, Les deux protocoles permettent d'envoyer des bits de données (ou paquets) sur internet. En d'autres termes, ils servent de navettes permettant de transiter des données d'un point A à un point B. La différence principale entre les deux protocoles est que le TCP s'assure que les paquets qu'il envoie arrive à destination et dans le bon ordre alors que l'UDP envoie les paquets en continu sans s'assurer de leurs bonne réception, Transmission Control Protocol) et UDP (User Datagram Protocol)

, Si l'on reprend notre exemple de navettes transitant des données, les points A et B ont alors chacune une adresse IP unique, Cela permet d'identifier qui envoie les données et qui les reçois

. Finalement, On y retrouve des protocoles comme HTTP, IMAP (envoie / réception d'email) ou WebSockets. Dans notre exemple de navettes, cette couche permet de savoir à quel endroit du point A ou B livrer les données. On sait désormais que le protocole WebSocket se trouve dans la couche application du modèle TCP/IP tout comme le protocole HTTP

D. Le-désavantage, un tel mécanisme est que chaque fois que le client envoie des informations au serveur ou souhaite mettre à jour ses données, l'utilisateur est obligé de rafraîchir la page en formulant une nouvelle requête. C'est le principe de la barre d

, Afin de ne pas être obligé de rafraichir la page sans arrêt, il est possible, depuis 2005, de faire appel à la technologie AJAX 14 . Cela permet d'effectuer des requêtes HTTP sans recharger la page. Cependant, l'utilisateur doit demander la mise à jour

, Pour aller plus loin dans le temps réel, il est préférable que l'utilisateur n'est pas à interagir avec le client afin de demander les mises à jour côté serveur. C'est dans ce but bien précis que sont nés les WebSockets en 2011. Une seule communication TCP est établie lors de la 14

A. Figure, 4 -Female Runner 2 -Top chart : Velocity (m/s) VS. Time (s) ; Bottom chart : Acceleration(m/s 2 ) VS. Time (s) -Comparison of the three acceleration intensity instructions : "soft

. .. , Subdivided repartition of the runners in the signature for the whole dataset category by the following seven groups: Men, Women, Less than 3 hours, Greater than or equals to 3 hours, p.97

. .. , Subdivided repartition of the runners in the signature for the strong asymmetry category by the following seven groups: Men, Women, Less than 3 hours, Greater than or equals to 3 hours, p.97

, Personal all time bests for Eliud Kipchoge

, Kendall's ? , number of kilometers under and above average speed and signature (see in text) for each half-marathon of the 2018 marathon world record

, Kendall's ? , number of kilometers under and above average speed and signature for the four segments (10km each) of the 2018 marathon world record

, Distance and Time at exhaustion for each runner and for each acceleration trial intensity: "soft

, Ratios of distances to exhaustion for "soft" vs. "medium" and "medium" vs. "hard" acceleration intensities for each runner

, Ratios of times to exhaustion for "soft" vs. "medium" and "medium" vs. "hard" acceleration intensities for each runner

. .. Forâ, autocorrect ability (?) and human variability (?) estimated for each runner and for each acceleration trial intensity: "soft", "medium" and "hard" and confidence interval (C.I), p.127

, Ratios of estimated acceleration for "soft" vs. "medium" and "medium" vs. "hard" acceleration intensities for each runner

, Results of percentages of measured data found in the 95% confidence interval for acceleration for each trial and each runner

A. , Female Runner 1 -Top chart : Velocity (m/s) VS. Time (s)

. Vs, Time (s) -Comparison of the three acceleration intensity instructions : "soft" (blue curve), "medium" (red curve) and "hard" (yellow curve)

A. , Female Runner 2 -Top chart : Velocity (m/s) VS. Time (s)

. Vs, Time (s) -Comparison of the three acceleration intensity instructions : "soft" (blue curve), "medium" (red curve) and "hard" (yellow curve)

B. , Male Runner 2 -From top to bottom : Soft, Medium and Hard Acceleration Intensities -Measured data VS. Ornstein-Uhlenbeck model, p.185

, Male Runner 3 -From top to bottom : Soft, Medium and Hard Acceleration Intensities -Measured data VS. Ornstein-Uhlenbeck model, p.186

B. , Female Runner 1 -From top to bottom : Soft, Medium and Hard Acceleration Intensities -Measured data VS. Ornstein-Uhlenbeck model, p.186

B. , Female Runner 2 -From top to bottom : Soft, Medium and Hard Acceleration Intensities -Measured data VS. Ornstein-Uhlenbeck model, p.187

C. , Male Runner 2 -Comparison of the three estimated mean accelerations, p.188

, Male Runner 3 -Comparison of the three estimated mean accelerations, p.189

C. , Female Runner 1 -Comparison of the three estimated mean accelerations, p.189

C. , Female Runner 2 -Comparison of the three estimated mean accelerations, p.190

, Liste des Algorithmes 1

.. .. Optimal-partitioning,

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