L. Bao, J. C. Patel, R. H. Walker, P. Shashidharan, and M. E. Rice, Dysregulation of striatal dopamine release in a mouse model of dystonia, J. Neurochem, vol.114, pp.1781-1791, 2010.

W. Bara-jimenez, M. J. Catalan, M. Hallett, and C. Gerloff, Abnormal somatosensory homunculus in dystonia of the hand, Ann Neurol, vol.44, pp.828-831, 1998.

E. Barow, W. Neumann, C. Brücke, J. Huebl, A. Horn et al., Deep brain stimulation suppresses pallidal low frequency activity in patients with phasic dystonic movements, Brain, vol.137, pp.3012-3024, 2014.

M. F. Bastide, W. G. Meissner, B. Picconi, S. Fasano, P. Fernagut et al., Pathophysiology of L-dopainduced motor and non-motor complications in Parkinson's disease, Progress in Neurobiology, vol.132, pp.96-168, 2015.

Y. Ben-ari, L. Aniksztejn, and P. Bregestovski, Protein kinase C modulation of NMDA currents: an important link for LTP induction, Trends in Neurosciences, vol.15, pp.333-339, 1992.

B. D. Bennett, J. C. Callaway, and C. J. Wilson, Intrinsic membrane properties underlying spontaneous tonic firing in neostriatal cholinergic interneurons, J. Neurosci, vol.20, pp.8493-8503, 2000.

B. D. Bennett and C. J. Wilson, Synaptic regulation of action potential timing in neostriatal cholinergic interneurons, Journal of Neuroscience, vol.18, pp.8539-8549, 1998.

A. Berardelli, J. C. Rothwell, M. Hallett, P. D. Thompson, M. Manfredi et al., The pathophysiology of primary dystonia, Brain, vol.121, pp.1195-1212, 1998.

H. Bergman, A. Feingold, A. Nini, A. Raz, H. Slovin et al., Physiological aspects of information processing in the basal ganglia of normal and parkinsonian primates, Trends in Neurosciences, vol.21, pp.32-38, 1998.

H. Bergman, T. Wichmann, B. Karmon, and M. R. Delong, The primate subthalamic nucleus. II. Neuronal activity in the MPTP model of parkinsonism, Journal of Neurophysiology, vol.72, pp.507-520, 1994.

B. D. Berman, P. A. Starr, W. J. Marks, and J. L. Ostrem, Induction of bradykinesia with pallidal deep brain stimulation in patients with cranial-cervical dystonia, Stereotact Funct Neurosurg, vol.87, pp.37-44, 2009.

V. Bernard, O. Laribi, A. I. Levey, and B. Bloch, Subcellular redistribution of m2 muscarinic acetylcholine receptors in striatal interneurons in vivo after acute cholinergic stimulation, Journal of Neuroscience, vol.18, pp.10207-10218, 1998.

V. Bernard, E. Normand, and B. Bloch, Phenotypical characterization of the rat striatal neurons expressing muscarinic receptor genes, Journal of Neuroscience, vol.12, pp.3591-3600, 1992.

K. P. Bhatia and C. D. Marsden, The behavioural and motor consequences of focal lesions of the basal ganglia in man, Brain, vol.117, pp.859-876, 1994.

G. A. Bishop, H. T. Chang, and S. T. Kitai, Morphological and physiological properties of neostriatal neurons: an intracellular horseradish peroxidase study in the rat, NEUROSCIENCE, vol.7, pp.179-191, 1982.

C. Blahak, H. Capelle, H. Baezner, T. M. Kinfe, M. G. Hennerici et al., Micrographia induced by pallidal DBS for segmental dystonia: a subtle sign of hypokinesia, Journal of Neural Transmission, vol.118, pp.549-553, 2011.

A. J. Blood, Imaging studies in focal dystonias: a systems level approach to studying a systems level disorder, Curr Neuropharmacol, vol.11, pp.3-15, 2013.

J. P. Bolam, B. H. Wainer, and A. D. Smith, Characterization of cholinergic neurons in the rat neostriatum. A combination of choline acetyltransferase immunocytochemistry, Golgi-impregnation and electron microscopy, NEUROSCIENCE, vol.12, pp.711-718, 1984.

P. Bonsi, D. Cuomo, G. Martella, G. Madeo, T. Schirinzi et al., Centrality of Striatal Cholinergic Transmission in Basal Ganglia Function, Front. Neuroanat, vol.5, pp.1-9, 2011.

P. Bonsi, G. Martella, D. Cuomo, P. Platania, G. Sciamanna et al., Loss of Muscarinic Autoreceptor Function Impairs Long-Term Depression But Not Long-Term Potentiation in the Striatum, Journal of Neuroscience, vol.28, pp.6258-6263, 2008.

C. Braun, R. Schweizer, U. Heinz, K. Wiech, N. Birbaumer et al., Taskspecific plasticity of somatosensory cortex in patients with writer's cramp, NeuroImage, vol.20, pp.1329-1338, 2003.

X. O. Breakefield, A. J. Blood, Y. Li, M. Hallett, P. I. Hanson et al., The pathophysiological basis of dystonias, Nat Rev Neurosci, vol.9, pp.222-234, 2008.

S. B. Bressman, C. Sabatti, D. Raymond, D. De-leon, C. Klein et al., The DYT1 phenotype and guidelines for diagnostic testing, Neurology, vol.54, pp.1746-1752, 2000.

D. R. Brocks, Anticholinergic drugs used in Parkinson's disease: An overlooked class of drugs from a pharmacokinetic perspective, J Pharm Pharm Sci, vol.2, pp.39-46, 1999.

P. Brown, Oscillatory nature of human basal ganglia activity: relationship to the pathophysiology of Parkinson's disease, Mov Disord, vol.18, pp.357-363, 2003.

P. Brown and C. D. Marsden, Bradykinesia and impairment of EEG desynchronization in Parkinson's disease, Mov Disord, vol.14, pp.423-429, 1999.

P. Brown, A. Oliviero, P. Mazzone, A. Insola, P. Tonali et al., Dopamine dependency of oscillations between subthalamic nucleus and pallidum in Parkinson's disease, J. Neurosci, vol.21, pp.1033-1038, 2001.

C. E. Bryant, N. M. Rupniak, and S. D. Iversen, Effects of different environmental enrichment devices on cage stereotypies and autoaggression in captive cynomolgus monkeys, J. Med. Primatol, vol.17, pp.257-269, 1988.

P. Burbaud, B. Bonnet, D. Guehl, A. Lagueny, and B. Bioulac, Movement disorders induced by gamma-aminobutyric agonist and antagonist injections into the internal globus pallidus and substantia nigra pars reticulata of the monkey, Brain Research, vol.780, pp.102-107, 1998.

R. E. Burke, S. Fahn, C. D. Marsden, S. B. Bressman, C. Moskowitz et al., Validity and reliability of a rating scale for the primary torsion dystonias, Neurology, vol.35, pp.73-77, 1985.

A. C. Burton, K. Nakamura, and M. R. Roesch, From ventral-medial to dorsal-lateral striatum: Neural correlates of reward-guided decision-making, Neurobiology of Learning and Memory, vol.117, pp.51-59, 2015.

C. M. Bütefisch, B. Boroojerdi, R. Chen, F. Battaglia, and M. Hallett, Task-dependent intracortical inhibition is impaired in focal hand dystonia, Mov Disord, vol.20, pp.545-551, 2005.

M. L. Byrnes, G. W. Thickbroom, S. A. Wilson, P. Sacco, J. M. Shipman et al., The corticomotor representation of upper limb muscles in writer's cramp and changes following botulinum toxin injection, Brain, vol.121, pp.977-988, 1998.

P. Calabresi, B. Picconi, A. Tozzi, V. Ghiglieri, and M. Di-filippo, Direct and indirect pathways of basal ganglia: a critical reappraisal, Nature Publishing Group, vol.17, 2014.

P. Calabresi, A. Stefani, N. B. Mercuri, and G. Bernardi, Acetylcholine-dopamine balance in striatum: is it still a target for antiparkinsonian therapy?, EXS, vol.57, pp.315-321, 1989.

D. P. Calderon, R. Fremont, F. Kraenzlin, and K. Khodakhah, The neural substrates of rapid-onset Dystonia-Parkinsonism, Nat Neurosci, vol.14, pp.357-365, 2011.

C. Cao, Y. Pan, D. Li, S. Zhan, J. Zhang et al., Subthalamus deep brain stimulation for primary dystonia patients: a long-term follow-up study, Mov Disord, vol.28, pp.1877-1882, 2013.

M. Carbon and D. Eidelberg, Abnormal structure-function relationships in hereditary dystonia, NEUROSCIENCE, vol.164, pp.220-229, 2009.

M. Carbon, D. Raymond, L. Ozelius, R. Saunders-pullman, S. Frucht et al., Metabolic changes in DYT11 myoclonus-dystonia, Neurology, vol.80, pp.385-391, 2013.

M. Carbon, S. Su, V. Dhawan, D. Raymond, S. Bressman et al., Regional metabolism in primary torsion dystonia: effects of penetrance and genotype, Neurology, vol.62, pp.1384-1390, 2004.

A. O. Ceballos-baumann and D. J. Brooks, Basal ganglia function and dysfunction revealed by PET activation studies, Adv Neurol, vol.74, pp.127-139, 1997.

N. Champtiaux, C. Gotti, M. Cordero-erausquin, D. J. David, C. Przybylski et al., Subunit composition of functional nicotinic receptors in dopaminergic neurons investigated with knock-out mice, J. Neurosci, vol.23, pp.7820-7829, 2003.

J. Chan, M. F. Brin, and S. Fahn, Idiopathic cervical dystonia: clinical characteristics, Mov Disord, vol.6, pp.119-126, 1991.

P. Chen, A. J. Burdette, J. C. Porter, J. C. Ricketts, S. A. Fox et al., The earlyonset torsion dystonia-associated protein, torsinA, is a homeostatic regulator of endoplasmic reticulum stress response, Human Molecular Genetics, vol.19, pp.3502-3515, 2010.

R. Chen, Studies of human motor physiology with transcranial magnetic stimulation, Muscle Nerve Suppl, vol.9, pp.26-32, 2000.

R. Chen and M. Hallett, The time course of changes in motor cortex excitability associated with voluntary movement. Can, J. Neurol. Sci, vol.26, pp.163-169, 1999.

R. Chen and M. Hallett, Focal dystonia and repetitive motion disorders, Clin. Orthop. Relat. Res, pp.102-106, 1998.

M. F. Chesselet, Presynaptic regulation of neurotransmitter release in the brain: facts and hypothesis, NEUROSCIENCE, vol.12, pp.347-375, 1984.

T. Cheung, A. M. Noecker, R. L. Alterman, C. C. Mcintyre, and M. Tagliati, Defining a therapeutic target for pallidal deep brain stimulation for dystonia, Ann Neurol, vol.76, 2014.

S. Chiken, P. Shashidharan, and A. Nambu, Cortically evoked long-lasting inhibition of pallidal neurons in a transgenic mouse model of dystonia, J. Neurosci, vol.28, pp.13967-13977, 2008.

E. Y. Choi, B. T. Yeo, and R. L. Buckner, The organization of the human striatum estimated by intrinsic functional connectivity, Journal of Neurophysiology, vol.108, pp.2242-2263, 2012.

M. Chung and R. Huh, Different clinical course of pallidal deep brain stimulation for phasic-and tonic-type cervical dystonia, Acta Neurochir (Wien), vol.158, 2016.

P. Cisek and J. F. Kalaska, Neural Mechanisms for Interacting with a World Full of Action Choices, Annu. Rev. Neurosci, vol.33, pp.269-298, 2010.

C. Clément, R. Lalonde, and C. Strazielle, Acetylcholinesterase activity in the brain of dystonia musculorum (Dst(dt-J)) mutant mice, Neuroscience Research, vol.72, pp.79-86, 2012.

L. G. Cohen and M. Hallett, Hand cramps: clinical features and electromyographic patterns in a focal dystonia, Neurology, vol.38, pp.1005-1012, 1988.

K. Coleman and P. J. Pierre, Assessing anxiety in nonhuman primates, ILAR J, vol.55, pp.333-346, 2014.

E. S. Consky, A. Basinski, L. Belle, R. Ranawaya, and A. Lang, The Toronto Western Spasmodic Torticollis Rating Scale (TWSTRS): assessment of validity and inter-rater reliability, 1990.

B. D. Corner, Dystonia musculorum deformans in siblings; treated with artane (trihexyphenidyl), Proc. R. Soc. Med, vol.45, pp.451-452, 1952.

S. J. Cragg, Meaningful silences: how dopamine listens to the ACh pause, Trends in Neurosciences, vol.29, pp.125-131, 2006.

A. R. Crossman, I. J. Mitchell, M. A. Sambrook, and A. Jackson, Chorea and myoclonus in the monkey induced by gamma-aminobutyric acid antagonism in the lentiform complex. The site of drug action and a hypothesis for the neural mechanisms of chorea, Brain, vol.111, pp.1211-1233, 1988.

A. R. Crossman, M. A. Sambrook, and A. Jackson, Experimental hemichorea/hemiballismus in the monkey. Studies on the intracerebral site of action in a drug-induced dyskinesia, Brain, vol.107, pp.579-596, 1984.

G. Cui, S. B. Jun, X. Jin, M. D. Pham, S. S. Vogel et al., Concurrent activation of striatal direct and indirect pathways during action initiation, Nature, vol.494, pp.238-242, 2013.

E. Cuny, I. Ghorayeb, D. Guehl, L. Escola, B. Bioulac et al., Sensory motor mismatch within the supplementary motor area in the dystonic monkey, Neurobiology of Disease, vol.30, pp.151-161, 2008.

R. G. Cury, S. K. Kalia, B. B. Shah, J. Jimenez-shahed, L. K. Prashanth et al., Surgical treatment of dystonia, Expert Rev Neurother, vol.18, pp.477-492, 2018.

M. T. Dang, F. Yokoi, K. S. Mcnaught, T. Jengelley, T. Jackson et al., Generation and characterization of Dyt1 ?GAG knock-in mouse as a model for earlyonset dystonia, Experimental Neurology, vol.196, pp.452-463, 2005.

M. P. Deandrade, F. Yokoi, T. Van-groen, J. B. Lingrel, and Y. Li, Characterization of Atp1a3 mutant mice as a model of rapid-onset dystonia with parkinsonism, Behavioural Brain Research, vol.216, pp.659-665, 2011.

C. Delmaire, M. Vidailhet, A. Elbaz, F. Bourdain, J. P. Bleton et al., Structural abnormalities in the cerebellum and sensorimotor circuit in writer's cramp, Neurology, vol.69, pp.376-380, 2007.

M. R. Delong and T. Wichmann, Circuits and circuit disorders of the basal ganglia, Arch Neurol, vol.64, pp.20-24, 2007.

. Destarac, Torticolis spasmodique et spasmes fonctionnels, Rev Neurol, 1901.

J. Ding, J. N. Guzman, T. Tkatch, S. Chen, J. A. Goldberg et al., RGS4-dependent attenuation of M4 autoreceptor function in striatal cholinergic interneurons following dopamine depletion, Nat Neurosci, vol.9, pp.832-842, 2006.

K. M. Doherty, L. Silveira-moriyama, L. Parkkinen, D. G. Healy, M. Farrell et al., Parkin disease: a clinicopathologic entity, JAMA Neurol, vol.70, pp.571-579, 2013.

M. Dong, D. A. Richards, M. C. Goodnough, W. H. Tepp, E. A. Johnson et al., Synaptotagmins I and II mediate entry of botulinum neurotoxin B into cells, J. Cell Biol, vol.162, pp.1293-1303, 2003.

M. Dong, F. Yeh, W. H. Tepp, C. Dean, E. A. Johnson et al., SV2 is the protein receptor for botulinum neurotoxin A, Science, vol.312, pp.592-596, 2006.

D. Dressler and P. Kanovsky, Botulinum Toxin Therapy of Dystonia, in: Dystonia and Dystonic Syndromes, pp.127-149, 2015.

D. Dressler, P. Tacik, and F. Saberi, Botulinum toxin therapy of cervical dystonia: comparing onabotulinumtoxinA (Botox(®)) and incobotulinumtoxinA (Xeomin (®)), Journal of Neural Transmission, vol.121, pp.29-31, 2014.

D. Dressler, P. Tacik, and F. A. Saberi, Botulinum toxin therapy of cervical dystonia: duration of therapeutic effects, Journal of Neural Transmission, vol.122, pp.297-300, 2015.

A. E. Elia and A. Albanese, Emerging parkinsonian phenotypes, Revue Neurologique, vol.166, pp.834-840, 2010.

F. Erbguth, D. Claus, A. Engelhardt, and D. Dressler, Systemic effect of local botulinum toxin injections unmasks subclinical Lambert-Eaton myasthenic syndrome, J. Neurol. Neurosurg. Psychiatry, vol.56, pp.1235-1236, 1993.

A. J. Espay, F. Morgante, J. Purzner, C. A. Gunraj, A. E. Lang et al., Cortical and spinal abnormalities in psychogenic dystonia, Ann Neurol, vol.59, pp.825-834, 2006.

M. L. Evatt, A. Freeman, and S. Factor, Adult-onset dystonia, Handb Clin Neurol, vol.100, pp.481-511, 2011.

B. J. Everitt and T. W. Robbins, Central cholinergic systems and cognition, Annu Rev Psychol, vol.48, pp.649-684, 1997.

V. G. Evidente, J. Advincula, R. Esteban, P. Pasco, J. A. Alfon et al., Phenomenology of "Lubag" or X-linked dystonia-parkinsonism, Mov Disord, vol.17, pp.1271-1277, 2002.

R. Exley, J. M. Mcintosh, M. J. Marks, U. Maskos, and S. J. Cragg, Striatal ?5 nicotinic receptor subunit regulates dopamine transmission in dorsal striatum, J. Neurosci, vol.32, pp.2352-2356, 2012.
URL : https://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/hal-01531461

S. Fahn, Classification of movement disorders, Mov Disord, vol.26, pp.947-957, 2011.

S. Fahn, Concept and classification of dystonia, Adv Neurol, vol.50, pp.1-8, 1988.

S. Fahn, S. B. Bressman, and C. D. Marsden, Classification of dystonia, Adv Neurol, vol.78, pp.1-10, 1998.

S. Fahn, C. D. Marsden, and D. B. Calne, Classification and investigation of dystonia, 1987.

J. Fan, H. Cao, L. Su, Z. Ling, Z. Liu et al., NTproBNP, but not ANP and C-reactive protein, is predictive of paroxysmal atrial fibrillation in patients undergoing pulmonary vein isolation, J Interv Card Electrophysiol, vol.33, pp.93-100, 2012.

X. Fan, B. D. Nelson, Y. Ai, D. K. Stiles, D. M. Gash et al., Continuous intraputamenal convection-enhanced delivery in adult rhesus macaques, Journal of Neurosurgery, vol.123, pp.1569-1577, 2015.

P. O. Fernagut, E. Diguet, N. Stefanova, M. Biran, G. K. Wenning et al., Subacute systemic 3-nitropropionic acid intoxication induces a distinct motor disorder in adult C57Bl/6 mice: behavioural and histopathological characterisation, NEUROSCIENCE, vol.114, pp.1005-1017, 2002.

M. Filion, L. Tremblay, and P. J. Bédard, Effects of dopamine agonists on the spontaneous activity of globus pallidus neurons in monkeys with MPTP-induced parkinsonism, Brain Research, vol.547, pp.152-161, 1991.

B. Ford, P. Greene, E. D. Louis, G. Petzinger, S. B. Bressman et al., Use of intrathecal baclofen in the treatment of patients with dystonia, Arch Neurol, vol.53, pp.1241-1246, 1996.

D. J. Foster, P. R. Gentry, J. E. Lizardi-ortiz, T. M. Bridges, M. R. Wood et al., M5 receptor activation produces opposing physiological outcomes in dopamine neurons depending on the receptor's location, J. Neurosci, vol.34, pp.3253-3262, 2014.

C. França, D. C. De-andrade, M. J. Teixeira, R. Galhardoni, V. Silva et al., Effects of cerebellar neuromodulation in movement disorders: A systematic review, Brain Stimulation, vol.11, pp.249-260, 2018.

J. Frevert and D. Dressler, Complexing proteins in botulinum toxin type A drugs: a help or a hindrance?, Biologics, vol.4, pp.325-332, 2010.

B. R. Frueh, D. P. Felt, T. H. Wojno, and D. C. Musch, Treatment of blepharospasm with botulinum toxin. A preliminary report, Arch. Ophthalmol, vol.102, pp.1464-1468, 1984.

T. Fuchs, S. Gavarini, R. Saunders-pullman, D. Raymond, M. E. Ehrlich et al., Mutations in the THAP1 gene are responsible for DYT6 primary torsion dystonia, Nat. Genet, vol.41, pp.286-288, 2009.

B. E. Fureman, H. A. Jinnah, and E. J. Hess, Triggers of paroxysmal dyskinesia in the calcium channel mouse mutant tottering, Pharmacol. Biochem. Behav, vol.73, pp.631-637, 2002.

Y. Furukawa and S. Kish, , 2017.

G. Galardi, D. Perani, F. Grassi, S. Bressi, S. Amadio et al., Basal ganglia and thalamo-cortical hypermetabolism in patients with spasmodic torticollis, Acta Neurol Scand, vol.94, pp.172-176, 1996.

C. R. Gerfen and J. P. Bolam, The neuroanatomical organization of the basal ganglia, Handbook of Basal Ganglia Structure and Function, pp.3-32, 2017.

C. R. Gerfen and D. J. Surmeier, Modulation of striatal projection systems by dopamine, Annu. Rev. Neurosci, vol.34, pp.441-466, 2011.

C. R. Gerfen and W. S. Young, Distribution of striatonigral and striatopallidal peptidergic neurons in both patch and matrix compartments: an in situ hybridization histochemistry and fluorescent retrograde tracing study, Brain Research, vol.460, pp.161-167, 1988.

D. Giannakopoulou, I. Armata, A. Mitsacos, P. Shashidharan, and P. Giompres, Modulation of the basal ganglia dopaminergic system in a transgenic mouse exhibiting dystonia-like features, Journal of Neural Transmission, vol.117, pp.1401-1409, 2010.

M. F. Giorguieff, L. Floc'h, M. L. Westfall, T. C. Glowinski, J. Besson et al., Nicotinic effect of acetylcholine on the release of newly synthesized [3H]dopamine in rat striatal slices and cat caudate nucleus, Brain Research, vol.106, issue.76, pp.90077-90086, 1976.

J. A. Goldberg, M. A. Teagarden, R. C. Foehring, and C. J. Wilson, Nonequilibrium calcium dynamics regulate the autonomous firing pattern of rat striatal cholinergic interneurons, J. Neurosci, vol.29, pp.8396-8407, 2009.

J. A. Goldberg and C. J. Wilson, Control of spontaneous firing patterns by the selective coupling of calcium currents to calcium-activated potassium currents in striatal cholinergic interneurons, J. Neurosci, vol.25, pp.10230-10238, 2005.

R. E. Goodchild, C. E. Kim, and W. T. Dauer, Loss of the Dystonia-Associated Protein TorsinA Selectively Disrupts the Neuronal Nuclear Envelope, Neuron, vol.48, pp.923-932, 2005.

W. R. Gowers, A Manual of Diseases of the Nervous System, 1888.

D. Grabli, K. Mccairn, E. C. Hirsch, Y. Agid, J. Féger et al., Behavioural disorders induced by external globus pallidus dysfunction in primates: I. Behavioural study, Brain, vol.127, pp.2039-2054, 2004.

J. A. Grahn, J. A. Parkinson, and A. M. Owen, The cognitive functions of the caudate nucleus, Progress in Neurobiology, vol.86, pp.141-155, 2008.

F. Grandas, J. Elston, N. Quinn, and C. D. Marsden, Blepharospasm: a review of 264 patients, J. Neurol. Neurosurg. Psychiatry, vol.51, pp.767-772, 1988.

A. M. Graybiel, The Striatum and Decision-Making Based on Value, in: Micro-, Mesoand Macro-Dynamics of the Brain, Research and Perspectives in Neurosciences, pp.81-84, 2016.

A. M. Graybiel, Network-level neuroplasticity in cortico-basal ganglia pathways, Parkinsonism and Related Disorders, vol.10, pp.293-296, 2004.

A. M. Graybiel and S. T. Grafton, The striatum: where skills and habits meet, Cold Spring Harbor Perspectives in Biology, vol.7, pp.21691-21704, 2015.

P. Greene, Baclofen in the treatment of dystonia, Clin Neuropharmacol, vol.15, pp.276-288, 1992.

P. E. Greene and S. Fahn, Baclofen in the treatment of idiopathic dystonia in children, Mov Disord, vol.7, pp.48-52, 1992.

A. Gregory and S. J. Hayflick, Pantothenate Kinase-Associated Neurodegeneration, 2017.

J. L. Groen, K. Ritz, M. F. Contarino, B. P. Van-de-warrenburg, M. Aramideh et al., DYT6 dystonia: mutation screening, phenotype, and response to deep brain stimulation, Mov Disord, vol.25, pp.2420-2427, 2010.

K. Grundmann, N. Glöckle, G. Martella, G. Sciamanna, T. Hauser et al., Generation of a novel rodent model for DYT1 dystonia, Neurobiology of Disease, vol.47, pp.61-74, 2012.

K. Grundmann, B. Reischmann, G. Vanhoutte, J. Hübener, P. Teismann et al., Overexpression of human wildtype torsinA and human ?GAG torsinA in a transgenic mouse model causes phenotypic abnormalities, Neurobiology of Disease, vol.27, pp.190-206, 2007.

D. Guehl, P. Burbaud, T. Boraud, and B. Bioulac, Bicuculline injections into the rostral and caudal motor thalamus of the monkey induce different types of dystonia, Eur J Neurosci, vol.12, pp.1033-1037, 2000.

D. Guehl, M. Pessiglione, C. François, J. Yelnik, E. C. Hirsch et al., Tremor-related activity of neurons in the "motor" thalamus: changes in firing rate and pattern in the MPTP vervet model of parkinsonism, Eur J Neurosci, vol.17, pp.2388-2400, 2003.

S. N. Haber and S. J. Watson, The comparative distribution of enkephalin, dynorphin and substance P in the human globus pallidus and basal forebrain, NEUROSCIENCE, vol.14, pp.1011-1024, 1985.

S. N. Haber and S. J. Watson, The comparison between enkephalin-like and dynorphin-like immunoreactivity in both monkey and human globus pallidus and substantia nigra, Life Sci, vol.33, issue.1, pp.33-36, 1983.

M. Hallett, Neurophysiology of dystonia: The role of inhibition, Neurobiology of Disease, vol.42, pp.177-184, 2011.

M. Hamann, R. Raymond, S. Varughesi, J. N. Nobrega, and A. Richter, Acetylcholine receptor binding and cholinergic interneuron density are unaltered in a genetic animal model of primary paroxysmal dystonia, Brain Research, vol.1099, pp.176-182, 2006.

P. Hedera, F. T. Phibbs, R. Dolhun, P. D. Charles, P. E. Konrad et al., Surgical targets for dystonic tremor: considerations between the globus pallidus and ventral intermediate thalamic nucleus, Parkinsonism and Related Disorders, vol.19, pp.684-686, 2013.

J. C. Hedreen, R. M. Zweig, M. R. Delong, P. J. Whitehouse, and D. L. Price, Primary dystonias: a review of the pathology and suggestions for new directions of study, Adv Neurol, vol.50, pp.123-132, 1988.

S. Hering, G. K. Wenning, K. Seppi, W. Poewe, and J. Mueller, An open trial of levetiracetam for segmental and generalized dystonia, Mov Disord, vol.22, pp.1649-1651, 2007.

T. Hernández-flores, O. Hernández-gonzález, M. B. Pérez-ramírez, E. Lara-gonzález, M. A. Arias-garcía et al., Modulation of direct pathway striatal projection neurons by muscarinic M?-type receptors, Neuropharmacology, vol.89, pp.232-244, 2015.

S. M. Hersch, C. A. Gutekunst, H. D. Rees, C. J. Heilman, and A. I. Levey, Distribution of m1-m4 muscarinic receptor proteins in the rat striatum: light and electron microscopic immunocytochemistry using subtype-specific antibodies, Journal of Neuroscience, vol.14, pp.3351-3363, 1994.

J. Hewett, P. Johansen, N. Sharma, D. Standaert, and A. Balcioglu, Function of dopamine transporter is compromised in DYT1 transgenic animal model in vivo, J. Neurochem, vol.113, pp.228-235, 2010.

O. Hikosaka, A. Ghazizadeh, W. Griggs, and H. Amita, Parallel basal ganglia circuits for decision making, Journal of Neural Transmission, vol.125, pp.515-529, 2017.

O. Hikosaka and M. Isoda, Switching from automatic to controlled behavior: corticobasal ganglia mechanisms, Trends in Cognitive Sciences, vol.14, pp.154-161, 2010.

J. G. Hou, W. Ondo, and J. Jankovic, Intrathecal baclofen for dystonia, Mov Disord, vol.16, pp.1201-1202, 2001.

H. Houlden, S. A. Schneider, R. Paudel, A. Melchers, P. Schwingenschuh et al., THAP1 mutations (DYT6) are an additional cause of earlyonset dystonia, Neurology, vol.74, pp.846-850, 2010.

Y. Huang, M. J. Edwards, E. Rounis, K. P. Bhatia, and J. C. Rothwell, Theta burst stimulation of the human motor cortex, Neuron, vol.45, pp.201-206, 2005.

R. Hurst, H. Rollema, and D. Bertrand, Nicotinic acetylcholine receptors: from basic science to therapeutics, Pharmacol. Ther, vol.137, pp.22-54, 2013.

M. Hutchinson, T. Nakamura, J. R. Moeller, A. Antonini, A. Belakhlef et al., The metabolic topography of essential blepharospasm: a focal dystonia with general implications, Neurology, vol.55, pp.673-677, 2000.

W. D. Hutchison, J. O. Dostrovsky, J. R. Walters, R. Courtemanche, T. Boraud et al., Neuronal oscillations in the basal ganglia and movement disorders: evidence from whole animal and human recordings, J. Neurosci, vol.24, pp.9240-9243, 2004.

W. D. Hutchison, A. E. Lang, J. O. Dostrovsky, and A. M. Lozano, Pallidal neuronal activity: implications for models of dystonia, Ann Neurol, vol.53, pp.480-488, 2003.

W. D. Hutchison, A. M. Lozano, R. R. Tasker, A. E. Lang, and J. O. Dostrovsky, Identification and characterization of neurons with tremor-frequency activity in human globus pallidus, Exp Brain Res, vol.113, pp.557-563, 1997.

H. Ichinose, D. Homma, C. Sumi-ichinose, T. Nomura, and K. Kondo, GTP Cyclohydrolase Regulation: Implications for Brain Development and Function, 1st ed, A New Era of Catecholamines in the Laboratory and Clinic. Copyright ©, 2013.

K. Ikeda, S. Satake, T. Onaka, H. Sugimoto, N. Takeda et al., Enhanced inhibitory neurotransmission in the cerebellar cortex of Atp1a3-deficient heterozygous mice, The Journal of Physiology, vol.591, pp.3433-3449, 2013.

J. Jankovic, Medical treatment of dystonia, Mov Disord, vol.28, pp.1001-1012, 2013.

J. Jankovic, Dystonia: medical therapy and botulinum toxin, Adv Neurol, vol.94, pp.275-286, 2004.

J. Jankovic, Treatment of hyperkinetic movement disorders with tetrabenazine: a double-blind crossover study, Ann Neurol, vol.11, pp.41-47, 1982.

J. Jankovic and J. Ford, Blepharospasm and orofacial-cervical dystonia: clinical and pharmacological findings in 100 patients, Ann Neurol, vol.13, pp.402-411, 1983.

K. L. Jaunarajs, P. Bonsi, M. F. Chesselet, D. G. Standaert, and A. Pisani, Striatal cholinergic dysfunction as a unifying theme in the pathophysiology of dystonia, Progress in Neurobiology, vol.127, pp.91-107, 2015.

X. Jin, F. Tecuapetla, and R. M. Costa, Basal ganglia subcircuits distinctively encode the parsing and concatenation of action sequences, Nat Neurosci, vol.17, pp.423-430, 2014.

H. A. Jinnah, J. P. Sepkuty, T. Ho, S. Yitta, T. Drew et al., Calcium channel agonists and dystonia in the mouse, Mov Disord, vol.15, pp.542-551, 2000.

O. Jitkritsadakul, R. Bhidayasiri, S. K. Kalia, M. Hodaie, A. M. Lozano et al., Systematic review of hardware-related complications of Deep Brain Stimulation: Do new indications pose an increased risk?, Brain Stimulation, vol.10, pp.967-976, 2017.

F. J. Kaiser, A. Osmanoric, A. Rakovic, A. Erogullari, N. Uflacker et al., The dystonia gene DYT1 is repressed by the transcription factor THAP1 (DYT6), Ann Neurol, vol.68, pp.554-559, 2010.

Y. Kaneoke and J. L. Vitek, Burst and oscillation as disparate neuronal properties, Journal of Neuroscience Methods, vol.68, pp.211-223, 1996.

P. Kanovsky, K. P. Bhatia, R. L. Rosales, . Springer, M. Karimi et al., The role of dopamine and dopaminergic pathways in dystonia: insights from neuroimaging, Tremor Other Hyperkinet Mov (N Y), vol.5, p.280, 2015.

J. Katisko and M. Lahtinen, Deep Brain Stimulation for Childhood Dystonia: Is "where" as important as in "whom"?, Eur. J. Paediatr. Neurol, vol.21, pp.11-12, 2017.

Y. Kawaguchi, Physiological, morphological, and histochemical characterization of three classes of interneurons in rat neostriatum, Journal of Neuroscience, vol.13, pp.4908-4923, 1993.

Y. Kawaguchi, C. J. Wilson, and P. C. Emson, Projection subtypes of rat neostriatal matrix cells revealed by intracellular injection of biocytin, Journal of Neuroscience, vol.10, pp.3421-3438, 1990.

T. Kawarai, R. Morigaki, R. Kaji, and S. Goto, Clinicopathological Phenotype and Genetics of X-Linked Dystonia-Parkinsonism (XDP; DYT3; Lubag), Brain Sciences, vol.7, pp.72-85, 2017.

J. M. Kemp and T. P. Powell, The synaptic organization of the caudate nucleus, Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences, vol.262, pp.403-412, 1971.

T. S. Khan and H. H. Fernandez, Traditional Pharmacotherapeutic Approaches to Dystonia: Mode of Action of Currently Used Drugs for the Treatment of Dystonia, in: Dystonia and Dystonic Syndromes, pp.117-125, 2015.

M. Kimura, N. Matsumoto, K. Okahashi, Y. Ueda, T. Satoh et al., Goal-directed, serial and synchronous activation of neurons in the primate striatum, Neuroreport, vol.14, pp.799-802, 2003.

H. Kita, GABAergic circuits of the striatum, Prog. Brain Res, vol.99, pp.51-72, 1993.

G. Kleiner-fisman, G. S. Liang, P. J. Moberg, A. C. Ruocco, H. I. Hurtig et al., Subthalamic nucleus deep brain stimulation for severe idiopathic dystonia: impact on severity, neuropsychological status, and quality of life, Journal of Neurosurgery, vol.107, pp.29-36, 2007.

T. Koós and J. M. Tepper, Dual Cholinergic Control of Fast-Spiking Interneurons in the Neostriatum, Journal of Neuroscience, vol.22, pp.529-535, 2002.

A. V. Kravitz, B. S. Freeze, P. R. Parker, K. Kay, M. T. Thwin et al., Regulation of parkinsonian motor behaviours by optogenetic control of basal ganglia circuitry, Nature, vol.466, pp.622-626, 2010.

D. Kroneberg, P. Plettig, G. Schneider, and A. A. Kühn, Motor Cortical Plasticity Relates to Symptom Severity and Clinical Benefit From Deep Brain Stimulation in Cervical Dystonia, Neuromodulation, vol.27, p.1789, 2017.

M. C. Kruer, M. Hiken, A. Gregory, A. Malandrini, D. Clark et al., Novel histopathologic findings in molecularlyconfirmed pantothenate kinase-associated neurodegeneration, Brain, vol.134, pp.947-958, 2011.

P. Krystkowiak, . Montcel, S. T. Du, L. Vercueil, J. Houeto et al., Reliability of the Burke-Fahn-Marsden scale in a multicenter trial for dystonia, Mov Disord, vol.22, pp.685-689, 2007.
URL : https://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/inserm-00382741

Y. Kubota, S. Mikawa, and Y. Kawaguchi, Neostriatal GABAergic interneurones contain NOS, calretinin or parvalbumin, Neuroreport, vol.5, pp.205-208, 1993.

R. Lalonde and C. Strazielle, Spontaneous and induced mouse mutations with cerebellar dysfunctions: behavior and neurochemistry, Brain Research, vol.1140, pp.51-74, 2007.

A. E. Lang, M. P. Sheehy, and C. D. Marsden, Acute anticholinergic action in focal dystonia, Adv Neurol, vol.37, pp.193-200, 1983.

N. Langbour, V. Michel, B. Dilharreguy, D. Guehl, M. Allard et al., The Cortical Processing of Sensorimotor Sequences is Disrupted in Writer's Cramp, Cereb. Cortex, vol.27, pp.2544-2559, 2017.

N. Lange, M. Hamann, P. Shashidharan, and A. Richter, Behavioural and pharmacological examinations in a transgenic mouse model of early-onset torsion dystonia, Pharmacol. Biochem. Behav, vol.97, pp.647-655, 2011.

M. S. Ledoux, Animal models of dystonia: Lessons from a mutant rat, Neurobiology of Disease, vol.42, pp.152-161, 2011.

H. Lee, J. Nakayama, Y. Xu, X. Fan, M. Karouani et al., Dopamine dysregulation in a mouse model of paroxysmal nonkinesigenic dyskinesia, J. Clin. Invest, vol.122, pp.507-518, 2012.

S. Lehéricy, S. Grand, P. Pollak, F. Poupon, J. F. Le-bas et al., Clinical characteristics and topography of lesions in movement disorders due to thalamic lesions, Neurology, vol.57, pp.1055-1066, 2001.

F. A. Lenz, J. I. Suarez, L. V. Metman, S. G. Reich, B. I. Karp et al., Pallidal activity during dystonia: somatosensory reorganisation and changes with severity, J. Neurol. Neurosurg. Psychiatry, vol.65, pp.767-770, 1998.

L. M. Levy and M. Hallett, Impaired brain GABA in focal dystonia, Ann Neurol, vol.51, pp.93-101, 2002.

R. Levy, J. O. Dostrovsky, A. E. Lang, E. Sime, W. D. Hutchison et al., Effects of apomorphine on subthalamic nucleus and globus pallidus internus neurons in patients with Parkinson's disease, Journal of Neurophysiology, vol.86, pp.249-260, 2001.

R. Levy, W. D. Hutchison, A. M. Lozano, and J. O. Dostrovsky, High-frequency synchronization of neuronal activity in the subthalamic nucleus of parkinsonian patients with limb tremor, J. Neurosci, vol.20, pp.7766-7775, 2000.

C. Liang, L. M. Tanabe, S. Jou, F. Chi, and W. T. Dauer, TorsinA hypofunction causes abnormal twisting movements and sensorimotor circuit neurodegeneration, J. Clin. Invest, vol.124, pp.3080-3092, 2014.

Z. Liu, Y. Otsu, C. Vasuta, H. Nawa, and T. H. Murphy, Action-potential-independent GABAergic tone mediated by nicotinic stimulation of immature striatal miniature synaptic transmission, Journal of Neurophysiology, vol.98, pp.581-593, 2007.

J. F. Lorden, T. W. Mckeon, H. J. Baker, N. Cox, and S. U. Walkley, Characterization of the rat mutant dystonic (dt): a new animal model of dystonia musculorum deformans, Journal of Neuroscience, vol.4, pp.1925-1932, 1984.

D. M. Lovinger, Neurotransmitter roles in synaptic modulation, plasticity and learning in the dorsal striatum, Neuropharmacology, vol.58, pp.951-961, 2010.

C. L. Ludlow, Spasmodic dysphonia: a laryngeal control disorder specific to speech, J. Neurosci, vol.31, pp.793-797, 2011.

X. Lv, J. W. Dickerson, J. M. Rook, C. W. Lindsley, P. J. Conn et al., M1 muscarinic activation induces long-lasting increase in intrinsic excitability of striatal projection neurons, Neuropharmacology, vol.118, pp.209-222, 2017.

F. Macia, L. Escola, D. Guehl, T. Michelet, B. Bioulac et al., Neuronal activity in the monkey motor thalamus during bicuculline-induced dystonia, Eur J Neurosci, vol.15, pp.1353-1362, 2002.

G. Madeo and A. Pisani, Handbook of Basal Ganglia Structure and Function, Second Edition, Handbook of Behavioral Neuroscience, pp.929-950, 2017.

S. Mahrhold, A. Rummel, H. Bigalke, B. Davletov, and T. Binz, The synaptic vesicle protein 2C mediates the uptake of botulinum neurotoxin A into phrenic nerves, FEBS Lett, vol.580, pp.2011-2014, 2006.

M. Maltese, G. Martella, G. Madeo, I. Fagiolo, A. Tassone et al., Anticholinergic drugs rescue synaptic plasticity in DYT1 dystonia: role of M1 muscarinic receptors, Mov Disord, vol.29, pp.1655-1665, 2014.

M. Marchi, F. Risso, C. Viola, P. Cavazzani, and M. Raiteri, Direct evidence that release-stimulating alpha7* nicotinic cholinergic receptors are localized on human and rat brain glutamatergic axon terminals, J. Neurochem, vol.80, pp.1071-1078, 2002.

C. D. Marsden, The pathophysiology of movement disorders, Neurol Clin, vol.2, pp.435-459, 1984.

C. D. Marsden, Dystonia: the spectrum of the disease, Res Publ Assoc Res Nerv Ment Dis, vol.55, pp.351-367, 1976.

C. D. Marsden, M. H. Marion, and N. Quinn, The treatment of severe dystonia in children and adults, J. Neurol. Neurosurg. Psychiatry, vol.47, pp.1166-1173, 1984.

C. D. Marsden, J. A. Obeso, J. J. Zarranz, and A. E. Lang, The anatomical basis of symptomatic hemidystonia, Brain, vol.108, pp.463-483, 1985.

C. D. Marsden and J. C. Rothwell, The Physiology of Idiopathic Dystonia. Can, J. Neurol. Sci, vol.14, pp.521-527, 1987.

G. Martella, M. Maltese, R. Nisticò, T. Schirinzi, G. Madeo et al., Regional specificity of synaptic plasticity deficits in a knock-in mouse model of DYT1 dystonia, Neurobiology of Disease, vol.65, pp.124-132, 2014.

G. Martella, A. Tassone, G. Sciamanna, P. Platania, D. Cuomo et al., Impairment of bidirectional synaptic plasticity in the striatum of a mouse model of DYT1 dystonia: role of endogenous acetylcholine, Brain, vol.132, pp.2336-2349, 2009.

G. J. Mason, Stereotypies: a critical review, Animal Behaviour, vol.41, pp.1015-1037, 1991.

R. R. Matsumoto, M. K. Hemstreet, N. L. Lai, A. Thurkauf, B. R. De-costa et al., Drug specificity of pharmacological dystonia, Pharmacol. Biochem. Behav, vol.36, pp.151-155, 1990.

M. Matsumura, L. Tremblay, H. Richard, and M. Filion, Activity of pallidal neurons in the monkey during dyskinesia induced by injection of bicuculline in the external pallidum, NEUROSCIENCE, vol.65, pp.59-70, 1995.

M. Mayford, S. A. Siegelbaum, and E. R. Kandel, Synapses and Memory Storage, Cold Spring Harbor Perspectives in Biology, vol.4, pp.5751-005751, 2012.

P. L. Mcgeer, E. G. Mcgeer, S. Itagaki, and K. Mizukawa, Anatomy and pathology of the basal ganglia. Can, J. Neurol. Sci, vol.14, pp.363-372, 1987.

K. S. Mcnaught, A. Kapustin, T. Jackson, T. Jengelley, R. Jnobaptiste et al., Brainstem pathology in DYT1 primary torsion dystonia, Ann Neurol, vol.56, pp.540-547, 2004.

N. E. Mencacci, I. U. Isaias, M. M. Reich, C. Ganos, V. Plagnol et al., Parkinson's disease in GTP cyclohydrolase 1 mutation carriers, Brain, vol.137, pp.2480-2492, 2014.

M. Merello, D. Cerquetti, A. Cammarota, E. Tenca, C. Artes et al., Neuronal globus pallidus activity in patients with generalised dystonia, Mov Disord, vol.19, pp.548-554, 2004.

W. C. Miller and M. R. Delong, Altered Tonic Activity of Neurons in the Globus Pallidus and Subthalamic Nucleus in the Primate MPTP Model of Parkinsonism, The Basal Ganglia, vol.II, pp.415-427, 1987.

J. W. Mink, The Basal Ganglia and Involuntary Movements, Arch Neurol, vol.60, pp.1365-1370, 2003.

J. W. Mink and W. T. Thach, Basal ganglia motor control. I. Nonexclusive relation of pallidal discharge to five movement modes, Journal of Neurophysiology, vol.65, pp.273-300, 1991.

E. Moro, R. E. Gross, and J. K. Krauss, What's new in surgical treatment for dystonia?, Mov Disord, vol.28, pp.1013-1020, 2013.

A. E. Moseley, M. T. Williams, T. L. Schaefer, C. S. Bohanan, J. C. Neumann et al., Deficiency in Na,K-ATPase alpha isoform genes alters spatial learning, motor activity, and anxiety in mice, J. Neurosci, vol.27, pp.616-626, 2007.

N. Murase, R. Kaji, H. Shimazu, M. Katayama-hirota, A. Ikeda et al., Abnormal premovement gating of somatosensory input in writer's cramp, Brain, vol.123, pp.1813-1829, 2000.

D. L. Murphey and R. E. Dill, Chemical stimulation of discrete brain loci as a method of producing dyskinesia models in primates, Experimental Neurology, vol.34, pp.244-254, 1972.

A. Nambu, Somatotopic organization of the primate basal ganglia 1-9, 2011.

A. Nambu, , 2009.

, Brain Nerve, vol.61, pp.360-372

A. Nambu, M. Takada, M. Inase, and H. Tokuno, Dual somatotopical representations in the primate subthalamic nucleus: evidence for ordered but reversed body-map transformations from the primary motor cortex and the supplementary motor area, Journal of Neuroscience, vol.16, pp.2671-2683, 1996.

F. Napolitano, M. Pasqualetti, A. Usiello, E. Santini, G. Pacini et al., Dopamine D2 receptor dysfunction is rescued by adenosine A2A receptor antagonism in a model of DYT1 dystonia, Neurobiology of Disease, vol.38, pp.434-445, 2010.

R. K. Narayan, P. G. Loubser, J. Jankovic, W. H. Donovan, and C. F. Bontke, Intrathecal baclofen for intractable axial dystonia, Neurology, vol.41, pp.1141-1142, 1991.

M. Naumann, W. Pirker, K. Reiners, K. W. Lange, G. Becker et al., Imaging the pre-and postsynaptic side of striatal dopaminergic synapses in idiopathic cervical dystonia: a SPECT study using [123I] epidepride and [123I] beta-CIT, Mov Disord, vol.13, pp.319-323, 1998.

W. Neumann, A. Horn, S. Ewert, J. Huebl, C. Brücke et al., A localized pallidal physiomarker in cervical dystonia, Ann Neurol, vol.82, pp.912-924, 2017.

W. Neumann, A. Jha, A. Bock, J. Huebl, A. Horn et al., Cortico-pallidal oscillatory connectivity in patients with dystonia, Brain, vol.138, pp.1894-1906, 2015.

V. K. Neychev, X. Fan, V. I. Mitev, E. J. Hess, and H. A. Jinnah, The basal ganglia and cerebellum interact in the expression of dystonic movement, Brain, vol.131, pp.2499-2509, 2008.

V. K. Neychev, R. E. Gross, S. Lehéricy, E. J. Hess, and H. A. Jinnah, The functional neuroanatomy of dystonia, Neurobiology of Disease, vol.42, pp.185-201, 2011.

S. M. Nicola, The nucleus accumbens as part of a basal ganglia action selection circuit, Psychopharmacology (Berl.), vol.191, pp.521-550, 2007.

M. Niethammer, M. Carbon, M. Argyelan, and D. Eidelberg, Hereditary dystonia as a neurodevelopmental circuit disorder: Evidence from neuroimaging, Neurobiology of Disease, vol.42, pp.202-209, 2011.

M. Niittykoski, S. Ruotsalainen, A. Haapalinna, J. Larson, and J. Sirviö, Activation of muscarinic M3-like receptors and beta-adrenoceptors, but not M2-like muscarinic receptors or alpha-adrenoceptors, directly modulates corticostriatal neurotransmission in vitro, NEUROSCIENCE, vol.90, pp.95-105, 1999.

M. A. Novak, J. H. Kinsey, M. J. Jorgensen, and T. J. Hazen, Effects of puzzle feeders on pathological behavior in individually housed rhesus monkeys, Am. J. Primatol, vol.46, pp.213-227, 1998.

J. G. Nutt and T. G. Nygaard, Response to levodopa treatment in dopa-responsive dystonia, Arch Neurol, vol.58, pp.905-910, 2001.

H. C. O'neill, D. C. Laverty, N. E. Patzlaff, B. N. Cohen, C. Fonck et al., Mice expressing the ADNFLE valine 287 leucine mutation of the ?2 nicotinic acetylcholine receptor subunit display increased sensitivity to acute nicotine administration and altered presynaptic nicotinic receptor function, Pharmacol. Biochem. Behav, vol.103, pp.603-621, 2013.

H. Oppenheim, Über eine eigenartige Krampfkrankheit des kindlichen und jugendlichen Alters (dysbasia lordotica progressiva, dystonia musculorum deformans). Neurologische Zbl, vol.30, pp.1090-1107, 1911.

J. L. Ostrem, C. A. Racine, G. A. Glass, J. K. Grace, M. M. Volz et al., Subthalamic nucleus deep brain stimulation in primary cervical dystonia, Neurology, vol.76, pp.870-878, 2011.

J. L. Ostrem, M. Luciano, K. A. Dodenhoff, N. Ziman, L. C. Markun et al., Subthalamic nucleus deep brain stimulation in isolated dystonia: A 3-year follow-up study, Neurology, vol.88, pp.25-35, 2017.

S. Ouary, N. Bizat, S. Altairac, H. Ménétrat, V. Mittoux et al., Major strain differences in response to chronic systemic administration of the mitochondrial toxin 3-nitropropionic acid in rats: implications for neuroprotection studies, NEUROSCIENCE, vol.97, pp.521-530, 2000.

L. Ozelius and N. Lubarr, DYT1 Early-Onset, 2016.

M. E. Page, L. Bao, P. Andre, J. Pelta-heller, E. Sluzas et al., Cell-autonomous alteration of dopaminergic transmission by wild type and mutant (DeltaE) TorsinA in transgenic mice, Neurobiology of Disease, vol.39, pp.318-326, 2010.

T. Pancani, C. Bolarinwa, Y. Smith, C. W. Lindsley, P. J. Conn et al., M4 mAChR-mediated modulation of glutamatergic transmission at corticostriatal synapses, ACS Chem Neurosci, vol.5, pp.318-324, 2014.

R. Paudel, A. Kiely, A. Li, T. Lashley, R. Bandopadhyay et al., Neuropathological features of genetically confirmed DYT1 dystonia: investigating disease-specific inclusions, Acta Neuropathol Commun, vol.2, p.159, 2014.

R. Paudel, A. Li, J. Hardy, K. P. Bhatia, H. Houlden et al., DYT6 Dystonia: A Neuropathological Study, Neurodegener Dis, vol.16, pp.273-278, 2016.

E. J. Paul and F. G. Ashby, A neurocomputational theory of how explicit learning bootstraps early procedural learning, Front Comput Neurosci, vol.7, p.177, 2013.

R. Pellizzari, O. Rossetto, G. Schiavo, and C. Montecucco, Tetanus and botulinum neurotoxins: mechanism of action and therapeutic uses, Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences, vol.354, pp.259-268, 1999.

A. Pelosi, F. Menardy, D. Popa, J. Girault, and D. Hervé, Heterozygous Gnal Mice Are a Novel Animal Model with Which to Study Dystonia Pathophysiology, J. Neurosci, vol.37, pp.6253-6267, 2017.

R. D. Penn, J. M. Gianino, and M. M. York, Intrathecal baclofen for motor disorders, Mov Disord, vol.10, pp.675-677, 1995.

J. S. Perlmutter, M. K. Stambuk, J. Markham, K. J. Black, L. Mcgee-minnich et al., Decreased [18F]spiperone binding in putamen in idiopathic focal dystonia, Journal of Neuroscience, vol.17, pp.843-850, 1997.

J. Phukan, A. Albanese, T. Gasser, and T. Warner, Primary dystonia and dystonia-plus syndromes: clinical characteristics, diagnosis, and pathogenesis, The Lancet Neurology, vol.10, pp.1074-1085, 2011.

A. Pisani, G. Bernardi, J. Ding, and D. J. Surmeier, Re-emergence of striatal cholinergic interneurons in movement disorders, Trends in Neurosciences, vol.30, pp.545-553, 2007.

A. Pisani, G. Martella, A. Tscherter, P. Bonsi, N. Sharma et al., Altered responses to dopaminergic D2 receptor activation and N-type calcium currents in striatal cholinergic interneurons in a mouse model of DYT1 dystonia, Neurobiology of Disease, vol.24, pp.318-325, 2006.

C. E. Pizoli, H. A. Jinnah, M. L. Billingsley, and E. J. Hess, Abnormal cerebellar signaling induces dystonia in mice, J. Neurosci, vol.22, pp.7825-7833, 2002.

A. Quartarone and M. Hallett, Emerging concepts in the physiological basis of dystonia, Mov Disord, vol.28, pp.958-967, 2013.

A. Quartarone, F. Morgante, A. Sant'angelo, V. Rizzo, S. Bagnato et al., Abnormal plasticity of sensorimotor circuits extends beyond the affected body part in focal dystonia, J. Neurol. Neurosurg. Psychiatry, vol.79, pp.985-990, 2008.

A. Quartarone and A. Pisani, Abnormal plasticity in dystonia: Disruption of synaptic homeostasis, Neurobiology of Disease, vol.42, pp.162-170, 2011.

A. Quartarone, V. Rizzo, C. Terranova, F. Morgante, S. Schneider et al., Abnormal sensorimotor plasticity in organic but not in psychogenic dystonia, Brain, vol.132, pp.2871-2877, 2009.

R. S. Raike, H. A. Jinnah, and E. J. Hess, Animal models of generalized dystonia, NeuroRx, vol.2, pp.504-512, 2005.

A. Raz, A. Feingold, V. Zelanskaya, E. Vaadia, and H. Bergman, Neuronal synchronization of tonically active neurons in the striatum of normal and parkinsonian primates, Journal of Neurophysiology, vol.76, pp.2083-2088, 1996.

M. C. Ridding, G. Sheean, J. C. Rothwell, R. Inzelberg, and T. Kujirai, Changes in the balance between motor cortical excitation and inhibition in focal, task specific dystonia, J. Neurol. Neurosurg. Psychiatry, vol.59, pp.493-498, 1995.

S. Rona, A. Berardelli, L. Vacca, M. Inghilleri, and M. Manfredi, Alterations of motor cortical inhibition in patients with dystonia, Mov Disord, vol.13, pp.118-124, 1998.

R. Rosencrantz and M. Schilsky, Wilson disease: pathogenesis and clinical considerations in diagnosis and treatment, Semin. Liver Dis, vol.31, pp.245-259, 2011.

B. L. Roth, DREADDs for Neuroscientists, Neuron, vol.89, pp.683-694, 2016.

P. E. Rueda-orozco and D. Robbe, The striatum multiplexes contextual and kinematic information to constrain motor habits execution, Nat Neurosci, vol.18, pp.453-460, 2015.
URL : https://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/hal-01787098

A. Rummel, T. Karnath, T. Henke, H. Bigalke, and T. Binz, Synaptotagmins I and II act as nerve cell receptors for botulinum neurotoxin G, J. Biol. Chem, vol.279, pp.30865-30870, 2004.

Y. Saga, E. Hoshi, and L. Tremblay, Roles of Multiple Globus Pallidus Territories of Monkeys and Humans in Motivation, Cognition and Action: An Anatomical, Physiological and Pathophysiological Review. Front. Neuroanat, vol.11, p.30, 2017.

P. R. Sanberg, R. D. Shytle, and A. A. Silver, Treatment of Tourette's syndrome with mecamylamine, Lancet, vol.352, pp.705-706, 1998.

K. Sato, C. Sumi-ichinose, R. Kaji, K. Ikemoto, T. Nomura et al., Differential involvement of striosome and matrix dopamine systems in a transgenic model of dopa-responsive dystonia, Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A, vol.105, pp.12551-12556, 2008.

E. J. Schicatano, M. A. Basso, and C. Evinger, Animal model explains the origins of the cranial dystonia benign essential blepharospasm, Journal of Neurophysiology, vol.77, pp.2842-2846, 1997.

L. Schjerling, L. E. Hjermind, B. Jespersen, F. F. Madsen, J. Brennum et al., A randomized double-blind crossover trial comparing subthalamic and pallidal deep brain stimulation for dystonia, Journal of Neurosurgery, vol.119, pp.1537-1545, 2013.

S. A. Schneider and K. P. Bhatia, Rare causes of dystonia parkinsonism, Curr Neurol Neurosci Rep, vol.10, pp.431-439, 2010.

S. A. Schneider, K. P. Bhatia, and J. Hardy, Complicated recessive dystonia parkinsonism syndromes, Mov Disord, vol.24, pp.490-499, 2009.

S. A. Schneider, M. D. Mohire, I. Trender-gerhard, F. Asmus, M. Sweeney et al., Familial dopa-responsive cervical dystonia, Neurology, vol.66, pp.599-601, 2006.

T. Schönecker, D. Gruber, A. Kivi, B. Müller, E. Lobsien et al., Postoperative MRI localisation of electrodes and clinical efficacy of pallidal deep brain stimulation in cervical dystonia, J. Neurol. Neurosurg. Psychiatry, vol.86, pp.833-839, 2015.

C. Schrader, H. Capelle, T. M. Kinfe, C. Blahak, H. Bäzner et al., GPi-DBS may induce a hypokinetic gait disorder with freezing of gait in patients with dystonia, Neurology, vol.77, pp.483-488, 2011.

G. Schwalbe, Lehrbuch der Neurologie, 1881.

G. Sciamanna, P. Bonsi, A. Tassone, D. Cuomo, A. Tscherter et al., Impaired striatal D2 receptor function leads to enhanced GABA transmission in a mouse model of DYT1 dystonia, Neurobiology of Disease, vol.34, pp.133-145, 2009.

G. Sciamanna, A. Tassone, G. Mandolesi, F. Puglisi, G. Ponterio et al., Cholinergic Dysfunction Alters Synaptic Integration between Thalamostriatal and Corticostriatal Inputs in DYT1 Dystonia, Journal of Neuroscience, vol.32, pp.11991-12004, 2012.

G. Sciamanna, A. Tassone, G. Martella, G. Mandolesi, F. Puglisi et al., Developmental Profile of the Aberrant Dopamine D2 Receptor Response in Striatal Cholinergic Interneurons in DYT1 Dystonia, PLoS ONE, vol.6, pp.24261-24273, 2011.

A. Scontrini, A. Conte, G. Defazio, M. Fiorio, G. Fabbrini et al., Somatosensory temporal discrimination in patients with primary focal dystonia, J. Neurol. Neurosurg. Psychiatry, vol.80, pp.1315-1319, 2009.
URL : https://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/hal-00552785

A. B. Scott, Botulinum toxin injection into extraocular muscles as an alternative to strabismus surgery, J Pediatr Ophthalmol Strabismus, vol.17, pp.21-25, 1980.

A. B. Scott, A. Rosenbaum, and C. C. Collins, Pharmacologic weakening of extraocular muscles, Invest Ophthalmol, vol.12, pp.924-927, 1973.

V. Sgambato-faure, L. ;. Tremblay, Y. Worbe, J. Epinat, J. Féger et al., Dopamine and serotonin modulation of motor and non-motor functions of the non-human primate striato-pallidal circuits in normal and pathological states, Journal of Neural Transmission, vol.125, pp.345-364, 2016.

N. Sharma, M. G. Baxter, J. Petravicz, D. C. Bragg, A. Schienda et al., Impaired motor learning in mice expressing torsinA with the DYT1 dystonia mutation, J. Neurosci, vol.25, pp.5351-5355, 2005.

P. Shashidharan, D. Sandu, U. Potla, I. A. Armata, R. H. Walker et al., Transgenic mouse model of earlyonset DYT1 dystonia, Human Molecular Genetics, vol.14, pp.125-133, 2005.

T. L. Shirley, L. M. Rao, E. J. Hess, and H. A. Jinnah, Paroxysmal dyskinesias in mice, Mov Disord, vol.23, pp.259-264, 2008.

H. R. Siebner, J. Dressnandt, C. Auer, and B. Conrad, Continuous intrathecal baclofen infusions induced a marked increase of the transcranially evoked silent period in a patient with generalized dystonia, Muscle Nerve, vol.21, pp.1209-1212, 1998.

A. A. Silver, R. D. Shytle, and P. R. Sanberg, Mecamylamine in Tourette's syndrome: a two-year retrospective case study, J Child Adolesc Psychopharmacol, vol.10, pp.59-68, 2000.

K. Simonyan, H. Cho, A. Hamzehei-sichani, E. Rubien-thomas, and M. Hallett, The direct basal ganglia pathway is hyperfunctional in focal dystonia, Brain 1-12, 2017.

A. D. Smith and J. P. Bolam, The neural network of the basal ganglia as revealed by the study of synaptic connections of identified neurones, Trends in Neurosciences, vol.13, pp.259-265, 1990.

Y. H. Sohn and M. Hallett, Disturbed surround inhibition in focal hand dystonia, Ann Neurol, vol.56, pp.595-599, 2004.

P. Somogyi, J. P. Bolam, S. Totterdell, and A. D. Smith, Monosynaptic input from the nucleus accumbens--ventral striatum region to retrogradely labelled nigrostriatal neurones, Brain Research, vol.217, pp.245-263, 1981.

C. Song, D. Bernhard, C. Bolarinwa, E. J. Hess, Y. Smith et al., Subtle microstructural changes of the striatum in a DYT1 knock-in mouse model of dystonia, Neurobiology of Disease, vol.54, pp.362-371, 2013.

C. Song, X. Fan, C. J. Exeter, E. J. Hess, and H. A. Jinnah, Functional analysis of dopaminergic systems in a DYT1 knock-in mouse model of dystonia, Neurobiology of Disease, vol.48, pp.66-78, 2012.

M. Stamelou, M. J. Edwards, M. Hallett, and K. P. Bhatia, The non-motor syndrome of primary dystonia: clinical and pathophysiological implications, Brain, vol.135, pp.1668-1681, 2012.

P. A. Starr, G. M. Rau, V. Davis, W. J. Marks, J. L. Ostrem et al., Spontaneous pallidal neuronal activity in human dystonia: comparison with Parkinson's disease and normal macaque, Journal of Neurophysiology, vol.93, pp.3165-3176, 2005.

P. A. Starr, R. S. Turner, G. Rau, N. Lindsey, S. Heath et al., Microelectrode-guided implantation of deep brain stimulators into the globus pallidus internus for dystonia: techniques, electrode locations, and outcomes, Journal of Neurosurgery, vol.104, pp.488-501, 2006.

N. Stefanova, Z. Puschban, P. Fernagut, E. Brouillet, F. Tison et al., Neuropathological and behavioral changes induced by various treatment paradigms with MPTP and 3-nitropropionic acid in mice: towards a model of striatonigral degeneration (multiple system atrophy), Acta Neuropathol, vol.106, pp.157-166, 2003.

D. Steinberger, R. Korinthenberg, H. Topka, M. Berghäuser, R. Wedde et al., Dopa-responsive dystonia: mutation analysis of GCH1 and analysis of therapeutic doses of L-dopa, Neurology, vol.55, pp.1735-1737, 2000.

K. L. Sullivan, R. A. Hauser, E. D. Louis, G. Chari, and T. A. Zesiewicz, Levetiracetam for the treatment of generalized dystonia, Parkinsonism and Related Disorders, vol.11, pp.469-471, 2005.

D. J. Surmeier, W. J. Song, and Z. Yan, Coordinated expression of dopamine receptors in neostriatal medium spiny neurons, Journal of Neuroscience, vol.16, pp.6579-6591, 1996.

R. Taipa, C. Pereira, I. Reis, I. Alonso, A. Bastos-lima et al., DJ-1 linked parkinsonism (PARK7) is associated with Lewy body pathology, Brain, vol.139, pp.1680-1687, 2016.

L. M. Tanabe, C. Martin, and W. T. Dauer, Genetic background modulates the phenotype of a mouse model of DYT1 dystonia, PLoS ONE, vol.7, 2012.

D. Tarsy, R. K. Ryan, and S. I. Ro, An open-label trial of levetiracetam for treatment of cervical dystonia, Mov Disord, vol.21, pp.734-735, 2006.

Y. Teper, D. Whyte, E. Cahir, H. A. Lester, S. R. Grady et al., Nicotine-induced dystonic arousal complex in a mouse line harboring a human autosomal-dominant nocturnal frontal lobe epilepsy mutation, J. Neurosci, vol.27, pp.10128-10142, 2007.

J. M. Tepper, T. Koós, and C. J. Wilson, GABAergic microcircuits in the neostriatum, Trends in Neurosciences, vol.27, pp.662-669, 2004.

G. W. Thickbroom, M. L. Byrnes, R. Stell, and F. L. Mastaglia, Reversible reorganisation of the motor cortical representation of the hand in cervical dystonia, Mov Disord, vol.18, pp.395-402, 2003.

G. W. Thickbroom, B. A. Phillips, I. Morris, M. L. Byrnes, and F. L. Mastaglia, Isometric force-related activity in sensorimotor cortex measured with functional MRI, Exp Brain Res, vol.121, pp.59-64, 1998.

S. Threlfell, T. Lalic, N. J. Platt, K. A. Jennings, K. Deisseroth et al., Striatal dopamine release is triggered by synchronized activity in cholinergic interneurons, Neuron, vol.75, pp.58-64, 2012.

M. Tinazzi, M. Fiorio, A. Fiaschi, J. C. Rothwell, and K. P. Bhatia, Sensory functions in dystonia: insights from behavioral studies, Mov Disord, vol.24, pp.1427-1436, 2009.

J. K. Tsui, A. Eisen, E. Mak, J. Carruthers, A. Scott et al., A pilot study on the use of botulinum toxin in spasmodic torticollis, Can. J. Neurol. Sci, vol.12, pp.314-316, 1985.

J. K. Tsui, A. Eisen, A. J. Stoessl, S. Calne, and D. B. Calne, Double-blind study of botulinum toxin in spasmodic torticollis, Lancet, vol.2, pp.245-247, 1986.

A. M. Ulu?, A. Vo, M. Argyelan, L. Tanabe, W. K. Schiffer et al., Cerebellothalamocortical pathway abnormalities in torsinA DYT1 knock-in mice, Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A, vol.108, pp.6638-6643, 2011.

E. H. Van-vulpen and D. Van-der-kooy, Striatal cholinergic interneurons: birthdates predict compartmental localization, Brain Res. Dev. Brain Res, vol.109, pp.51-58, 1998.

J. J. Vandeleest, B. Mccowan, and J. P. Capitanio, Early rearing interacts with temperament and housing to influence the risk for motor stereotypy in rhesus monkeys (Macaca mulatta), Applied Animal Behaviour Science, vol.132, pp.81-89, 2011.

X. Vasques, L. Cif, O. Hess, S. Gavarini, G. Mennessier et al., Prognostic value of globus pallidus internus volume in primary dystonia treated by deep brain stimulation, Journal of Neurosurgery, vol.110, pp.220-228, 2009.
URL : https://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/hal-00380959

N. Vayssiere, N. Van-der-gaag, L. Cif, S. Hemm, R. Verdier et al., Deep brain stimulation for dystonia confirming a somatotopic organization in the globus pallidus internus, Journal of Neurosurgery, vol.101, pp.181-188, 2004.

M. Vidailhet, C. Dupel, S. Lehéricy, P. Remy, D. Dormont et al., Dopaminergic dysfunction in midbrain dystonia: anatomoclinical study using 3-dimensional magnetic resonance imaging and fluorodopa F 18 positron emission tomography, Arch Neurol, vol.56, pp.982-989, 1999.

M. Vidailhet, M. Jutras, D. Grabli, and E. Roze, Deep brain stimulation for dystonia, J. Neurol. Neurosurg. Psychiatry, vol.84, pp.1029-1042, 2013.
URL : https://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/inserm-00391644

M. Vidailhet, L. Vercueil, J. Houeto, P. Krystkowiak, A. Benabid et al., Bilateral deep-brain stimulation of the globus pallidus in primary generalized dystonia, N. Engl. J. Med, vol.352, pp.459-467, 2005.
URL : https://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/inserm-00388474

M. Vidailhet, L. Vercueil, J. Houeto, P. Krystkowiak, C. Lagrange et al., Bilateral, pallidal, deep-brain stimulation in primary generalised dystonia: a prospective 3 year follow-up study, The Lancet Neurology, vol.6, pp.223-229, 2007.
URL : https://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/inserm-00383817

A. Villarejo, La neurología en la Divina Comedia, Neurosciences and History, vol.2, pp.170-175, 2015.

J. L. Vitek, Pathophysiology of dystonia: a neuronal model, Mov Disord, vol.17, pp.49-62, 2002.

J. L. Vitek, V. Chockkan, J. Y. Zhang, Y. Kaneoke, M. Evatt et al., Neuronal activity in the basal ganglia in patients with generalized dystonia and hemiballismus, Ann Neurol, vol.46, pp.22-35, 1999.

J. L. Vitek, J. Zhang, M. Evatt, K. Mewes, M. R. Delong et al., GPi pallidotomy for dystonia: clinical outcome and neuronal activity, Adv Neurol, vol.78, pp.211-219, 1998.

A. Waite, S. C. Brown, and D. J. Blake, The dystrophin-glycoprotein complex in brain development and disease, Trends in Neurosciences, vol.35, pp.487-496, 2012.

E. M. Weiss, T. Hershey, M. Karimi, B. Racette, S. D. Tabbal et al., Relative risk of spread of symptoms among the focal onset primary dystonias, Mov Disord, vol.21, pp.1175-1181, 2006.

P. Welch, The use of fast Fourier transform for the estimation of power spectra: A method based on time averaging over short, modified periodograms, IEEE Transactions on Audio and Electroacoustics, vol.15, pp.70-73, 1967.

K. K. Wenger, K. L. Musch, and J. W. Mink, Impaired reaching and grasping after focal inactivation of globus pallidus pars interna in the monkey, Journal of Neurophysiology, vol.82, pp.2049-2060, 1999.

T. Wichmann and M. R. Delong, Functional and pathophysiological models of the basal ganglia, Current Opinion in Neurobiology, vol.6, pp.751-758, 1996.

S. Wijemanne and J. Jankovic, Dopa-responsive dystonia--clinical and genetic heterogeneity, Nat Rev Neurol, vol.11, pp.414-424, 2015.

C. J. Wilson, H. T. Chang, and S. T. Kitai, Firing patterns and synaptic potentials of identified giant aspiny interneurons in the rat neostriatum, Journal of Neuroscience, vol.10, pp.508-519, 1990.

Y. Worbe, N. Baup, D. Grabli, M. Chaigneau, S. Mounayar et al., Behavioral and Movement Disorders Induced by Local Inhibitory Dysfunction in Primate Striatum, Cerebral Cortex, vol.19, pp.1844-1856, 2008.

Z. Yan, J. Flores-hernandez, and D. J. Surmeier, Coordinated expression of muscarinic receptor messenger RNAs in striatal medium spiny neurons, NEUROSCIENCE, vol.103, pp.1017-1024, 2001.

D. Yellajoshyula, C. Liang, S. S. Pappas, S. Penati, A. Yang et al., The DYT6 Dystonia Protein THAP1 Regulates Myelination within the Oligodendrocyte Lineage, Dev. Cell, vol.42, pp.52-67, 2017.

F. Yokoi, M. T. Dang, J. Li, and Y. Li, Myoclonus, motor deficits, alterations in emotional responses and monoamine metabolism in epsilon-sarcoglycan deficient mice, J. Biochem, vol.140, pp.141-146, 2006.

F. Yokoi, M. T. Dang, and Y. Li, Improved motor performance in Dyt1 ?GAG heterozygous knock-in mice by cerebellar Purkinje-cell specific Dyt1 conditional knocking-out, Behavioural Brain Research, vol.230, pp.389-398, 2012.

F. Yokoi, M. T. Dang, C. A. Miller, A. G. Marshall, S. L. Campbell et al., Increased c-fos expression in the central nucleus of the amygdala and enhancement of cued fear memory in Dyt1 DeltaGAG knock-in mice, Neuroscience Research, vol.65, pp.228-235, 2009.

F. Yokoi, M. T. Dang, T. Zhou, and Y. Li, Abnormal nuclear envelopes in the striatum and motor deficits in DYT11 myoclonus-dystonia mouse models, Human Molecular Genetics, vol.21, pp.916-925, 2012.

N. Zeharia, U. Hertz, T. Flash, and A. Amedi, New Whole-Body Sensory-Motor Gradients Revealed Using Phase-Locked Analysis and Verified Using Multivoxel Pattern Analysis and Functional Connectivity, Journal of Neuroscience, vol.35, pp.2845-2859, 2015.

B. Zeng, S. J. Heales, L. Canevari, S. Rose, and P. Jenner, Alterations in expression of dopamine receptors and neuropeptides in the striatum of GTP cyclohydrolase-deficient mice, Experimental Neurology, vol.190, pp.515-524, 2004.

T. A. Zesiewicz, E. D. Louis, K. L. Sullivan, M. Menkin, P. B. Dunne et al., Substantial improvement in a Meige's syndrome patient with levetiracetam treatment, Mov Disord, vol.19, pp.1518-1521, 2004.

L. Zhang, F. Yokoi, Y. Jin, M. P. Deandrade, K. Hashimoto et al., Altered dendritic morphology of Purkinje cells in Dyt1 ?GAG knock-in and purkinje cell-specific Dyt1 conditional knockout mice, PLoS ONE, vol.6, 2011.

L. Zhang, F. Yokoi, D. S. Parsons, D. G. Standaert, and Y. Li, Alteration of striatal dopaminergic neurotransmission in a mouse model of DYT11 myoclonus-dystonia, PLoS ONE, vol.7, 2012.

W. Zhang, M. Yamada, J. Gomeza, A. S. Basile, and J. Wess, Multiple muscarinic acetylcholine receptor subtypes modulate striatal dopamine release, as studied with M1-M5 muscarinic receptor knock-out mice, J. Neurosci, vol.22, pp.6347-6352, 2002.

Y. Zhao, M. Decuypere, and M. S. Ledoux, Abnormal motor function and dopamine neurotransmission in DYT1 DeltaGAG transgenic mice, Experimental Neurology, vol.210, pp.719-730, 2008.

Z. Zheng, P. Pan, W. Wang, and H. Shang, Neural network of primary focal dystonia by an anatomic likelihood estimation meta-analysis of gray matter abnormalities, J. Neurol. Sci, vol.316, pp.51-55, 2012.

P. Zhuang, Y. Li, and M. Hallett, Neuronal activity in the basal ganglia and thalamus in patients with dystonia, Clin Neurophysiol, vol.115, pp.2542-2557, 2004.

A. Zimprich, M. Grabowski, F. Asmus, M. Naumann, D. Berg et al., Mutations in the gene encoding epsilon-sarcoglycan cause myoclonus-dystonia syndrome, Nat. Genet, vol.29, pp.66-69, 2001.

M. Zoli, M. Moretti, A. Zanardi, J. M. Mcintosh, F. Clementi et al., Identification of the nicotinic receptor subtypes expressed on dopaminergic terminals in the rat striatum, J. Neurosci, vol.22, pp.8785-8789, 2002.

E. Zoons, J. Booij, A. J. Nederveen, J. M. Dijk, and M. A. Tijssen, Structural, functional and molecular imaging of the brain in primary focal dystonia--a review, NeuroImage, vol.56, pp.1011-1020, 2011.