, Hybrid tree reconstruction from inhomogeneous point clouds. Visual Computer, vol.30, pp.763-771, 2014.
, Non-intersecting leaf insertion algorithm for tree structure models, Interface Focus, vol.8, issue.2, 2018.
, HydroShoot: a new FSPM model for simulating hydraulic structure and gas-exchange dynamics of complex plants canopies under water deficit, IEEE International Conference on Functional-Structural Plant Growth Modelling, Simulation, Visualization and Applications, 2016.
URL : https://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/hal-01396972
, Numerical study on the effects of aspect ratio and orientation of an urban street canyon on outdoor thermal comfort in hot and dry climate, Building and Environment, vol.41, issue.2, pp.94-108, 2006.
, Evaluating mitigation effects of urban heat islands in a historical small center with the ENVI-Met® climate model, Sustainability, vol.6, issue.10, pp.7013-7029, 2014.
, The effect of tree shade and grass on surface and globe temperatures in an urban area, Urban Forestry & Urban Greening, vol.11, issue.3, pp.245-255, 2012.
, Real-time approaches for characterization of fully and partially scanned canopies in groves, Computers and Electronics in Agriculture, vol.118, pp.361-371, 2015.
, Semi-direct tree reconstruction using terrestrial LiDAR point cloud data. Remote Sensing of Environment, vol.208, pp.133-144, 2018.
, A new three-dimensional energy balance model for complex plant canopy geometries: Model development and improved validation strategies, Agricultural and Forest Meteorology, pp.146-160, 2016.
, On seeing the wood from the leaves and the role of voxel size in determining leaf area distribution of forests with terrestrial LiDAR, Agricultural and Forest Meteorology, vol.184, pp.82-97, 2014.
, , 2015.
, White Paper -On the Use of LiDAR Data at AmeriFlux Sites, AmeriFlux Meetings and Workshops, pp.1-33
, Simulation des échanges d'énergie et de masse d'un couvert végétal : développement et validation d'un modèle quasi 3D, DART-EB, 2007.
, Where to plant urban trees? A spatially explicit methodology to explore ecosystem service tradeoffs, Landscape and Urban Planning, vol.157, pp.457-467, 2017.
, Quantitative assessment of automatic reconstructions of branching systems obtained from laser scanning, Annals of Botany, vol.114, issue.4, pp.853-862, 2014.
URL : https://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/hal-01064917
, Reconstruction d'arbres en milieu urbain à partir de nuages de points, Mémoire de Master, vol.2, 2015.
, Simulation du rôle de la végétation d'un parc urbain à partir du modèle microclimatique LASER/F : cas d'un parc urbain à Strasbourg, Association International de Climatologie -AIC, 2018.
, Sensitivity of simulated light interception and tree transpiration to the level of detail of 3D tree reconstructions. Urban Forestry & Urban Greening, vol.38, pp.1-10, 2019.
, Impact of level of details in the 3D reconstruction of trees for microclimate modeling, International Archives of the Photogrammetry, Remote Sensing and Spatial Information Sciences -XXIII ISPRS Congress, Commission III, pp.257-264, 2016.
URL : https://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/hal-02142923
, From TLS point clouds to 3D models of trees: A comparison of existing algorithms for 3D tree reconstruction, International Archives of the Photogrammetry, Remote Sensing and Spatial Information Sciences -3D Virtual Reconstruction and Visualization of Complex Architectures, pp.113-120, 2017.
URL : https://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/hal-01577092
, Urban greening to cool towns and cities: A systematic review of the empirical evidence, Landscape and Urban Planning, vol.97, issue.3, pp.147-155, 2010.
, Ground-based measurements of leaf area index: A review of methods, instruments and current controversies, Journal of Experimental Botany, vol.54, issue.392, pp.2403-2417, 2003.
, Comparison of Branch Extraction for Deciduous Single Trees in Leaf-on and Leaf-Off Conditions -an Eigenvector Based, EARSel eProceedings, vol.11, issue.1, pp.33-43, 2012.
, Deriving the operational procedure for the Universal Thermal Climate Index (UTCI), International Journal of Biometeorology, vol.56, issue.3, pp.481-494, 2011.
, ENVI-met v.3.0: Updated Model Overview, 2004.
, Simulating surface-plant-air interactions inside urban environments with a three dimensional numerical model, Environmental Modelling & Software, vol.13, issue.3-4, pp.373-384, 1998.
, Revealing the skeleton from imperfect point clouds, 2011.
, SkelTre. Robust skeleton extraction from imperfect point clouds, The Visual Computer, vol.26, issue.10, pp.1283-1300, 2010.
, Nondestructive estimates of above-ground biomass using terrestrial laser scanning, Methods in Ecology and Evolution, vol.6, issue.2, pp.198-208, 2015.
, Canopy structure, light microclimate and leaf gas exchange of Quercus coccifera L. in a Portuguese macchia: measurements in different canopy layers and simulations with a canopy model, Trees, vol.1, pp.25-41, 1986.
, An Introduction to Environmental Biophysics, 2012.
, Point Cloud Skeletons via Laplacian-Based Contraction, Shape Modeling International Conference (SMI) -IEEE, pp.187-197, 2010.
, Modification de la répartition des glucides de réserve sous l'effand de l'élagage, chez deux arbres d'ornement (Platanus acerifolia willd. et tilia platyphyllos scop.), Actualites Botaniques, vol.135, issue.1, pp.41-53, 1988.
, Allometric method to estimate leaf area index for row crops, Agronomy Journal, vol.109, issue.3, pp.883-894, 2017.
, Contribution à l'analyse de la prise en compte du climat urbain dans les différents moyens d'intervention sur la ville, 2008.
, Computree Project, 2018.
, Computing hierarchical curve-skeletons of 3D objects, Visual Computer, vol.21, issue.11, pp.945-955, 2005.
, The structural and radiative consistency of three-dimensional tree reconstructions from terrestrial lidar, Remote Sensing of Environment, vol.113, issue.5, pp.1067-1081, 2009.
, Impact of increasing urban density on local climate: Spatial and temporal variations in the surface energy balance in Melbourne, Australia. Journal of Applied Meteorology and Climatology, vol.46, issue.4, pp.477-493, 2007.
, Temperature and human thermal comfort effects of street trees across three contrasting street canyon environments, Theoretical and Applied Climatology, vol.124, issue.1-2, pp.55-68, 2016.
, Modeling of light transmission under heterogeneous forest canopy: An appraisal of the effect of the precision level of crown description, Annals of Forest Science, vol.69, issue.2, pp.181-193, 2012.
URL : https://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/hal-00828845
, Multiscale Framework for Modeling and Analyzing Light Interception By Trees, Multiscale Modeling & Simulation, vol.7, issue.2, pp.910-933, 2008.
URL : https://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/hal-00831810
, Forest canopy gap fraction from terrestrial laser scanning, Geoscience and Remote Sensing Letters -IEEE, vol.4, issue.1, pp.157-160, 2007.
, Simulation of Ecophysiological Processes on 3D Virtual Stands with the ARCHIMED Simulation Platform, Plant Growth Modeling and Applications, Second International Symposium on IEEE -PMA'06, pp.101-108, 2006.
, Effect of tree planting design and tree species on human thermal comfort in the tropics, Landscape and Urban Planning, vol.138, pp.99-109, 2015.
, Evaluating the impacts of greening scenarios on thermal comfort and energy and water consumptions for adapting Paris city to climate change, vol.23, pp.260-286, 2018.
URL : https://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/hal-02155847
, Creating the park cool island in an inner-city neighborhood: Heat mitigation strategy for Phoenix, AZ. Urban Ecosystems, vol.16, issue.3, pp.617-635, 2013.
, PypeTree: a tool for reconstructing tree perennial tissues from point clouds, Sensors, vol.14, issue.3, pp.4271-4289, 2014.
, Reconstruction and analysis of a deciduous sapling using digital photographs or terrestrial-LiDAR technology, Annals of Botany, vol.108, issue.6, pp.991-1000, 2011.
, Vegetation in the urban environment: microclimatic analysis and benefits, Energy and Buildings, vol.35, issue.1, pp.69-76, 2003.
, Weighing trees with lasers: Advances, challenges and opportunities, Interface Focus, vol.8, issue.2, 2018.
, 3D Plant Architecture Acquisition, 2013.
, Skeleton Extraction for Real Trees, International Journal of Advancements in Computing Technology (IJACT), vol.7, issue.4, pp.22-30, 2015.
, The impact of vegetation on urban microclimate to counterbalance built density in a subtropical changing climate, vol.14, pp.224-239, 2015.
, Plant growth modelling and applications: The increasing importance of plant architecture in growth models, Annals of Botany, vol.101, issue.8, pp.1053-1063, 2008.
URL : https://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/halsde-00281936
, Representing and encoding plant architecture: a review, Annals of Forest Science, vol.57, issue.5, pp.413-438, 2000.
URL : https://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/hal-00883351
, Structuring laser-scanned trees using 3D mathematical morphology, ISPRS -International Archives of the Photogrammetry, Remote Sensing and Spatial Information Sciences, vol.35, pp.929-933, 2004.
, Modelling canopy conductance and stand transpiration of an oak forest from sap flow measurements, Annales Des Sciences Forestieres, vol.53, issue.2-3, pp.537-546, 1996.
URL : https://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/hal-00883073
, Comparison of results of an obstacle resolving microscale model with wind tunnel data, Atmospheric Environment, vol.79, pp.495-509, 2013.
, Radiation balance, transpiration and photosynthesis of an isolated tree, Agricultural and Forest Meteorology, vol.64, issue.3-4, pp.201-221, 1993.
, Initial results from Phase 2 of the international urban energy balance model comparison, International Journal of Climatology, vol.31, issue.2, pp.244-272, 2011.
URL : https://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/hal-01145114
, The International Urban Energy Balance Models Comparison Project: First Results from Phase 1, Journal of Applied Meteorology and Climatology, vol.49, issue.6, pp.1268-1292, 2010.
URL : https://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/hal-01145094
, Basics of range-based modelling techniques in Cultural Heritage, p.3, 2016.
, Cultural Heritage, pp.305-368
,
, Highly accurate tree models derived from terrestrial laser scan data: A method description, Forests, vol.5, issue.5, pp.1069-1105, 2014.
, SimpleTree -An Efficient Open Source Tool to Build Tree Models from TLS Clouds, Forests, vol.6, issue.11, pp.4245-4294, 2015.
, Role of the urban vegetal in improving the thermal comfort of a public place of a contemporary Saharan city, Energy Procedia, vol.119, pp.139-152, 2017.
, Etude des solutions de modélisation d ' un arbre en milieu urbain , en vue de son intégration dans les modèles météorologiques, Mémoire de Master, vol.2, 2014.
, High-resolution urban greenery mapping for micro-climate modelling based on 3D city models, ISPRSInternational Archives of the Photogrammetry, Remote Sensing and Spatial Information Sciences, vol.42, pp.7-12, 2017.
, The physics of atmospheres, 2002.
, The Climate of London, 1833.
, Estimation cohérente de l'indice de surface foliaire en utilisant des données terrestres et aéroportées, 2018.
, Comparison of Beer's law-based and 3D reconstruction-based methods for leaf area estimation of isolated trees using terrestrial laser scanning, 2018.
, Estimating the leaf area of an individual tree in urban areas using terrestrial laser scanner and path length distribution model, ISPRS Journal of Photogrammetry and Remote Sensing, vol.144, pp.357-368, 2018.
URL : https://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/hal-02133322
, Indirect measurement of leaf area index on the basis of path length distribution, Remote Sensing of Environment, vol.155, pp.239-247, 2014.
, Foliage and air temperature: evidence for a dynamic "equivalent point, Agricultural Meteorology, vol.24, pp.223-226, 1981.
, Contribution of Working Groups I, II and III to the Fourth Assessment Report of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change, Synthesis Report, 2007.
, A global analysis of root distributions for terrestrial biomes, Oecologia, vol.108, issue.3, pp.389-411, 1996.
, Etude des températures de surface en zone urbaine -mesures, modélisation et tentative de validation sur la Rue de l'Argonne, Mémoire de Master, vol.2, 2016.
, Review on the impact of urban geometry and pedestrian level greening on outdoor thermal comfort, Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews, vol.54, pp.1002-1017, 2016.
, The Interpreation of the Variations in Leaf Water Potential and Stomatal Conductance Found in Canopies in the Field, Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society of London. Series B, Biological Sciences, vol.273, issue.927, pp.596-610, 1976.
, Curve skeleton extraction by coupled graph contraction and surface clustering, Graphical Models, vol.75, issue.3, pp.137-148, 2013.
, Methods for Leaf Area Index Determination Part I : Theories, Techniques and Instruments, Agricultural and Forest Meteorology, vol.121, pp.19-35, 2004.
, A shortest augmenting path algorithm for dense and sparse linear assignment problems, Computing, vol.38, issue.4, pp.325-340, 1987.
, Estimating forest LAI profiles and structural parameters using a groundbased laser called 'Echidna®, Tree Physiology, vol.29, issue.2, pp.171-181, 2009.
, Simulation and validation of radiative transfers in urbanised areas, Solar Energy, vol.83, issue.3, pp.333-341, 2009.
URL : https://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/halsde-00364042
, Simulation of urban fluxes with a 3D canopy model, ICUC -9th International Conference on Urban Climate, 2015.
, Thermo-radiative simulation of an urban district with LASER/F. Urban Climate, vol.21, pp.43-65, 2017.
, Modélisation de l'îlot de chaleur urbain à Strasbourg. Introduction De par l'étendue de leurs surfaces artificielles, et sous certaines conditions, Climatologie, vol.7, pp.21-37, 2010.
, Evidence for interaction between air pollution and high temperature in the causation of excess mortality, Archives of Environmental Health, vol.48, issue.4, pp.235-242, 1993.
, Evaluating the cooling effects of green infrastructure: A systematic review of methods, indicators and data sources, Solar Energy, vol.166, pp.486-508, 2018.
, Retrieval of three-dimensional tree canopy and shade using terrestrial laser scanning (TLS) data to analyze the cooling effect of vegetation, Agricultural and Forest Meteorology, vol.217, pp.22-34, 2016.
, A Multi-layer Radiation Model for Urban Neighbourhoods with Trees, Boundary-Layer Meteorology, vol.151, issue.1, pp.139-178, 2014.
, Assessment of the accuracy of 3D models obtained with DSLR camera and Kinect v2, SPIE -Videometrics, Range Imaging, and Applications XIII, vol.9528, p.95280, 2015.
, The Meso-NH Atmospheric Simulation System. Part I: Adiabatic formulation and control simulations, Annales Geophysicae, vol.16, issue.1, pp.90-109, 1998.
URL : https://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/hal-00329074
, Les principes fondamentaux de la lasergrammétrie terrestre : systèmes et caractéristiques (partie 1/2), Revue XYZ, vol.128, pp.37-49, 2011.
, Les principes fondamentaux de la lasergrammétrie terrestre : acquisition , traitement des données et applications (partie 2/2), Revue XYZ, vol.129, pp.25-38, 2011.
, Modélisation 3D d'arbre pour comprendre le climat urbain. Un projet multidisciplinaire ambitieux, Revue XYZ, vol.141, pp.55-62, 2014.
, 3D tree architecture modeling from laser scanning for urban microclimate study, 9th International Conference on Urban Climate -ICUC9, jointly with 12th Symposium on the Urban Environment, 2015.
, The feasibility of remotely sensed data to estimate urban tree dimensions and biomass. Urban Forestry & Urban Greening, vol.16, pp.208-220, 2016.
, A Laser-Scanning System for Quantification of TreeGeometric Characteristics, The Climate of London, pp.1-11, 2008.
, A vegetated urban canopy model for meteorological and environmental modelling, Boundary-Layer Meteorology, vol.126, issue.1, pp.73-102, 2008.
, Etude de l'application d'algorithmes de reconstruction 3D d'arbres à différentes architectures d'arbres, Mémoire de Master, vol.2, 2016.
, An Automatic Tree Skeleton Extracting Method Based on Point Cloud of Terrestrial Laser Scanner, International Journal of Optics, pp.1-19, 2017.
, Hybrid geometric optical-radiative transfer approach for modeling albedo and directional reflectance of discontinuous canopies, Transactions on Geoscience and Remote Sensing -IEEE, vol.33, issue.2, pp.466-480, 1995.
, A note on a feature of leaf and air temperatures, Agricultural Meteorology, vol.1, pp.66-72, 1964.
, SOLWEIG 1.0 -Modelling spatial variations of 3D radiant fluxes and mean radiant temperature in complex urban settings, International Journal of Biometeorology, vol.52, issue.7, pp.697-713, 2008.
, Vegetation characteristics at the Vancouver EPiCC experimental sites, Environmental Prediction in Canadian Cities -EPICC, 2010.
, Evaluation of the ENVI-Met Vegetation Model of Four Common Tree Species in a Subtropical Hot-Humid Area, Atmosphere, vol.9, issue.5, 0198.
, Texture-lobes for tree modelling, ACM Transactions on Graphics, issue.4, p.30, 2011.
, Automatic Reconstruction of Tree Skeletal Structures from Point Clouds, ACM Transactions on Graphics, issue.6, p.29, 2010.
, Improved Salient Feature-Based Approach for Automatically Separating Photosynthetic and Nonphotosynthetic Components Within Terrestrial Lidar Point Cloud Data of Forest Canopies, IEEE Transactions on Geoscience and Remote Sensing, vol.54, issue.2, pp.679-696, 2016.
, Du nuage de points à la maquette numérique de bâtiment : Reconstruction 3D semi-automatique de bâtiments existants, 2017.
, Le lidar topographique à retour d'onde complète : état de l'art, Traitement Du Signal, vol.24, issue.6, pp.385-410, 2007.
, The Canopy and Aerosol Particles Interactions in TOulouse Urban Layer (CAPITOUL) experiment, Meteorology and Atmospheric Physics, vol.102, issue.3-4, pp.135-157, 2008.
, Grand Paris": Regional landscape change to adapt city to climate warming, Climatic Change, vol.117, issue.4, pp.769-782, 2013.
, Contributions of foliage distribution and leaf functions to light interception, transpiration and photosynthetic capacities in two apple cultivars at branch and tree scales, Tree Physiology, vol.28, issue.5, pp.665-678, 2008.
URL : https://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/hal-01189297
, Applications of a universal thermal index: Physiological equivalent temperature, International Journal of Biometeorology, vol.43, issue.2, pp.76-84, 1999.
, Modelling radiation fluxes in simple and complex environments: Basics of the RayMan model, International Journal of Biometeorology, vol.54, issue.2, pp.131-139, 2007.
, Geometric modeling using octree encoding, Computer Graphics and Image Processing, vol.19, issue.2, pp.129-147, 1982.
, 3D tree modeling from incomplete point clouds via optimization and L1-MST, International Journal of Geographical Information Science, vol.31, issue.5, pp.999-1021, 2016.
, UBL / CLU-ESCOMPTE : the urban boundary layer field experiment over Marseille and the database, International Conference on Urban Air Quality Measurement Modelling and Management, pp.392-395, 2003.
URL : https://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/ineris-00972415
, 3D modelling of individual trees using a handheld camera: Accuracy of height, diameter and volume estimates, Urban Forestry & Urban Greening, vol.14, issue.4, pp.932-940, 2015.
, Towards an optimized method of olive tree crown volume measurement, Sensors, vol.15, issue.2, pp.3671-3687, 2015.
, Using terrestrial laser scanning data to estimate large tropical trees biomass and calibrate allometric models: A comparison with traditional destructive approach, Methods in Ecology and Evolution, vol.9, issue.4, pp.905-916, 2017.
URL : https://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/hal-01837401
, Principles of environmental physics (Edward Arn), 1990.
, Assessment of tree structure using a 3D image analysis technique-A proof of concept. Urban Forestry & Urban Greening, vol.13, pp.198-203, 2014.
, Lutte contre la précarité énergétique, 2018.
, A review of benefits and challenges in growing street trees in paved urban environments, Landscape and Urban Planning, vol.134, pp.157-166, 2015.
, Centenary of the Battle of Vimy (France, 1917): Preserving the Memory of the Great War through 3D recording of the Maison Blanche souterraine. ISPRS Annals of the Photogrammetry, Remote Sensing and Spatial Information Sciences, vol.4, issue.2W2, pp.171-177, 2017.
, Une ville verte: Les rôles du végétal en ville (Editions Q), 2014.
, A three years long fieldwork experiment to monitor the role of vegetation on the urban climate of the city of Strasbourg, France, 9th International Conference on Urban Climate -ICUC9, jointly with 12th Symposium on the Urban Environment, 2015.
URL : https://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/hal-01269041
, Topographie et climatologie urbaine, Revue XYZ, vol.123, pp.33-40, 2010.
, Intra-crown spatial variability of leaf temperature and stomatal conductance enhanced by drought in apple tree as assessed by the RATP model, Agricultural and Forest Meteorology, vol.237, pp.340-354, 2017.
, Temporal variations of transpiration and latent heat fluxes from isolated linden crowns and lawns in a park at Strasbourg , France, 9th International Conference on Urban Climate -ICUC9, jointly with 12th Symposium on the Urban Environment, 2015.
URL : https://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/hal-01269095
, Development of the VTUF-3D v1.0 urban micro-climate model to support assessment of urban vegetation influences on human thermal comfort, vol.24, pp.1052-1076, 2018.
, Novel water facilities for creation of comfortable urban micrometeorology, Solar Energy, vol.64, issue.4-6, pp.197-207, 1998.
, The ISBA land surface parameterisation scheme, Global and Planetary Change, vol.13, issue.1-4, pp.145-159, 1996.
, The energetic basis of the urban heat island, Quarterly Journal of the Royal Meteorological Society, vol.108, issue.455, pp.1-24, 1982.
, Estimation of the leaf area density distribution of individual trees using high-resolution and multi-return airborne LiDAR data, Remote Sensing of Environment, vol.166, pp.116-125, 2015.
, Terrestrial laser scanning to quantify above-ground biomass of structurally complex coastal wetland vegetation, Estuarine, Coastal and Shelf Science, vol.204, pp.164-176, 2018.
, Automatic Reconstruction of Single Trees from Terrestrial Laser Scanner Data, Proceedings of 20th ISPRS Congress, Commission V, vol.XXXV, pp.114-119, 2004.
, Mesoscale Meteorological Modeling (Academic P), 1984.
, Les échanges surface-atmosphère en zone urbain -Projets CLU-ESCOMPTE et CAPITOUL, 2007.
, Les Ilots de Fraîcheur dans la ville. Les Notes de l'ADEUS, p.140, 2014.
, OpenAlea: a visual programming and component-based software platform for plant modeling, Functional Plant Biology, vol.35, issue.10, pp.751-760, 2008.
URL : https://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/hal-00831811
, Reconstructing Plant Architecture from 3D Laser Scanner Data, 2012.
URL : https://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/hal-00490064
, Image-based Plant Modeling, ACM Transactions on Graphics (TOG), vol.25, issue.3, pp.599-604, 2006.
, Individual tree measurement in tropical environment using terrestrial laser scanning, Jurnal Teknologi, vol.73, issue.5, pp.127-133, 2015.
, Testing the application of terrestrial laser scanning to measure forest canopy gap fraction, Remote Sensing, vol.5, issue.6, pp.3037-3056, 2013.
, Massive-Scale Tree Modelling From Tls Data. ISPRS Annals of Photogrammetry, Remote Sensing and Spatial Information Sciences, pp.189-196, 2015.
, Fast Automatic Precision Tree Models from Terrestrial Laser Scanner Data, Remote Sensing, vol.5, issue.2, pp.491-520, 2013.
, Implementation of street trees within the solar radiative exchange parameterization of TEB in SURFEX v8, 0. Geoscientific Model Development, vol.10, issue.1, pp.385-411, 2017.
URL : https://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/hal-01583191
, A review on the generation, determination and mitigation of Urban Heat Island, Journal of Environmental Sciences, vol.20, issue.1, pp.120-128, 2008.
, Modeling the influence of vegetation and water pond on urban microclimate, Solar Energy, vol.80, issue.4, pp.435-447, 2006.
URL : https://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/hal-00312290
, A tractor-mounted scanning LIDAR for the non-destructive measurement of vegetative volume and surface area of tree-row plantations: A comparison with conventional destructive measurements, Biosystems Engineering, vol.102, issue.2, pp.128-134, 2009.
, The Radiation Regime and Architecture of Plant Stands, 1981.
, BUBBLE -An urban boundary layer meteorology project, Theoretical and Applied Climatology, vol.81, issue.3-4, pp.231-261, 2005.
, Description and assessment of the building surface temperature modeling in LASER/F, Energy and Buildings, vol.173, pp.91-102, 2018.
, The impact of green space layouts on microclimate and air quality in residential districts of Nanjing, China. Forests, vol.9, issue.4, p.224, 2018.
, Understanding and managing the complexity of urban systems under climate change, Climate Policy, vol.7, issue.4, pp.317-336, 2007.
, Realistic Representation of Trees in an Urban Canopy Model, Boundary-Layer Meteorology, vol.159, issue.2, pp.193-220, 2016.
, How to quantify tree leaf area index in an open savanna ecosystem: A multiinstrument and multi-model approach, Agricultural and Forest Meteorology, vol.150, issue.1, pp.63-76, 2010.
, Using cool pavements as a mitigation strategy to fight urban heat island -A review of the actual developments, Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews, vol.26, pp.224-240, 2013.
, Automatic 3D plant reconstruction from photographies , segmentation and classification of leaves and internodes using clustering, 7th International Conference on Functional-Structural Plant Models, pp.95-97, 2013.
,
, Régulation du climat thermique urbain par les arbres : ombrage et température du couvert. Innovations Agronomiques, vol.45, pp.23-34, 2015.
, On the canopy structure manipulation to buffer climate change effects on insect herbivore development, Trees, vol.27, issue.1, pp.239-248, 2013.
URL : https://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/hal-00806964
, Joint modelling of obstacle induced and mesoscale changes-Current limits and challenges, Journal of Wind Engineering and Industrial Aerodynamics, vol.99, issue.4, pp.217-225, 2011.
, A mechanical analysis of the relationship between free oscillations of Pinus pinaster Ait. saplings and their aerial architecture, Journal of Experimental Botany, vol.56, issue.416, pp.1563-1573, 2005.
, A Meta-Analysis of Global Urban Land Expansion, PLoS One, vol.6, issue.8, p.23777, 2011.
, Plant canopy design in modifying urban thermal environment: Theory and guidelines, 25th Conference on Passive and Low Energy Architecture -PLEA, 2008.
, A quantitative analysis of plant form -The pipe model theory I. Basic analyses, Japanese Journal of Ecology, vol.14, issue.3, pp.97-105, 1964.
, A quantitative analysis of plant form -The pipe model theory II. Further evidence of the thoery and its application in forest ecology, Japanese Journal of Ecology, vol.14, issue.4, pp.133-139, 1964.
, Reconstructing 3D tree models from instrumented photographs, IEEE Computer Graphics and Applications, vol.21, issue.3, pp.53-61, 2001.
, Modeling transpiration and leaf temperature of urban trees -A case study evaluating the microclimate model ENVI-met against measurement data, Landscape and Urban Planning, vol.174, pp.33-40, 2018.
, RATP: a model for simulating the spatial distribution of radiation absorption, transpiration and photosynthesis within canopies: application to an isolated tree crown, Plant, Cell & Environment, vol.24, issue.4, pp.395-406, 2001.
URL : https://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/hal-01189639
, Measurement and visualization of the architecture of an adult tree based on a three-dimensional digitising device, Trees, vol.11, issue.5, pp.265-270, 1997.
, Foliage randomness and light interception in 3-D digitized trees: An analysis from multiscale discretization of the canopy, Plant, Cell & Environment, vol.28, issue.9, pp.1158-1170, 2005.
, Simple equations to estimate light interception by isolated trees from canopy structure features: Assessment with three-dimensional digitized apple trees, New Phytologist, vol.175, issue.1, pp.94-106, 2007.
URL : https://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/hal-01189167
, A time-split nonhydrostatic atmospheric model for research and NWP applications, Journal of Computational Physics, vol.227, pp.3645-3485, 2008.
, The influence of spatial configuration of green areas on microclimate and thermal comfort. Urban Forestry & Urban Greening, vol.34, pp.85-96, 2018.
, Threedimensional reconstruction of partially 3D-digitized peach tree canopies, Tree Physiology, vol.26, issue.3, pp.337-351, 2006.
URL : https://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/hal-01189143
, Evaluation of the "local climate zone" scheme using temperature observations and model simulations, International Journal of Climatology, vol.34, issue.4, pp.1062-1080, 2014.
, Non-destructive aboveground biomass estimation of coniferous trees using terrestrial LiDAR. Remote Sensing of Environment, pp.31-42, 0200.
, CFD simulations of the effect of evaporative cooling from water bodies in a micro-scale urban environment: Validation and application studies, Sustainable Cities and Society, vol.19, pp.259-270, 2015.
, The effect of an urban park on the microclimate in its vicinity: a case study for, International Journal of Climatology, vol.38, pp.303-322, 2017.
, Retrieval of forest structural parameters using LiDAR remote sensing, European Journal of Forest Research, vol.129, issue.4, pp.749-770, 2010.
, Extracting Sketeletal Curves from 3D Scattered Data. The Visual Computer, vol.16, pp.15-25, 2000.
, Multiparametric model of urban park cooling island, Urban Forestry & Urban Greening, vol.12, issue.2, pp.220-229, 2013.
, Contribution à la modélisation thermo-aéraulique du microclimat urbain . Caractérisation de l'impact de l'eau et de la végétation sur les conditions de confort en espaces extérieurs, 2000.
, Image Representations of Complete Urban Surface Temperatures, Geocarto International, vol.15, issue.3, pp.21-32, 2000.
, Feasibility of Machine Learning Methods for Separating Wood and Leaf Points from Terrestrial Laser Scanning Data. ISPRS Annals of the Photogrammetry, Remote Sensing and Spatial Information Sciences, vol.4, issue.2, pp.157-164, 2017.
, Description and validation of an array model -MAESTRO, Agricultural and Forest Meteorology, vol.51, issue.3-4, pp.257-280, 1990.
, A Structure-Aware Global Optimization Method for Reconstructing 3-D Tree Models From Terrestrial Laser Scanning Data, IEEE Transactions on Geoscience and Remote Sensing, vol.52, issue.9, pp.5653-5669, 2014.
, A Local Structure and Direction-Aware Optimization Approach for Three-Dimensional Tree Modeling, IEEE Transactions on Geoscience and Remote Sensing, vol.54, issue.8, pp.4749-4757, 2016.
, Comparative physiological studies in the growth of field crops. I. Variation in net assimilation rate and leaf area between species and varieties, and within and between years, Annals of Botany, vol.11, issue.41, pp.41-76, 1947.
, Review of methods for in situ leaf area index (LAI) determination Part II. Estimation of LAI, errors and sampling, Agricultural and Forest Meteorology, vol.121, issue.1-2, pp.37-53, 2004.
, A general model for the structure, and algometry of plant vascular systems, Nature, vol.400, issue.6745, p.664, 1999.
, World Health Organization | Urban Population Growth, 2016.
, A refined index of model performance, International Journal of Climatology, vol.32, issue.13, pp.2088-2094, 2012.
, 3D reconstruction of a single tree from terrestrial Lidar data, International Geoscience and Remote Sensing Symposium (IGARSS) -IEEE International, pp.796-799, 2014.
, Knowledge and Heuristic Based Modeling of LaserScanned Trees, ACM Transactions on Graphics (TOG), vol.26, issue.4, pp.1-19, 2007.
, Comparison of conventional measurement and LiDAR-based measurement for crown structures, Computers and Electronics in Agriculture, vol.98, pp.242-251, 2013.
, Efficient and robust reconstruction of botanical branching structure from laser scanned points, 11th IEEE International Conference on Computer-Aided Design and Computer Graphics, pp.572-575, 2009.
URL : https://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/inria-00436480
, Modelling single tree structure with terrestrial laser scanner, International Archives of the Photogrammetry, Remote Sensing and Spatial Information Sciences -ISPRS, vol.42, pp.111-113, 2017.
, Reconstruction of tree crown shape from scanned data, International Conference on Technologies for E-Learning and Digital Entertainment, pp.745-756, 2008.
, 3 -Grandeurs simulées par LASER/F comparées aux grandeurs mesurées sur le terrain et les capteurs utilisés pour obtenir ces mesures, Tableau, vol.5
, ET) des six tilleuls argentés sur l'ensemble des périodes de simulations (P1, P2 et P3) et relative à la température de surface (TS) de deux zones de feuillage du Georges' tree sur la période 3, Tableau 5.4 -Grandeurs statistiques calculées pour la comparaison relative à l'évapotranspiration
, Les caractéristiques sont la surface de l'enveloppe projetée au sol (PEA), le volume, la surface foliaire totale (TLA), l'indice de surface foliaire (LAI), la densité foliaire (LAD) et le nombre de faces par couronne, Tableau 5.5 -Différences de caractéristiques relatives à la maquette 3D de la couronne du Georges' tree entre l'étude, vol.1
, 6 -Grandeurs statistiques calculées sur l'ensemble des périodes de simulation pour les comparaisons relatives à l'ensemble de la zone (encadré rose dans l'illustration) : flux de chaleur latente (LEzone), flux de chaleur sensible (Szone), rayonnement net (RNzone), rayonnement solaire montant (Solairezone?), Tableau, vol.5, p.115
,
, Données en entrée et paramétrage de RATP
, Capteurs météorologiques et physiologiques utilisés
, Comparaison de méthodes d'acquisitions d'arbres
, Qualité du nuage de points d'un arbre acquis au SLT
, Relations allométriques établies pour le tilleul argenté
, Maquettes 3D du bois des arbres étudiés
, Formules des grandeurs statistiques utilisées
, , p.192
, Données météorologiques utilisées
, Simulations de LASER/F à l'échelle du parc par rapport aux mesures 201
,
,
, Données en entrée et paramétrage de LASER/F
, Les données en entrée nécessaires pour le fonctionnement du modèle LASER/F sont : -La maquette 3D de la zone de simulation -La composition et les propriétés physiques des matériaux -L'indice de surface foliaire pour chaque surface de végétation -Le forçage météorologique
, Le contenu des fichiers comprenant ces données en entrée est détaillé ci-dessous
, GEO contenant la maquette 3D de la zone de simulation
, Une description particulière de chaque type d'objets présent dans la scène est effectuée (bâtiment, mobilier, terrain, végétation implicite). Le nombre de faces par objet est indiqué. Puis, chaque face d'un objet est décrite selon son type (toit, façade, quelconque, feuille implicite)
, MAT définissant la composition des surfaces
, // Altitude du point le plus bas de la scène
, // Nb total d'objets et de faces dans la scène (faces non obligatoires) batiment
, GEO est associé à un matériel (toit, mur, feuille, prairie, tronc, route, sol nu ?) grâce au fichier .MAT. Ce fichier permet de donner par matériel, le revêtement, la nature du sol, le nombre de couches constituant ce matériel et la nature et l, Chaque type de faces renseigné dans le fichier
, MAT décrivant les propriétés des revêtements
, MAT des informations sur le revêtement de chaque matériel sont décrites, telles que la profondeur racinaire pour les surfaces naturelles
, MAT décrivant les propriétés des matériaux
,
,
, Chaleur specifique (J/kg.K)
, Masse volumique (kg/m3)
, Indice Refraction solaire;Coefficient attenuation lineaire solaire
, Undefini;0.100000, p.1000
, MAT décrit les propriétés physiques (conductivité thermique, chaleur spécifique, masse volumique, indice de réflexion solaire, coefficient d'atténuation linéaire solaire) des matériaux constituant chaque matériel
, LAI décrivant la végétation
, Les paramètres présentés ici ont été utilisés pour l'étude à l'échelle du parc. Pour l'étude à l'échelle de l'arbre un LAI de 11.2 a été utilisé pour les feuilles
, //geographic (=geodesic) Longitude (°)
, //geographic (=geodesic) Latitude (°)
, //Hauteur du forçage pour T et Q (m)
, //Hauteur du forçage pour le vent (m), p.25
, Température de surface (°C ou K) et altitude de la mesure (m)
, //Température profonde (°C ou K) et altitude associée (m), p.22
, °C ou K) et altitude associée (m)
, //Température des bâtiments
,
, °C) -0.266e-3;1.3764;1500.! Paramètres de Jarvis : effet du VPD : gsmax = A1 VPD (Pa) + A2, A3=seuil 20.0;6.! Paramètres de Farquhar : Vcmax25°C (µmol CO2 m-2 s-1) = A1 Na (g m-2) + A2 52.0;15, 150015! Paramètres de Jarvis : effet température de la feuille : fgsPAR = f(LT, p.2
, Rd25°C (µmol CO2 m-2 s-1) = A1 Na, vol.2
, Maquettes 3D du bois des arbres étudiés
, Cette annexe permet de mieux visualiser, pour chaque arbre étudié dans le Chapitre 3, souspartie 3.1.2., son nuage de points SLT, sa maquette 3D de référence et la maquette 3D reconstruite par chacun des algorithmes : TreeArchitecture
, Ces graphiques illustrent que plus l'indice de surface foliaire diminue, plus le flux de chaleur latente diminue (max -104,19 W/m²). A l'inverse, une augmentation du rayonnement infrarouge émis (max 32,81 W/m²), du flux de chaleur sensible (max 26,38 W/m²), du flux de chaleur dans le sol (max 43,81 W/m²) et des températures (max 5,0 °C en surface et 2,4 °C à -8 cm) est observée lorsque l'indice diminue
, Ces tests n'ont pas été réalisés avec la dernière version de LASER/F datant de mai 2018. Les résultats obtenus sont donc amenés à évoluer avec la dernière version