A. Agouni, P. H. Ducluzeau, T. Benameur, S. Faure, M. Sladkova et al., Microparticles from patients with metabolic syndrome induce vascular hypo-reactivity via Fas/Fas-ligand pathway in mice, PLoS One, vol.6, p.27809, 2011.

K. J. Allahdadi, L. C. Duling, B. R. Walker, and K. Nl, Eucapnic intermittent hypoxia augments endothelin-1 vasoconstriction in rats: role of PKCdelta, Am J Physiol Heart Circ Physiol, vol.294, pp.920-927, 2008.

K. J. Allahdadi, B. R. Walker, and K. Nl, Augmented endothelin vasoconstriction in intermittent hypoxia-induced hypertension, Hypertension, vol.45, pp.705-709, 2005.

I. Almendros and Y. Wang, The Polymorphic and Contradictory Aspects of Intermittent Hypoxia, Am J Physiol Lung Cell Mol Physiol, vol.307, pp.129-169, 2014.

A. Alonso-fernandez, F. Garcia-rio, M. A. Arias, A. Hernanz, M. De-la-pena et al., Effects of CPAP on oxidative stress and nitrate efficiency in sleep apnoea: a randomised trial, Thorax, vol.64, pp.581-586, 2009.

C. Arnaud, P. C. Beguin, S. Lantuejoul, J. L. Pepin, C. Guillermet et al.,

V. , R. C. Baguet, J. P. Mach, F. Levy, P. Dematteis et al., The inflammatory preatherosclerotic remodeling induced by intermittent hypoxia is attenuated by RANTES/CCL5 inhibition, Am J Respir Crit Care Med, vol.184, pp.724-731, 2011.
URL : https://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/inserm-00786346

C. Arnaud, L. Poulain, P. Levy, and M. Dematteis, Inflammation contributes to the atherogenic role of intermittent hypoxia in apolipoprotein-E knock out mice, Atherosclerosis, vol.219, pp.425-468, 2013.
URL : https://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/inserm-00786362

A. Minville, C. Tordjman, J. Levy, P. Bouillot, and J. L. ,

P. , C. K. Pepin, and J. L. , Chronic intermittent hypoxia is a major trigger for non-alcoholic fatty liver disease in morbid obese, J Hepatol, vol.56, pp.225-233, 2013.

A. Ascensao, I. O. Goncalves, and J. Lumini-oliveira,

S. Rodrigues, N. G. Machado, A. C. Moreira, P. J. Oliveira, J. R. Torrella et al., Endurance training and chronic intermittent hypoxia modulate in vitro salicylate-induced hepatic mitochondrial dysfunction, Mitochondrion, vol.12, pp.607-616, 2012.

L. Ayers, B. Ferry, S. Craig, D. Nicoll, J. R. Stradling et al., Circulating cell-derived microparticles in patients with minimally symptomatic obstructive sleep apnoea, Eur Respir J, vol.33, pp.574-580, 2009.

L. Ayers, M. Kohler, P. Harrison, I. Sargent, R. Dragovic et al.,

. Sa and B. Ferry, Measurement of circulating cell-derived microparticles by flow cytometry: sources of variability within the assay, Thromb Res, vol.127, pp.370-377, 2011.

L. Ayers, A. C. Stoewhas, B. Ferry, J. Stradling, and M. Kohler,

, Endothelial Cell-Derived Microparticles following Short-Term Withdrawal of Continuous Positive Airway Pressure in Patients with Obstructive Sleep Apnea: Data from a Randomized Controlled Trial, Respiration, vol.85, pp.478-85, 2013.

M. Badran, S. Golbidi, A. Devlin, N. Ayas, and I. Laher, Chronic intermittent hypoxia causes endothelial dysfunction in a mouse model of diet-induced obesity, Sleep Med, vol.15, p.113, 2014.

J. P. Baguet, L. Hammer, P. Levy, H. Pierre, S. Launois et al., The severity of oxygen desaturation is predictive of carotid wall thickening and plaque occurrence, Chest, vol.128, pp.3407-3412, 2005.

G. Bao, N. Metreveli, R. Li, A. Taylor, and F. Ec, Blood pressure response to chronic episodic hypoxia: role of the sympathetic nervous system, J Appl Physiol, vol.83, pp.95-101, 1985.

F. Barbe, L. R. Mayoralas, J. Duran, J. F. Masa, A. Maimo et al.,

M. Bosch, A. Ladaria, M. Rubio, R. Rubio, M. Medinas et al.,

A. G. Agusti, Treatment with continuous positive airway pressure is not effective in patients with sleep apnea but no daytime sleepiness. a randomized, controlled trial, Ann Intern Med, vol.134, pp.1015-1023, 2001.

A. Barcelo, C. Miralles, F. Barbe, M. Vila, S. Pons et al., Abnormal lipid peroxidation in patients with sleep apnoea, Eur Respir J, vol.16, pp.644-647, 2000.

J. S. Beckman and W. H. Koppenol, Nitric oxide, superoxide, and peroxynitrite: the good, the bad, and ugly, Am J Physiol, vol.271, pp.1424-1437, 1996.

E. Belaidi, M. Joyeux-faure, C. Ribuot, S. H. Launois, P. Levy et al., Major role for hypoxia inducible factor-1 and the endothelin system in promoting myocardial infarction and hypertension in an animal model of obstructive sleep apnea, J Am Coll Cardiol, vol.53, pp.1309-1317, 2009.

R. B. Berry, R. Budhiraja, D. J. Gottlieb, D. Gozal, C. Iber et al.,

S. Parthasarathy, S. F. Quan, S. Redline, K. P. Strohl, D. Ward et al., Rules for scoring respiratory events in sleep: update of the 2007 AASM Manual for the Scoring of Sleep and Associated Events. Deliberations of the Sleep Apnea Definitions Task Force of the American Academy of Sleep Medicine, J Clin Sleep Med, vol.8, pp.597-619, 2012.

S. Blankenberg, H. J. Rupprecht, C. Bickel, D. Peetz, G. Hafner et al.,

, Circulating cell adhesion molecules and death in patients with coronary artery disease, Circulation, vol.104, pp.1336-1342, 2001.

J. C. Borel, P. Roux-lombard, R. Tamisier, C. Arnaud, D. Monneret et al.,

P. Levy and J. L. Pepin, Endothelial dysfunction and specific inflammation in obesity hypoventilation syndrome, PLoS One, vol.4, p.6733, 2009.

M. J. Breslow, K. Min-lee, D. R. Brown, V. P. Chacko, D. Palmer et al., Effect of leptin deficiency on metabolic rate in ob/ob mice, Am J Physiol, vol.276, pp.443-449, 1999.

C. Camaioni, M. Gustapane, P. Cialdella, D. Bona, R. Biasucci et al., Microparticles and microRNAs: new players in the complex field of coagulation, Intern Emerg Med, vol.8, pp.291-296, 2013.

I. Cano-pumarega, J. Duran-cantolla, F. Aizpuru, E. Miranda-serrano, R. Rubio et al.,

, Obstructive sleep apnea and systemic hypertension: longitudinal study in the general population: the Vitoria Sleep Cohort, Am J Respir Crit Care Med, vol.184, pp.1299-1304, 2011.

J. T. Carlson, J. Hedner, M. Elam, H. Ejnell, J. Sellgren et al., Reactive oxygen species generated at mitochondrial complex III stabilize hypoxia-inducible factor-1alpha during hypoxia: a mechanism of O2 sensing, J Biol Chem, vol.103, pp.25130-25138, 1993.

N. S. Chandel and P. T. Schumacker, Cellular oxygen sensing by mitochondria: old questions, new insight, J Appl Physiol, vol.88, p.115, 1985.

J. A. Chirinos, I. Gurubhagavatula, K. Teff, D. J. Rader, T. A. Wadden et al.,

G. Maislin, H. Saif, P. Broderick, J. Chittams, A. L. Hanlon et al., CPAP, weight loss, or both for obstructive sleep apnea, N Engl J Med, vol.370, pp.2265-2275, 2014.

C. Contreras, A. Sanchez, A. Garcia-sacristan, M. C. Martinez, and R. Andriantsitohaina,

D. Prieto, V. L. Cooper, S. B. Pearson, C. M. Bowker, M. W. Elliott et al., Interaction of chemoreceptor and baroreceptor reflexes by hypoxia and hypercapnia -a mechanism for promoting hypertension in obstructive sleep apnoea, Preserved insulin vasorelaxation and up-regulation of the Akt/eNOS pathway in coronary arteries from insulin resistant obese Zucker rats, vol.217, pp.677-687, 2005.

N. J. Douglas, Continuous positive airway pressure improves vascular function in obstructive sleep apnoea/hypopnoea syndrome: a randomised controlled trial, Thorax, vol.63, pp.578-583, 2008.

J. Delarue and C. Magnan, Free fatty acids and insulin resistance, Curr Opin Clin Nutr Metab Care, vol.10, pp.142-148, 2007.

M. Dematteis, C. Julien, C. Guillermet, N. Sturm, S. Lantuejoul et al.,

E. Gozal, Intermittent hypoxia induces early functional cardiovascular remodeling in mice, Am J Respir Crit Care Med, vol.177, pp.227-235, 2008.

J. M. Dopp, N. R. Philippi, N. J. Marcus, E. B. Olson, C. E. Bird et al.,

B. J. Morgan, Xanthine oxidase inhibition attenuates endothelial dysfunction caused by chronic intermittent hypoxia in rats, Respiration, vol.82, pp.458-467, 2011.

R. M. Douglas, J. Ryu, A. Kanaan, D. C. Rivero, M. Dugan et al., Neuronal death during combined intermittent hypoxia/hypercapnia is due to mitochondrial dysfunction, Am J Physiol Cell Physiol, vol.298, p.116, 2010.

L. F. Drager, J. C. Jun, P. Vy-;-drager, L. F. Li, J. Reinke et al., Metabolic consequences of intermittent hypoxia: relevance to obstructive sleep apnea, Best Pract Res Clin Endocrinol Metab, vol.24, pp.2167-2174, 2010.

L. F. Drager, J. Li, M. K. Shin, C. Reinke, N. R. Aggarwal et al.,

S. M. O'byrne, O. Kroupa, G. Olivecrona, W. S. Blaner, and P. Vy, Intermittent hypoxia inhibits clearance of triglyceride-rich lipoproteins and inactivates adipose lipoprotein lipase in a mouse model of sleep apnoea, Eur Heart J, vol.33, pp.783-790, 2012.

L. F. Drager, H. F. Lopes, C. Maki-nunes, I. C. Trombetta, E. Toschi-dias et al.,

J. C. Jun, C. E. Negrao, E. M. Krieger, V. Y. Polotsky, L. et al., The impact of obstructive sleep apnea on metabolic and inflammatory markers in consecutive patients with metabolic syndrome, PLoS One, vol.5, p.12065, 2010.

L. F. Drager, V. Y. Polotsky, L. , and G. , Obstructive sleep apnea: an emerging risk factor for atherosclerosis, Chest, vol.140, pp.534-542, 2011.

L. F. Drager, Q. Yao, K. L. Hernandez, M. K. Shin, S. Bevans-fonti et al.,

A. C. Myers, G. Olivecrona, A. R. Schwartz, N. Halberg, P. E. Scherer et al.,

V. Y. Polotsky, Chronic intermittent hypoxia induces atherosclerosis via activation of adipose angiopoietin-like 4, Am J Respir Crit Care Med, vol.188, pp.240-248, 2013.

L. Dyugovskaya, P. Lavie, M. Hirsh, and L. L. , Activated CD8+ T-lymphocytes in obstructive sleep apnoea, Eur Respir J, vol.25, pp.820-828, 2005.

L. Dyugovskaya, P. Lavie, and L. Lavie, Increased adhesion molecules expression and production of reactive oxygen species in leukocytes of sleep apnea patients, Am J Respir Crit Care Med, vol.165, pp.934-939, 2002.

L. Dyugovskaya, A. Polyakov, P. Lavie, and L. L. , Delayed neutrophil apoptosis in patients with sleep apnea, Am J Respir Crit Care Med, vol.177, pp.544-554, 2008.

A. A. El-solh, M. J. Mador, P. Sikka, R. S. Dhillon, D. Amsterdam et al., Adhesion molecules in patients with coronary artery disease and moderate-to-severe obstructive sleep apnea, Chest, vol.121, pp.1541-1547, 2002.

D. Faille, F. El-assaad, A. J. Mitchell, M. C. Alessi, G. Chimini et al.,

V. Combes, Endocytosis and intracellular processing of platelet microparticles by brain endothelial cells, J Cell Mol Med, vol.16, pp.1731-1738, 2012.
URL : https://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/hal-00667773

S. Z. Feng, J. L. Tian, Q. Zhang, H. Wang, N. Sun et al., Post-conditioning protects from cardioplegia and cold ischemia via inhibition of mitochondrial permeability transition pore, J Heart Lung Transplant, vol.15, pp.604-609, 2007.

E. C. Fletcher, Cardiovascular consequences of obstructive sleep apnea: experimental hypoxia and sympathetic activity, Sleep, vol.23, pp.127-131, 2000.

E. C. Fletcher, G. Bao, and L. R. , Renin activity and blood pressure in response to chronic episodic hypoxia, Hypertension, vol.34, pp.309-314, 1999.

E. C. Fletcher, J. Lesske, R. Behm, C. C. Miller, H. Stauss et al., Carotid chemoreceptors, systemic blood pressure, and chronic episodic hypoxia mimicking sleep apnea, J Appl Physiol, vol.72, 1978.

E. C. Fletcher, J. Miller, J. W. Schaaf, and J. G. Fletcher, Urinary catecholamines before and after tracheostomy in patients with obstructive sleep apnea and hypertension, Sleep, vol.10, pp.35-44, 1987.

E. Gautier-veyret, C. Arnaud, M. Back, J. L. Pepin, M. H. Petri et al.,

P. Stanke-labesque and F. , Intermittent hypoxia-activated cyclooxygenase pathway: role in atherosclerosis, Eur Respir J, vol.42, pp.404-413, 2013.

T. Geiser, F. Buck, B. J. Meyer, C. Bassetti, A. Haeberli et al., In vivo platelet activation is increased during sleep in patients with obstructive sleep apnea syndrome, Respiration, vol.69, pp.229-234, 2002.

D. J. Gottlieb, N. M. Punjabi, R. Mehra, S. R. Patel, S. F. Quan et al.,

M. Rueschman, R. S. Blumenthal, E. F. Lewis, D. L. Bhatt, and S. Redline, CPAP versus oxygen in obstructive sleep apnea, N Engl J Med, vol.370, pp.2276-2285, 2014.

D. J. Gottlieb, G. Yenokyan, A. B. Newman, G. T. O'connor, N. M. Punjabi et al.,

H. E. Resnick, E. K. Tong, M. Diener-west, and E. Shahar, Prospective study of obstructive sleep apnea and incident coronary heart disease and heart failure: the sleep heart health study, Circulation, vol.122, pp.352-360, 2010.

D. Gozal, J. M. Daniel, and D. Gp, Behavioral and anatomical correlates of chronic episodic hypoxia during sleep in the rat, J Neurosci, vol.21, pp.2442-2450, 2001.

I. Grattagliano, O. De-bari, T. C. Bernardo, P. J. Oliveira, D. Q. Wang et al., Role of mitochondria in nonalcoholic fatty liver disease--from origin to propagation, Clin Biochem, vol.45, pp.610-618, 2012.

H. Greenberg, X. Ye, D. Wilson, A. K. Htoo, T. Hendersen et al., Chronic intermittent hypoxia activates nuclear factor-kappaB in cardiovascular tissues in vivo, Biochem Biophys Res Commun, vol.343, pp.591-596, 2006.

M. B. Grisham, D. N. Granger, and D. J. Lefer, Modulation of leukocyte-endothelial interactions by reactive metabolites of oxygen and nitrogen: relevance to ischemic heart disease

, Free Radic Biol Med, vol.25, pp.404-433, 1998.

M. Haim, D. Tanne, V. Boyko, T. Reshef, U. Goldbourt et al.,

, Soluble intercellular adhesion molecule-1 and long-term risk of acute coronary events in patients with chronic coronary heart disease. Data from the Bezafibrate Infarction Prevention (BIP)

. Study, J Am Coll Cardiol, vol.39, pp.1133-1138, 2002.

D. J. Hausenloy, A. Tsang, M. M. Mocanu, and Y. Dm, Ischemic preconditioning protects by activating prosurvival kinases at reperfusion, Am J Physiol Heart Circ Physiol, vol.288, pp.971-976, 2005.

J. C. Hendricks, L. R. Kline, R. J. Kovalski, J. A. O'brien, A. R. Morrison et al., The English bulldog: a natural model of sleep-disordered breathing, J Appl Physiol, vol.63, pp.1344-1350, 1985.

N. Iiyori, L. C. Alonso, J. Li, M. H. Sanders, A. Garcia-ocana et al., Intermittent hypoxia causes insulin resistance in lean mice independent of autonomic activity, Am J Respir Crit Care Med, vol.175, pp.851-857, 2007.

M. S. Ip, K. S. Lam, C. Ho, K. W. Tsang, and W. Lam, Serum leptin and vascular risk factors in obstructive sleep apnea, Chest, vol.118, pp.580-586, 2000.

M. S. Ip, H. F. Tse, B. Lam, K. W. Tsang, and W. K. Lam, Endothelial function in obstructive sleep apnea and response to treatment, Am J Respir Crit Care Med, vol.169, pp.348-353, 2004.

S. Itzhaki, H. Dorchin, G. Clark, L. Lavie, P. Lavie et al., The effects of 1-year treatment with a herbst mandibular advancement splint on obstructive sleep apnea, oxidative stress, and endothelial function, Chest, vol.131, p.120, 2007.

K. A. Jackman, P. Zhou, G. Faraco, P. M. Peixoto, C. Coleman et al.,

G. Iadecola and C. , Dichotomous effects of chronic intermittent hypoxia on focal cerebral ischemic injury, Stroke, vol.45, pp.1460-1467, 2014.

S. Jelic, D. J. Lederer, T. Adams, M. Padeletti, P. C. Colombo et al.,

, Endothelial repair capacity and apoptosis are inversely related in obstructive sleep apnea, Vasc Health Risk Manag, vol.5, pp.909-920, 2009.

S. Jelic, M. Padeletti, S. M. Kawut, C. Higgins, S. M. Canfield et al.,

. Rc and P. Factor, Inflammation, oxidative stress, and repair capacity of the vascular endothelium in obstructive sleep apnea, Circulation, vol.117, pp.2270-2278, 2008.

C. Ji, Y. Dai, W. Jiang, J. Liu, M. Hou et al., Postnatal overfeeding promotes early onset and exaggeration of high-fat diet-induced nonalcoholic fatty liver disease through disordered hepatic lipid metabolism in rats, J Nutr Biochem, 2014.

M. Juhaszova, D. B. Zorov, S. H. Kim, S. Pepe, Q. Fu et al.,

K. Ytrehus, C. L. Antos, E. N. Olson, and S. Sj, Glycogen synthase kinase-3beta mediates convergence of protection signaling to inhibit the mitochondrial permeability transition pore, J Clin Invest, vol.113, pp.1535-1549, 2004.

I. Jullian-desayes, M. Joyeux-faure, R. Tamisier, S. Launois, A. L. Borel et al., Impact of obstructive sleep apnea treatment by continuous positive airway pressure on cardiometabolic biomarkers: A systematic review from sham CPAP randomized controlled trials, Sleep Med Rev, 2014.

J. Jun, C. Reinke, D. Bedja, D. Berkowitz, S. Bevans-fonti et al., Effect of intermittent hypoxia on atherosclerosis in apolipoprotein E-deficient mice, Atherosclerosis, vol.209, p.121, 2010.

J. Jun, V. Savransky, A. Nanayakkara, S. Bevans, J. Li et al.,

, Intermittent hypoxia has organ-specific effects on oxidative stress, Am J Physiol Regul Integr Comp Physiol, vol.295, pp.1274-1281, 2008.

S. E. Kahn, R. L. Hull, and K. M. Utzschneider, Mechanisms linking obesity to insulin resistance and type 2 diabetes, Nature, vol.444, pp.840-846, 2006.

R. N. Kalaria, L. Spoors, E. A. Laude, C. J. Emery, D. Thwaites-bee et al.,

D. H. Barer and G. R. Barer, Hypoxia of sleep apnoea: cardiopulmonary and cerebral changes after intermittent hypoxia in rats, Respir Physiol Neurobiol, vol.140, pp.53-62, 2004.

N. L. Kanagy, Vascular effects of intermittent hypoxia, Ilar J, vol.50, pp.282-288, 2009.

N. L. Kanagy, B. R. Walker, and N. Ld, Role of endothelin in intermittent hypoxiainduced hypertension, Hypertension, vol.37, pp.511-515, 2001.

T. Kendzerska, A. S. Gershon, G. Hawker, R. S. Leung, and G. Tomlinson, Obstructive sleep apnea and risk of cardiovascular events and all-cause mortality: a decade-long historical cohort study, PLoS Med, vol.11, p.1001599, 2014.

T. Kendzerska, A. S. Gershon, G. Hawker, G. Tomlinson, and R. S. Leung, Obstructive sleep apnea and incident diabetes. A historical cohort study, Am J Respir Crit Care Med, vol.190, pp.218-225, 2014.

M. Kern, A. Knigge, J. T. Heiker, J. Kosacka, M. Stumvoll et al., C57BL/6JRj mice are protected against diet induced obesity (DIO), Biochem Biophys Res Commun, vol.417, pp.717-720, 2012.

J. Kim, R. Bhattacharjee, L. Kheirandish-gozal, and K. Spruyt, Circulating microparticles in children with sleep disordered breathing, Chest, vol.140, p.122, 2011.

J. B. Klein, M. T. Barati, R. Wu, D. Gozal, L. R. Sachleben et al., Akt-mediated valosin-containing protein 97 phosphorylation regulates its association with ubiquitinated proteins, J Biol Chem, vol.280, pp.31870-31881, 2005.

M. Kohler, S. Craig, D. Nicoll, P. Leeson, R. J. Davies et al., Endothelial function and arterial stiffness in minimally symptomatic obstructive sleep apnea, Am J Respir Crit Care Med, vol.178, pp.984-988, 2008.

M. Kohler, J. C. Pepperell, B. Casadei, S. Craig, N. Crosthwaite et al.,

, CPAP and measures of cardiovascular risk in males with OSAS, Eur Respir J, vol.32, pp.1488-1496, 2008.

F. Kolar, J. Jezkova, P. Balkova, J. Breh, J. Neckar et al., Role of oxidative stress in PKC-delta upregulation and cardioprotection induced by chronic intermittent hypoxia, Am J Physiol Heart Circ Physiol, vol.292, pp.224-230, 2007.

K. Kuboki, Z. Y. Jiang, N. Takahara, S. W. Ha, M. Igarashi et al.,

. Tp, C. J. Rhodes, and K. Gl, Regulation of endothelial constitutive nitric oxide synthase gene expression in endothelial cells and in vivo : a specific vascular action of insulin, Circulation, vol.101, pp.676-681, 2000.

M. Lafontan and D. Langin, Lipolysis and lipid mobilization in human adipose tissue, Prog Lipid Res, vol.48, pp.275-297, 2009.
URL : https://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/inserm-00410140

C. J. Lai, C. C. Yang, Y. Y. Hsu, Y. N. Lin, and T. B. Kuo, Enhanced sympathetic outflow and decreased baroreflex sensitivity are associated with intermittent hypoxia-induced systemic hypertension in conscious rats, J Appl Physiol, vol.100, 1974.

L. Lavie, A. Vishnevsky, and P. Lavie, Evidence for lipid peroxidation in obstructive sleep apnea, Sleep, vol.27, pp.123-128, 2004.

P. Lavie and L. Lavie, Unexpected survival advantage in elderly people with moderate sleep apnoea, J Sleep Res, vol.18, pp.397-403, 2009.

M. Lazo and J. M. Clark, The epidemiology of nonalcoholic fatty liver disease: a global perspective, Semin Liver Dis, vol.28, pp.339-350, 2008.

B. Lefebvre, D. Godin-ribuot, M. Joyeux-faure, C. F. Bessard, G. Levy et al.,

F. Labesque, Functional assessment of vascular reactivity after chronic intermittent hypoxia in the rat, Respir Physiol Neurobiol, vol.150, pp.278-286, 2006.

B. Lefebvre, J. L. Pepin, J. P. Baguet, R. Tamisier, M. Roustit et al., Leukotriene B4: early mediator of atherosclerosis in obstructive sleep apnoea?, Eur Respir J, vol.32, pp.113-120, 2008.

J. Lesske, E. C. Fletcher, G. Bao, and T. Unger, Hypertension caused by chronic intermittent hypoxia--influence of chemoreceptors and sympathetic nervous system, J Hypertens, vol.15, pp.1593-1603, 1997.

J. Li, M. Bosch-marce, A. Nanayakkara, V. Savransky, S. K. Fried et al.,

V. Y. Polotsky, Altered metabolic responses to intermittent hypoxia in mice with partial deficiency of hypoxia-inducible factor-1alpha, Physiol Genomics, vol.25, pp.450-457, 2006.

J. Li, D. N. Grigoryev, S. Q. Ye, L. Thorne, A. R. Schwartz et al.,

V. Y. Polotsky, Chronic intermittent hypoxia upregulates genes of lipid biosynthesis in obese mice

, J Appl Physiol, vol.99, pp.1643-1648, 1985.

J. Li, A. Nanayakkara, J. Jun, V. Savransky, and P. Vy, Effect of deficiency in SREBP cleavage-activating protein on lipid metabolism during intermittent hypoxia, Physiol Genomics, vol.31, pp.273-280, 2007.

J. Li, V. Savransky, A. Nanayakkara, P. L. Smith, O. Donnell et al.,

, Hyperlipidemia and lipid peroxidation are dependent on the severity of chronic intermittent hypoxia, J Appl Physiol, vol.102, pp.557-563, 1985.

J. Li, L. N. Thorne, N. M. Punjabi, C. K. Sun, A. R. Schwartz et al., Intermittent hypoxia induces hyperlipidemia in lean mice, Circ Res, vol.97, pp.698-706, 2005.

P. Libby, Inflammation in atherosclerosis, Nature, vol.420, pp.868-874, 2002.

M. T. Lin, D. A. Hessinger, W. J. Pearce, and L. D. Longo, Developmental differences in Ca2+-activated K+ channel activity in ovine basilar artery, Am J Physiol Heart Circ Physiol, vol.285, pp.701-709, 2003.

E. Lindberg, A. Elmasry, T. Gislason, C. Janson, H. Bengtsson et al.,

G. Boman, Evolution of sleep apnea syndrome in sleepy snorers: a population-based prospective study, Am J Respir Crit Care Med, vol.159, pp.2024-2027, 1999.

M. Louis and N. M. Punjabi, Effects of acute intermittent hypoxia on glucose metabolism in awake healthy volunteers, J Appl Physiol, vol.106, pp.1538-1544, 1985.

E. Lugaresi, F. Cirignotta, G. Coccagna, and C. Piana, Some epidemiological data on snoring and cardiocirculatory disturbances, Sleep, vol.3, pp.221-224, 1980.

M. M. Magana, S. S. Lin, K. A. Dooley, and O. Tf, Sterol regulation of acetyl coenzyme A carboxylase promoter requires two interdependent binding sites for sterol regulatory element binding proteins, J Lipid Res, vol.38, pp.1630-1638, 1997.

M. Malagat, . Dg, and J. P. Mazat, Enzymatic and polarographic measurements of the respiratory chain complexes, Mitochondrial Diseases, 1999.

C. Manrique, G. Lastra, and J. R. Sowers, New insights into insulin action and resistance in the vasculature, Ann N Y Acad Sci, vol.1311, pp.138-150, 2014.

E. B. Manukhina, D. Jasti, A. F. Vanin, and H. F. Downey, Intermittent hypoxia conditioning prevents endothelial dysfunction and improves nitric oxide storage in spontaneously hypertensive rats, Exp Biol Med (Maywood), vol.236, pp.867-873, 2011.

N. J. Marcus, N. R. Philippi, C. E. Bird, Y. L. Li, H. D. Schultz et al., Effect of AT1 receptor blockade on intermittent hypoxia-induced endothelial dysfunction, Respir Physiol Neurobiol, vol.183, pp.67-74, 2012.

J. M. Marin, S. J. Carrizo, E. Vicente, and A. G. Agusti, Long-term cardiovascular outcomes in men with obstructive sleep apnoea-hypopnoea with or without treatment with continuous positive airway pressure: an observational study, Lancet, vol.365, pp.1046-1053, 2005.

O. Marrone, L. Riccobono, A. Salvaggio, A. Mirabella, A. Bonanno et al.,

, Catecholamines and blood pressure in obstructive sleep apnea syndrome, Chest, vol.103, pp.722-727, 1993.

S. Martin, A. Tesse, B. Hugel, M. C. Martinez, O. Morel et al.,

R. Andriantsitohaina, Shed membrane particles from T lymphocytes impair endothelial function and regulate endothelial protein expression, Circulation, vol.109, pp.1653-1659, 2004.

M. C. Martinez, A. Tesse, F. Zobairi, and R. Andriantsitohaina, Shed membrane microparticles from circulating and vascular cells in regulating vascular function, Am J Physiol Heart Circ Physiol, vol.288, pp.1004-1009, 2005.
URL : https://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/hal-00129927

M. C. Martinez, S. Tual-chalot, D. Leonetti, and A. R. , Microparticles: targets and tools in cardiovascular disease, Trends Pharmacol Sci, vol.32, pp.659-665, 2011.

K. Maruyama, E. Morishita, A. Sekiya, M. Omote, T. Kadono et al., Plasma levels of platelet-derived microparticles in patients with obstructive sleep apnea syndrome, J Atheroscler Thromb, vol.19, pp.98-104, 2012.

J. M. Mccord and M. A. Edeas, SOD, oxidative stress and human pathologies: a brief history and a future vision, Biomed Pharmacother, vol.59, pp.139-142, 2005.

R. Mehra, A. Storfer-isser, H. L. Kirchner, N. Johnson, J. N. Tracy et al.,

, Soluble interleukin 6 receptor: A novel marker of moderate to severe sleep-related breathing disorder, Arch Intern Med, vol.166, pp.1725-1731, 2006.

G. Milano, P. M. Abruzzo, A. Bolotta, M. Marini, L. Terraneo et al.,

M. Burattini, S. Curzi, D. Falcieri, E. , V. Segesser et al., Impact of the phosphatidylinositide 3-kinase signaling pathway on the cardioprotection induced by intermittent hypoxia, PLoS One, vol.8, p.76659, 2013.

P. J. Mills, B. P. Kennedy, J. S. Loredo, J. E. Dimsdale, and M. G. Ziegler, Effects of nasal continuous positive airway pressure and oxygen supplementation on norepinephrine kinetics and cardiovascular responses in obstructive sleep apnea, J Appl Physiol, vol.100, pp.343-348, 1985.

C. Mingorance, L. Duluc, M. Chalopin, G. Simard, P. H. Ducluzeau et al., Propionyl-L-carnitine corrects metabolic and cardiovascular alterations in diet-induced obese mice and improves liver respiratory chain activity, PLoS One, vol.7, p.34268

C. Minville, M. N. Hilleret, R. Tamisier, A. , J. Clement et al.,

J. C. , L. P. Zarski, J. P. Pepin, and J. L. , Nonalcoholic fatty liver disease, nocturnal hypoxia, and endothelial function in patients with sleep apnea, Chest, vol.145, pp.525-533, 2012.

B. Mokhlesi and A. Tulaimat, Recent advances in obesity hypoventilation syndrome, Chest, vol.132, pp.1322-1336, 2007.

D. S. Moller, P. Lind, B. Strunge, and E. B. Pedersen, Abnormal vasoactive hormones and 24-hour blood pressure in obstructive sleep apnea, Am J Hypertens, vol.16, pp.274-280, 2003.

M. Montagnani, I. Golovchenko, I. Kim, G. Y. Koh, M. L. Goalstone et al.,

M. Johansen, D. F. Kucik, M. J. Quon, and B. Draznin, Inhibition of phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase enhances mitogenic actions of insulin in endothelial cells, J Biol Chem, vol.277, pp.1794-1799, 2002.

M. Montagnani, L. V. Ravichandran, H. Chen, D. L. Esposito, and M. J. Quon, Insulin receptor substrate-1 and phosphoinositide-dependent kinase-1 are required for insulin-stimulated production of nitric oxide in endothelial cells, Mol Endocrinol, vol.16, pp.1931-1942, 2002.

J. M. Montserrat, F. Garcia-rio, and B. F. , Diagnostic and therapeutic approach to nonsleepy apnea, Am J Respir Crit Care Med, vol.176, pp.6-9, 2007.

H. A. Mostefai, R. Andriantsitohaina, and M. Mc, Plasma membrane microparticles in angiogenesis: role in ischemic diseases and in cancer, Physiol Res, vol.57, pp.311-320, 2008.

R. Muniyappa, M. Montagnani, K. K. Koh, and M. J. Quon, Cardiovascular actions of insulin, Endocr Rev, vol.28, pp.463-491, 2007.

H. Munzberg and C. D. Morrison, Structure, production and signaling of leptin, Metabolism, 2014.

I. Muraki, T. Tanigawa, K. Yamagishi, S. Sakurai, T. Ohira et al.,

M. Sato, S. Shimamoto, T. Konishi, M. Iso, and H. , Nocturnal intermittent hypoxia and C reactive protein among middle-aged community residents: a cross-sectional survey, Thorax, vol.65, pp.523-527, 2010.

C. E. Murry, R. B. Jennings, and K. A. Reimer, Preconditioning with ischemia: a delay of lethal cell injury in ischemic myocardium, Circulation, vol.74, pp.1124-1136, 1986.

G. Musso, M. Cassader, C. Olivetti, R. F. Carbone, G. Gambino et al., Association of obstructive sleep apnoea with the presence and severity of non-alcoholic fatty liver disease. A systematic review and meta-analysis, Obes Rev, vol.14, pp.417-431, 2013.

M. Nacher, R. Farre, J. M. Montserrat, M. Torres, D. Navajas et al., Biological consequences of oxygen desaturation and respiratory effort in an acute animal model of obstructive sleep apnea (OSA), Sleep Med, vol.10, pp.892-897, 2009.

T. Nakajima, T. Hamakubo, T. Kodama, J. Inazawa, and M. Emi, Genomic structure and chromosomal mapping of the human sterol regulatory element binding protein (SREBP) cleavage-activating protein (SCAP) gene, J Hum Genet, vol.44, pp.402-407, 1999.

K. Narkiewicz, P. J. Van-de-borne, R. L. Cooley, M. E. Dyken, and V. K. Somers, Sympathetic activity in obese subjects with and without obstructive sleep apnea, Circulation, vol.98, pp.772-776, 1998.

K. Narkiewicz, P. J. Van-de-borne, N. Montano, M. E. Dyken, B. G. Phillips et al., Contribution of tonic chemoreflex activation to sympathetic activity and blood pressure in patients with obstructive sleep apnea, Circulation, vol.97, pp.943-945, 1998.

A. B. Newman, F. J. Nieto, U. Guidry, B. K. Lind, S. Redline et al., Relation of sleep-disordered breathing to cardiovascular disease risk factors: the Sleep Heart Health Study, Am J Epidemiol, vol.154, pp.50-59, 2001.

F. J. Nieto, T. B. Young, B. K. Lind, E. Shahar, J. M. Samet et al., Association of sleep-disordered breathing, sleep apnea, and hypertension in a large community-based study, Sleep Heart Health Study, vol.283, pp.1829-1836, 2000.

S. Nowbar, K. M. Burkart, R. Gonzales, A. Fedorowicz, W. S. Gozansky et al.,

. Mr and C. W. Zwillich, Obesity-associated hypoventilation in hospitalized patients: prevalence, effects, and outcome, Am J Med, vol.116, pp.1-7, 2004.

J. M. Ntambi and M. Miyazaki, Regulation of stearoyl-CoA desaturases and role in metabolism, Prog Lipid Res, vol.43, pp.91-104, 2004.

G. T. O'connor, B. Caffo, A. B. Newman, S. F. Quan, D. M. Rapoport et al.,

J. Samet and S. E. , Prospective study of sleep-disordered breathing and hypertension: the Sleep Heart Health Study, Am J Respir Crit Care Med, vol.179, pp.1159-1164, 2009.

E. Ohga, T. Nagase, T. Tomita, S. Teramoto, T. Matsuse et al., Increased levels of circulating ICAM-1, VCAM-1, and L-selectin in obstructive sleep apnea syndrome, J Appl Physiol, vol.87, pp.10-14, 1985.

J. D. Parker, D. Brooks, L. F. Kozar, C. L. Render-teixeira, R. L. Horner et al., Acute and chronic effects of airway obstruction on canine left ventricular performance, Am J Respir Crit Care Med, vol.160, pp.1888-1896, 1999.

S. T. Pendlebury, J. L. Pepin, D. Veale, and L. P. , Natural evolution of moderate sleep apnoea syndrome: significant progression over a mean of 17 months, Thorax, vol.52, pp.872-878, 1997.

P. E. Peppard, T. Young, M. Palta, and J. Skatrud, Prospective study of the association between sleep-disordered breathing and hypertension, N Engl J Med, vol.342, pp.1378-1384, 2000.

F. Perticone, R. Ceravolo, A. Pujia, G. Ventura, S. Iacopino et al., Prognostic significance of endothelial dysfunction in hypertensive patients, Circulation, vol.104, pp.191-196, 2001.

D. Pessayre, B. Fromenty, and A. Mansouri, Mitochondrial injury in steatohepatitis, Eur J Gastroenterol Hepatol, vol.16, pp.1095-1105, 2004.

P. Philip, C. E. Gross, J. Taillard, B. Bioulac, and G. C. , An animal model of a spontaneously reversible obstructive sleep apnea syndrome in the monkey, Neurobiol Dis, vol.20, pp.428-431, 2005.

N. R. Philippi, C. E. Bird, N. J. Marcus, E. B. Olson, N. C. Chesler et al., Time course of intermittent hypoxia-induced impairments in resistance artery structure and function, Respir Physiol Neurobiol, vol.170, pp.157-163, 2010.

S. A. Phillips, E. B. Olson, B. J. Morgan, and J. H. Lombard, Chronic intermittent hypoxia impairs endothelium-dependent dilation in rat cerebral and skeletal muscle resistance arteries, Am J Physiol Heart Circ Physiol, vol.286, pp.388-393, 2004.

J. M. Pinto, E. Garpestad, J. W. Weiss, D. M. Bergau, and K. Da, Hemodynamic changes associated with obstructive sleep apnea followed by arousal in a porcine model, J Appl Physiol, vol.75, pp.1439-1443, 1985.

J. Polak, L. A. Shimoda, L. F. Drager, C. Undem, H. Mchugh et al., Intermittent hypoxia impairs glucose homeostasis in C57BL6/J mice: partial improvement with cessation of the exposure, Sleep, vol.36, pp.1483-1490, 2013.

V. Y. Polotsky, J. Li, N. M. Punjabi, A. E. Rubin, P. L. Smith et al., Intermittent hypoxia increases insulin resistance in genetically obese mice, J Physiol, vol.552, pp.253-264, 2003.

V. Y. Polotsky, S. P. Patil, V. Savransky, A. Laffan, S. Fonti et al., Obstructive sleep apnea, insulin resistance, and steatohepatitis in severe obesity, Am J Respir Crit Care Med, vol.179, pp.228-234, 2009.

V. Y. Polotsky, A. E. Rubin, A. Balbir, T. Dean, P. L. Smith et al., Intermittent hypoxia causes REM sleep deficits and decreases EEG delta power in NREM sleep in the C57BL/6J mouse, Sleep Med, vol.7, pp.7-16, 2006.

L. Poulain, A. Thomas, J. Rieusset, L. Casteilla, P. Levy et al.,

, Visceral white fat remodelling contributes to intermittent hypoxia-induced atherogenesis, Eur Respir J, vol.43, pp.513-522, 2014.

P. Priou, F. Gagnadoux, A. Tesse, M. L. Mastronardi, A. Agouni et al., Endothelial dysfunction and circulating microparticles from patients with obstructive sleep apnea, Am J Pathol, vol.177, pp.974-983, 2010.

N. M. Punjabi, B. S. Caffo, J. L. Goodwin, D. J. Gottlieb, A. B. Newman et al., Sleep-disordered breathing and mortality: a prospective cohort study, PLoS Med, vol.6, p.1000132, 2009.

S. Redline, G. Yenokyan, D. J. Gottlieb, E. Shahar, G. T. O'connor et al., Obstructive sleep apnea-hypopnea and incident stroke: the sleep heart health study, Am J Respir Crit Care Med, vol.182, pp.269-277, 2010.

C. Reinke, S. Bevans-fonti, L. F. Drager, M. K. Shin, and P. Vy, Effects of different acute hypoxic regimens on tissue oxygen profiles and metabolic outcomes, J Appl Physiol, vol.111, pp.881-890, 1985.

A. P. Rolo, J. S. Teodoro, and C. M. Palmeira, Role of oxidative stress in the pathogenesis of nonalcoholic steatohepatitis, Free Radic Biol Med, vol.52, pp.59-69, 2011.

S. Ryan, C. T. Taylor, and M. Wt, Selective activation of inflammatory pathways by intermittent hypoxia in obstructive sleep apnea syndrome, Circulation, vol.112, p.132, 2005.

F. Sabatier, P. Darmon, B. Hugel, V. Combes, M. Sanmarco et al.,

P. Freyssinet, J. M. Oliver, C. Sampol, J. Dignat-george, and F. , Type 1 and type 2 diabetic patients display different patterns of cellular microparticles, Diabetes, vol.51, pp.2840-2845, 2002.

D. B. Savage, K. F. Petersen, and G. I. Shulman, Disordered lipid metabolism and the pathogenesis of insulin resistance, Physiol Rev, vol.87, pp.507-520, 2007.

V. Savransky, S. Bevans, A. Nanayakkara, J. Li, P. L. Smith et al., Chronic intermittent hypoxia causes hepatitis in a mouse model of diet-induced fatty liver

, Am J Physiol Gastrointest Liver Physiol, vol.293, pp.871-877, 2007.

V. Savransky, A. Nanayakkara, J. Li, S. Bevans, P. L. Smith et al., Chronic intermittent hypoxia induces atherosclerosis, Am J Respir Crit Care Med, vol.175, pp.1290-1297, 2007.

V. Savransky, A. Nanayakkara, A. Vivero, J. Li, S. Bevans et al.,

V. Y. Polotsky, Chronic intermittent hypoxia predisposes to liver injury, Hepatology, vol.45, pp.1007-1013, 2007.

V. Savransky, C. Reinke, J. Jun, S. Bevans-fonti, A. Nanayakkara et al., Chronic intermittent hypoxia and acetaminophen induce synergistic liver injury in mice, Exp Physiol, vol.94, pp.228-239, 2009.

A. Schultz, L. Lavie, I. Hochberg, R. Beyar, T. Stone et al.,

A. P. Levy, Interindividual heterogeneity in the hypoxic regulation of VEGF: significance for the development of the coronary artery collateral circulation, Circulation, vol.100, pp.547-552, 1999.

R. Schulz, C. Hummel, S. Heinemann, W. Seeger, and F. Grimminger, Serum levels of vascular endothelial growth factor are elevated in patients with obstructive sleep apnea and severe nighttime hypoxia, Am J Respir Crit Care Med, vol.165, pp.67-70, 2002.

R. Schulz, S. Mahmoudi, K. Hattar, U. Sibelius, H. Olschewski et al.,

F. Grimminger, Enhanced release of superoxide from polymorphonuclear neutrophils in obstructive sleep apnea. Impact of continuous positive airway pressure therapy, Am J Respir Crit Care Med, vol.162, pp.566-570, 2000.

T. V. Serebrovskaya, E. B. Manukhina, M. L. Smith, H. F. Downey, and R. T. Mallet, Intermittent hypoxia: cause of or therapy for systemic hypertension?, Exp Biol Med (Maywood), vol.233, pp.627-650, 2008.

N. Shah, S. Redline, H. K. Yaggi, R. Wu, C. G. Zhao et al.,

E. Appel, W. D. Kaplan, and R. C. , Obstructive sleep apnea and acute myocardial infarction severity: ischemic preconditioning?, Sleep Breath, vol.17, pp.819-826, 2013.

E. Shahar, C. W. Whitney, S. Redline, E. T. Lee, A. B. Newman et al., Sleep-disordered breathing and cardiovascular disease: cross-sectional results of the Sleep Heart Health Study, Am J Respir Crit Care Med, vol.163, pp.19-25, 2001.

G. Solaini, A. Baracca, G. Lenaz, and G. Sgarbi, Hypoxia and mitochondrial oxidative metabolism, Biochim Biophys Acta, vol.1797, pp.1171-1177, 2010.

V. K. Somers, M. E. Dyken, M. P. Clary, and A. Fm, Sympathetic neural mechanisms in obstructive sleep apnea, J Clin Invest, vol.96, pp.1897-1904, 1995.

D. Song, G. Fang, S. Z. Mao, X. Ye, G. Liu et al., Chronic intermittent hypoxia induces atherosclerosis by NF-kappaB-dependent mechanisms, Biochim Biophys Acta, vol.1822, pp.1650-1659, 2012.

F. Stanke-labesque, J. L. Pepin, T. De-jouvencel, C. Arnaud, J. P. Baguet et al.,

R. Jourdil, J. F. Levy, P. Back, and M. , Leukotriene B4 pathway activation and atherosclerosis in obstructive sleep apnea, J Lipid Res, vol.53, pp.1944-1951, 2012.

S. Steiner, P. O. Schueller, V. Schulze, and S. Be, Occurrence of coronary collateral vessels in patients with sleep apnea and total coronary occlusion, Chest, vol.137, pp.516-520, 2010.

K. L. Sweazea, N. L. Kanagy, and W. Br, Increased adiposity does not exacerbate impaired vasodilation in rats exposed to eucapnic intermittent hypoxia, Respiration, vol.81, pp.47-56, 2011.

D. E. Tabor, J. B. Kim, B. M. Spiegelman, and P. A. Edwards, Identification of conserved ciselements and transcription factors required for sterol-regulated transcription of stearoyl-CoA desaturase 1 and 2, J Biol Chem, vol.274, pp.20603-20610, 1999.

S. Taheri, D. Austin, L. Lin, F. J. Nieto, T. Young et al., Correlates of serum Creactive protein (CRP)--no association with sleep duration or sleep disordered breathing, Sleep, vol.30, pp.991-996, 2007.

S. Takahashi, Y. Nakamura, T. Nishijima, S. Sakurai, and H. Inoue, Essential roles of angiotensin II in vascular endothelial growth factor expression in sleep apnea syndrome, Respir Med, vol.99, pp.1125-1131, 2005.

R. Tamisier, G. S. Gilmartin, S. H. Launois, and J. L. Pepin,

J. W. Weiss, A new model of chronic intermittent hypoxia in humans: effect on ventilation, sleep, and blood pressure, J Appl Physiol, vol.107, pp.17-24, 1985.

F. Tanne, F. Gagnadoux, O. Chazouilleres, B. Fleury, D. Wendum et al., Chronic liver injury during obstructive sleep apnea, Hepatology, vol.41, pp.1290-1296, 2005.

H. Thibault, C. Piot, P. Staat, L. Bontemps, C. Sportouch et al., Long-term benefit of postconditioning, Circulation, vol.117, pp.1037-1044, 2008.
URL : https://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/hal-00428123

A. G. Tilkian, C. Guilleminault, J. S. Schroeder, K. L. Lehrman, F. B. Simmons et al., Hemodynamics in sleep-induced apnea. Studies during wakefulness and sleep, Ann Intern Med, vol.85, pp.714-719, 1976.

F. Tokuda, Y. Sando, H. Matsui, H. Koike, and Y. T. , Serum levels of adipocytokines, adiponectin and leptin, in patients with obstructive sleep apnea syndrome, Intern Med, vol.47, pp.1843-1849, 2008.

T. Brindeiro, C. M. Da-silva, A. Q. Allahdadi, K. J. Youngblood, V. et al.,

, Reactive oxygen species contribute to sleep apnea-induced hypertension in rats, Am J Physiol Heart Circ Physiol, vol.293, pp.2971-2976, 2007.

W. Trzepizur, F. Gagnadoux, P. Abraham, P. Rousseau, N. Meslier et al.,

J. L. Racineux, Microvascular endothelial function in obstructive sleep apnea: Impact of continuous positive airway pressure and mandibular advancement, Sleep Med, vol.10, pp.746-752, 2009.

W. Trzepizur, L. Vaillant, M. Meslier, N. Pigeanne, T. Masson et al., Independent association between nocturnal intermittent hypoxemia and metabolic dyslipidemia, Chest, vol.143, pp.1584-1589, 2013.

W. Trzepizur, M. C. Martinez, P. Priou, R. Andriantsitohaina, and F. Gagnadoux,

, Microparticles and vascular dysfunction in obstructive sleep apnoea, Eur Respir J, vol.44, pp.207-216, 2014.

W. Trzepizur, P. Priou, A. Paris, J. Nardi, S. Tual-chalot et al., Nocturnal release of leukocyte-derived microparticles in males with obstructive sleep apnoea, Eur Respir J, vol.37, pp.1293-1295, 2011.

S. Tual-chalot, K. Fatoumata, P. Priou, W. Trzepizur, A. Gaceb et al.,

M. C. Martinez, F. Gagnadoux, and R. Andriantsitohaina, Circulating microparticles from patients with obstructive sleep apnea enhance vascular contraction: mandatory role of the endothelium

, Am J Pathol, vol.181, pp.1473-1482, 2012.

S. Tual-chalot, F. Gagnadoux, W. Trzepizur, P. Priou, R. Andriantsitohaina et al., Circulating microparticles from obstructive sleep apnea syndrome patients induce endothelin-mediated angiogenesis, Biochim Biophys Acta, vol.1842, pp.202-207, 2014.

S. Tual-chalot, C. Guibert, B. Muller, J. P. Savineau, R. Andriantsitohaina et al.,

, Circulating microparticles from pulmonary hypertensive rats induce endothelial dysfunction, Am J Respir Crit Care Med, vol.182, pp.261-268, 2010.

S. Tual-chalot, D. Leonetti, R. Andriantsitohaina, and M. Mc, Microvesicles: intercellular vectors of biological messages, Mol Interv, vol.11, pp.88-94, 2011.

R. H. Unger, G. O. Clark, P. E. Scherer, and L. Orci, Lipid homeostasis, lipotoxicity and the metabolic syndrome, Biochim Biophys Acta, vol.1801, pp.209-214, 2010.

M. Valko, D. Leibfritz, J. Moncol, M. T. Cronin, M. Mazur et al., Free radicals and antioxidants in normal physiological functions and human disease, Int J Biochem Cell Biol, vol.39, pp.44-84, 2007.

S. Veasey, Insight from animal models into the cognitive consequences of adult sleepdisordered breathing, Ilar J, vol.50, pp.307-311, 2009.

N. Villanova, S. Moscatiello, S. Ramilli, E. Bugianesi, D. Magalotti et al.,

G. Marchesini, Endothelial dysfunction and cardiovascular risk profile in nonalcoholic fatty liver disease, Hepatology, vol.42, pp.473-480, 2005.

B. Wang, B. Yan, D. Song, X. Ye, and S. F. Liu, Chronic intermittent hypoxia down-regulates endothelial nitric oxide synthase expression by an NF-kappaB-dependent mechanism, Sleep Med, vol.14, pp.165-171, 2013.

H. Wang, J. L. Tian, S. Z. Feng, N. Sun, B. Y. Chen et al., The organ specificity in pathological damage of chronic intermittent hypoxia: an experimental study on rat with high-fat diet, Sleep Breath, vol.17, pp.957-965, 2013.

N. Wang, S. A. Khan, N. R. Prabhakar, and N. J. , Impairment of pancreatic beta-cell function by chronic intermittent hypoxia, Exp Physiol, vol.98, pp.1376-1385, 2013.

Z. H. Wang, X. L. Cai, L. Wu, Z. Yu, J. L. Liu et al., Mitochondrial energy metabolism plays a critical role in the cardioprotection afforded by intermittent hypobaric hypoxia, Exp Physiol, vol.97, pp.1105-1118, 2012.

H. Xie, P. E. Ray, and B. L. Short, NF-kappaB activation plays a role in superoxide-mediated cerebral endothelial dysfunction after hypoxia/reoxygenation, Stroke, vol.36, pp.1047-1052, 2005.

H. Xu, D. Wilcox, P. Nguyen, M. Voorbach, T. Suhar et al., Hepatic knockdown of mitochondrial GPAT1 in ob/ob mice improves metabolic profile, Biochem Biophys Res Commun, vol.349, pp.439-448, 2006.

J. Xu, Y. S. Long, D. Gozal, and P. N. Epstein, Beta-cell death and proliferation after intermittent hypoxia: role of oxidative stress, Free Radic Biol Med, vol.46, pp.783-790, 2009.

M. Yamauchi, H. Nakano, J. Maekawa, Y. Okamoto, Y. Ohnishi et al., Oxidative stress in obstructive sleep apnea, Chest, vol.127, pp.1674-1679, 2005.

M. Yao, N. Tachibana, M. Okura, A. Ikeda, T. Tanigawa et al.,

T. Iso and H. , The relationship between sleep-disordered breathing and high-sensitivity C-reactive protein in Japanese men, Sleep, vol.29, pp.661-665, 2006.

Q. Yao, M. K. Shin, J. C. Jun, K. L. Hernandez, N. R. Aggarwal et al.,

V. Y. Polotsky, Effect of chronic intermittent hypoxia on triglyceride uptake in different tissues, J Lipid Res, vol.54, pp.1058-1065, 2013.

T. Yokoe, L. C. Alonso, L. C. Romano, T. C. Rosa, R. M. O'doherty et al.,

K. Minoguchi, O. Donnell, and C. P. , Intermittent hypoxia reverses the diurnal glucose rhythm and causes pancreatic beta-cell replication in mice, J Physiol, vol.586, pp.899-911, 2008.

T. Yokoe, K. Minoguchi, H. Matsuo, N. Oda, H. Minoguchi et al.,

M. Adachi, Elevated levels of C-reactive protein and interleukin-6 in patients with obstructive sleep apnea syndrome are decreased by nasal continuous positive airway pressure, Circulation, vol.107, pp.1129-1134, 2003.

K. Yoshida, T. Shimizugawa, M. Ono, and H. Furukawa, Angiopoietin-like protein 4 is a potent hyperlipidemia-inducing factor in mice and inhibitor of lipoprotein lipase, J Lipid Res, vol.43, pp.1770-1772, 2002.

T. Young, L. Finn, P. E. Peppard, M. Szklo-coxe, A. D. Nieto et al., Sleep disordered breathing and mortality: eighteen-year follow-up of the Wisconsin sleep cohort, Sleep, vol.31, pp.1071-1078, 2008.

T. Young, M. Palta, J. Dempsey, J. Skatrud, S. Weber et al., The occurrence of sleepdisordered breathing among middle-aged adults, N Engl J Med, vol.328, pp.1230-1235, 1993.

Z. M. Yuan, B. Y. Chen, P. X. Wang, S. Y. Li, Y. L. Chen et al., Changes of angiotensin II and its receptor during the development of chronic intermittent hypoxia

, Zhonghua Jie He He Hu Xi Za Zhi, vol.27, pp.577-580, 2004.

C. H. Yun, K. H. Jung, K. Chu, S. H. Kim, K. H. Ji et al., Increased circulating endothelial microparticles and carotid atherosclerosis in obstructive sleep apnea, J Clin Neurol, vol.6, pp.89-98, 2010.

R. Zechner, P. C. Kienesberger, G. Haemmerle, R. Zimmermann, and L. A. , Adipose triglyceride lipase and the lipolytic catabolism of cellular fat stores, J Lipid Res, vol.50, pp.3-21, 2009.

M. G. Ziegler, P. J. Mills, J. S. Loredo, S. Ancoli-israel, and J. E. Dimsdale, Effect of continuous positive airway pressure and placebo treatment on sympathetic nervous activity in patients with obstructive sleep apnea, Chest, vol.120, p.140, 2001.

, Annexe 1: Microparticles and vascular dysfunction in obstructive sleep apnoea, Eur Respir J, 2014.