L. Abas, R. Benjamins, N. Malenica, T. T. Paciorek, J. Wi?niewska et al., Intracellular trafficking and proteolysis of the Arabidopsis auxin-efflux facilitator PIN2 are involved in root gravitropism, Nature Cell Biology, vol.8, pp.249-256, 2006.

A. M. Abdalla, D. Hettiaratchi, and A. R. Reece, The mechanics of root growth in Granular media, Journal of Agricultural Engineering Research, vol.14, pp.236-248, 1969.

P. Achard, A. Gusti, S. Cheminant, M. Alioua, S. Dhondt et al.,

P. Genschik, Gibberellin Signaling Controls Cell Proliferation Rate in Arabidopsis, Current Biology, vol.19, pp.1188-1193, 2009.
URL : https://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/hal-00408776

M. Ahearne, Y. Yang, E. Haj, A. J. Then, K. Y. Liu et al., Characterizing the viscoelastic properties of thin hydrogel-based constructs for tissue engineering applications, Journal of the Royal Society Interface, vol.2, pp.455-463, 2005.

M. Aida, D. Beis, and R. Heidstra, of the Arabidopsis Root Stem Cell Niche. Cell, vol.119, pp.109-120, 2004.

C. T. Anderson, A. Carroll, L. Akhmetova, and C. Somerville, Real-Time Imaging of Cellulose Reorientation during Cell Wall Expansion in Arabidopsis Roots, Plant Physiology, vol.152, pp.787-796, 2010.

C. Arnaud, C. Bonnot, T. Desnos, and L. Nussaume, The root cap at the forefront, Comptes Rendus -Biologies, vol.333, pp.335-343, 2010.

J. A. Atkinson, A. Rasmussen, R. Traini, U. Voss, C. Sturrock et al., Branching Out in Roots: Uncovering Form, Function, and Regulation, Plant Physiology, vol.166, pp.538-550, 2014.

B. J. Atwell, D. Crops, and S. Russell, Physiological responses of lupin roots to soil compaction, Plant and Soil, vol.281, pp.277-281, 1988.

P. Bailey, J. D. Currey, and A. H. Fitter, The role of root system architecture and root hairs in promoting anchorage against uprooting forces in Allium cepa and root mutants of Arabidopsis thaliana, Journal of Experimental Botany, vol.53, pp.333-340, 2002.

F. Bizet, Division et élongation cellulaire dans l ' apex de la racine : diversité de réponses au déficit hydrique, 2014.

F. Bizet, A. G. Bengough, I. Hummel, M. Bogeat-triboulot, and L. X. Dupuy, 3D deformation field in growing plant roots reveals both mechanical and biological responses to axial mechanical forces, Journal of Experimental Botany, vol.67, pp.5605-5614, 2016.
URL : https://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/hal-01557565

E. B. Blancaflor, Plant Gravitropism, 2015.

E. B. Blancaflor, J. M. Fasano, and S. Gilroy, Mapping the functional roles of cap cells in the response of Arabidopsis primary roots to gravity, Plant Physiol, vol.116, pp.213-222, 1998.

I. Blilou, J. Xu, M. Wildwater, V. Willemsen, I. Paponov et al.,

K. and S. B. , The PIN auxin efflux facilitator network controls growth and patterning in Arabidopsis roots, Nature, vol.433, pp.39-44, 2005.

W. Boerjan, M. Cervera, M. Delarue, T. Beeckman, W. Dewitte et al., Confers Auxin Overproduction. The Plant cell, vol.7, pp.1405-1419, 1995.

Y. Boursiac, J. Boudet, O. Postaire, D. T. Luu, C. Tournaire-roux et al., Stimulusinduced downregulation of root water transport involves reactive oxygen species-activated cell signalling and plasma membrane intrinsic protein internalization, Plant Journal, vol.56, pp.207-218, 2008.
URL : https://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/hal-00330107

Y. Boursiac, S. Chen, D. Luu, M. Sorieul, N. Van-den-dries et al.,

C. Maurel, Early Effects of Salinity on Water Transport in Arabidopsis Roots . Molecular and Cellular Features of Aquaporin Expression 1, Plant Physiology, vol.139, pp.790-805, 2005.
URL : https://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/hal-00086138

. Brigham-l-a, H. H. Woo, S. M. Nicoll, and M. C. Hawes, Differential Expression of Proteins and mRNAs from Border Cells and Root Tips of Pea, Plant physiology, vol.109, pp.457-463, 1995.

G. Brunoud, D. M. Wells, and M. Oliva, A novel sensor to map auxin response and distribution at high spatio-temporal resolution, Nature, vol.482, pp.103-106, 2012.

C. S. Buer, J. Masle, and G. O. Wasteneys, Growth conditions modulate root-wave phenotypes in Arabidopsis, Plant and Cell Physiology, vol.41, pp.1164-1170, 2000.

E. Del-campillo, A. , A. Crawford, D. Patterson, and S. E. , Root cap specific expression of an endo-beta-1,4-D-glucanase (cellulase): a new marker to study root 279 development in Arabidopsis, Plant Mol Biol, vol.56, pp.309-323, 2004.

A. Carminati, D. Vetterlein, U. Weller, H. Vogel, and S. E. Oswald, When Roots Lose Contact. Vadose Zone Journal, vol.8, p.805, 2009.

I. Casimiro, A. Marchant, and R. P. Bhalerao, Auxin Transport Promotes Arabidopsis Lateral Root Initiation, The Plant cell, vol.13, pp.843-852, 2001.

H. Chauvet, O. Pouliquen, Y. Forterre, V. Legué, and B. Moulia, Inclination not force is sensed by plants during shoot gravitropism, Scientific Reports, vol.6, pp.1-8, 2016.
URL : https://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/hal-01381357

Y. L. Chen, J. Palta, J. Clements, B. Buirchell, K. Siddique et al., Root architecture alteration of narrow-leafed lupin and wheat in response to soil compaction, Field Crops Research, vol.165, pp.61-70, 2014.

H. W. Chen, K. H. Shao, and S. J. Wang, Light-mediated modulation of helix angle and rate of seminal root tip movement determines root morphology of young rice seedlings, Plant Signaling and Behavior, vol.11, pp.1-3, 2016.

Q. Chen, B. Suki, and A. K. , Dynamic Mechanical Properties of Agarose Gels Modeled by a Fractional Derivative Model, Journal of Biomechanical Engineering, vol.126, 2004.

J. G. Chimungu, K. W. Loades, and J. P. Lynch, Root anatomical phenes predict root penetration ability and biomechanical properties in maize (Zea Mays), Journal of Experimental Botany, vol.66, pp.3151-3162, 2015.

L. J. Clark, W. R. Whalley, and P. B. Barraclough, Partial mechanical impedance can increase the turgor of seedling pea roots, Journal of Experimental Botany, vol.52, pp.167-171, 2001.

L. J. Clark, W. R. Whalley, A. R. Dexter, P. B. Barraclough, and R. A. Leigh, Complete mechanical impedance increases the turgor of cells in the apex of pea roots, Plant, Cell and Environment, vol.19, pp.1099-1102, 1996.

T. Colombi, N. Kirchgessner, A. Walter, and T. Keller, Root Tip Shape Governs Root Elongation Rate under increased soil strength, Plant Physiology, vol.174, pp.2289-2301, 2017.

D. J. Cosgrove, Loosening of plant cell walls by expansins -Prifysgol Bangor University, Nature, vol.407, pp.321-326, 2000.

D. J. Cosgrove, Growth of the plant cell wall, Nature Reviews Molecular Cell Biology, vol.6, pp.850-861, 2005.

C. Coutand and B. Moulia, Biomechanical study of the effect of a controlled bending on tomato stem elongation : local strain sensing and spatial integration of the signal, Journal of Experimental Botany, vol.51, 2000.
URL : https://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/hal-01189613

C. Croser, A. G. Bengough, and J. Pritchard, The effect of mechanical impedance on root growth in pea (Pisum sativum). I. Rates of cell flux, mitosis, and strain during recovery, Physiologia Plantarum, vol.107, pp.277-286, 1999.

C. Croser, A. G. Bengough, and J. Pritchard, The effect of mechanical impedance on root growth in pea (Pisum sativum). II.Cell expansion and wall rheology during recovery, 2000.

, Physiologia Plantarum, vol.107, pp.277-286

H. Cui, M. P. Levesque, T. Vernoux, J. W. Jung, A. J. Paquette et al., An evolutionarily conserved mechanism delimiting SHR movement defines a single layer of endodermis in plants, Science, vol.316, pp.421-425, 2007.
URL : https://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/hal-00412589

S. Czarnes, S. Hiller, A. R. Dexter, P. D. Hallett, and F. Bartoli, Root:Soil adhesion in the maize rhizosphere: The rheological approach, Plant and Soil, vol.211, pp.69-86, 1999.

S. Datta, C. M. Kim, M. Pernas, N. D. Pires, H. Proust et al., Root hairs : development , growth and evolution at the plant-soil interface, pp.1-14, 2011.

E. Davies, Y. Huang, J. B. Harper, J. M. Hook, D. S. Thomas et al., Dynamics of water in agar gels studied using low and high resolution 1H NMR spectroscopy, International Journal of Food Science and Technology, vol.45, pp.2502-2507, 2010.

C. Dechamps, N. Noret, R. Mozek, X. Draye, and P. Meerts, Root allocation in metal-rich patch by Thlaspi caerulescens from normal and metalliferous soil -New insights into the rhizobox approach, Plant and Soil, vol.310, pp.211-224, 2008.

A. R. Dexter and J. S. Hewitt, The deflection of plant roots, Journal of Agricultural Engineering Research, vol.23, pp.17-22, 1978.

D. Dietrich, Hydrotropism: How roots search for water, Journal of Experimental Botany, vol.69, pp.2759-2771, 2018.

D. Dietrich, A. John, M. Darren, M. R. , L. R. Rosemary et al., Root hydrotropism is controlled via a cortex-specific growth mechanism, 2017.

F. A. Ditengou, W. D. Teale, and P. Kochersperger, Mechanical induction of lateral root initiation in Arabidopsis thaliana, PNAS, vol.105, pp.18818-18823, 2008.

J. Dobránszki, K. Magyar-tábori, and E. Tombácz, Comparison of the rheological and diffusion properties of some gelling agents and blends and their effects on shoot multiplication, Plant Biotechnology Reports, vol.5, pp.345-352, 2011.

L. Dolan, K. Janmaat, V. Willemsen, P. Linstead, S. Poethig et al., Cellular organisation of the Arabidopsis thaliana root, Development, vol.119, pp.71-84, 1993.

S. Dong, D. Neilsen, G. H. Neilsen, and M. Weis, A Scanner-based Root Image Acquisition Technique for Measuring Roots on a Rhizotron Window, HortScience, vol.38, pp.1385-1388, 2003.

K. M. Dorgan, P. A. Jumars, B. Johnson, B. P. Boudreau, and E. Landis, Burrow extension by crack propagation, Nature, vol.433, p.475, 2005.

H. F. Downie, M. O. Adu, S. Sschmidt, W. Otten, L. X. Dupuy et al., Challenges and opportunities for quantifying roots and rhizosphere interactions through imaging and image analysis, Plant, Cell & Environment, vol.38, pp.1213-1232, 2015.

H. Downie, N. Holden, W. Otten, A. J. Spiers, . Valentine-t-a et al., Transparent soil for imaging the rhizosphere, PloS one, vol.7, p.44276, 2012.

A. Driouich, C. Durand, and M. Vicré-gibouin, Formation and separation of root border cells, Trends in Plant Science, vol.12, pp.14-19, 2007.

J. G. Dubrovsky, T. L. Rost, A. Colon-carmona, and P. Doerner, Early primordium morphogenesis during lateral root initiation in Arabidopsis thaliana, Planta, vol.214, pp.30-36, 2001.

J. G. Dubrovsky, M. Sauer, S. Napsucialy-mendivil, M. G. Ivanchenko, S. Shishkova et al.,

J. and B. E. , Auxin acts as a local morphogenetic trigger to specify lateral root founder cells, 2008.

C. Durand, M. Vicre-gibouin, M. L. Follet-gueye, L. Duponchel, M. Moreau et al., The Organization Pattern of Root Border-Like Cells of Arabidopsis Is Dependent on Cell Wall Homogalacturonan, Plant Physiology, vol.150, pp.1411-1421, 2009.
URL : https://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/hal-00433500

J. M. Eklof and H. Brumer, The XTH Gene Family: An Update on Enzyme Structure, Function, and Phylogeny in Xyloglucan Remodeling, Plant Physiology, vol.153, pp.456-466, 2010.

E. Feraru and J. Friml, PIN Polar Targeting, Plant Physiology, vol.147, pp.1553-1559, 2008.

E. Forouzesh, A. Goel, S. A. Mackenzie, and J. A. Turner, In vivo extraction of Arabidopsis cell turgor pressure using nanoindentation in conjunction with finite element modeling. the plant journal, vol.73, pp.509-520, 2013.

E. Freundl, E. Steudle, and W. Hartung, Water uptake by roots of maize and sunflower affects the radial transport of abscisic acid and its concentration in the xylem, Planta, vol.207, pp.8-19, 1998.

J. Friml, E. Benkova, J. Wisniewska, K. Mendgen, and K. Palme, Lateral relocation of auxin efflux regulator PIN3 mediates tropism in Arabidopsis, nature, vol.415, pp.1-4, 2002.

J. Friml, J. Wi?niewska, E. Benková, K. Mendgen, and K. Palme, Lateral relocation of auxin efflux regulator PIN3 mediates tropism in Arabidopsis, Nature, vol.415, pp.806-809, 2002.

T. Furuichi, H. Iida, M. Sokabe, and H. Tatsumi, Expression of Arabidopsis MCA1 enhanced mechanosensitive channel activity in the Xenopus laevis oocyte plasma membrane, Plant Signaling & Behavior, vol.7, pp.1022-1026, 2012.

C. Galinha, H. Hofhuis, M. Luijten, V. Willemsen, I. Blilou et al., PLETHORA proteins as dose-dependent master regulators of Arabidopsis root development, Nature, vol.449, pp.1053-1057, 2007.

A. Gouget, Lectin Receptor Kinases Participate in Protein-Protein Interactions to Mediate Plasma Membrane-Cell Wall Adhesions in Arabidopsis, Plant Physiology, vol.140, pp.81-90, 2005.
URL : https://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/hal-00117132

E. L. Greacen and J. S. Oh, Physics of Root Growth, Nature New Biology, vol.235, pp.24-25, 1972.

V. A. Grieneisen, J. Xu, A. Marée, P. Hogeweg, and B. Scheres, Auxin transport is sufficient to generate a maximum and gradient guiding root growth, Nature, vol.449, pp.1008-1013, 2007.

L. Hamamoto, M. C. Hawes, and T. L. Rost, The production and release of living root cap, 2006.

O. Hamant and J. Traas, The mechanics behind plant development, New Phytologist, vol.185, pp.369-385, 2010.
URL : https://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/hal-00521636

E. S. Hamilton, A. M. Schlegel, and E. S. Haswell, United in Diversity: Mechanosensitive Ion Channels in Plants, Annual Review of Plant Biology, vol.66, pp.113-137, 2015.

D. Hanaor, Y. Gan, and I. Einav, Contact mechanics of fractal surfaces by spline assisted discretisation, International Journal of Solids and Structures, vol.59, pp.121-131, 2015.

S. L. Harmer and C. J. Brooks, Growth-mediated plant movements: hidden in plain sight, Current Opinion in Plant Biology, vol.41, pp.89-94, 2018.

B. R. Harrison and P. H. Masson, ARL2, ARG1 and PIN3 define a gravity signal transduction pathway in root statocytes, Plant Journal, vol.53, pp.380-392, 2008.

E. S. Haswell, CHAPTER 13 MscS -Like Proteins in Plants, vol.58, 2007.

E. S. Haswell, E. M. Meyerowitz, J. Frachisse, and R. Protoplasts, Two MscS Homologs Provide Mechanosensitive Channel Activities in the Arabidopsis Root, Current Biology, vol.18, pp.730-734, 2008.
URL : https://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/hal-00855511

M. C. Hawes, Living plant-cells released from the root cap: A regulator of microbialpopulations in the rhizosphere, Plant and Soil, vol.129, pp.19-27, 1990.

M. C. Hawes and H. J. Lin, Correlation of Pectolytic Enzyme Activity with the Programmed Release of Cells from Root Caps of Pea (Pisum sativum), Plant physiology, vol.94, pp.1855-1864, 1990.

G. Hou, D. R. Mohamalawari, and E. B. Blancaflor, Enhanced Gravitropism of Roots with a Disrupted Cap Actin Cytoskeleton, Plant Physiol, vol.131, pp.1360-1373, 2003.

R. O. Hynes, Integrins: Bidirectional, allosteric signaling machines, Cell, vol.110, pp.673-687, 2002.

H. Iida, T. Furuichi, M. Nakano, M. Toyota, M. Sokabe et al., New candidates for mechano-sensitive channels potentially involved in gravity sensing in Arabidopsis thaliana, Plant Biology, vol.16, pp.39-42, 2014.

M. Iijima, P. W. Barlow, and A. G. Bengough, Root cap structure and cell production rates of maize ( Zea mays ) roots in compacted sand, New Phytologist, vol.160, pp.127-134, 2003.

M. Iijima, B. Griffiths, and A. G. Bengough, Sloughing of cap cells and carbon exudation from maize seedling roots in compacted sand, New Phytologist, vol.145, pp.477-482, 2000.

M. Iijima, T. Higuchi, P. W. Barlow, and A. G. Bengough, Root cap removal increases root penetration resistance in maize ( Zea mays L .), Journal of Experimental Botany, vol.54, pp.2105-2109, 2003.

M. Iijima and Y. Kono, Interspecific differences of the root systme structure of four cereal species as affected by soil compaction, Japanese Journal of Crop Science, vol.60, pp.130-138, 1991.

M. Iijima and Y. Kono, Development of Golgi Apparatus in the Root Cap Cells of Maize ( Zea mays L .) as Affected by Compacted Soil, pp.207-212, 1992.

M. Iijima, S. Morita, W. Barlow, and P. , Structure and Function of the Root Cap, Plant Production Science, vol.11, pp.17-27, 2008.

D. Ioio, R. Nakamura, K. Moubayidin, L. Perilli, S. Taniguchi et al.,

T. Costantino, P. Sabatini, and S. , A genetic framework for the control of cell division and differentiation in the root meristem, Science, vol.322, pp.1380-1384, 2008.

M. J. Jaffe, A. C. Leopold, and R. C. Staples, Thigmo responses in plants and fungi, American Journal of Botany, vol.89, pp.375-382, 2002.

J. Jalean, C. M. Petricka, and P. Winter, Control of Arabidopsis Root Development, 2013.

, Annual Review of Plant Biology, vol.63, pp.563-590

K. Jiang and L. J. Feldman, Positioning of the auxin maximum affects the character of cells occupying the root stem cell niche, Plant Signaling and Behavior, vol.5, pp.202-204, 2010.

K. Jin, J. Shen, R. W. Ashton, I. C. Dodd, M. Parry et al., How do roots elongate in a structured soil, Journal of Experimental Botany, vol.64, pp.4761-4777, 2013.

J. A. , Circumnutations: results from recent experiments on Earth and in space, Planta, vol.203, pp.147-158, 1997.

A. Jungk, Root hairs and the acquisition of plant nutrients from soil, Journal of Plant Nutrition and Soil Science, vol.164, pp.121-129, 2001.

B. E. Juniper and F. Clowes, Cytoplasmic organelles and cell growth in root caps, Nature, vol.208, 1965.

M. Kamiya, S. Higashio, A. Isomoto, J. Kim, and M. Seki, Control of root cap maturation and cell detachment by BEARSKIN transcription factors in Arabidopsis, Development, vol.143, p.4063, 2016.

Y. B. Park and D. J. Cosgrove, Xyloglucan and its interactions with other components of the growing cell wall, Plant and Cell Physiology, vol.56, pp.180-194, 2015.

G. Perbal and D. Driss-ecole, Mechanotransduction in gravisensing cells, Trends in Plant Science, vol.8, pp.498-504, 2003.

S. V. Petersson, A. I. Johansson, M. Kowalczyk, A. Makoveychuk, J. Y. Wang et al.,

M. Benfey, P. N. Sandberg, G. Ljung, and K. , An Auxin Gradient and Maximum in the, 2009.

, Arabidopsis Root Apex Shown by High-Resolution Cell-Specific Analysis of IAA Distribution and Synthesis. the Plant Cell Online, vol.21, pp.1659-1668

R. Peyronnet, E. S. Haswell, H. Barbier-brygoo, and J. Frachisse, AtMSL9 and AtMSL10: Sensors of plasma membrane tension in Arabidopsis roots, Current Biology, vol.3, pp.726-729, 2008.
URL : https://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/hal-00855526

C. D. Pivetti, M. R. Yen, S. Miller, W. Busch, Y. H. Tseng et al., Two families of mechanosensitive channel proteins, Microbiol Mol Biol Rev, vol.67, pp.66-85, 2003.

G. Ponce, P. W. Barlow, L. J. Feldman, and G. I. Cassab, Auxin and ethylene interactions control mitotic activity of the quiescent centre, root cap size, and pattern of cap cell differentiation in maize, Plant, Cell and Environment, vol.28, pp.719-732, 2005.

G. Ponce, F. Rasgado, and G. I. Cassab, How amyloplasts , water deficit and root tropisms interact ?, Plant Signaling & Behavior, vol.3, pp.460-462, 2008.

L. Popova, D. Dusschoten, . Van, K. A. Nagel, F. Fiorani et al., , 2016.

I. Potocka and J. Szymanowska-pu?ka, Morphological responses of plant roots to mechanical stress, Annals of Botany, vol.0, pp.1-13, 2018.

I. Potocka, J. Szymanowska-pulka, J. Karczewski, and J. Nakielski, Effect of mechanical stress on Zea root apex. I. Mechanical stress leads to the switch from closed to open meristem organization, Journal of Experimental Botany, vol.62, pp.4583-4593, 2011.

J. Pritchard, The control of cell expansion in roots, New Phytologist, vol.127, pp.3-26, 1994.

V. Richefeu, M. S. Youssoufi, . El, and F. Radjaï, Shear strength properties of wet granular 291 materials, 2006.

G. L. Richter, G. B. Monshausen, A. Krol, and S. Gilroy, Mechanical Stimuli Modulate Lateral Root Organogenesis, Plant Physiology, vol.151, pp.1855-1866, 2009.

M. Rivière, J. Derr, and S. Douady, Motions of leaves and stems, from growth to potential use, Physical Biology, vol.14, p.51001, 2017.

J. Rose, J. Braam, S. C. Fry, and K. Nishitani, The XTH family of enzymes involved in xyloglucan endotransglucosylation and endohydrolysis: Current perspectives and a new unifying nomenclature, Plant and Cell Physiology, vol.43, pp.1421-1435, 2002.

S. Ruiz, I. Straub, and S. J. Schymanski, Experimental Evaluation of Earthworm and Plant Root Soil Penetration -Cavity Expansion Models Using Cone Penetrometer Analogs, 2016.

K. Ruzicka, M. Simaskova, J. Duclercq, J. Petrasek, E. Zazimalova et al., Cytokinin regulates root meristem activity via modulation of the polar auxin transport, Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, vol.106, pp.4284-4289, 2009.

S. Sabatini, D. Beis, and H. Wolkenfelt, An auxin-dependent distal organizer of pattern and polarity in the Arabidopsis root, Cell, vol.99, pp.463-472, 1999.

S. Sabatini, R. Heidstra, M. Wildwater, and B. Scheres, SCARECROW is involved in positioning the stem cell niche in the Arabidopsis root meristem, Genes & Development, pp.354-358, 2003.

P. Santisree, S. Nongmaithem, H. Vasuki, Y. Sreelakshmi, M. Ivanchenko et al., , 2011.

, Tomato Root Penetration in Soil Requires a Coaction, Plant Physiology, vol.156, pp.1424-1438

A. K. Sarkar, M. Luijten, S. Miyashima, M. Lenhard, T. Hashimoto et al., Conserved factors regulate signalling in Arabidopsis thaliana shoot and root stem cell organizers, Nature, vol.446, pp.811-814, 2007.

E. M. Sato, H. Hijazi, M. J. Bennett, K. Vissenberg, and R. Swarup, New insights into root gravitropic signalling, Journal of Experimental Botany, vol.66, pp.2155-2165, 2015.

A. Schiavi, R. Cuccaro, and A. Troia, Strain-rate and temperature dependent material properties of Agar and Gellan Gum used in biomedical applications, Journal of the Mechanical, vol.292, 2016.

S. Schmidt, A. G. Bengough, P. J. Gregory, D. V. Grinev, and W. Otten, Estimating root-soil contact from 3D X-ray microtomographs, European Journal of Soil Science, vol.63, pp.776-786, 2012.

C. Schwechheimer, Understanding gibberellic acid signaling-are we there yet?, Current Opinion in Plant Biology, vol.11, pp.9-15, 2008.

A. N. Shah, M. Tanveer, B. Shahzad, G. Yang, S. Fahad et al., Soil compaction effects on soil health and crop productivity : an overview, pp.10056-10067, 2017.

T. Y. Shcherban, J. Shi, D. M. Durachko, M. J. Guiltinan, S. J. Mcqueen-mason et al., Molecular cloning and sequence analysis of expansins--a highly conserved, multigene family of proteins that mediate cell wall extension in plants, Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America, vol.92, pp.9245-9249, 1995.

H. Shih, N. D. Miller, C. Dai, E. P. Spalding, and G. B. Monshausen, The Receptor-like Kinase FERONIA Is Required for Mechanical Signal Transduction in Arabidopsis Seedlings, Current Biology, vol.24, pp.1887-1892, 2014.

D. Shkolnik, G. Krieger, R. Nuriel, and H. Fromm, Hydrotropism: Root Bending Does Not Require Auxin Redistribution, Molecular Plant, vol.9, pp.757-759, 2016.

W. K. Silk, Steady form from changing cells, Int. J. Plant Sci, vol.153, pp.49-58, 1992.

W. K. Silk and R. O. Erickson, Kinematics of Plant Growth, J.theor. Biol, pp.481-501, 1979.

J. L. Silverberg, R. D. Noar, M. S. Packer, M. J. Harrison, C. L. Henley et al., 3D imaging and mechanical modeling of helical buckling in Medicago truncatula plant roots, Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, vol.109, pp.16794-16799, 2012.

D. Smet, I. Tetsumura, T. Rybel, and B. De, Auxin-dependent regulation of lateral root positioning in the basal meristem of Arabidopsis, Development, vol.690, pp.681-690, 2007.

N. Souty and C. Rode, Aspect mécanique de la croissance des racines. I. -Mesure de la force de pénétration, Agronomie, vol.7, pp.623-630, 1987.

Y. Stahl, S. Grabowski, and A. Bleckmann, Moderation of arabidopsis root stemness by CLAVATA1 and ARABIDOPSIS CRINKLY4 receptor kinase complexes, Current Biology, vol.23, pp.362-371, 2013.

Y. Stahl and R. Simon, Is the arabidopsis root niche protected by sequestration of the CLE40 signal by its putative receptor ACR4?, Plant Signaling and Behavior, vol.4, pp.634-635, 2009.

M. B. Stephenson and M. C. Hawes, Correlation of Pectin Methylesterase Activity in Root Caps of Pea with Root Border Cell Separation, Plant physiology, vol.106, pp.739-745, 1994.

L. H. Stolzy and K. P. Barley, Mechanical resistance encountered by roots entering compact soils, Soil science, p.105, 1968.

A. K. Strohm, K. L. Baldwin, and P. H. Masson, Molecular mechanisms of root gravity sensing and signal transduction, vol.1, 2012.

S. Su, N. M. Gibbs, A. L. Jancewicz, and P. H. Masson, Review Molecular Mechanisms of Root Gravitropism. Current Biology, vol.27, pp.964-972, 2017.

R. Swarup, E. M. Kramer, P. Perry, K. Knox, H. Leyser et al., Root gravitropism requires lateral root cap and epidermal cells for transport and response to a mobile auxin signal, Nature Cell Biology, vol.7, pp.1057-1065, 2005.

R. Swarup, R. Swarup, and A. Marchant, Root Apex, Genes & Development, pp.2648-2653, 2001.
URL : https://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/hal-01268575

N. Takahashi, Y. Yamazaki, A. Kobayashi, A. Higashitani, and H. Takahashi, Hydrotropism Interacts with Gravitropism by Degrading Amyloplasts in Seedling Roots of Arabidopsis and Radish 1, Plant Physiology, vol.132, pp.805-810, 2003.

M. Takano, H. Takahashi, T. Hirasawa, and H. Suge, Hydrotropism in roots: sensing of a gradient in water potential by the root cap, Planta, vol.197, pp.410-413, 1995.

P. Thévenaz and M. Unser, Effect of estradiol and progesterone on lymphocyte and neutrophil functions in steers, Microscopy Research and Technique, vol.70, pp.135-146, 2007.

M. Thompson and N. M. Holbrook, Root-Gel Interactions and the Root Waving Behavior, Plant Physiology, vol.135, pp.1822-1837, 2004.

S. R. Tracy, C. R. Black, J. A. Roberts, C. Sturrock, S. Mairhofer et al., Quantifying the impact of soil compaction on root system architecture in tomato (Solanum lycopersicum) by X-ray micro-computed tomography, Annals of Botany, vol.110, pp.511-519, 2012.

E. Truernit, H. Bauby, B. Dubreucq, O. Grandjean, J. Runions et al., High-Resolution Whole-Mount Imaging of Three-Dimensional Tissue Organization and Gene Expression Enables the Study of Phloem Development and Structure in Arabidopsis, Plant Cell Online, vol.20, pp.1494-1503, 2008.

D. Trupiano, M. Rocco, G. Renzone, A. Scaloni, V. Viscosi et al., The proteome of Populus nigra woody root : response to bending, pp.415-432, 2012.

S. Ubeda-tomás, F. Federici, I. Casimiro, G. Beemster, R. Bhalerao et al., Gibberellin Signaling in the Endodermis Controls Arabidopsis Root Meristem Size, Current Biology, vol.19, pp.1194-1199, 2009.

S. Ubeda-tomás, R. Swarup, J. Coates, K. Swarup, L. Laplaze et al., Root growth in Arabidopsis requires gibberellin/DELLA signalling in the endodermis, Nature Cell Biology, vol.10, pp.625-628, 2008.

Y. Ugartechea-chirino, R. Swarup, K. Swarup, B. Péret, M. Whitworth et al., The AUX1 LAX family of auxin influx carriers is required for the, 2010.
URL : https://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/cea-00848577

F. Verlag, P. S. Kuzeja, P. M. Lintilhac, and C. Wei, Root elongation against a constant force : experiment with a computerized feedback-controlled device, Journal of Plant Physiology, vol.158, pp.673-676, 2001.

M. Vicré, C. Santaella, S. Blanchet, A. Gateau, and A. Driouich, , 2005.

. Arabidopsis, Microscopical Characterization and Role in the Interaction whith Rhizobacteria, Plant Physiology, vol.138, pp.998-1008

.. V. Vollsnes-a, C. M. Futsaether, and . G. Bengough-a, Quantifying rhizosphere particle movement around mutant maize roots using time-lapse imaging and particle image velocimetry, 2010.

, European Journal of Soil Science, vol.61, pp.926-939

J. Wang, Control of Root Cap Formation by MicroRNA-Targeted Auxin Response Factors in Arabidopsis. the Plant Cell Online, vol.17, pp.2204-2216, 2005.

P. Wang, X. Chen, C. Goldbeck, E. Chung, and B. H. Kang, A distinct class of vesicles derived from the trans-Golgi mediates secretion of xylogalacturonan in the root border cell, Plant Journal, vol.92, pp.596-610, 2017.

F. Wen, G. Curlango-rivera, D. A. Huskey, Z. Xiong, and M. C. Hawes, Visualization of extracellular DNA released during border cell separation from the root cap 1, American Journal of Botany, vol.104, pp.970-978, 2017.

F. Wen, Y. Zhu, and M. C. Hawes, Effect of pectin methylesterase gene expression on pea root development, The Plant Cell Online, vol.11, pp.1129-1140, 1999.

W. R. Whalley, C. W. Watts, A. S. Gregory, S. J. Mooney, L. J. Clark et al., The effect of soil strength on the yield of wheat, Plant and Soil, vol.306, pp.237-247, 2008.

G. M. Whiteley and A. R. Dexter, Elastic response of the roots of field crops, Physiologia Plantarum, vol.51, pp.407-417, 1981.

G. M. Whiteley and A. R. Dexter, Displacement of soil aggregates by elongating roots and emerging shoots of crop plants, Plant and Soil, vol.77, pp.131-140, 1984.

V. Willemsen, M. Bauch, T. Bennett, A. Campilho, H. Wolkenfelt et al., The NAC Domain Transcription Factors FEZ and SOMBRERO Control the Orientation of Cell Division Plane in Arabidopsis Root Stem Cells, Developmental Cell, vol.15, pp.913-922, 2008.

R. Wilson-aj, G. Aw, and . Mj, Effects of Mechanical Impedance on Root Growth in Barley, Hordeum vulgare L, Journal of Experimental Botany, vol.28, pp.1216-1227, 1977.

C. Wolverton, J. L. Mullen, H. Ishikawa, and M. L. Evans, Root gravitropism in response to a signal originating outside of the cap, Planta, vol.215, pp.153-157, 2002.

C. Yamamoto, Y. Sakata, T. Taji, T. Baba, and S. Tanaka, Unique ethylene-regulated touch responses of Arabidopsis thaliana roots to physical hardness, Journal of Plant Research, vol.121, pp.509-519, 2008.

T. Yamanaka, Y. Nakagawa, and K. Mori, MCA1 and MCA2 That Mediate Ca2+, 2010.

, Uptake Have Distinct and Overlapping Roles in Arabidopsis, Plant Physiology, vol.152, p.1284

J. Yan, B. Wang, and Y. Zhou, A root penetration model of Arabidopsis thaliana in phytagel medium with different strength, Journal of Plant Research, vol.130, pp.941-950, 2017.

J. Yan, B. Wang, Y. Zhou, and S. Hao, Resistance from agar medium impacts the helical growth of Arabidopsis primary roots, Journal of the Mechanical Behavior of Biomedical Materials, vol.85, pp.43-50, 2018.

I. M. Young, K. Montagu, J. Conroy, and A. G. Bengough, Mechanical impedance of root growth directly reduces leaf elongation rates of cereals, New Phytologist, vol.135, pp.613-619, 1997.

C. Youssef, F. Bizet, R. Bastien, D. Legland, M. Bogeat-triboulot et al., , 2018.

, Quantitative dissection of variations in root growth rate: a matter of cell proliferation or of cell expansion, Journal of Experimental Botany

M. Yuan, P. J. Shaw, R. M. Warn, and C. W. Lloyd, Dynamic reorientation of cortical microtubules, from transverse to longitudinal, in living plant cells, Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America, vol.91, pp.6050-6053, 1994.

L. Zacarias and M. S. Reid, Inhibition of ethylene action prevents root penetration through compressed media in tomato (Lycopersicon esculentum) seedlings, Physiologia Plantarum, vol.86, pp.301-307, 1992.

H. Zhang, W. Han, D. Smet, I. Talboys, P. Loya et al.,

J. Knox and M. H. Wang, ABA promotes quiescence of the quiescent centre and suppresses stem cell differentiation in the Arabidopsis primary root meristem, Plant Journal, vol.64, pp.764-774, 2010.

Z. Zheng, H. Y. Kang, S. Lee, S. W. Kang, B. Goo et al., Up-regulation of fibroblast growth factor (FGF) 9 expression and FGF-WNT/?-catenin signaling in laser-induced wound healing, Wound Repair and Regeneration, vol.22, pp.660-665, 2014.

E. De-zio, D. Trupiano, M. Karady, I. Antoniadi, A. Montagnoli et al., Tissue-specific hormone profiles from woody poplar roots under bending stress, Physiologia Plantarum, 2018.

, Pour chaque variable (Distance par rapport à l'apex, Longueur et Intensité maximale), les valeurs moyennes ± l'erreur standard sont présentées, 6 ? n ? 10. Les lettres indiquent des moyennes significativement différentes (P < 0,05, ANOVA II et test de Tukey). La couleur rouge est utilisée pour indiquer une moyenne significativement plus importante que la moyenne des racines sauvages