M. D. Silverstein, J. A. Heit, D. N. Mohr, T. M. Petterson, W. M. O'fallon et al., Trends in the incidence of deep vein thrombosis and pulmonary embolism: a 25-year population-based study, Arch Intern Med, vol.158, issue.6, pp.585-93, 1998.

F. A. Spencer, C. Emery, D. Lessard, F. Anderson, S. Emani et al., The Worcester Venous Thromboembolism study: a population-based study of the clinical epidemiology of venous thromboembolism, J Gen Intern Med, vol.21, issue.7, pp.722-729, 2006.

F. A. Klok, T. Van-der-hulle, P. L. Exter, M. Lankeit, M. V. Huisman et al., The post-PE syndrome: a new concept for chronic complications of pulmonary embolism, Blood Rev, vol.28, issue.6, pp.221-227, 2014.

O. Sanchez, D. Helley, S. Couchon, A. Roux, A. Delaval et al., Perfusion defects after pulmonary embolism: risk factors and clinical significance, J Thromb Haemost JTH, vol.8, issue.6, pp.1248-55, 2010.

P. L. Den-exter, T. Van-der-hulle, M. Lankeit, M. V. Huisman, and F. A. Klok, Long-term clinical course of acute pulmonary embolism, Blood Rev, vol.27, issue.4, pp.185-92, 2013.

F. A. Klok, K. W. Van-kralingen, A. Van-dijk, F. H. Heyning, H. W. Vliegen et al., Quality of life in long-term survivors of acute pulmonary embolism, Chest, vol.138, issue.6, pp.1432-1472, 2010.

V. Pengo, A. Lensing, M. H. Prins, A. Marchiori, B. L. Davidson et al., Incidence of chronic thromboembolic pulmonary hypertension after pulmonary embolism, N Engl J Med, vol.350, issue.22, pp.2257-64, 2004.

L. Guérin, F. Couturaud, F. Parent, M. Revel, F. Gillaizeau et al., Prevalence of chronic thromboembolic pulmonary hypertension after acute pulmonary embolism. Prevalence of CTEPH after pulmonary embolism, Thromb Haemost, vol.112, issue.3, pp.598-605, 2014.

G. Piazza and S. Z. Goldhaber, Chronic thromboembolic pulmonary hypertension

J. Engl and . Med, , vol.364, pp.351-60, 2011.

I. M. Lang and M. Madani, Update on chronic thromboembolic pulmonary hypertension, Circulation, vol.130, issue.6, pp.508-526, 2014.

T. Fernandes, B. Planquette, O. Sanchez, and T. Morris, From Acute to Chronic Thromboembolic Disease, vol.13, pp.207-221, 2016.

N. Meneveau, O. Ider, M. Seronde, R. Chopard, S. Davani et al., Longterm prognostic value of residual pulmonary vascular obstruction at discharge in patients with intermediate-to high-risk pulmonary embolism, Eur Heart J, vol.34, issue.9, pp.693-701, 2013.

D. Lami, A. P. Cellai, E. Antonucci, C. Fiorillo, M. Becatti et al., Residual perfusion defects in patients with pulmonary embolism are related to impaired fibrinolytic capacity, Thromb Res, vol.134, issue.3, pp.737-778, 2014.

T. A. Morris, J. J. Marsh, P. G. Chiles, W. R. Auger, P. F. Fedullo et al., Fibrin derived from patients with chronic thromboembolic pulmonary hypertension is resistant to lysis, Am J Respir Crit Care Med, vol.173, issue.11, pp.1270-1275, 2006.

M. Miniati, C. Fiorillo, M. Becatti, S. Monti, M. Bottai et al., Fibrin resistance to lysis in patients with pulmonary hypertension other than thromboembolic, Am J Respir Crit Care Med, vol.181, issue.9, pp.992-998, 2010.

T. A. Morris, J. J. Marsh, P. G. Chiles, M. M. Magaña, N. Liang et al., High prevalence of dysfibrinogenemia among patients with chronic thromboembolic pulmonary hypertension, Blood, vol.114, issue.9, pp.1929-1965, 2009.

J. J. Marsh, P. G. Chiles, N. Liang, and T. A. Morris, Chronic thromboembolic pulmonary hypertension-associated dysfibrinogenemias exhibit disorganized fibrin structure, Thromb Res, vol.132, issue.6, pp.729-763, 2013.

J. J. Marsh, H. S. Guan, S. Li, P. G. Chiles, D. Tran et al., Structural insights into fibrinogen dynamics using amide hydrogen/deuterium exchange mass spectrometry. Biochemistry (Mosc), vol.52, pp.5491-502, 2013.

M. Okude, A. Yamanaka, Y. Morimoto, and S. Akihama, Sialic acid in fibrinogen: effects of sialic acid on fibrinogen-fibrin conversion by thrombin and properties of asialofibrin clot, Biol Pharm Bull, vol.16, issue.5, pp.448-52, 1993.

T. A. Morris, J. J. Marsh, P. G. Chiles, N. H. Kim, K. J. Noskovack et al., Abnormally sialylated fibrinogen gamma-chains in a patient with chronic thromboembolic pulmonary hypertension, Thromb Res, vol.119, issue.2, pp.257-266, 2007.

T. Zhu, L. Carcaillon, I. Martinez, J. Cambou, X. Kyndt et al., Association of influenza vaccination with reduced risk of venous thromboembolism, Thromb Haemost, vol.102, issue.6, pp.1259-64, 2009.

R. F. Miller, O. Doherty, and M. J. , Pulmonary nuclear medicine, Eur J Nucl Med, vol.19, issue.5, pp.355-68, 1992.

G. Meyer, M. A. Collignon, F. Guinet, A. A. Jeffrey, L. Barritault et al., Comparison of perfusion lung scanning and angiography in the estimation of vascular obstruction in acute pulmonary embolism, Eur J Nucl Med, vol.17, issue.6-8, pp.315-324, 1990.

S. D. Qanadli, E. Hajjam, M. Vieillard-baron, A. Joseph, T. Mesurolle et al.,

, New CT index to quantify arterial obstruction in pulmonary embolism: comparison with angiographic index and echocardiography, AJR Am J Roentgenol, vol.176, issue.6, pp.1415-1435, 2001.

A. Alhadad, M. Miniati, H. Alhadad, A. Gottsäter, M. Bajc et al., The value of tomographic ventilation/perfusion scintigraphy (V/PSPECT) for follow-up and prediction of recurrence in pulmonary embolism, Thromb Haemost, vol.130, issue.6, pp.26-34, 2012.

R. Pesavento, A. Visonà, S. Villalta, G. Vescovo, S. Cuppini et al., Residual pulmonary obstruction and the risk of late complications in patients with pulmonary embolism, Thromb Res, vol.137, pp.228-258, 2016.

R. Menéndez, D. Nauffal, and M. J. Cremades, Prognostic factors in restoration of pulmonary flow after submassive pulmonary embolism: a multiple regression analysis, Eur Respir J, vol.11, issue.3, pp.560-564, 1998.

K. R. Siebenlist and M. W. Mosesson, Progressive cross-linking of fibrin gamma chains increases resistance to fibrinolysis, J Biol Chem, vol.269, issue.45, pp.28414-28423, 1994.

F. A. Klok, O. Dzikowska-diduch, M. Kostrubiec, H. W. Vliegen, P. Pruszczyk et al.,

G. , Derivation of a clinical prediction score for chronic thromboembolic pulmonary hypertension after acute pulmonary embolism, J Thromb Haemost JTH, 2016.

K. Hogg, M. Kimpton, M. Carrier, D. Coyle, M. Forgie et al., Resolution of thromboemboli in patients with acute pulmonary embolism: a systematic review, JAMA Intern Med, vol.173, issue.12, pp.192-199, 2006.

J. Van-es, R. A. Douma, P. W. Kamphuisen, V. Gerdes, P. Verhamme et al.,

, Clot resolution after 3 weeks of anticoagulant treatment for pulmonary embolism: comparison of computed tomography and perfusion scintigraphy, J Thromb Haemost JTH, vol.11, issue.4, pp.679-85, 2013.

C. V. Dang, C. K. Shin, W. R. Bell, C. Nagaswami, and J. W. Weisel, Fibrinogen sialic acid residues are low affinity calcium-binding sites that influence fibrin assembly, J Biol Chem, vol.264, issue.25, pp.15104-15112, 1989.

J. Martinez, K. A. Macdonald, and J. E. Palascak, The role of sialic acid in the dysfibrinogenemia associated with liver disease: distribution of sialic acid on the constituent chains, Blood, vol.61, issue.6, pp.1196-202, 1983.

G. J. Maghzal, S. O. Brennan, and P. M. George, The sialic acid content of fibrinogen decreases during pregnancy and increases in response to fibrate therapy, Thromb Res, vol.115, issue.4, pp.293-302, 2005.

M. W. Mosesson, Fibrinogen and fibrin structure and functions, J Thromb Haemost JTH, vol.3, issue.8, pp.1894-904, 2005.

B. Modarai, K. G. Burnand, J. Humphries, M. Waltham, and A. Smith, The role of neovascularisation in the resolution of venous thrombus, Thromb Haemost, 2005.

J. A. Heit, The epidemiology of venous thromboembolism in the community

, Arterioscler. Thromb. Vasc. Biol, vol.28, issue.3, pp.370-372, 2008.

A. T. Cohen, Venous thromboembolism (VTE) in Europe. The number of VTE events and associated morbidity and mortality, Thromb. Haemost, vol.98, issue.4, pp.756-764, 2007.
URL : https://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/hal-00688301

M. D. Silverstein, J. A. Heit, D. N. Mohr, T. M. Petterson, W. M. O'fallon et al.,

. Melton, Trends in the incidence of deep vein thrombosis and pulmonary embolism: a 25-year population-based study, Arch. Intern. Med, vol.158, issue.6, pp.585-593, 1998.

F. A. Spencer, The Worcester Venous Thromboembolism study: a population-based study of the clinical epidemiology of venous thromboembolism, J. Gen. Intern. Med, vol.21, issue.7, pp.722-727, 2006.

E. Oger, Incidence of venous thromboembolism: a community-based study in Western France. EPI-GETBP Study Group. Groupe d'Etude de la Thrombose de Bretagne Occidentale, Thromb. Haemost, vol.83, issue.5, pp.657-660, 2000.
URL : https://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/hal-00726218

M. Nordström, B. Lindblad, D. Bergqvist, and T. Kjellström, A prospective study of the incidence of deep-vein thrombosis within a defined urban population, J. Intern. Med, vol.232, issue.2, pp.155-160, 1992.

J. Hippisley-cox and C. Coupland, Development and validation of risk prediction algorithm (QThrombosis) to estimate future risk of venous thromboembolism: prospective cohort study, BMJ, vol.343, p.4656, 2011.

A. Delluc, Current incidence of venous thromboembolism and comparison with 1998: a community-based study in Western France, Thromb. Haemost, vol.116, issue.5, 2016.
URL : https://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/hal-01561314

S. Z. Goldhaber, L. Visani, and M. Rosa, Acute pulmonary embolism: clinical outcomes in the International Cooperative Pulmonary Embolism Registry (ICOPER), Lancet Lond. Engl, vol.353, issue.9162, pp.1386-1389, 1999.

J. Tsai, K. Abe, S. L. Boulet, M. G. Beckman, W. C. Hooper et al., Predictive accuracy of 29-comorbidity index for in-hospital deaths in US adult hospitalizations with a diagnosis of venous thromboembolism, PloS One, vol.8, issue.7, p.70061, 2013.

G. and L. Gal, A positive compression ultrasonography of the lower limb veins is highly predictive of pulmonary embolism on computed tomography in suspected patients, Thromb. Haemost, vol.95, issue.6, pp.963-966, 2006.
URL : https://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/hal-00689549

N. S. Gibson, Further validation and simplification of the Wells clinical decision rule in pulmonary embolism, Thromb. Haemost, vol.99, issue.1, pp.229-234, 2008.

, Optimum duration of anticoagulation for deep-vein thrombosis and pulmonary embolism, Lancet Lond. Engl, vol.340, issue.8824, pp.873-876, 1992.

S. Schulman, A comparison of six weeks with six months of oral anticoagulant therapy after a first episode of venous thromboembolism. Duration of Anticoagulation Trial Study Group, N. Engl. J. Med, vol.332, issue.25, pp.1661-1665, 1995.

P. Prandoni, The long-term clinical course of acute deep venous thrombosis, Ann. Intern. Med, vol.125, issue.1, pp.1-7, 1996.

C. Kearon, A comparison of three months of anticoagulation with extended anticoagulation for a first episode of idiopathic venous thromboembolism, N. Engl. J. Med, vol.340, issue.12, pp.901-907, 1999.

T. Baglin, R. Luddington, K. Brown, and C. Baglin, Incidence of recurrent venous thromboembolism in relation to clinical and thrombophilic risk factors: prospective cohort study, Lancet Lond. Engl, vol.362, issue.9383, pp.523-526, 2003.

. Authors/task-force and . Members, 2014 ESC Guidelines on the diagnosis and management of acute pulmonary embolism: The Task Force for the Diagnosis and Management of Acute Pulmonary Embolism of the European Society of Cardiology (ESC) Endorsed by the, Eur. Heart J, 2014.

C. Kearon, Antithrombotic Therapy for VTE Disease: CHEST Guideline and Expert Panel Report, Chest, vol.149, issue.2, pp.315-352, 2016.

J. S. Alpert, R. Smith, J. Carlson, I. S. Ockene, L. Dexter et al., Mortality in patients treated for pulmonary embolism, JAMA, vol.236, issue.13, pp.1477-1480, 1976.

M. Miniati, Survival and restoration of pulmonary perfusion in a long-term follow-up of patients after acute pulmonary embolism, Medicine (Baltimore), vol.85, issue.5, pp.253-262, 2006.

M. Wartski and M. A. Collignon, Incomplete recovery of lung perfusion after 3 months in patients with acute pulmonary embolism treated with antithrombotic agents. THESEE Study Group. Tinzaparin ou Heparin Standard: Evaluation dans l'Embolie Pulmonaire Study, J. Nucl. Med. Off. Publ. Soc. Nucl. Med, vol.41, issue.6, pp.1043-1048, 2000.

G. Simonneau, A comparison of low-molecular-weight heparin with unfractionated heparin for acute pulmonary embolism. The THESEE Study Group
URL : https://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/hal-00722358

, N. Engl. J. Med, vol.337, issue.10, pp.663-669, 1997.

P. D. Stein, Resolution of pulmonary embolism on CT pulmonary angiography, AJR Am. J. Roentgenol, vol.194, issue.5, pp.1263-1268, 2010.

A. Aghayev, The rate of resolution of clot burden measured by pulmonary CT angiography in patients with acute pulmonary embolism, AJR Am. J. Roentgenol, vol.200, issue.4, pp.791-797, 2013.

N. Meneveau, Long-term prognostic value of residual pulmonary vascular obstruction at discharge in patients with intermediate-to high-risk pulmonary embolism, Eur. Heart J, vol.34, issue.9, pp.693-701, 2013.

J. Van-es, Clot resolution after 3 weeks of anticoagulant treatment for pulmonary embolism: comparison of computed tomography and perfusion scintigraphy, J. Thromb. Haemost. JTH, vol.11, issue.4, pp.679-685, 2013.

A. Begic, J. Jögi, A. Hadziredzepovic, E. Kucukalic-selimovi?, S. Begovichadzimuratovic et al., Tomographic ventilation/perfusion lung scintigraphy in the monitoring of the effect of treatment in pulmonary embolism: serial follow-up over a 6-month period, Nucl. Med. Commun, vol.32, issue.6, pp.508-514, 2011.

T. E. and -. Investigators, Oral Rivaroxaban for the Treatment of Symptomatic Pulmonary Embolism, N. Engl. J. Med, vol.366, issue.14, pp.1287-1297, 2012.

F. A. Klok, Patient outcomes after acute pulmonary embolism. A pooled survival analysis of different adverse events, Am. J. Respir. Crit. Care Med, vol.181, issue.5, pp.501-506, 2010.

J. A. Heit, Predicting the risk of venous thromboembolism recurrence, Am. J. Hematol, vol.87, pp.63-67, 2012.

F. Couturaud, Six Months vs Extended Oral Anticoagulation After a First Episode of Pulmonary Embolism: The PADIS-PE Randomized Clinical Trial, JAMA, vol.314, issue.1, pp.31-40, 2015.
URL : https://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/hal-01259554

S. Schulman, Post-thrombotic syndrome, recurrence, and death 10 years after the first episode of venous thromboembolism treated with warfarin for 6 weeks or 6 months, J. Thromb. Haemost. JTH, vol.4, issue.4, pp.734-742, 2006.

V. Pengo, Incidence of chronic thromboembolic pulmonary hypertension after pulmonary embolism, N. Engl. J. Med, vol.350, issue.22, pp.2257-2264, 2004.

L. Guérin, Prevalence of chronic thromboembolic pulmonary hypertension after acute pulmonary embolism. Prevalence of CTEPH after pulmonary embolism, Thromb. Haemost, vol.112, issue.3, pp.598-605, 2014.

G. Piazza and S. Z. Goldhaber, Chronic thromboembolic pulmonary hypertension, N. Engl. J. Med, vol.364, issue.4, pp.351-360, 2011.

T. Fernandes, B. Planquette, O. Sanchez, and T. Morris, From Acute to Chronic Thromboembolic Disease, Ann. Am. Thorac. Soc, vol.13, pp.207-214, 2016.

I. M. Lang, R. Pesavento, D. Bonderman, J. X. , and -. Yuan, Risk factors and basic mechanisms of chronic thromboembolic pulmonary hypertension: a current understanding, Eur. Respir. J, vol.41, issue.2, pp.462-468, 2013.

S. R. Kahn, Determinants of health-related quality of life during the 2 years following deep vein thrombosis, J. Thromb. Haemost. JTH, vol.6, issue.7, pp.1105-1112, 2008.

S. R. Kahn, H. Partsch, S. Vedantham, P. Prandoni, and C. , Kearon, and Subcommittee on Control of Anticoagulation of the Scientific and Standardization Committee of the International Society on Thrombosis and Haemostasis, J. Thromb. Haemost. JTH, vol.7, issue.5, pp.879-883, 2009.

F. A. Klok, T. Van-der-hulle, P. L. Exter, M. Lankeit, M. V. Huisman et al., The post-PE syndrome: a new concept for chronic complications of pulmonary embolism, Blood Rev, vol.28, issue.6, pp.221-226, 2014.

J. R. Benotti, I. S. Ockene, J. S. Alpert, and J. E. Dalen, The clinical profile of unresolved pulmonary embolism, Chest, vol.84, issue.6, pp.669-678, 1983.

S. Brunot, O. Corneloup, V. Latrabe, M. Montaudon, and F. Laurent, Reproducibility of multi-detector spiral computed tomography in detection of subsegmental acute pulmonary embolism, Eur. Radiol, vol.15, issue.10, pp.2057-2063, 2005.

S. D. Qanadli, New CT index to quantify arterial obstruction in pulmonary embolism: comparison with angiographic index and echocardiography, AJR Am. J. Roentgenol, vol.176, issue.6, pp.1415-1420, 2001.

C. J. Bergin, Chronic thromboembolism: diagnosis with helical CT and MR imaging with angiographic and surgical correlation, Radiology, vol.204, issue.3, pp.695-702, 1997.

A. Reichelt, M. M. Hoeper, M. Galanski, and M. Keberle, Chronic thromboembolic pulmonary hypertension: evaluation with 64-detector row CT versus digital substraction angiography, Eur. J. Radiol, vol.71, issue.1, pp.49-54, 2009.

O. Sanchez, Perfusion defects after pulmonary embolism: risk factors and clinical significance, J. Thromb. Haemost. JTH, vol.8, issue.6, pp.1248-1255, 2010.

R. Pesavento, Residual pulmonary obstruction and the risk of late complications in patients with pulmonary embolism, Thromb. Res, vol.137, pp.228-230, 2016.

P. L. Exter, Thromboembolic resolution assessed by CT pulmonary angiography after treatment for acute pulmonary embolism, Thromb. Haemost, vol.114, issue.1, pp.26-34, 2015.

, Value of the ventilation/perfusion scan in acute pulmonary embolism. Results of the prospective investigation of pulmonary embolism diagnosis (PIOPED), PIOPED Investigators, vol.263, pp.2753-2759, 1990.

G. Meyer, M. A. Collignon, F. Guinet, A. A. Jeffrey, L. Barritault et al., Comparison of perfusion lung scanning and angiography in the estimation of vascular obstruction in acute pulmonary embolism, Eur. J. Nucl. Med, vol.17, issue.6-8, pp.315-319, 1990.

B. Cosmi, M. Nijkeuter, M. Valentino, M. V. Huisman, L. Barozzi et al., Residual emboli on lung perfusion scan or multidetector computed tomography after a first episode of acute pulmonary embolism, Intern. Emerg. Med, vol.6, issue.6, pp.521-528, 2011.

R. Golpe, L. A. De-llano, O. Castro-añón, M. Vázquez-caruncho, C. González-juanatey et al., Long-term outcome of patients with persistent vascular obstruction on computed tomography pulmonary angiography 6 months after acute pulmonary embolism, Acta Radiol. Stockh. Swed, vol.53, issue.7, pp.728-731, 1987.

N. Tunariu, Ventilation-perfusion scintigraphy is more sensitive than multidetector CTPA in detecting chronic thromboembolic pulmonary disease as a treatable cause of pulmonary hypertension, J. Nucl. Med. Off. Publ. Soc. Nucl. Med, vol.48, issue.5, pp.680-684, 2007.

:. Authors/task-force-members, 2015 ESC/ERS Guidelines for the diagnosis and treatment of pulmonary hypertension: The Joint Task Force for the Diagnosis and Treatment of Pulmonary Hypertension of the European Society of Cardiology (ESC) and the European Respiratory Society (ERS)Endorsed by: Association for European Paediatric and Congenital Cardiology (AEPC), International Society for Heart and Lung Transplantation (ISHLT), 2015.

M. Nijkeuter, M. M. Hovens, B. L. Davidson, and M. V. Huisman, Resolution of thromboemboli in patients with acute pulmonary embolism: a systematic review, Chest, vol.129, issue.1, pp.192-197, 2006.

F. A. Klok, J. E. Tijmensen, M. L. Haeck, K. W. Van-kralingen, and M. V. Huisman, Persistent dyspnea complaints at long-term follow-up after an episode of acute pulmonary embolism: results of a questionnaire, Eur. J. Intern. Med, vol.19, issue.8, pp.625-629, 2008.

F. A. Klok, K. W. Van-kralingen, A. P. Van-dijk, F. H. Heyning, H. W. Vliegen et al., Prevalence and potential determinants of exertional dyspnea after acute pulmonary embolism, Respir. Med, vol.104, issue.11, pp.1744-1749, 2010.

B. G. Stevinson, J. Hernandez-nino, G. Rose, and J. A. Kline, Echocardiographic and functional cardiopulmonary problems 6 months after first-time pulmonary embolism in previously healthy patients, Eur. Heart J, vol.28, issue.20, pp.2517-2524, 2007.

J. A. Kline, M. T. Steuerwald, M. R. Marchick, J. Hernandez-nino, and G. A. Rose, Prospective evaluation of right ventricular function and functional status 6 months after acute submassive pulmonary embolism: frequency of persistent or subsequent elevation in estimated pulmonary artery pressure, Chest, vol.136, issue.5, pp.1202-1210, 2009.

F. Michard, G. Meyer, M. Wysocki, J. L. Diehl, A. Mercat et al., Cardiorespiratory efficacy of thrombolytic therapy in acute massive pulmonary embolism: identification of predictive factors, Eur. Respir. J, vol.13, issue.3, pp.610-615, 1999.

C. Mccabe, Inefficient exercise gas exchange identifies pulmonary hypertension in chronic thromboembolic obstruction following pulmonary embolism, Thromb. Res, vol.132, issue.6, pp.659-665, 2013.

F. A. Klok, Quality of life in long-term survivors of acute pulmonary embolism, Chest, vol.138, issue.6, pp.1432-1440, 2010.

J. Van-es, Quality of life after pulmonary embolism as assessed with SF-36 and PEmb-QoL, Thromb. Res, vol.132, issue.5, pp.500-505, 2013.

K. Hogg, M. Kimpton, M. Carrier, D. Coyle, M. Forgie et al., Estimating quality of life in acute venous thrombosis, JAMA Intern. Med, vol.173, issue.12, pp.1067-1072, 2013.

J. A. Heit, M. D. Silverstein, D. N. Mohr, T. M. Petterson, W. M. O'fallon et al., Predictors of survival after deep vein thrombosis and pulmonary embolism: a population-based, cohort study, Arch. Intern. Med, vol.159, issue.5, pp.445-453, 1999.

C. Kearon, S. M. Stevens, and J. A. Julian, D-Dimer Testing in Patients With a First Unprovoked Venous Thromboembolism, Ann. Intern. Med, vol.162, issue.9, p.671, 2015.

A. Iorio, Risk of recurrence after a first episode of symptomatic venous thromboembolism provoked by a transient risk factor: a systematic review, Arch. Intern. Med, vol.170, issue.19, pp.1710-1716, 2010.

F. Boutitie, Influence of preceding length of anticoagulant treatment and initial presentation of venous thromboembolism on risk of recurrence after stopping treatment: analysis of individual participants' data from seven trials, BMJ, vol.342, p.3036, 2011.

P. Prandoni, The risk of recurrent venous thromboembolism after discontinuing anticoagulation in patients with acute proximal deep vein thrombosis or pulmonary embolism. A prospective cohort study in 1,626 patients, Haematologica, vol.92, issue.2, pp.199-205, 2007.

T. Baglin, Does the clinical presentation and extent of venous thrombosis predict likelihood and type of recurrence? A patient-level meta-analysis, J. Thromb. Haemost. JTH, vol.8, issue.11, pp.2436-2442, 2010.

J. D. Douketis, C. Kearon, S. Bates, E. K. Duku, and J. S. Ginsberg, Risk of fatal pulmonary embolism in patients with treated venous thromboembolism, JAMA, vol.279, issue.6, pp.458-462, 1998.

G. Agnelli, Extended oral anticoagulant therapy after a first episode of pulmonary embolism, Ann. Intern. Med, vol.139, issue.1, pp.19-25, 2003.

M. D. Nisio, N. Van-es, and H. R. Büller, Deep vein thrombosis and pulmonary embolism, Lancet Lond. Engl, 2016.

K. Bouillon, M. Bertrand, L. Boudali, P. Ducimetière, R. Dray-spira et al., Short-Term Risk of Bleeding During Heparin Bridging at Initiation of Vitamin K Antagonist Therapy in More Than 90 000 Patients With Nonvalvular Atrial Fibrillation Managed in Outpatient Care, J. Am. Heart Assoc, vol.5, issue.11, 2016.

F. A. Spencer, Venous thromboembolism in the elderly. A community-based perspective, Thromb. Haemost, vol.100, issue.5, pp.780-788, 2008.

S. Schulman and C. , Definition of major bleeding in clinical investigations of antihemostatic medicinal products in non-surgical patients, Kearon, and Subcommittee on Control of Anticoagulation of the Scientific and Standardization Committee of the International Society on Thrombosis and Haemostasis, vol.3, pp.692-694, 2005.

F. A. Klok, Prediction of bleeding events in patients with venous thromboembolism on stable anticoagulation treatment, Eur. Respir. J, 2016.

C. Kearon, Categorization of patients as having provoked or unprovoked venous thromboembolism: guidance from the SSC of ISTH, J. Thromb. Haemost. JTH, vol.14, issue.7, pp.1480-1483, 2016.

C. Bova, A. Bianco, V. Mascaro, and C. G. Nobile, Extended anticoagulation and mortality in venous thromboembolism. A meta-analysis of six randomized trials, Thromb. Res, vol.139, pp.22-28, 2016.

G. Palareti, D-dimer testing to determine the duration of anticoagulation therapy, N. Engl. J. Med, vol.355, issue.17, pp.1780-1789, 2006.

G. Palareti, D-dimer to guide the duration of anticoagulation in patients with venous thromboembolism: a management study, Blood, vol.124, issue.2, pp.196-203, 2014.

M. Verhovsek, Systematic review: D-dimer to predict recurrent disease after stopping anticoagulant therapy for unprovoked venous thromboembolism, Ann. Intern. Med, vol.149, issue.7, pp.481-490, 2008.

J. Ensor, R. D. Riley, D. Moore, K. I. Snell, S. Bayliss et al., Systematic review of prognostic models for recurrent venous thromboembolism (VTE) post-treatment of first unprovoked VTE, BMJ Open, vol.6, issue.5, p.11190, 2016.

M. A. Rodger, Identifying unprovoked thromboembolism patients at low risk for recurrence who can discontinue anticoagulant therapy, CMAJ Can. Med. Assoc. J. J. Assoc. Medicale Can, vol.179, issue.5, pp.417-426, 2008.
URL : https://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/hal-00685547

A. Tosetto, Predicting disease recurrence in patients with previous unprovoked venous thromboembolism: a proposed prediction score (DASH), J. Thromb. Haemost. JTH, vol.10, issue.6, pp.1019-1025, 2012.

M. Marcucci, Risk of recurrence after a first unprovoked venous thromboembolism: external validation of the Vienna Prediction Model with pooled individual patient data, J. Thromb. Haemost. JTH, vol.13, issue.5, pp.775-781, 2015.

P. Prandoni, Residual venous thrombosis as a predictive factor of recurrent venous thromboembolism, Ann. Intern. Med, vol.137, issue.12, pp.955-960, 2002.

M. P. Donadini, Prognostic significance of residual venous obstruction in patients with treated unprovoked deep vein thrombosis: a patient-level meta-analysis, Thromb. Haemost, vol.111, issue.1, pp.172-179, 2014.
URL : https://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/hal-00933950

A. Alhadad, M. Miniati, H. Alhadad, A. Gottsäter, and M. Bajc, The value of tomographic ventilation/perfusion scintigraphy (V/PSPECT) for follow-up and prediction of recurrence in pulmonary embolism, Thromb. Res, vol.130, issue.6, pp.877-881, 2012.

D. Poli, Risk of recurrence in patients with pulmonary embolism: predictive role of D-dimer and of residual perfusion defects on lung scintigraphy, Thromb. Haemost, vol.109, issue.2, pp.181-186, 2013.

G. Simonneau, Updated clinical classification of pulmonary hypertension, J. Am. Coll. Cardiol, vol.54, issue.1, pp.43-54, 2009.

C. Becattini, Incidence of chronic thromboembolic pulmonary hypertension after a first episode of pulmonary embolism, Chest, vol.130, issue.1, pp.172-175, 2006.

A. Korkmaz, T. Ozlu, S. Ozsu, Z. Kazaz, and Y. Bulbul, Long-term outcomes in acute pulmonary thromboembolism: the incidence of chronic thromboembolic pulmonary hypertension and associated risk factors, Clin. Appl. Thromb. Off. J. Int. Acad. Clin. Appl. Thromb, vol.18, issue.3, pp.281-288, 2012.

F. A. Klok, K. W. Van-kralingen, A. P. Van-dijk, F. H. Heyning, H. W. Vliegen et al., Prospective cardiopulmonary screening program to detect chronic thromboembolic pulmonary hypertension in patients after acute pulmonary embolism, Haematologica, vol.95, issue.6, pp.970-975, 2010.

J. Pepke-zaba, Chronic thromboembolic pulmonary hypertension (CTEPH): results from an international prospective registry, Circulation, vol.124, issue.18, 1973.

D. Bonderman, Medical conditions increasing the risk of chronic thromboembolic pulmonary hypertension, Thromb. Haemost, vol.93, issue.3, pp.512-516, 2005.

D. Natali, X. Jais, and M. Abraham, Chronic thromboembolic pulmonary hypertension associated with indwelling Port-A-Cath central venous access systems, Am J Respir Crit Care Med, vol.183, p.2409, 2011.

D. Bonderman, Role for staphylococci in misguided thrombus resolution of chronic thromboembolic pulmonary hypertension, Arterioscler. Thromb. Vasc. Biol, vol.28, issue.4, pp.678-684, 2008.

F. A. Klok, N. Van-der-bijl, I. C. Mos, A. De-roos, L. J. Kroft et al., Timing of NT-pro-BNP sampling for predicting adverse outcome after acute pulmonary embolism, Thromb. Haemost, vol.104, issue.1, pp.189-190, 2010.

W. Yao, Identification of putative endothelial progenitor cells (CD34+CD133+Flk-1+) in endarterectomized tissue of patients with chronic thromboembolic pulmonary hypertension, Am. J. Physiol. Lung Cell. Mol. Physiol, vol.296, issue.6, pp.870-878, 2009.

I. M. Lang, K. M. Moser, and R. R. Schleef, Elevated expression of urokinase-like plasminogen activator and plasminogen activator inhibitor type 1 during the vascular remodeling associated with pulmonary thromboembolism, Arterioscler. Thromb. Vasc. Biol, vol.18, issue.5, pp.808-815, 1998.

K. M. Moser, M. L. Metersky, W. R. Auger, and P. F. Fedullo, Resolution of vascular steal after pulmonary thromboendarterectomy, Chest, vol.104, issue.5, pp.1441-1444, 1993.

D. Zabini, Angiostatic factors in the pulmonary endarterectomy material from chronic thromboembolic pulmonary hypertension patients cause endothelial dysfunction, PloS One, vol.7, issue.8, p.43793, 2012.

M. W. Mosesson, Fibrinogen and fibrin structure and functions, J. Thromb. Haemost. JTH, vol.3, issue.8, pp.1894-1904, 2005.

T. A. Morris, High prevalence of dysfibrinogenemia among patients with chronic thromboembolic pulmonary hypertension, Blood, vol.114, issue.9, pp.1929-1936, 2009.

R. R. Townsend, E. Hilliker, Y. T. Li, R. A. Laine, W. R. Bell et al., Carbohydrate structure of human fibrinogen. Use of 300-MHz 1H-NMR to characterize glycosidase-treated glycopeptides, J. Biol. Chem, vol.257, issue.16, pp.9704-9710, 1982.

J. Martinez, K. A. Macdonald, and J. E. Palascak, The role of sialic acid in the dysfibrinogenemia associated with liver disease: distribution of sialic acid on the constituent chains, Blood, vol.61, issue.6, pp.1196-1202, 1983.

H. R. Gralnick, H. Givelber, and E. Abrams, Increased carbohydrate content of the fibrinogen molecule, N. Engl. J. Med, vol.299, issue.5, pp.221-226, 1978.

C. V. Dang, C. K. Shin, W. R. Bell, C. Nagaswami, and J. W. Weisel, Fibrinogen sialic acid residues are low affinity calcium-binding sites that influence fibrin assembly, J. Biol. Chem, vol.264, issue.25, pp.15104-15108, 1989.

D. A. Meh, K. R. Siebenlist, S. O. Brennan, T. Holyst, and M. W. Mosesson, The amino acid sequence in fibrin responsible for high affinity thrombin binding, Thromb. Haemost, vol.85, issue.3, pp.470-474, 2001.

C. Wolfenstein-todel and M. W. Mosesson, Carboxy-terminal amino acid sequence of a human fibrinogen gamma-chain variant (gamma'), Biochemistry (Mosc.), vol.20, issue.21, pp.6146-6149, 1981.

O. V. Gorkun, A. H. Henschen-edman, L. F. Ping, and S. T. Lord, Analysis of A alpha 251 fibrinogen: the alpha C domain has a role in polymerization, albeit more subtle than anticipated from the analogous proteolytic fragment X, Biochemistry (Mosc.), vol.37, issue.44, pp.15434-15441, 1998.

J. Collet, The alphaC domains of fibrinogen affect the structure of the fibrin clot, its physical properties, and its susceptibility to fibrinolysis, Blood, vol.106, issue.12, pp.3824-3830, 2005.

J. W. Weisel, Structure of fibrin: impact on clot stability, J. Thromb. Haemost. JTH, vol.5, pp.116-124, 2007.

C. Duval, P. Allan, S. D. Connell, V. C. Ridger, H. Philippou et al., Roles of fibrin ?-and ?-chain specific cross-linking by FXIIIa in fibrin structure and function, Thromb. Haemost, vol.111, issue.5, pp.842-850, 2014.

K. R. Siebenlist and M. W. Mosesson, Progressive cross-linking of fibrin gamma chains increases resistance to fibrinolysis, J. Biol. Chem, vol.269, issue.45, pp.28414-28419, 1994.

D. A. Meh, K. R. Siebenlist, and M. W. Mosesson, Identification and characterization of the thrombin binding sites on fibrin, J. Biol. Chem, vol.271, issue.38, pp.23121-23125, 1996.

Z. Bagoly, Z. Koncz, J. Hársfalvi, and L. Muszbek, Factor XIII, clot structure, thrombosis, Thromb. Res, vol.129, issue.3, pp.382-387, 2012.

M. J. Flick, Leukocyte engagement of fibrin(ogen) via the integrin receptor alphaMbeta2/Mac-1 is critical for host inflammatory response in vivo, J. Clin. Invest, vol.113, issue.11, pp.1596-1606, 2004.

J. Qi and D. L. Kreutzer, Fibrin activation of vascular endothelial cells. Induction of IL-8 expression, J. Immunol. Baltim. Md, vol.155, issue.2, pp.867-876, 1950.

J. Qi, D. L. Kreutzer, and T. H. Piela-smith, Fibrin induction of ICAM-1 expression in human vascular endothelial cells, J. Immunol. Baltim. Md, vol.158, issue.4, pp.1880-1886, 1950.

C. M. Ripplinger, Inflammation modulates murine venous thrombosis resolution in vivo: assessment by multimodal fluorescence molecular imaging, Arterioscler. Thromb. Vasc. Biol, vol.32, issue.11, pp.2616-2624, 2012.

J. Martinez, A. Ferber, T. L. Bach, and C. H. Yaen, Interaction of fibrin with VEcadherin, Ann. N. Y. Acad. Sci, vol.936, pp.386-405, 2001.

L. A. Sporn, L. A. Bunce, and C. W. Francis, Cell proliferation on fibrin: modulation by fibrinopeptide cleavage, Blood, vol.86, issue.5, pp.1802-1810, 1995.

T. L. Bach, VE-Cadherin mediates endothelial cell capillary tube formation in fibrin and collagen gels, Exp. Cell Res, vol.238, issue.2, pp.324-334, 1998.

T. L. Bach, C. Barsigian, C. H. Yaen, and J. Martinez, Endothelial cell VE-cadherin functions as a receptor for the beta15-42 sequence of fibrin, J. Biol. Chem, vol.273, issue.46, pp.30719-30728, 1998.

S. Gorlatov and L. Medved, Interaction of fibrin(ogen) with the endothelial cell receptor VE-cadherin: mapping of the receptor-binding site in the NH2-terminal portions of the fibrin beta chains, Biochemistry (Mosc.), vol.41, issue.12, pp.4107-4116, 2002.

R. Procyk, B. Kudryk, S. Callender, and B. Blombäck, Accessibility of epitopes on fibrin clots and fibrinogen gels, Blood, vol.77, issue.7, pp.1469-1475, 1991.

T. A. Morris, J. J. Marsh, R. Fagnani, M. Hagan, and K. M. Moser, Degree of polymer organization decreases the binding of a monoclonal antibody raised against the betachain amino terminus of fibrin, Thromb. Haemost, vol.77, issue.4, pp.704-709, 1997.

S. Yakovlev, Interaction of fibrin with VE-cadherin and anti-inflammatory effect of fibrin-derived fragments, J. Thromb. Haemost. JTH, vol.9, issue.9, pp.1847-1855, 2011.

S. Yakovlev, I. Mikhailenko, C. Cao, L. Zhang, D. K. Strickland et al., Identification of VLDLR as a novel endothelial cell receptor for fibrin that modulates fibrin-dependent transendothelial migration of leukocytes, Blood, vol.119, issue.2, pp.637-644, 2012.

J. Sakai, Structure, chromosome location, and expression of the human very low density lipoprotein receptor gene, J. Biol. Chem, vol.269, issue.3, pp.2173-2182, 1994.

Y. Li, J. Cam, and G. Bu, Low-density lipoprotein receptor family: endocytosis and signal transduction, Mol. Neurobiol, vol.23, issue.1, pp.53-67, 2001.

H. A. Multhaupt, Analysis of human tissues by in situ hybridization and immunohistochemistry, Am. J. Pathol, vol.148, issue.6, pp.1985-1997, 1996.

A. Oganesian, L. C. Armstrong, M. M. Migliorini, D. K. Strickland, and P. Bornstein, Thrombospondins use the VLDL receptor and a nonapoptotic pathway to inhibit cell division in microvascular endothelial cells, Mol. Biol. Cell, vol.19, issue.2, pp.563-571, 2008.

P. C. Stolt and H. H. Bock, Modulation of lipoprotein receptor functions by intracellular adaptor proteins, Cell. Signal, vol.18, issue.10, pp.1560-1571, 2006.

I. Ramasamy, Recent advances in physiological lipoprotein metabolism, Clin. Chem. Lab. Med, vol.52, issue.12, pp.1695-1727, 2014.

S. Yakovlev and L. Medved, Interaction of Fibrin with the Very Low Density Lipoprotein Receptor: Further Characterization and Localization of the Fibrin-Binding Site, Biochemistry (Mosc.), vol.54, issue.30, pp.4751-4761, 2015.

A. Jiang, W. Hu, H. Meng, H. Gao, and X. Qiao, Loss of VLDL receptor activates retinal vascular endothelial cells and promotes angiogenesis, Invest. Ophthalmol. Vis. Sci, vol.50, issue.2, pp.844-850, 2009.

C. Xia, E. Lu, H. Liu, X. Du, B. Beutler et al., The role of Vldlr in intraretinal angiogenesis in mice, Invest. Ophthalmol. Vis. Sci, vol.52, issue.9, pp.6572-6579, 2011.

D. Yang, SalA attenuates ischemia/reperfusion-induced endothelial barrier dysfunction via down-regulation of VLDL receptor expression, Cell. Physiol. Biochem. Int. J. Exp. Cell. Physiol. Biochem. Pharmacol, vol.33, issue.3, pp.747-757, 2014.

T. A. Hembrough, Identification and characterization of a very low density lipoprotein receptor-binding peptide from tissue factor pathway inhibitor that has antitumor and antiangiogenic activity, Blood, vol.103, issue.9, pp.3374-3380, 2004.

T. A. Hembrough, J. F. Ruiz, A. E. Papathanassiu, S. J. Green, and D. K. Strickland, Tissue factor pathway inhibitor inhibits endothelial cell proliferation via association with the very low density lipoprotein receptor, J. Biol. Chem, vol.276, issue.15, pp.12241-12248, 2001.

L. Nilsson, VLDL activation of plasminogen activator inhibitor-1 (PAI-1) expression: involvement of the VLDL receptor, J. Lipid Res, vol.40, issue.5, pp.913-919, 1999.

A. Stiko-rahm, B. Wiman, A. Hamsten, and J. Nilsson, Secretion of plasminogen activator inhibitor-1 from cultured human umbilical vein endothelial cells is induced by very low density lipoprotein, Arterioscler. Dallas Tex, vol.10, issue.6, pp.1067-1073, 1990.

D. Trégouët, Common susceptibility alleles are unlikely to contribute as strongly as the FV and ABO loci to VTE risk: results from a GWAS approach, Blood, vol.113, issue.21, pp.5298-5303, 2009.

S. Uitte-de-willige, M. C. Visser, J. J. Houwing-duistermaat, F. R. Rosendaal, H. L. Vos et al., Genetic variation in the fibrinogen gamma gene increases the risk for deep venous thrombosis by reducing plasma fibrinogen gamma' levels, Blood, vol.106, issue.13, pp.4176-4183, 2005.

A. M. Carter, A. J. Catto, H. P. Kohler, R. A. Ariëns, M. H. Stickland et al., alpha-fibrinogen Thr312Ala polymorphism and venous thromboembolism, vol.96, pp.1177-1179, 2000.

G. and L. Gal, Fibrinogen Aalpha-Thr312Ala and factor XIII-A Val34Leu polymorphisms in idiopathic venous thromboembolism, Thromb. Res, vol.121, issue.3, pp.333-338, 2007.
URL : https://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/hal-00688292

L. J. Rasmussen-torvik, The association of alpha-fibrinogen Thr312Ala polymorphism and venous thromboembolism in the LITE study, Thromb. Res, vol.121, issue.1, pp.1-7, 2007.

K. F. Standeven, P. J. Grant, A. M. Carter, T. Scheiner, J. W. Weisel et al., Functional analysis of the fibrinogen Aalpha Thr312Ala polymorphism: effects on fibrin structure and function, Circulation, vol.107, issue.18, pp.2326-2330, 2003.

J. M. Curran, K. Fatah-ardalani, P. Tornvall, S. E. Humphries, and F. R. Green, A hypothesis to explain the reported association of the alpha-fibrinogen A312 allele with thromboembolic disease, Thromb. Haemost, vol.85, issue.6, pp.1122-1123, 2001.

J. Suntharalingam, Fibrinogen Aalpha Thr312Ala polymorphism is associated with chronic thromboembolic pulmonary hypertension, Eur. Respir. J, vol.31, issue.4, pp.736-741, 2008.

J. Li, Fibrinogen A? Thr312Ala polymorphism specifically contributes to chronic thromboembolic pulmonary hypertension by increasing fibrin resistance, PloS One, vol.8, issue.7, p.69635, 2013.

R. E. Baumann and A. H. Henschen, Human fibrinogen polymorphic site analysis by restriction endonuclease digestion and allele-specific polymerase chain reaction amplification: identification of polymorphisms at positions A alpha 312 and B beta 448, Blood, vol.82, issue.7, pp.2117-2124, 1993.

T. Lisman, P. G. De-groot, J. C. Meijers, and F. R. , Reduced plasma fibrinolytic potential is a risk factor for venous thrombosis, Blood, vol.105, issue.3, pp.1102-1105, 2005.

A. Undas, Altered fibrin clot structure/function in patients with idiopathic venous thromboembolism and in their relatives, Blood, vol.114, issue.19, pp.4272-4278, 2009.

M. Zolcinski, M. Ciesla-dul, and A. Undas, Effects of atorvastatin on plasma fibrin clot properties in apparently healthy individuals and patients with previous venous thromboembolism, Thromb. Haemost, vol.107, issue.6, pp.1180-1182, 2012.

A. Undas, M. Cie?la-dul, T. Dr??kiewicz, and J. Sadowski, Altered fibrin clot properties are associated with residual vein obstruction: effects of lipoprotein(a) and apolipoprotein(a) isoform, Thromb. Res, vol.130, issue.3, pp.184-187, 2012.

M. Miniati, Fibrin resistance to lysis in patients with pulmonary hypertension other than thromboembolic, Am. J. Respir. Crit. Care Med, vol.181, issue.9, pp.992-996, 2010.

T. A. Morris, J. J. Marsh, P. G. Chiles, W. R. Auger, P. F. Fedullo et al., Fibrin derived from patients with chronic thromboembolic pulmonary hypertension is resistant to lysis, Am. J. Respir. Crit. Care Med, vol.173, issue.11, pp.1270-1275, 2006.

D. Lami, Residual perfusion defects in patients with pulmonary embolism are related to impaired fibrinolytic capacity, Thromb. Res, vol.134, issue.3, pp.737-741, 2014.

A. Undas, Fibrin clot properties and their modulation in thrombotic disorders, Thromb. Haemost, vol.112, issue.1, pp.32-42, 2014.

J. J. Marsh, P. G. Chiles, N. Liang, and T. A. Morris, Chronic thromboembolic pulmonary hypertension-associated dysfibrinogenemias exhibit disorganized fibrin structure, Thromb. Res, vol.132, issue.6, pp.729-734, 2013.

Y. Lin, D. J. Weisdorf, A. Solovey, and R. P. Hebbel, Origins of circulating endothelial cells and endothelial outgrowth from blood, J. Clin. Invest, vol.105, issue.1, pp.71-77, 2000.

F. Dignat-george, J. Sampol, G. Lip, and A. D. Blann, Circulating endothelial cells: realities and promises in vascular disorders, Pathophysiol. Haemost. Thromb, vol.33, issue.5-6, pp.495-499, 2003.

N. Bardin, Soluble CD146, a novel endothelial marker, is increased in physiopathological settings linked to endothelial junctional alteration, Thromb. Haemost, vol.90, issue.5, pp.915-920, 2003.

K. W. Lee, G. Y. Lip, M. Tayebjee, W. Foster, and A. D. Blann, Circulating endothelial cells, von Willebrand factor, interleukin-6, and prognosis in patients with acute coronary syndromes, Blood, vol.105, issue.2, pp.526-532, 2005.

D. M. Smadja, Circulating endothelial cells: a new candidate biomarker of irreversible pulmonary hypertension secondary to congenital heart disease, Circulation, vol.119, issue.3, pp.374-381, 2009.

M. Lévy, Impaired apoptosis of pulmonary endothelial cells is associated with intimal proliferation and irreversibility of pulmonary hypertension in congenital heart disease, J. Am. Coll. Cardiol, vol.49, issue.7, pp.803-810, 2007.

M. Levy, D. Bonnet, L. Mauge, D. S. Celermajer, P. Gaussem et al., Circulating endothelial cells in refractory pulmonary hypertension in children: markers of treatment efficacy and clinical worsening, PloS One, vol.8, issue.6, p.65114, 2013.

T. M. Bull, Circulating endothelial cells in pulmonary hypertension, Thromb. Haemost, vol.90, issue.4, pp.698-703, 2003.

D. M. Smadja, Distinct patterns of circulating endothelial cells in pulmonary hypertension, Eur. Respir. J, vol.36, issue.6, pp.1284-1293, 2010.

M. C. Yoder, Human Endothelial Progenitor Cells, Cold Spring Harb. Perspect. Med, vol.2, issue.7, 2012.

T. Asahara, Isolation of putative progenitor endothelial cells for angiogenesis, Science, vol.275, issue.5302, pp.964-967, 1997.

M. E. Yeager, M. G. Frid, and K. R. Stenmark, Progenitor cells in pulmonary vascular remodeling, Pulm. Circ, vol.1, issue.1, pp.3-16, 2011.

R. S. Alphonse, The isolation and culture of endothelial colony-forming cells from human and rat lungs, Nat. Protoc, vol.10, issue.11, pp.1697-1708, 2015.

J. King, Structural and functional characteristics of lung macro-and microvascular endothelial cell phenotypes, Microvasc. Res, vol.67, issue.2, pp.139-151, 2004.

D. F. Alvarez, L. Huang, J. A. King, M. K. Elzarrad, M. C. Yoder et al., Lung microvascular endothelium is enriched with progenitor cells that exhibit vasculogenic capacity, Am. J. Physiol. Lung Cell. Mol. Physiol, vol.294, issue.3, pp.419-430, 2008.

H. T. Duong, S. C. Erzurum, and K. Asosingh, Pro-angiogenic hematopoietic progenitor cells and endothelial colony-forming cells in pathological angiogenesis of bronchial and pulmonary circulation, Angiogenesis, vol.14, issue.4, pp.411-422, 2011.

S. Farha, Hypoxia-inducible factors in human pulmonary arterial hypertension: a link to the intrinsic myeloid abnormalities, Blood, vol.117, issue.13, pp.3485-3493, 2011.

N. J. Davie, Hypoxia-induced pulmonary artery adventitial remodeling and neovascularization: contribution of progenitor cells, Am. J. Physiol. Lung Cell. Mol. Physiol, vol.286, issue.4, pp.668-678, 2004.

M. Toshner, Evidence of dysfunction of endothelial progenitors in pulmonary arterial hypertension, Am. J. Respir. Crit. Care Med, vol.180, issue.8, pp.780-787, 2009.

K. C. Young, E. Torres, K. E. Hatzistergos, D. Hehre, C. Suguihara et al., Inhibition of the SDF-1/CXCR4 axis attenuates neonatal hypoxia-induced pulmonary hypertension, Circ. Res, vol.104, issue.11, pp.1293-1301, 2009.

L. Yan, Bone Marrow-derived Cells Contribute to the Pathogenesis of Pulmonary Arterial Hypertension, Am. J. Respir. Crit. Care Med, vol.193, issue.8, pp.898-909, 2016.

D. M. Smadja, Treprostinil increases the number and angiogenic potential of endothelial progenitor cells in children with pulmonary hypertension, Angiogenesis, vol.14, issue.1, pp.17-27, 2011.

D. M. Smadja, Treprostinil indirectly regulates endothelial colony forming cell angiogenic properties by increasing VEGF-A produced by mesenchymal stem cells, Thromb. Haemost, vol.114, issue.4, pp.735-747, 2015.

D. B. Cines, Endothelial cells in physiology and in the pathophysiology of vascular disorders, Blood, vol.91, issue.10, pp.3527-3561, 1998.

S. Fujii, H. Sawa, J. E. Saffitz, C. L. Lucore, and B. E. Sobel, Induction of endothelial cell expression of the plasminogen activator inhibitor type 1 gene by thrombosis in vivo, Circulation, vol.86, issue.6, 1992.

H. Sawa, S. Fujii, and B. E. Sobel, Augmented arterial wall expression of type-1 plasminogen activator inhibitor induced by thrombosis, Arterioscler. Thromb. J. Vasc. Biol, vol.12, issue.12, pp.1507-1515, 1992.

S. Alias, Defective angiogenesis delays thrombus resolution: a potential pathogenetic mechanism underlying chronic thromboembolic pulmonary hypertension

, Arterioscler. Thromb. Vasc. Biol, vol.34, issue.4, pp.810-819, 2014.

I. Singh, Failure of thrombus to resolve in urokinase-type plasminogen activator gene-knockout mice: rescue by normal bone marrow-derived cells, Circulation, vol.107, issue.6, pp.869-875, 2003.

R. and D. Stefano, Human peripheral blood endothelial progenitor cells synthesize and express functionally active tissue factor, Thromb. Res, vol.123, issue.6, pp.925-930, 2009.

D. M. Smadja, Thrombin bound to a fibrin clot confers angiogenic and haemostatic properties on endothelial progenitor cells, J. Cell. Mol. Med, vol.12, issue.3, pp.975-986, 2008.

D. M. Smadja, I. Laurendeau, C. Avignon, M. Vidaud, M. Aiach et al., The angiopoietin pathway is modulated by PAR-1 activation on human endothelial progenitor cells, J. Thromb. Haemost. JTH, vol.4, issue.9, pp.2051-2058, 2006.

D. M. Smadja, PAR-1 activation on human late endothelial progenitor cells enhances angiogenesis in vitro with upregulation of the SDF-1/CXCR4 system, Arterioscler. Thromb. Vasc. Biol, vol.25, issue.11, pp.2321-2327, 2005.
URL : https://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/hal-02163507

B. Modarai, K. G. Burnand, B. Sawyer, and A. Smith, Endothelial progenitor cells are recruited into resolving venous thrombi, Circulation, vol.111, issue.20, pp.2645-2653, 2005.

E. R. Nuzzolo, M. G. Iachininoto, and L. Teofili, Endothelial progenitor cells and thrombosis, Thromb. Res, vol.129, issue.3, pp.309-313, 2012.

S. Alias and I. M. Lang, Coagulation and the vessel wall in pulmonary embolism, Pulm. Circ, vol.3, issue.4, pp.728-738, 2013.

M. Waltham, K. G. Burnand, M. Collins, and A. Smith, Vascular endothelial growth factor and basic fibroblast growth factor are found in resolving venous thrombi, J. Vasc. Surg, vol.32, issue.5, pp.988-996, 2000.

M. Waltham, K. G. Burnand, M. Collins, C. L. Mcguinness, I. Singh et al., Vascular endothelial growth factor enhances venous thrombus recanalisation and organisation, Thromb. Haemost, vol.89, issue.1, pp.169-176, 2003.

W. G. Jerome, S. Handt, and R. R. Hantgan, Endothelial cells organize fibrin clots into structures that are more resistant to lysis, Microsc. Microanal. Off. J. Microsc. Soc. Am. Microbeam Anal. Soc. Microsc. Soc. Can, vol.11, issue.3, pp.268-277, 2005.

J. Qi, S. Goralnick, and D. L. Kreutzer, Fibrin regulation of interleukin-8 gene expression in human vascular endothelial cells, Blood, vol.90, issue.9, pp.3595-3602, 1997.

P. Petzelbauer, The fibrin-derived peptide Bbeta15-42 protects the myocardium against ischemia-reperfusion injury, Nat. Med, vol.11, issue.3, pp.298-304, 2005.

D. G. Chalupowicz, Z. A. Chowdhury, T. L. Bach, C. Barsigian, and J. Martinez, Fibrin II induces endothelial cell capillary tube formation, J. Cell Biol, vol.130, issue.1, pp.207-215, 1995.

S. Yakovlev, I. Mikhailenko, G. Tsurupa, A. M. Belkin, and L. Medved, Polymerisation of fibrin ?C-domains promotes endothelial cell migration and proliferation, Thromb. Haemost, vol.112, issue.6, pp.1244-1251, 2014.

V. Nehls and R. Herrmann, The configuration of fibrin clots determines capillary morphogenesis and endothelial cell migration, Microvasc. Res, vol.51, issue.3, pp.347-364, 1996.

A. Collen, P. Koolwijk, M. Kroon, and V. W. Van-hinsbergh, Influence of fibrin structure on the formation and maintenance of capillary-like tubules by human microvascular endothelial cells, Angiogenesis, vol.2, issue.2, pp.153-165, 1998.

F. H. Silver, M. C. Wang, and G. D. Pins, Preparation of fibrin glue: a study of chemical and physical methods, J. Appl. Biomater. Off. J. Soc. Biomater, vol.6, issue.3, pp.175-183, 1995.

J. Collet, C. Lesty, G. Montalescot, and J. W. Weisel, Dynamic changes of fibrin architecture during fibrin formation and intrinsic fibrinolysis of fibrin-rich clots, J. Biol. Chem, vol.278, issue.24, pp.21331-21335, 2003.

A. Woywodt, U. Erdbruegger, and M. Haubitz, Circulating endothelial cells and endothelial progenitor cells after angioplasty: news from the endothelial rescue squad, J. Thromb. Haemost. JTH, vol.4, issue.5, pp.976-978, 2006.

F. Dignat-george, F. Sabatier, A. Blann, and A. Woywodt, Detection of circulating endothelial cells: CD146-based magnetic separation enrichment or flow cytometric assay?, J. Clin. Oncol. Off. J. Am. Soc. Clin. Oncol, vol.25, issue.5, pp.1-2, 2007.

B. Blombäck, K. Carlsson, B. Hessel, A. Liljeborg, R. Procyk et al., Native fibrin gel networks observed by 3D microscopy, permeation and turbidity, Biochim. Biophys. Acta, vol.997, issue.1-2, pp.96-110, 1989.

T. A. Morris, Antibodies against the fibrin beta-chain amino-terminus detect active canine venous thrombi, Circulation, vol.96, issue.9, pp.3173-3179, 1997.

G. F. Reed, F. Lynn, and B. D. Meade, Use of coefficient of variation in assessing variability of quantitative assays, Clin. Diagn. Lab. Immunol, vol.9, issue.6, pp.1235-1239, 2002.

H. Sato and J. K. Swadesh, Structural difference between polymerized and nonpolymerized fragment X, obtained by plasmin digest of fibrinogen, Int. J. Biol. Macromol, vol.15, issue.6, pp.323-327, 1993.

B. Blombäck and N. Bark, Fibrinopeptides and fibrin gel structure, Biophys. Chem, vol.112, issue.2-3, pp.147-151, 2004.

J. J. Marsh, H. S. Guan, S. Li, P. G. Chiles, D. Tran et al., Structural insights into fibrinogen dynamics using amide hydrogen/deuterium exchange mass spectrometry, Biochemistry (Mosc.), vol.52, issue.32, pp.5491-5502, 2013.

A. Huertas, Immune dysregulation and endothelial dysfunction in pulmonary arterial hypertension: a complex interplay, Circulation, vol.129, issue.12, pp.1332-1340, 2014.

A. Huertas and P. Palange, Circulating endothelial progenitor cells and chronic pulmonary diseases, Eur. Respir. J, vol.37, issue.2, pp.426-431, 2011.

M. Okude, A. Yamanaka, Y. Morimoto, and S. Akihama, Sialic acid in fibrinogen: effects of sialic acid on fibrinogen-fibrin conversion by thrombin and properties of asialofibrin clot, Biol. Pharm. Bull, vol.16, issue.5, pp.448-452, 1993.

G. J. Maghzal, S. O. Brennan, and P. M. George, The sialic acid content of fibrinogen decreases during pregnancy and increases in response to fibrate therapy, Thromb. Res, vol.115, issue.4, pp.293-299, 2005.

A. Bini, S. Callender, R. Procyk, B. Blombäck, and B. J. Kudryk, Flow and antibody binding properties of hydrated fibrins prepared from plasma, platelet rich plasma and whole blood, Thromb. Res, vol.76, issue.2, pp.145-156, 1994.

N. Komanasin, A. J. Catto, T. S. Futers, A. Van-hylckama, F. R. Vlieg et al., A novel polymorphism in the factor XIII B-subunit (His95Arg): relationship to subunit dissociation and venous thrombosis, J. Thromb. Haemost. JTH, vol.3, issue.11, pp.2487-2496, 2005.

V. Schroeder and H. P. Kohler, New developments in the area of factor XIII, J. Thromb. Haemost. JTH, vol.11, issue.2, pp.234-244, 2013.

Z. Bereczky and L. Muszbek, Factor XIII and venous thromboembolism, Semin. Thromb. Hemost, vol.37, issue.3, pp.305-314, 2011.

S. R. Fraser, N. A. Booth, and N. J. Mutch, The antifibrinolytic function of factor XIII is exclusively expressed through ??-antiplasmin cross-linking, Blood, vol.117, issue.23, pp.6371-6374, 2011.

G. Meyer, Effects of intravenous urokinase versus alteplase on total pulmonary resistance in acute massive pulmonary embolism: a European multicenter double-blind trial. The European Cooperative Study Group for Pulmonary Embolism, J. Am. Coll. Cardiol, vol.19, issue.2, pp.239-245, 1992.

N. Meneveau, Streptokinase vs alteplase in massive pulmonary embolism. A randomized trial assessing right heart haemodynamics and pulmonary vascular obstruction, Eur. Heart J, vol.18, issue.7, pp.1141-1148, 1997.

T. L. Simon, J. M. Stengle, and A. A. Sasahara, Urokinase in pulmonary embolism, Lancet Lond. Engl, vol.2, issue.7827, p.501, 1973.

F. A. Klok, External validation of a simple non-invasive algorithm to rule out chronic thromboembolic pulmonary hypertension after acute pulmonary embolism, Thromb. Res, vol.135, issue.5, pp.796-801, 2015.

G. Meyer, Fibrinolysis for patients with intermediate-risk pulmonary embolism, N. Engl. J. Med, vol.370, issue.15, pp.1402-1411, 2014.
URL : https://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/hal-01045144

I. Sörensen, B?(15-42) attenuates the effect of ischemia-reperfusion injury in renal transplantation, J. Am. Soc. Nephrol. JASN, vol.22, issue.10, pp.1887-1896, 2011.

R. J. Glynn, A randomized trial of rosuvastatin in the prevention of venous thromboembolism, N. Engl. J. Med, vol.360, issue.18, pp.1851-1861, 2009.

Y. Guo, R. Peng, Q. Liu, and D. Xu, Exercise training-induced different improvement profile of endothelial progenitor cells function in mice with or without myocardial infarction, Int. J. Cardiol, vol.221, pp.335-341, 2016.

R. Emmons, G. M. Niemiro, O. Owolabi, and M. De-lisio, Acute exercise mobilizes hematopoietic stem and progenitor cells and alters the mesenchymal stromal cell secretome, J. Appl. Physiol. Bethesda Md, vol.120, issue.6, pp.624-632, 1985.

S. G. Lakoski, The safety and efficacy of early-initiation exercise training after acute venous thromboembolism: a randomized clinical trial, J. Thromb. Haemost. JTH, 2015.