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, cette représentation permet de se rendre compte que de nombreux marqueurs d'iridophores ont un profil d'expression correspondant à une augmentation aux stades 5 et 6 par rapport au stade 4. De plus, aucun de ces gènes n'est représenté vers "le bas et le milieu de la branche gauche" du graphe (clusters gris, rose, jaune et cyan), correspondant aux gènes qui ont une expression croissante avant S4 puis décroissante après S4, Que la différence soit significative ou pas

, De même, les deux TR? ont une expression qui augmente entre les stades 4 et 6. Cela pourrait donc suggérer un contrôle des gènes de différentiation des iridophores par la voie des hormones thyroïdiennes. Cela reste évidemment à tester fonctionnellement, mais ce serait une première, à ma connaissance. En effet, jusqu'à présent, le rôle de ces hormones n'a été montré que dans la différentiation des mélanocytes et des xanthophores, On peut remarquer qu'un autre des gènes évoqués au-dessus a un profil d'expression faible jusqu'au stade 4 et en constante augmentation par la suite : TR-?, 2014.

, Autre point intéressant : sur la figure 12 est également représenté le profil d'expression de roshi-a. Celui-ci est, nous l'avons montré, un probable nouveau marqueur d'iridophores. Son expression est compatible avec une augmentation entre S4 et S5/S6, et va de fait dans le sens de ce qui est avancé au-dessus (Figure 12

, Les iridophores, chez le poisson-clown, se mettent en place massivement au cours de la métamorphose post-S4

, (même si, ensuite, leur expression semble réaugmenter après le stade 4), et ont un profil d'expression en "creux" plutôt qu'en exponentielle : gart, impdh1b, fhl2, roshi-a? Cela pourrait correspondre, de manière un peu équivalente à ce qui est observé chez le Poisson-zèbre, à la présence de deux populations d'iridophores : des iridophores larvaires, qui seraient présents précocement au cours du développement, mais diffus et sans former de bandes, et des iridophores adultes, se mettant en place en même temps que les bandes, On peut donc "s'étonner" de constater que de nombreux marqueurs d'iridophores sont exprimés de manière plus précoce, aux stades, vol.1, 2015.

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;. Au and . Panchy, Il y a donc rapidement une divergence des patrons d'expression entre les paralogues. Parmi une multitude de grandeurs, le niveau d'expression d'un gène est celle qui est la plus intimement corrélée à son taux d'évolution (Cherry, 2010). Ainsi, un gène fortement exprimé a une évolution plus contrainte qu'un gène faiblement exprimé, car l'impact phénotypique d'une modification du premier risque d'être plus important. Au cours de cette thèse, nous n'avons pas étudié de manière systématique ni les différences d'expression, ni de taux d'évolution, entre paralogues. Ces mesures pourraient être intéressantes à mener sur les familles de gènes de la pigmentation, -delà des taux de rétention : autres aspects susceptibles d'influer l'évolution des gènes de la pigmentation Au cours de cette thèse, j'ai envisagé les conséquences des duplications de génomes essentiellement sous l'angle de la rétention, vol.4, 2016.

. Ii, Évolution" de l'étude du répertoire pigmentaire et de la compréhension de la pigmentation chez les Vertébrés 1. Pourquoi il est important d'en apprendre plus sur la pigmentation des Vertébrés

. Cuthill, En évolution, elle permet en particulier de répondre à des questions fondamentales sur le processus adaptatif. Enfin, l'étude de la couleur de différentes populations d'espèces de mammifères polyphéniques (pelage brun en été et blanc en hiver), qui ont du mal à s'adapter au rythme du changement climatique actuel, 2017.

, Le répertoire pigmentaire s'enrichit constamment a. Études "omiques

. Hysi, Les Genome-Wide Association Studies permettent d'identifier de nouveaux candidats, de même que les études transcriptomiques, telle que celle ayant conduit à la mise en évidence du rôle de alx3 dans le patterning pigmentaire chez les rongeurs, 2016.

, Article de vulgarisation sur les cellules des crêtes neurales

, Intéressé par la biologie du développement et l'évolution des Vertébrés, je me suis naturellement orienté vers la rédaction d'un article traitant des cellules des crêtes neurales. Après des retours de Jean-Nicolas Volff sur une première version de l'article, j'ai proposé ce texte à Pascal Combemorel, éditeur du site institutionnel Planet-Vie ayant pour vocation de publier des articles pour les enseignants de SVT (https://planet-vie.ens.fr/). P. Combemorel m'a grandement aidé à le rendre plus accessible pour des enseignants du secondaire, après avoir appris que je voulais devenir enseignant, Frédéric Flamant et Marc Robinson-Rechavi m'ont tous deux suggéré d'écrire un article de vulgarisation en rapport avec ma thèse

, Je joins ici l'équivalent en format pdf du texte publié en ligne. Je tiens à remercier chaleureusement Pascal

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