MPAs): a strategy and practical guide for managers, IUCN. 136 pages, vol.136, 2013.

G. Ottersen, D. Ø. Hjermann, and N. C. Stenseth, Changes in spawning stock structure strengthen the link between climate and recruitment in a heavily fished cod (Gadus morhua) stock, Fish. Oceanogr, vol.15, pp.230-243, 2006.

B. Owens, Long-term research: Slow science, Nat. News, vol.495, p.300, 2013.

A. Pais, P. Merella, M. C. Follesa, and G. Garippa, Westward range expansion of the Lessepsian migrant Fistularia commersonii (Fistulariidae) in the Mediterranean Sea, with notes on its parasites, J. Fish Biol, vol.70, pp.269-277, 2007.

M. L. Palomares, P. , and D. , Predicting food consumption of fish populations as functions of mortality, food type, morphometrics, temperature and salinity, Mar. Freshw. Res, vol.49, pp.447-453, 1998.

I. Palomera, M. P. Olivar, J. Salat, A. Sabatés, M. Coll et al., Small pelagic fish in the NW Mediterranean Sea: An ecological review, Prog. Oceanogr, vol.74, pp.377-396, 2007.

G. Panthou, M. Vrac, P. Drobinski, S. Bastin, L. et al., Impact of model resolution and Mediterranean sea coupling on hydrometeorological extremes in RCMs in the frame of HyMeX and MED-CORDEX, Clim. Dyn, vol.51, pp.915-932, 2018.
URL : https://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/insu-01378375

S. Paradis, P. Puig, P. Masqué, X. Juan-díaz, J. Martín et al., Bottom-trawling along submarine canyons impacts deep sedimentary regimes, Sci. Rep, vol.7, p.43332, 2017.

C. Parmesan, M. T. Burrows, C. M. Duarte, E. S. Poloczanska, A. J. Richardson et al., Beyond climate change attribution in conservation and ecological research, Ecol. Lett, vol.16, pp.58-71, 2013.

C. Parmesan, C. Duarte, E. Poloczanska, A. J. Richardson, and M. C. Singer, Overstretching attribution, Nat. Clim. Change, vol.1, 2011.

C. Parmesan and G. Yohe, A globally coherent fingerprint of climate change impacts across natural systems, Nature, vol.421, pp.37-42, 2003.

V. Parravicini, E. Azzurro, M. Kulbicki, and J. Belmaker, Niche shift can impair the ability to predict invasion risk in the marine realm: an illustration using Mediterranean fish invaders, Ecol. Lett, vol.18, pp.246-253, 2015.
URL : https://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/hal-01136126

F. Pastor, J. A. Valiente, and J. L. Palau, Sea Surface Temperature in the Mediterranean: Trends and Spatial Patterns, vol.175, pp.4017-4029, 1982.

W. S. Patrick and J. S. Link, Myths that Continue to Impede Progress in Ecosystem-Based Fisheries Management, Fisheries, vol.40, pp.155-160, 2015.

K. Patterson, Fisheries for small pelagic species: an empirical approach to management targets, Rev. Fish Biol. Fish, vol.2, pp.321-338, 1992.

D. Pauly, On the interrelationships between natural mortality, growth parameters, and mean environmental temperature in 175 fish stocks, ICES J. Mar. Sci, vol.39, pp.175-192, 1980.

D. Pauly, Anecdotes and the shifting baseline syndrome of fisheries, Trends Ecol. Evol, vol.10, p.430, 1995.

D. Pauly, Gasping Fish and Panting Squids: Oxygen, Temperature and the Growth of Water Breathing Animals, 2010.

D. Pauly, J. Alder, E. Bennett, V. Christensen, P. Tyedmers et al., The Future for, Références bibliographiques, vol.302, pp.1359-1361, 2003.

D. Pauly, V. Christensen, J. Dalsgaard, R. Froese, and F. Torres, Fishing Down Marine Food Webs, Science, vol.279, pp.860-863, 1998.

D. Pauly, V. Christensen, S. Guénette, T. J. Pitcher, U. R. Sumaila et al., Towards sustainability in world fisheries, Nature, vol.418, p.689, 2002.

D. Pauly, A. Ulman, C. Piroddi, E. Bultel, and M. Coll, Reported' versus 'likely' fisheries catches of four Mediterranean countries, Sci. Mar, vol.78, pp.11-17, 2014.

D. Pauly and R. Watson, Background and interpretation of the "Marine Trophic Index" as a measure of biodiversity, Philos. Trans. R. Soc. Lond. B. Biol. Sci, vol.360, pp.415-423, 2005.

D. Pauly and D. Zeller, Catch reconstructions reveal that global marine fisheries catches are higher than reported and declining, Nat. Commun, vol.7, p.10244, 2016.

M. R. Payne, M. Barange, W. W. Cheung, B. R. Mackenzie, H. P. Batchelder et al., Uncertainties in projecting climate-change impacts in marine ecosystems, ICES J. Mar. Sci, vol.73, pp.1272-1282, 2016.

M. A. Peck, C. Arvanitidis, M. Butenschön, D. M. Canu, E. Chatzinikolaou et al., Projecting changes in the distribution and productivity of living marine resources: A critical review of the suite of modelling approaches used in the large European project VECTORS, Estuar. Coast. Shelf Sci, vol.201, pp.40-55, 2018.
URL : https://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/hal-01558425

G. T. Pecl, M. B. Araújo, J. D. Bell, J. Blanchard, T. C. Bonebrake et al., Biodiversity redistribution under climate change: Impacts on ecosystems and human well-being, Science, vol.355, p.9214, 2017.

J. J. Pella and P. K. Tomlinson, A generalized stock production model. Inter-Am, Trop. Tuna Comm. Bull, vol.13, pp.416-497, 1969.

L. Pellissier, R. P. Rohr, C. Ndiribe, J. Pradervand, N. Salamin et al., Combining food web and species distribution models for improved community projections, Ecol. Evol, vol.3, pp.4572-4583, 2013.

P. Pepin, P. , and R. , Feeding by a larval fish community: impact on zooplankton, Mar. Ecol. Prog. Ser, vol.204, pp.199-212, 2000.

H. M. Pereira, P. W. Leadley, V. Proença, R. Alkemade, J. P. Scharlemann et al., Scenarios for Global Biodiversity in the 21st Century, Science, vol.330, pp.1496-1501, 2010.

P. Peristeraki, G. Tserpes, and E. Lefkaditou, What cephalopod remains from Xiphias gladius stomachs can imply about predator-prey interactions in the Mediterranean Sea?, J. Fish Biol, vol.67, pp.549-554, 2005.

A. L. Perry, P. J. Low, J. R. Ellis, and J. D. Reynolds, Climate Change and Distribution Shifts in Marine Fishes, Science, vol.308, pp.1912-1915, 2005.

R. I. Perry, P. Cury, K. Brander, S. Jennings, C. Möllmann et al., Sensitivity of marine systems to climate and fishing: Concepts, issues and management responses, J. Mar. Syst, vol.79, pp.427-435, 2010.

A. J. Pershing, M. A. Alexander, C. M. Hernandez, L. A. Kerr, A. L. Bris et al., Slow adaptation in the face of rapid warming leads to collapse of the Gulf of Maine cod fishery, Science, vol.350, pp.809-812, 2015.

E. K. Pikitch, C. Santora, E. A. Babcock, A. Bakun, R. Bonfil et al., Ecosystem-Based Fishery Management, Science, vol.305, pp.346-347, 2004.

S. L. Pimm, G. J. Russell, J. L. Gittleman, and T. M. Brooks, The Future of Biodiversity, Science, vol.269, pp.347-350, 1995.

J. K. Pinnegar, M. Hufnagl, M. Sinerchia, A. P. Palacz, R. Girardin et al., Holistic framework(s) for assessing multiple drivers. VECTORS of Change in Oceans and Seas Marine Life, 2014.

C. Piroddi, Ecosystem based management in the Mediterranean Sea: scientific challenges and advances, p.390, 2016.

C. Piroddi, M. Coll, C. Liquete, D. Macias, K. Greer et al., Historical changes of the Mediterranean Sea ecosystem: modelling the role and impact of primary productivity and fisheries changes over time, Sci. Rep, vol.7, p.44491, 2017.
URL : https://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/hal-01927287

C. Piroddi, M. Coll, J. Steenbeek, D. Macias-moy, and V. Christensen, Modelling the Mediterranean marine ecosystem as a whole: addressing the challenge of complexity, Mar. Ecol. Prog. Ser, vol.533, pp.47-65, 2015.
URL : https://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/hal-01920631

C. Piroddi, B. Giovanni, and C. Villy, Effects of local fisheries and ocean productivity on the northeastern Ionian Sea ecosystem, Ecol. Model, vol.221, pp.1526-1544, 2010.

C. Piroddi, H. Teixeira, C. P. Lynam, C. Smith, M. C. Alvarez et al., Using ecological models to assess ecosystem status in support of the European Marine Strategy Framework Directive, Ecol. Indic, vol.58, pp.175-191, 2015.
URL : https://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/hal-02154205

T. J. Pitcher, D. Kalikoski, K. Short, D. Varkey, and G. Pramod, An evaluation of progress in implementing ecosystem-based management of fisheries in 33 countries, Mar. Policy, vol.33, pp.223-232, 2009.

É. E. Plagányi, Models for an ecosystem approach to fisheries, 2007.

É. E. Plagányi, A. E. Punt, R. Hillary, E. B. Morello, O. Thébaud et al., Multispecies fisheries management and conservation: tactical applications using models of intermediate complexity, Fish Fish, vol.15, pp.1-22, 2014.

B. Planque, J. Fromentin, P. Cury, K. F. Drinkwater, S. Jennings et al., How does fishing alter marine populations and ecosystems sensitivity to climate?, J. Mar. Syst, vol.79, pp.403-417, 2010.

E. S. Poloczanska, M. T. Burrows, C. J. Brown, J. García-molinos, B. S. Halpern et al., Responses of Marine Organisms to Climate Change across Oceans, Front. Mar. Sci, vol.3, 2016.

J. J. Polovina, Model of a coral reef ecosystem, Coral Reefs, vol.3, pp.1-11, 1994.

H. O. Pörtner and A. P. Farrell, Physiology and Climate Change, Science, vol.322, pp.690-692, 2008.

H. O. Pörtner and R. Knust, Climate change affects marine fishes through the oxygen limitation of thermal tolerance, Science, vol.315, pp.95-97, 2007.

H. O. Pörtner and M. A. Peck, Climate change effects on fishes and fisheries: towards a cause-andeffect understanding, J. Fish Biol, vol.77, pp.1745-1779, 2010.

H. Pörtner, Oxygen-and capacity-limitation of thermal tolerance: a matrix for integrating climaterelated stressor effects in marine ecosystems, J. Exp. Biol, vol.213, pp.881-893, 2010.

H. R. Powley, M. D. Krom, and P. V. Cappellen, Understanding the unique biogeochemistry of the Mediterranean Sea: Insights from a coupled phosphorus and nitrogen model, Glob. Biogeochem. Cycles, vol.31, pp.1010-1031, 2017.

A. E. Punt, A. D. Maccall, T. E. Essington, T. B. Francis, F. Hurtado-ferro et al., Exploring the implications of the harvest control rule for Pacific sardine, accounting for predator dynamics: A MICE model, Ecol. Model, vol.337, pp.79-95, 2016.

A. Quetglas, F. Ordines, M. Hidalgo, S. Monserrat, S. Ruiz et al., Synchronous combined effects of fishing and climate within a demersal community, ICES J. Mar. Sci, vol.70, pp.319-328, 2013.

. R-core-team, R: A language and environment for statistical computing. R Foundation for Statistical Computing, 2015.

. R-core-team, R: A language and environment for statistical computing. R Foundation for Statistical Computing, 2018.

S. Ragonese, G. Cannizaro, P. Norrito, J. , and P. , Watch your stock! A warning about the endorsement of the, 2016.

S. Rahmstorf, Ocean circulation and climate during the past 120,000 years, Nature, vol.419, p.207, 2002.

S. Raicevich, P. Battaglia, T. Fortibuoni, T. Romeo, O. Giovanardi et al., Critical Inconsistencies in Early Implementations of the Marine Strategy Framework Directive and Common Fisheries Policy Objectives Hamper Policy Synergies in Fostering the Sustainable Exploitation of Mediterranean Fisheries Resources. Front. Mar, 2017.

C. Raick, E. J. Delhez, K. Soetaert, and M. Grégoire, Study of the seasonal cycle of the biogeochemical processes in the Ligurian Sea using a 1D interdisciplinary model, J. Mar. Syst, vol.55, pp.177-203, 2005.

D. E. Raitsos, G. Beaugrand, D. Georgopoulos, A. Zenetos, A. M. Pancucci-papadopoulou et al., Global climate change amplifies the entry of tropical species into the Eastern Mediterranean Sea, Limnol. Oceanogr, vol.55, pp.1478-1484, 2010.

F. Ramírez, M. Coll, J. Navarro, J. Bustamante, and A. J. Green, Spatial congruence between multiple stressors in the Mediterranean Sea may reduce its resilience to climate impacts, Sci. Rep, vol.8, p.14871, 2018.

, Global Wetland Outlook: State of the World's Wetlands and their Services to People, 2018.

C. Ravier and J. Fromentin, Are the long-term fluctuations in Atlantic bluefin tuna (Thunnus thynnus) population related to environmental changes? Fish, Oceanogr, vol.13, pp.145-160, 2004.

J. Reed, L. Shannon, L. Velez, E. Akoglu, A. Bundy et al., Ecosystem indicatorsaccounting for variability in species' trophic levels, ICES J. Mar. Sci, vol.74, pp.158-169, 2017.

K. Riahi, S. Rao, V. Krey, C. Cho, V. Chirkov et al., RCP 8.5-A scenario of comparatively high greenhouse gas emissions, Clim. Change, vol.109, p.33, 2011.

M. Ribera-d'alcalà, G. Civitarese, F. Conversano, and R. Lavezza, Nutrient ratios and fluxes hint at overlooked processes in the Mediterranean Sea, J. Geophys. Res. Oceans, vol.108, p.8106, 2003.

J. C. Rice and M. Rochet, A framework for selecting a suite of indicators for fisheries management, ICES J. Mar. Sci, vol.62, pp.516-527, 2005.

J. Rice and H. Gislason, Patterns of change in the size spectra of numbers and diversity of the North Sea fish assemblage, as reflected in surveys and models, ICES J. Mar. Sci, vol.53, pp.1214-1225, 1996.

C. Richon, J. Dutay, L. Bopp, B. L. Vu, J. C. Orr et al., Biogeochemical response of the Mediterranean Sea to the transient SRES-A2 climate change scenario, Biogeosciences, vol.16, pp.135-165, 2019.

C. Richon, J. Dutay, F. Dulac, R. Wang, Y. Balkanski et al., Modeling the impacts of atmospheric deposition of nitrogen and desert dust-derived phosphorus on nutrients and biological budgets of the Mediterranean Sea, Références bibliographiques, vol.163, pp.21-39, 2018.
URL : https://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/hal-01834336

A. D. Rijnsdorp, M. A. Peck, G. H. Engelhard, C. Möllmann, and J. K. Pinnegar, Resolving the effect of climate change on fish populations, ICES J. Mar. Sci, vol.66, pp.1570-1583, 2009.

A. D. Rijnsdorp, M. A. Peck, G. H. Engelhard, C. Möllmann, and J. K. Pinnegar, Resolving climate impacts on fish stocks, 2010.

W. J. Ripple, C. Wolf, T. M. Newsome, M. Galetti, M. Alamgir et al., World Scientists' Warning to Humanity: A Second Notice, BioScience, vol.67, pp.1026-1028, 2017.
URL : https://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/hal-01906049

M. Rixen, J. Beckers, S. Levitus, J. Antonov, T. Boyer et al., The Western Mediterranean Deep Water: A proxy for climate change, Geophys. Res. Lett, vol.32, 2005.

C. M. Roberts, Effects of Fishing on the Ecosystem Structure of Coral Reefs, Conserv. Biol, vol.9, pp.988-995, 1995.

C. M. Roberts, Deep impact: the rising toll of fishing in the deep sea, Trends Ecol. Evol, vol.17, pp.242-245, 2002.

C. M. Roberts, B. C. O'leary, D. J. Mccauley, P. M. Cury, C. M. Duarte et al., Marine reserves can mitigate and promote adaptation to climate change, Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U. S. A, vol.114, pp.6167-6175, 2017.
URL : https://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/hal-01927867

S. M. Roberts, Examination of the stomach contents from a Mediterranean sperm whale found south of Crete, Greece. J. Mar. Biol. Assoc. U. K, vol.83, pp.667-670, 2003.

M. Rochet and E. Benoît, Fishing destabilizes the biomass flow in the marine size spectrum, Proc. R. Soc. B Biol. Sci, vol.279, pp.284-292, 2012.

M. Rochet, J. S. Collie, S. Jennings, and S. J. Hall, Does selective fishing conserve community biodiversity? Predictions from a length-based multispecies model, Can. J. Fish. Aquat. Sci, vol.68, pp.469-486, 2011.

G. Roff, C. J. Brown, M. A. Priest, and P. J. Mumby, Decline of coastal apex shark populations over the past half century, Commun. Biol, vol.1, p.223, 2018.

J. Rogelj, M. Meinshausen, and R. Knutti, Global warming under old and new scenarios using IPCC climate sensitivity range estimates, Nat. Clim. Change, vol.2, pp.248-253, 2012.

J. Romero, B. Martínez-crego, T. Alcoverro, and M. Pérez, A multivariate index based on the seagrass Posidonia oceanica (POMI) to assess ecological status of coastal waters under the water framework directive (WFD), Mar. Pollut. Bull, vol.55, pp.196-204, 2007.

K. A. Rose, A. , and J. I. , Modeling marine ecosystem responses to global climate change: Where are we now and where should we be going?, Ecol. Model, vol.264, pp.1-6, 2013.

K. A. Rose, J. I. Allen, Y. Artioli, M. Barange, J. Blackford et al., End-To-End Models for the Analysis of Marine Ecosystems: Challenges, Issues, and Next Steps, Mar. Coast. Fish, vol.2, 2010.
URL : https://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/hal-02008230

P. M. Ruti, S. Somot, F. Giorgi, C. Dubois, E. Flaounas et al., Med-CORDEX Initiative for Mediterranean Climate Studies, Bull. Am. Meteorol. Soc, vol.97, pp.1187-1208, 2015.
URL : https://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/insu-01241426

A. Sabatés, P. Martín, J. Lloret, and V. Raya, Sea warming and fish distribution: the case of the small pelagic fish, Sardinella aurita, in the western Mediterranean, Glob. Change Biol, vol.12, pp.2209-2219, 2006.

O. E. Sala, F. S. Chapin, . Iii, J. J. Armesto, E. Berlow et al., Global Biodiversity Scenarios for the Year 2100, Science, vol.287, pp.1770-1774, 2000.

C. Salen-picard, A. M. Darnaude, D. Arlhac, and M. L. Harmelin-vivien, Fluctuations of macrobenthic populations: a link between climate-driven river run-off and sole fishery yields in the Gulf of Lions, Oecologia, vol.133, pp.380-388, 2002.

P. Sánchez-jerez, R. Esplá, and A. A. , Detection of environmental impacts by bottom trawling on Posidonia oceanica (L.) Delile meadows: sensitivity of fish and macroinvertebrate communities, J. Aquat. Ecosyst. Health, vol.5, pp.239-253, 1996.

B. D. Santer, S. Po-chedley, M. D. Zelinka, I. Cvijanovic, C. Bonfils et al., Human influence on the seasonal cycle of tropospheric temperature, Science, vol.361, p.8806, 2018.

G. Sara, C. N. Bianchi, and C. Morri, Mating behaviour of the newly-established ornate wrasse Thalassoma pavo (Osteichthyes: Labridae) in the Ligurian Sea (north-western Mediterranean), J. Mar. Biol. Assoc. U. K, vol.85, pp.191-196, 2005.

J. L. Sarmiento, T. M. Hughes, R. J. Stouffer, and S. Manabe, Simulated response of the ocean carbon cycle to anthropogenic climate warming, Nature, vol.393, p.245, 1998.

M. Sbrana, W. Zupa, A. Ligas, F. Capezzuto, A. Chatzispyrou et al., Spatialtemporal abundance pattern of deep-water rose shrimp, Parapenaeus longirostris, and Norway lobster, Nephrops norvegicus, European Mediterranean waters. Sci

M. B. Schaefer, Some aspects of the dynamics of populations important to the management of the commercial marine fisheries. Inter-Am, Trop. Tuna Comm. Bull, vol.1, pp.23-56, 1954.

M. Scheffer, S. Carpenter, J. A. Foley, C. Folke, and B. Walker, Catastrophic shifts in ecosystems, Nature, vol.413, pp.591-596, 2001.
URL : https://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/hal-02195560

M. Scheffer, S. Carpenter, Y. , and B. De, Cascading effects of overfishing marine systems, Références bibliographiques, vol.20, pp.579-581, 2005.

K. Schuckmann, M. D. Palmer, K. E. Trenberth, A. Cazenave, D. Chambers et al., An imperative to monitor Earth's energy imbalance, Nat. Clim. Change, vol.6, pp.138-144, 2016.

O. Schweiger, J. Settele, O. Kudrna, S. Klotz, and I. Kühn, Climate Change Can Cause Spatial Mismatch of Trophically Interacting Species, Ecology, vol.89, pp.3472-3479, 2008.

R. Seidl, To Model or not to Model, That is no Longer the Question for Ecologists, Ecosystems, vol.20, pp.222-228, 2017.

R. L. Selden, R. D. Batt, V. S. Saba, and M. L. Pinsky, Diversity in thermal affinity among key piscivores buffers impacts of ocean warming on predator-prey interactions, Glob. Change Biol, vol.24, pp.117-131, 2018.

E. R. Selig, D. G. Hole, E. H. Allison, K. K. Arkema, M. C. Mckinnon et al., Mapping global human dependence on marine ecosystems, Conserv. Lett, vol.12, p.12617, 2019.

N. Seltenrich, New link in the food chain? Marine plastic pollution and seafood safety, Environ. Health Perspect, vol.123, pp.34-41, 2015.

N. Serpetti, A. R. Baudron, M. T. Burrows, B. L. Payne, P. Helaouët et al., Impact of ocean warming on sustainable fisheries management informs the Ecosystem Approach to Fisheries, Sci. Rep, vol.7, 2017.

S. A. Sethi, T. A. Branch, and R. Watson, Global fishery development patterns are driven by profit but not trophic level, Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci, vol.107, pp.12163-12167, 2010.

F. Sevault, S. Somot, A. Alias, C. Dubois, C. Lebeaupin-brossier et al., A fully coupled Mediterranean regional climate system model: design and evaluation of the ocean component for the 1980-2012 period, Tellus Dyn. Meteorol. Oceanogr, vol.66, p.23967, 2014.

S. Islam, M. Tanaka, and M. , Impacts of pollution on coastal and marine ecosystems including coastal and marine fisheries and approach for management: a review and synthesis, Mar. Pollut. Bull, vol.48, pp.624-649, 2004.

M. Shaltout and A. Omstedt, Recent sea surface temperature trends and future scenarios for the Mediterranean Sea, Oceanologia, vol.56, pp.411-443, 2014.

L. Shannon, M. Coll, A. Bundy, D. Gascuel, J. J. Heymans et al., Trophic level-based indicators to track fishing impacts across marine ecosystems, Mar. Ecol. Prog. Ser, vol.512, pp.115-140, 2014.
URL : https://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/hal-01823084

S. Shephard, A. Rindorf, M. Dickey-collas, N. T. Hintzen, K. Farnsworth et al., Assessing the state of pelagic fish communities within an ecosystem approach and the European Marine Strategy Framework Directive, ICES J. Mar. Sci, vol.71, pp.1572-1585, 2014.

J. A. Sheridan and D. Bickford, Shrinking body size as an ecological response to climate change, Nat. Clim. Change, vol.1, pp.401-406, 2011.

Y. Shin, A. Bundy, L. J. Shannon, J. L. Blanchard, R. Chuenpagdee et al., Global in scope and regionally rich: an IndiSeas workshop helps shape the future of marine ecosystem indicators, Rev. Fish Biol. Fish, vol.22, pp.835-845, 2012.

Y. Shin and P. Cury, Exploring fish community dynamics through size-dependent trophic interactions using a spatialized individual-based model, Aquat. Living Resour, vol.14, pp.1106-1114, 2001.

Y. Shin and P. Cury, Using an individual-based model of fish assemblages to study the response of size spectra to changes in fishing, Can. J. Fish. Aquat. Sci, vol.61, pp.414-431, 2004.

Y. Shin, J. E. Houle, E. Akoglu, J. L. Blanchard, A. Bundy et al., The specificity of marine ecological indicators to fishing in the face of environmental change: A multi-model evaluation, Ecol. Indic, vol.89, pp.317-326, 2018.
URL : https://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/hal-01826663

Y. Shin, M. Rochet, S. Jennings, J. G. Field, and H. Gislason, Using size-based indicators to evaluate the ecosystem effects of fishing, ICES J. Mar. Sci, vol.62, pp.384-396, 2005.

Y. Shin, L. J. Shannon, and P. M. Cury, Simulations of fishing effects on the southern Benguela fish community using an individual-based model: learning from a comparison with ECOSIM, Afr. J. Mar. Sci, vol.26, pp.95-114, 2004.

D. Simberloff, J. Martin, P. Genovesi, V. Maris, D. A. Wardle et al., Impacts of biological invasions: what's what and the way forward, Trends Ecol. Evol, vol.28, pp.58-66, 2013.

D. W. Sims, V. J. Wearmouth, M. J. Genner, A. J. Southward, and S. J. Hawkins, Low-temperaturedriven early spawning migration of a temperate marine fish, J. Anim. Ecol, vol.73, pp.333-341, 2004.

I. Siokou-frangou, U. Christaki, M. G. Mazzocchi, M. Montresor, M. Ribera-d'alcalá et al., Plankton in the open Mediterranean Sea: a review, vol.7, pp.1543-1586, 2010.
URL : https://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/hal-00767891

C. Sivaperuman, A. Velmurugan, A. K. Singh, J. , and I. , Biodiversity and Climate Change Adaptation in Tropical Islands, 2018.

N. Skliris, S. Sofianos, A. Gkanasos, A. Mantziafou, V. Vervatis et al., Decadal scale variability of sea surface temperature in the Mediterranean Sea in relation to atmospheric variability, Ocean Dyn, vol.62, 2012.

D. A. Smale, T. Wernberg, E. C. Oliver, M. Thomsen, B. P. Harvey et al., Marine heatwaves threaten global biodiversity and the provision of ecosystem services, Nat. Clim. Change, vol.9, p.306, 2019.

S. Somot, L. Houpert, F. Sevault, P. Testor, A. Bosse et al., Characterizing, modelling and understanding the climate variability of the deep water formation in the NorthWestern Mediterranean Sea, Clim. Dyn, vol.51, pp.1179-1210, 2018.
URL : https://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/hal-01374058

S. Somot, F. Sevault, and M. Déqué, Transient climate change scenario simulation of the Mediterranean Sea for the twenty-first century using a high-resolution ocean circulation model, Clim. Dyn, vol.27, pp.851-879, 2006.

S. Somot, F. Sevault, M. Déqué, C. , and M. , 21st century climate change scenario for the Mediterranean using a coupled atmosphere-ocean regional climate model, Glob. Planet. Change, vol.63, pp.112-126, 2008.
URL : https://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/hal-00195051

M. D. Spalding and B. E. Brown, Warm-water coral reefs and climate change, Science, vol.350, pp.769-771, 2015.

. Stecf, Multiannual plan for demersal fisheries in the Western Mediterranean (STECF-16-21), 2016.

, Publications Office of the European Union, Luxembourg; EUR 27758 EN

, Reports of the Scientific, Technical and Economic Committee for Fisheries (STECF)-56th Plenary meeting Report (PLEN-17-03). 2017. Publications office of the European union, vol.162, p.pp, 2017.

. Stecf, Scientific, Technical and Economic Committee for Fisheries -Monitoring the performance of the Common Fisheries Policy (STECF-Adhoc-18-01), Publ. Off. Eur. Union, 2018.

J. Steenbeek, M. Coll, L. Gurney, F. Mélin, N. Hoepffner et al., Bridging the gap between ecosystem modeling tools and geographic information systems: Driving a food web model with external spatial-temporal data, Ecol. Model, vol.263, pp.139-151, 2013.

W. Steffen, W. Broadgate, L. Deutsch, O. Gaffney, L. et al., The trajectory of the Anthropocene: The Great Acceleration, Anthr. Rev, vol.2, pp.81-98, 2015.

W. Steffen, Å. Persson, L. Deutsch, J. Zalasiewicz, M. Williams et al., The Anthropocene: From Global Change to Planetary Stewardship, Ambio, vol.40, pp.739-761, 2011.

W. Steffen, J. Rockström, K. Richardson, T. M. Lenton, C. Folke et al., Trajectories of the Earth System in the Anthropocene, Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci, 2018.

M. Steinacher, F. Joos, T. L. Frölicher, L. Bopp, P. Cadule et al., Projected 21st century decrease in marine productivity: a multi-model analysis, Biogeosciences, vol.7, pp.979-1005, 2010.

R. S. Steneck, Apex predators and trophic cascades in large marine ecosystems: Learning from serendipity, Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U. S. A, vol.109, pp.7953-7954, 2012.

N. C. Stenseth, A. Mysterud, G. Ottersen, J. W. Hurrell, K. Chan et al., Ecological Effects of Climate Fluctuations, Science, vol.297, pp.1292-1296, 2002.

. Stergiou, Mediterranean ecosytems, shifting baselines and databases, p.221, 2011.

, Historic changes in Mediterranean and Black Sea marine biodiversity and ecosystems since the Roman period until nowadays. Languages, methodologies and perspectives, Proceedings of the HMAP International Summer School, p.360, 2009.

K. I. Stergiou, FishBase Symposium: fish and more, FishBase Symposium: Fish and More, pp.1-4, 2005.

K. I. Stergiou and V. S. Karpouzi, Feeding habits and trophic levels of Mediterranean fish, Rev. Fish Biol. Fish, vol.11, pp.217-254, 2002.

K. I. Stergiou, A. Machias, S. Somarakis, and A. Kapantagakis, Can we define target species in Mediterranean trawl fisheries?, Fish. Res, vol.59, pp.431-435, 2003.

K. I. Stergiou, S. Somarakis, G. Triantafyllou, K. P. Tsiaras, M. Giannoulaki et al., Trends in productivity and biomass yields in the Mediterranean Sea Large Marine Ecosystem during climate change, Environ. Dev, vol.17, pp.57-74, 2016.

B. Stobart, R. Warwick, C. González, S. Mallol, D. Díaz et al., Long-term and spillover effects of a marine protected area on an exploited fish community, Mar. Ecol. Prog. Ser, vol.384, pp.47-60, 2009.