D. D. Baldocchi, B. B. Hincks, and T. P. Meyers, Measuring biosphere-atmosphere exchanges of biologically related gases with micrometeorological methods, Ecology, vol.69, pp.1331-1340, 1998.

J. Balesdent, C. Girardin, and A. Mariotti, Site-related ^(13)C of tree leaves and soil organic matter in a temperate forest, Ecology, vol.74, pp.1713-1721, 1993.

Y. Carrillo, F. A. Dijkstra, E. Pendall, D. Lecain, and C. Tucker, Plant rhizosphere influence on microbial C metabolism: the role of elevated CO2, N availability and root stoichiometry, Biogeochemistry, vol.117, pp.229-240, 2014.

J. Chen, Y. Luo, J. Xia, L. Jiang, X. Zhou et al., Stronger warming effects on microbial abundances in colder regions, Scientific Reports, vol.5, p.18032, 2015.

W. Cheng, Measurement of rhizosphere respiration and organic matter decomposition using natural 13C, Plant and Soil, vol.183, pp.263-268, 1996.

W. Cheng and F. A. Dijkstra, Theoretical proof and empirical confirmation of a continuous labeling method using naturally 13C-depleted carbon dioxide, Journal of Integrative Plant Biology, vol.49, pp.401-407, 2007.

W. Cheng, D. W. Johnson, S. ;. Fu, M. Reichstein, E. Tomelleri et al., Rhizosphere effects on decomposition: controls of plant species, phenology, and fertilization, Soil Science Society of America Journal, vol.67, 2003.

M. A. Arain, D. Baldocchi, G. B. Bonan, A. Bondeau, A. Cescatti et al.,

M. Lomas, S. Luyssaert, H. Margolis, K. W. Oleson, O. Roupsard et al., Terrestrial gross carbon dioxide uptake: global distribution and covariation with climate, Science, vol.329, pp.834-838, 2010.
URL : https://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/cea-00819125

C. A. Campbell, G. P. Lafond, R. P. Zentner, and V. O. Biederbeck, Influence of fertilizer and straw baling on soil organic matter in a thin black chernozem in western Canada, Soil Biology and Biochemistry, vol.23, pp.90007-90014, 1991.

A. Chabbi, J. Lehmann, P. Ciais, H. W. Loescher, M. F. Cotrufo et al., Aligning agriculture and climate policy, Nature Climate Change, vol.7, pp.307-309, 2017.
URL : https://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/hal-01536008

W. Cheng, W. J. Parton, M. A. Gonzalez-meler, R. Phillips, S. Asao et al.,

E. Brzostek and J. D. Jastrow, Synthesis and modeling perspectives of rhizosphere priming, New Phytologist, vol.201, pp.31-44, 2014.

J. M. Craine, D. A. Wedin, and F. S. Chapin, Predominance of ecophysiological controls on soil CO2 flux in a Minnesota grassland, Plant and Soil, vol.207, pp.77-86, 1999.

C. Cros, G. Alvarez, F. Keuper, and S. Fontaine, A new experimental platform connecting the rhizosphere priming effect with CO2 fluxes of plant-soil systems, Soil Biology and Biochemistry, vol.130, pp.12-22, 2019.

F. Dijkstra, W. Cheng, and D. Johnson, Plant biomass influences rhizosphere priming effects on soil organic matter decomposition in two differently managed soils, Soil Biology and Biochemistry, vol.38, pp.2519-2526, 2006.

S. Fontaine, G. Bardoux, L. Abbadie, and A. Mariotti, Carbon input to soil may decrease soil carbon content: Carbon input in soil carbon sequestration, Ecology Letters, vol.7, pp.314-320, 2004.

S. Fontaine, C. Henault, A. Aamor, N. Bdioui, J. M. Bloor et al.,

S. Revaillot, P. A. Maron, E. Liljeroth, P. Kuikman, and J. A. Veen, Carbon translocation to the rhizosphere of maize and wheat and influence on the turnover of native soil organic matter at different soil nitrogen levels, Plant and Soil, vol.161, pp.233-240, 1994.

J. Lu, F. A. Dijkstra, P. Wang, and W. Cheng, Rhizosphere priming of grassland species under different water and nitrogen conditions: a mechanistic hypothesis of C-N interactions, Plant and Soil, vol.429, pp.303-319, 2018.

N. Perveen, Intégration de l'écologie microbienne dans les modèles biogéochimiques : conséquences pour les prévisions du stockage du Carbone et la fertilité des sols, 2014.

N. Perveen, S. Barot, G. Alvarez, K. Klumpp, R. Martin et al.,

F. Louault and S. Fontaine, Priming effect and microbial diversity in ecosystem functioning and response to global change: a modeling approach using the SYMPHONY model, Global Change Biology, vol.20, 2014.

. R-core-team, R: A language and environment for statistical computing, 2013.

C. Rasmussen, R. J. Southard, and W. R. Horwath, Soil mineralogy affects conifer forest soil carbon source utilization and microbial priming, Soil Science Society of America Journal, vol.71, 2007.

M. Reichstein, E. Falge, D. Baldocchi, D. Papale, M. Aubinet et al., On the separation of net ecosystem exchange into assimilation and ecosystem respiration: review and improved algorithm, Global Change Biology, vol.11, pp.1424-1439, 2005.

T. Shahzad, C. Chenu, P. Genet, S. Barot, N. Perveen et al., Contribution of exudates, arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi and litter depositions to the rhizosphere priming effect induced by grassland species, Soil Biology and Biochemistry, vol.80, pp.146-155, 2015.
URL : https://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/hal-01567145

R. Benoit and M. , Prairies et qualité des eaux : mesures parcellaires, assolement, et observatoires des pratiques, Fourrages, issue.189, pp.33-50, 2007.

G. Billen, J. Garnier, and L. Lassaletta, The nitrogen cascade from agricultural soils to the sea: modelling nitrogen transfers at regional watershed and global scales, Philosophical Transactions of The Royal Society B, vol.368, 2013.
URL : https://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/hal-01195674

B. Bodson and C. Vandenberghe, Gestion durable de l'azote au-delà de la seule problématique « nitrate, 2013.

N. Brisson, P. Gate, D. Gouache, G. Charmet, F. Oury et al., Why are wheat yields stagnating in Europe? A comprehensive data analysis for France, Field Crops Research, vol.119, pp.201-212, 2010.
URL : https://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/hal-00964258

P. Ciais, S. Bala, L. Bopp, V. Brovkin, J. Canadell et al., Carbon and other biogeochemical cycles., in: Climate Change 2013: The Physical Science Basis. Contribution of Working Group I to the Fifth Assessment Report of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change, 2013.

A. Boschung, Y. Nauels, and . Xia,

T. E. Crews, J. Blesh, S. W. Culman, R. C. Hayes, E. S. Jensen et al.,

M. E. Schipanski, Going where no grains have gone before: From early to midproduction on soil properties and belowground food webs in Kansas, USA. Agriculture, Ecosystems & Environment, Special section Harvested perennial grasslands: Ecological models for farming's perennial future, vol.137, pp.13-24, 2016.

E. A. Davidson, S. C. Hart, C. A. Shanks, and M. K. Firestone, Measuring gross nitrogen mineralization, and nitrification by 15 N isotopic pool dilution in intact soil cores, Journal of Soil Science, vol.42, pp.335-349, 1991.

O. Duchene, J. Vian, and F. Celette, Intercropping with legume for agroecological cropping systems: Complementarity and facilitation processes and the importance of soil microorganisms. A review. Agriculture, Ecosystems & Environment, vol.240, pp.148-161, 2017.

R. F. Follett and D. S. Schimel, Effect of Tillage Practices on Microbial Biomass Dynamics, Soil Science Society of America Journal, vol.53, pp.1091-1096, 1989.
DOI : 10.2136/sssaj1989.03615995005300040018x

S. Fontaine, G. Bardoux, L. Abbadie, and A. Mariotti, Carbon input to soil may decrease soil carbon content: Carbon input in soil carbon sequestration, Ecology Letters, vol.7, pp.314-320, 2004.
DOI : 10.1111/j.1461-0248.2004.00579.x

S. Fontaine and S. Barot, Size and functional diversity of microbe populations control plant persistence and long-term soil carbon accumulation: Modelling long-term SOM dynamics, Ecology Letters, vol.8, pp.1075-1087, 2005.

S. Fontaine, C. Henault, A. Aamor, N. Bdioui, J. M. Bloor et al.,

S. Revaillot and P. A. Maron, Fungi mediate long term sequestration of carbon and nitrogen in soil through their priming effect, Soil Biology and Biochemistry, vol.43, pp.86-96, 2011.

S. Fontaine, A. Mariotti, and L. Abbadie, The priming effect of organic matter: a question of microbial competition?, Soil Biology and Biochemistry, vol.35, pp.837-843, 2003.

J. B. Gardner and L. E. Drinkwater, The fate of nitrogen in grain cropping systems: a meta-analysis of 15N field experiments, Ecological Applications, vol.19, pp.2167-2184, 2009.

C. Glover, S. W. Dupont, S. T. , W. Broussard, L. Young et al., Harvested perennial grasslands provide ecological benchmarks for agricultural sustainability. Agriculture, Ecosystems & Environment, Special section Harvested perennial grasslands: Ecological models for farming's perennial future, vol.137, pp.3-12, 2010.
DOI : 10.1016/j.agee.2009.11.001

D. Herfurth, V. Vassal, F. Louault, G. Alvarez, P. Julien et al.,

P. Carrère, How does soil particulate organic carbon respond to grazing intensity in permanent grasslands?, Plant and Soil, vol.394, pp.239-255, 2015.

P. Hinsinger, E. Betencourt, L. Bernard, A. Brauman, C. Plassard et al.,

F. S. Zhang, J. Luo, and R. M. Monaghan, P for two, sharing a scarce resource: Soil phosphorus acquisition in the Ledgard, Grassland Productivity and Ecosystem Services. CABI, pp.83-91, 2011.

E. Liljeroth, P. Kuikman, and J. A. Veen, Carbon translocation to the rhizosphere of maize and wheat and influence on the turnover of native soil organic matter at different soil nitrogen levels, Plant and Soil, vol.161, pp.233-240, 1994.

J. Lloyd and J. A. Taylor, On the temperature dependence of soil respiration, Functional Ecology, vol.8, pp.315-323, 1994.

J. M. Lynch and L. M. Panting, Variations in the size of the soil biomass, Soil Biology and Biochemistry, vol.12, 1980.

B. Mary, S. Recous, and D. Robin, A model for calculating nitrogen fluxes in soil using 15N tracing, Soil Biology and Biochemistry, vol.30, pp.1963-1979, 1998.

R. J. Myers, C. A. Palm, E. Cuevas, I. U. Gunatilleke, and M. Brossard, The synchronisation of nutrient mineralisation and plant nutrient demand, pp.81-116, 1994.

J. Pausch and Y. Kuzyakov, Carbon input by roots into the soil: Quantification of rhizodeposition from root to ecosystem scale, Global Change Biology, vol.24, pp.1-12, 2018.

P. Perucci, S. Dumontet, S. A. Bufo, A. Mazzatura, and C. Casucci, Effects of organic amendment and herbicide treatment on soil microbial biomass, Biology and Fertility of Soils, vol.32, pp.17-23, 2000.

N. Perveen, S. Barot, G. Alvarez, K. Klumpp, R. Martin et al.,

. R-core-team, R: A language and environment for statistical computing, 2013.

S. Recous, P. Loiseau, J. .. Machet, and B. Mary, Transformations et devenir de l'azote de l'engrais sous cultures annuelles et sous prairies, Maitrise de l'azote Dans Les Agrosystèmes. Editions Quae, pp.105-120, 1996.

S. Recous, D. Robin, D. Darwis, and B. Mary, Soil inorganic N availability: Effect on maize residue decomposition, Soil Biology and Biochemistry, vol.27, pp.1529-1538, 1995.

B. Saugier, J. Roy, and H. A. Mooney, 23 -Estimations of Global Terrestrial Productivity: Converging toward a Single Number?, Terrestrial Global Productivity, Physiological Ecology, pp.543-557, 2001.

E. D. Schulze, S. Luyssaert, P. Ciais, A. Freibauer, I. A. Janssens et al., Importance of methane and nitrous oxide for Europe's terrestrial greenhouse-gas balance, Nature Geoscience, vol.2, pp.842-850, 2009.

T. Shahzad, C. Chenu, C. Repinçay, C. Mougin, J. Ollier et al., Plant clipping decelerates the mineralization of recalcitrant soil organic matter under multiple grassland species, Soil Biology and Biochemistry, vol.51, pp.73-80, 2012.
URL : https://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/hal-01567161

. Agreste, Agreste Synthèses -Céréales, oléagineux et protéagineux. Conjoncture, 2018.

, Bilan de la production fourragère en 2017, Conjoncture agricole N° 2018-C1, 2018.

, Les rendements du blé et du maïs ne progressent plus. Agrestre: la statistique agricole, 2008.

M. A. Altieri, Agroecology: A new research and development paradigm for world agriculture, Ecosystems & Environment, International Symposium on Agricultural Ecology and Environment, vol.27, pp.37-46, 1989.

G. Alvarez, T. Shahzad, L. Andanson, M. Bahn, M. D. Wallenstein et al., Catalytic power of enzymes decreases with temperature: New insights for understanding soil C cycling and microbial ecology under warming, Global Change Biology, vol.24, pp.4238-4250, 2018.

J. Balesdent, Estimation du renouvellement du carbone des sols par mesure isotopique l3C Précision, risque de biais. Cahiers ORSTOM -Série Pédologie, vol.26, pp.315-326, 1991.

J. Balesdent, A. Mariotti, and B. Guillet, Natural 13C abundance as a tracer for studies of soil organic matter dynamics, Soil Biology and Biochemistry, vol.19, pp.25-30, 1987.

J. Balesdent, G. H. Wagner, and A. Mariotti, Soil Organic Matter Turnover in Long-term Field Experiments as Revealed by Carbon-13 Natural Abundance, Soil Science Society of America Journal, vol.52, 1988.

M. H. Beare, D. C. Coleman, D. A. Crossley, P. F. Hendrix, and E. P. Odum, A hierarchical approach to evaluating the significance of soil biodiversity to biogeochemical cycling, Plant and Soil, vol.170, pp.5-22, 1995.

C. W. Bell, S. Asao, F. Calderon, B. Wolk, and M. D. Wallenstein, Plant nitrogen uptake drives rhizosphere bacterial community assembly during plant growth, Soil Biology and Biochemistry, vol.85, pp.170-182, 2015.

M. Benoit, Prairies et qualité des eaux : mesures parcellaires, assolement, pp.33-50, 2007.

E. Betencourt, M. Duputel, B. Colomb, D. Desclaux, and P. Hinsinger, Intercropping promotes the ability of durum wheat and chickpea to increase rhizosphere phosphorus availability in a low P soil, Soil Biology and Biochemistry, vol.46, pp.181-190, 2012.
URL : https://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/hal-01267758

C. W. Bingeman, J. E. Varner, and W. P. Martin, The effect of the addition of organic materials on the decomposition of an organic soil, Soil Science Society of America Journal, vol.17, p.34, 1953.

E. V. Blagodatskaya, S. A. Blagodatsky, T. Anderson, and Y. Kuzyakov, Priming effects in Chernozem induced by glucose and N in relation to microbial growth strategies, 2007.

, Applied Soil Ecology, vol.37, pp.95-105

?. Blagodatskaya and Y. Kuzyakov, Mechanisms of real and apparent priming effects and their dependence on soil microbial biomass and community structure: critical review, Biology and Fertility of Soils, vol.45, pp.115-131, 2008.

B. Bodson and C. Vandenberghe, Gestion durable de l'azote au-delà de la seule problématique « nitrate, 2013.

P. Borrelli, D. A. Robinson, L. R. Fleischer, E. Lugato, C. Ballabio et al., An assessment of the global impact of 21st century land use change on soil erosion, Nature Communications, vol.8, 2013.

P. Bottner, M. Pansu, and Z. Sallih, Modelling the effect of active roots on soil organic matter turnover, Plant and Soil, vol.216, pp.15-25, 1999.

R. Brooker, Z. Kikvidze, F. I. Pugnaire, R. M. Callaway, P. Choler et al., The importance of importance, Oikos, vol.109, pp.63-70, 2005.
URL : https://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/halsde-00294550

R. M. Callaway, Positive interactions among plants, The Botanical Review, vol.61, pp.306-349, 1995.
DOI : 10.1007/bf02912621
URL : https://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/halsde-00295042

J. G. Canadell, C. L. Quéré, M. R. Raupach, C. B. Field, E. T. Buitenhuis et al., Contributions to accelerating atmospheric CO2 growth from economic activity, carbon intensity, and efficiency of natural sinks, Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, vol.104, 2007.

K. M. Carney, B. A. Hungate, B. G. Drake, and J. P. Megonigal, Altered soil microbial community at elevated CO2 leads to loss of soil carbon, Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, vol.104, pp.4990-4995, 2007.

A. Chabbi, J. Lehmann, P. Ciais, H. W. Loescher, M. F. Cotrufo et al., Aligning agriculture and climate policy, Nature Climate Change, vol.7, pp.307-309, 2017.
DOI : 10.1038/nclimate3286
URL : https://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/hal-01536008

J. Chang, P. Ciais, M. Herrero, P. Havlik, M. Campioli et al., Combining livestock production information in a process-based vegetation model to reconstruct the history of grassland management, Biogeosciences, vol.13, pp.3757-3776, 2016.
URL : https://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/insu-01388912

J. Chang, P. Ciais, N. Viovy, N. Vuichard, M. Herrero et al., Effect of climate change, CO2 trends, nitrogen addition, and land-cover and management intensity changes on the carbon balance of European grasslands, Global Change Biology, vol.22, pp.338-350, 2016.
URL : https://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/hal-01233436

F. S. Chapin, E. Schulze, and H. A. Mooney, The ecology and economics of storage in plants, Annual Review of Ecology and Systematics, vol.21, pp.423-447, 1990.

R. Chaussod, La qualité biologique des sols: Evaluation et implications. Étude et Gestion des Sols 3, p.18, 1996.

R. Chen, M. Senbayram, S. Blagodatsky, O. Myachina, K. Dittert et al., Soil C and N availability determine the priming effect: microbial N mining and stoichiometric decomposition theories, Global Change Biology, vol.20, pp.2356-2367, 2014.

W. Cheng, Measurement of rhizosphere respiration and organic matter decomposition using natural 13C, Plant and Soil, vol.183, pp.263-268, 1996.

W. Cheng, D. W. Johnson, and S. Fu, Rhizosphere effects on decomposition: controls of plant species, phenology, and fertilization, Soil Science Society of America Journal, vol.67, p.10, 2003.

W. Cheng, W. J. Parton, M. A. Gonzalez-meler, R. Phillips, S. Asao et al., Synthesis and modeling perspectives of rhizosphere priming, New Phytologist, vol.201, pp.31-44, 2014.
DOI : 10.1111/nph.12440
URL : https://nph.onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/pdf/10.1111/nph.12440

S. K. Tignor, J. Allen, A. Boschung, Y. Nauels, and . Xia,

P. Ciais, S. Gervois, N. Vuichard, S. L. Piao, and N. Viovy, Effects of land use change and management on the European cropland carbon balance, Global Change Biology, vol.17, pp.320-338, 2011.
URL : https://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/hal-00716512

M. Clarholm, Interactions of bacteria, protozoa and plants leading to mineralization of soil nitrogen, Soil Biology and Biochemistry, vol.17, issue.85, pp.90113-90113, 1985.

, Calcul de la fertilisation azotée: guide méthodologique pour l'établissement des prescriptions locales : cultures annuelles et prairies, 2013.

R. T. Conant, Grassland Soil Organic Carbon Stocks: Status, Opportunities, Vulnerability, in: Recarbonization of Biosphere: Ecosystems and the Global Carbon Cycle, 2012.

R. T. Conant, C. E. Cerri, B. B. Osborne, and K. Paustian, Grassland management impacts on soil carbon stocks: a new synthesis, Ecological Applications, vol.27, pp.662-668, 2017.

T. E. Crews, J. Blesh, S. W. Culman, R. C. Hayes, E. S. Jensen et al., Going where no grains have gone before: From early to midsuccession. Agriculture, Ecosystems & Environment, vol.223, pp.223-238, 2016.

S. W. Culman, S. T. Dupont, J. D. Glover, D. H. Buckley, G. W. Fick et al., Long-term impacts of high-input annual cropping and unfertilized perennial grass production on soil properties and belowground food webs in Kansas, USA. Agriculture, Ecosystems & Environment, Special section Harvested perennial grasslands: Ecological models for farming's perennial future, vol.137, pp.13-24, 2010.

S. W. Culman, S. S. Snapp, M. Ollenburger, B. Basso, and L. R. Dehaan, Soil and Water Quality Rapidly Responds to the Perennial Grain Kernza Wheatgrass, Agronomy Journal, vol.105, p.735, 2013.

P. S. Curtis, P. J. Hanson, P. Bolstad, C. Barford, J. C. Randolph et al., Biometric and eddy-covariance based estimates of annual carbon storage in five eastern North American deciduous forests. Agricultural and Forest Meteorology, Synthesis, vol.113, pp.3-19, 2000.

, Dairy Soils and Fertiliser Manual: Australian Nutrient Management Guidelines, 2013.

F. A. Dijkstra, J. A. Morgan, D. Blumenthal, and R. F. Follett, Water limitation and plant inter-specific competition reduce rhizosphere-induced C decomposition and plant N uptake, Soil Biology and Biochemistry, vol.42, pp.1073-1082, 2010.

B. Dimassi, B. Mary, R. Wylleman, J. Labreuche, D. Couture et al., Long-term effect of contrasted tillage and crop management on soil carbon dynamics during 41 years. Agriculture, Ecosystems & Environment, vol.188, pp.134-146, 2014.

W. K. Dodds, W. W. Bouska, J. L. Eitzmann, T. J. Pilger, K. L. Pitts et al., Eutrophication of U.S. Freshwaters: Analysis of Potential Economic Damages, Environmental Science & Technology, vol.43, pp.12-19, 2009.

T. Doré, D. Makowski, E. Malézieux, N. Munier-jolain, M. Tchamitchian et al., Facing up to the paradigm of ecological intensification in agronomy: Revisiting methods, concepts and knowledge, European Journal of Agronomy, vol.34, pp.197-210, 2011.

S. T. Dupont, S. W. Culman, H. Ferris, D. H. Buckley, and J. D. Glover, No-tillage conversion of harvested perennial grassland to annual cropland reduces root biomass, decreases active carbon stocks, and impacts soil biota. Agriculture, Ecosystems & Environment, Special section Harvested perennial grasslands: Ecological models for farming's perennial future, vol.137, pp.25-32, 2010.

D. R. Easterling, J. L. Evans, P. Y. Groisman, T. R. Karl, K. E. Kunkel et al., Observed variability and trends in extreme climate events: A brief review, Bulletin of the American Meteorological Society, vol.81, pp.417-426, 2000.

K. Erb, T. Kastner, C. Plutzar, A. L. Bais, N. Carvalhais et al., Unexpectedly large impact of forest management and grazing on global vegetation biomass, Nature, vol.553, pp.73-76, 2018.

G. D. Farquhar, J. R. Ehleringer, and K. T. Hubick, Carbon Isotope Discrimination and Photosynthesis, Annual Review of Plant Physiology and Plant Molecular Biology, vol.40, pp.503-537, 1989.

N. Fierer, M. A. Bradford, and R. B. Jackson, TOWARD AN ECOLOGICAL CLASSIFICATION OF SOIL BACTERIA, Ecology, vol.88, pp.1354-1364, 2007.

S. Fontaine, G. Bardoux, L. Abbadie, and A. Mariotti, Carbon input to soil may decrease soil carbon content: Carbon input in soil carbon sequestration, Ecology Letters, vol.7, pp.314-320, 2004.

S. Fontaine, S. Barot, P. Barré, N. Bdioui, B. Mary et al., Stability of organic carbon in deep soil layers controlled by fresh carbon supply, Nature, vol.450, pp.277-280, 2007.
URL : https://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/bioemco-00321884

S. Fontaine, C. Henault, A. Aamor, N. Bdioui, J. M. Bloor et al., Fungi mediate long term sequestration of carbon and nitrogen in soil through their priming effect, Soil Biology and Biochemistry, vol.43, pp.86-96, 2011.

S. Fontaine, A. Mariotti, and L. Abbadie, The priming effect of organic matter: a question of microbial competition?, Soil Biology and Biochemistry, vol.35, pp.837-843, 2003.

D. Fowler, M. O'donoghue, J. B. Muller, R. I. Smith, U. Dragosits et al., A Chronology of Nitrogen Deposition in the UK Between, Water, Air, & Soil Pollution: Focus, vol.4, pp.9-23, 1900.

K. Fujita, K. G. Ofosu-budu, and S. Ogata, Biological nitrogen fixation in mixed legumecereal cropping systems, Plant and Soil, vol.141, pp.155-175, 1992.

G. ,

J. N. Galloway, F. J. Dentener, D. G. Capone, E. W. Boyer, R. W. Howarth et al., Nitrogen cycles: past, present, and future, Biogeochemistry, vol.70, pp.153-226, 2004.

J. Gans, M. Wolinsky, and J. Dunbar, Computational improvements reveal great bacterial diversity and high metal toxicity in soil, Science, vol.309, pp.1387-1390, 2005.

J. B. Gardner and L. E. Drinkwater, The fate of nitrogen in grain cropping systems: a metaanalysis of 15N field experiments, Ecological Applications, vol.19, pp.2167-2184, 2009.

D. J. Gibson, Grasses and grassland ecology, 2009.

J. D. Glover, J. P. Reganold, L. W. Bell, J. Borevitz, E. C. Brummer et al., Increased food and ecosystem security via perennial grains, Science, vol.328, pp.1638-1639, 2010.

J. .. Gobat, M. Aragno, and W. Matthey, Le sol vivant. Bases de pédologie-Biologie des sols, 3ème éditionrevue et augmentée, Science & Ingénierie de l'environnement. Presses polytechniques et universitaires romandes, 2010.

B. Guenet, M. Camino-serrano, P. Ciais, M. Tifafi, F. Maignan et al., Impact of priming on global soil carbon stocks, Global Change Biology, vol.24, pp.1873-1883, 2018.
URL : https://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/hal-01806760

L. B. Guo, R. M. Gifford, F. Haber, and R. L. Rossignol, Über die technische Darstellung von Ammoniak aus den Elementen, Zeitschrift Für Elektrochemie Und Angewandte Physikalische Chemie, vol.8, pp.53-72, 1913.

P. J. Hanson, N. T. Edwards, C. T. Garten, and J. A. Andrews, Separating root and soil microbial contributions to soil respiration: A review of methods and observations, Biogeochemistry, vol.48, pp.115-146, 2000.

P. Hari and P. Nöjd, The effect of temperature and PAR on the annual photosynthetic production of Scots pine in northern Finland during 1906-2002, Boreal Environment Research, vol.14, pp.5-18, 2009.

J. L. Hatfield and J. H. Prueger, Temperature extremes: Effect on plant growth and development. Weather and Climate Extremes, USDA Research and Programs on Extreme Events, vol.10, pp.4-10, 2015.

D. C. Hayes, Seasonal nitrogen translocation in big bluestem during drought conditions, Journal of Range Management, vol.38, pp.406-410, 1985.

J. Hébert, La fumure azotée du blé d'hiver, Bull. Tech. Inform. Min. Agric, vol.244, pp.755-766, 1969.

M. Heimann and M. Reichstein, Terrestrial ecosystem carbon dynamics and climate feedbacks, Nature, vol.451, pp.289-292, 2008.

P. Hinsinger, A. G. Bengough, D. Vetterlein, and I. M. Young, Rhizosphere: biophysics, biogeochemistry and ecological relevance, Plant and Soil, vol.321, pp.117-152, 2009.

P. Hinsinger, E. Betencourt, L. Bernard, A. Brauman, C. Plassard et al., P for two, sharing a scarce resource: Soil phosphorus acquisition in the rhizosphere of intercropped species, Plant Physiology, vol.156, pp.1078-1086, 2011.

V. Houlès, B. Mary, M. Guérif, D. Makowski, and E. Justes, Evaluation of the ability of the crop model STICS to recommend nitrogen fertilisation rates according to agroenvironmental criteria, Agronomie, vol.24, pp.339-349, 2004.

D. H. Hubbell, Extension of symbiotic biological nitrogen fixation technology in developing countries, Fertilizer Research, vol.42, pp.231-239, 1995.

C. Huo, Y. Luo, and W. Cheng, Rhizosphere priming effect: A meta-analysis, Soil Biology and Biochemistry, vol.111, pp.78-84, 2017.

C. Huyghe, Place des prairies dans les territoires français : regard historique, Fourrages, vol.189, pp.3-18, 2007.

, Climate change 2014: Synthesis report. Contribution of working groups I, II and III to the fifth assessment report of the intergovernmental panel on climate change [Core Writing Team, IPCC, 2014.

S. Geneva,

, Global warming of 1.5 °C: Summary for policymakers, IPCC, 2018.

C. H. Jaeger, R. K. Monson, M. C. Fisk, and S. K. Schmidt, Seasonal partitioning of nitrogen by plants and soil microorganisms in an alpine ecosystem, Ecology, vol.80, pp.1883-1891, 1999.

S. Jeffery, C. Gardi, and A. Jones, Joint Research Centre, Institute for Environment and Sustainability, Publications Office, 2013.

D. S. Jenkinson, J. M. Potts, J. N. Perry, V. Barnett, K. Coleman et al., Trends in herbage yields over the last century on the Rothamsted Long-term Continuous Hay Experiment, The Journal of Agricultural Science, vol.122, pp.365-374, 1994.

D. .. Jennings and G. Lysek, Fungal biology: understanding the fungal lifestyle, 1996.

B. Jensen, Rhizodeposition by 14CO2-pulse-labelled spring barley grown in small field plots on sandy loam, Soil Biology and Biochemistry, vol.25, issue.93, pp.90010-90019, 1993.

D. L. Jones and P. Hinsinger, The rhizosphere: complex by design, Plant and Soil, vol.312, pp.1-6, 2008.

D. L. Jones, A. Hodge, and Y. Kuzyakov, Plant and mycorrhizal regulation of rhizodeposition, New Phytologist, vol.163, pp.459-480, 2004.

D. L. Jones, C. Nguyen, and R. D. Finlay, Carbon flow in the rhizosphere: carbon trading at the soil-root interface, Plant and Soil, vol.321, pp.5-33, 2009.

E. Justes, B. Mary, J. Meynard, J. Machet, and L. Thelier-huche, Determination of a Critical Nitrogen Dilution Curve for Winter Wheat Crops, Annals of Botany, vol.74, pp.397-407, 1994.

M. Keiluweit, J. J. Bougoure, P. S. Nico, J. Pett-ridge, P. K. Weber et al., Mineral protection of soil carbon counteracted by root exudates, Nature Climate Change, vol.5, pp.588-595, 2015.

H. Keith, J. M. Oades, and J. K. Martin, Input of carbon to soil from wheat plants, Soil Biology and Biochemistry, vol.18, issue.86, pp.90051-90060, 1986.

D. A. Kirizii, N. A. Vorobei, &. Kots, and S. Y. , Relationships between nitrogen fixation and photosynthesis as the main components of the productivity in alfalfa, Russian Journal of Plant Physiology, vol.54, pp.589-594, 2007.

M. U. Kirschbaum, Will changes in soil organic carbon act as a positive or negative feedback on global warming?, Biogeochemistry, vol.48, pp.21-51, 2000.

M. Kleber and M. G. Johnson, Chapter 3 -Advances in understanding the molecular structure of soil organic matter: Implications for interactions in the environment, Advances in Agronomy, pp.77-142, 2010.

A. N. Kravchenko and A. K. Guber, Soil pores and their contributions to soil carbon processes, Geoderma, STRUCTURE AND FUNCTION OF SOIL AND SOIL COVER IN A CHANGING WORLD: CHARACTERIZATION AND SCALING, vol.287, pp.31-39, 2017.

E. S. Krull, J. A. Baldock, and J. O. Skjemstad, Importance of mechanisms and processes of the stabilisation of soil organic matter for modelling carbon turnover, Functional Plant Biology, vol.30, pp.207-222, 2003.

A. Kumar, Y. Kuzyakov, and J. Pausch, Maize rhizosphere priming: field estimates using 13C natural abundance, Plant and Soil, vol.409, pp.87-97, 2016.

Y. Kuzyakov, Review: Factors affecting rhizosphere priming effects, Journal of Plant Nutrition and Soil Science, vol.165, pp.382-396, 2002.

Y. Kuzyakov, Sources of CO2 efflux from soil and review of partitioning methods, Soil Biology and Biochemistry, vol.38, pp.425-448, 2006.

Y. Kuzyakov, Priming effects: Interactions between living and dead organic matter, Soil Biology and Biochemistry, vol.42, pp.1363-1371, 2010.

Y. Kuzyakov and W. Cheng, Photosynthesis controls of rhizosphere respiration and organic matter decomposition, Soil Biology and Biochemistry, vol.33, pp.1915-1925, 2001.

Y. Kuzyakov and W. Cheng, Photosynthesis controls of CO2 efflux from maize rhizosphere, Plant and Soil, vol.263, pp.85-99, 2004.

Y. V. Kuzyakov, Tracer studies of carbon translocation by plants from the atmosphere into the soil (a review), Eurasian Soil Science, vol.34, pp.28-42, 2001.

R. Lal, Soil carbon sequestration to mitigate climate change, Geoderma, vol.123, pp.1-22, 2004.

R. Lal, Beyond COP 21: Potential and challenges of the '4 per Thousand' initiative, Journal of Soil and Water Conservation, vol.71, pp.20-25, 2016.

R. Lal, Beyond COP 21: Potential and challenges of the "4 per Thousand" initiative, Journal of Soil and Water Conservation, vol.71, pp.20-25, 2016.

P. Lavelle, C. Lattaud, D. Trigo, and I. Barois, Mutualism and biodiversity in soils, Plant and Soil, vol.170, pp.23-33, 1995.

P. Lavelle and A. Spain, Soil Ecology, 2001.
URL : https://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/bioemco-00455666

S. F. Ledgard, J. Luo, and R. M. Monaghan, Managing mineral N leaching in grassland systems, Grassland Productivity and Ecosystem Services. CABI, Wallingford, pp.83-91, 2011.

G. Lemaire and B. Nicolardot, Maîtrise de l'azote dans les agrosystèmes, pp.19-20, 1997.

L. Li, D. Tilman, H. Lambers, and F. Zhang, Plant diversity and overyielding: insights from belowground facilitation of intercropping in agriculture, New Phytologist, vol.203, pp.63-69, 2014.

X. A. Liu, J. Sun, R. L. Mau, B. K. Finley, Z. G. Compson et al., Labile carbon input determines the direction and magnitude of the priming effect, Applied Soil Ecology, vol.109, pp.7-13, 2017.

J. Lloyd and J. A. Taylor, On the temperature dependence of soil respiration, Functional Ecology, vol.8, pp.315-323, 1994.

F. Löhnis, Nitrogen availability of green manures, Soil Science, vol.22, p.253, 1926.

K. Lorenz and R. Lal, Agricultural land use and the global carbon cycle, in: Carbon Sequestration in Agricultural Ecosystems, pp.1-37, 2018.

K. Lorenz and R. Lal, Carbon sequestration in grassland soils, in: Carbon Sequestration in Agricultural Ecosystems, pp.175-209, 2018.

K. Lorenz and R. Lal, Carbon sequestration in cropland soils, in: Carbon Sequestration in Agricultural Ecosystems, pp.137-173, 2018.

K. Lorenz and R. Lal, Soil Carbon Stock, in: Carbon Sequestration in Agricultural Ecosystems, pp.39-136, 2018.

B. Loubet, P. Laville, S. Lehuger, E. Larmanou, C. Fléchard et al.,

S. Masson, O. Fanucci, J. Rampon, J. Siemens, R. Kindler et al., Carbon, nitrogen and Greenhouse gases budgets over a four years crop rotation in northern France, Plant and Soil, vol.343, 2011.
URL : https://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/hal-01000149

J. M. Lynch and L. M. Panting, Variations in the size of the soil biomass, Soil Biology and Biochemistry, vol.12, 1980.

M. ,

R. Macarthur and R. Levins, The Limiting Similarity, Convergence, and Divergence of Coexisting Species, The American Naturalist, vol.101, pp.377-385, 1967.

E. Malézieux, Y. Crozat, C. Dupraz, M. Laurans, D. Makowski et al., Mixing plant species in cropping systems: concepts, tools and models. A review, Agronomy for Sustainable Development, vol.29, pp.43-62, 2009.

R. J. Manlay, C. Feller, and M. J. Swift, Historical evolution of soil organic matter concepts and their relationships with the fertility and sustainability of cropping systems, Ecosystems & Environment, vol.119, pp.217-233, 2007.
URL : https://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/hal-01419614

A. Mariotti, Quelques réflexions sur le cycle biogéochimique de l'azote dans les agrosystèmes, Maîtrise de l'azote dans les agrosystèmes. Editions Quae, 1997.

B. Mary, S. Recous, and D. Robin, A model for calculating nitrogen fluxes in soil using 15N tracing, Soil Biology and Biochemistry, vol.30, pp.68-74, 1998.

P. A. Matson, W. J. Parton, A. G. Power, and M. J. Swift, Agricultural Intensification and Ecosystem Properties, Science, vol.277, pp.504-509, 1997.

, Ecosystems and human well-being: synthesis, MEA, 2005.

D. Meziane and B. Shipley, Direct and Indirect Relationships Between Specific Leaf Area, Leaf Nitrogen and Leaf Gas Exchange. Effects of Irradiance and Nutrient Supply, Annals of Botany, vol.88, pp.915-927, 2001.

D. N. Moss, The Limiting Carbon Dioxide Concentration for Photosynthesis, Nature, vol.193, p.587, 1962.

R. J. Myers, C. A. Palm, E. Cuevas, I. U. Gunatilleke, and M. Brossard, The synchronisation of nutrient mineralisation and plant nutrient demand, pp.81-116, 1994.

A. D. Neergaard and J. Magid, Influence of the rhizosphere on microbial biomass and recently formed organic matter, European Journal of Soil Science, vol.52, pp.377-384, 2001.

C. Nguyen, Rhizodeposition of organic C by plants: mechanisms and controls, Agronomie, vol.23, pp.375-396, 2003.
URL : https://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/hal-00886190

R. J. Nicholls and A. Cazenave, Sea-Level Rise and Its Impact on Coastal Zones, Science, vol.328, pp.1517-1520, 2010.
URL : https://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/hal-00991281

V. A. O-orchard and F. J. Cook, Relationship between soil respiration and soil moisture, Soil Biology and Biochemistry, vol.15, pp.447-453, 1983.

E. A. Paul, The nature and dynamics of soil organic matter: Plant inputs, microbial transformations, and organic matter stabilization, Soil Biology and Biochemistry, vol.98, pp.109-126, 2016.

E. A. Paul and F. Clark, Soil Microbiology and Biochemistry, 1989.

J. Pausch and Y. Kuzyakov, Carbon input by roots into the soil: Quantification of rhizodeposition from root to ecosystem scale, Global Change Biology, vol.24, pp.1-12, 2018.

J. Pausch, B. Zhu, Y. Kuzyakov, and W. Cheng, Plant inter-species effects on rhizosphere priming of soil organic matter decomposition, Soil Biology and Biochemistry, vol.57, pp.91-99, 2013.

K. Paustian, E. Levine, W. M. Post, and I. M. Ryzhova, The use of models to integrate information and understanding of soil C at the regional scale, Geoderma, vol.79, pp.227-260, 1997.

R. B. Pearce, R. H. Brown, and R. E. Blaser, Relationships between Leaf Area Index, Light Interception and Net Photosynthesis in Orchardgrass 1, Crop Science, vol.5, pp.553-556, 1965.

N. Perveen, S. Barot, G. Alvarez, K. Klumpp, R. Martin et al., Priming effect and microbial diversity in ecosystem functioning and response to global change: a modeling approach using the SYMPHONY model, 2014.
URL : https://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/hal-00914045

, Global Change Biology, vol.20

B. J. Peterson and B. Fry, Stable isotopes in ecosystem studies, Annual Review of Ecology and Systematics, vol.18, pp.293-320, 1987.

E. R. Pianka, On r-and K-Selection, The American Naturalist, vol.104, pp.592-597, 1970.

D. Pimentel, D. Cerasale, R. C. Stanley, R. Perlman, E. M. Newman et al., Annual vs. perennial grain production. Agriculture, Ecosystems & Environment, vol.161, pp.1-9, 2012.

S. Plantureux, E. Pottier, and P. Carrère, La prairie permanente : nouveaux enjeux, nouvelles définitions ? Fourrages, pp.181-193, 2012.

D. Plaza-bonilla, J. Nolot, D. Raffaillac, and E. Justes, Cover crops mitigate nitrate leaching in cropping systems including grain legumes: Field evidence and model simulations, Ecosystems & Environment, vol.212, pp.1-12, 2015.

D. Plaza-bonilla, J. Nolot, D. Raffaillac, and E. Justes, Innovative cropping systems to reduce N inputs and maintain wheat yields by inserting grain legumes and cover crops in southwestern France, European Journal of Agronomy, vol.82, pp.331-341, 2017.
URL : https://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/hal-01602564

N. Ramankutty, A. T. Evan, C. Monfreda, and J. A. Foley, Farming the planet: 1. Geographic distribution of global agricultural lands in the year 2000: Global agricultural lands in 2000, Global Biogeochemical Cycles, vol.22, pp.1-19, 2008.

S. Recous, G. Lashermes, and I. Bertrand, Couplages et contrôles des cycles du carbone et de l'azote par les communautés microbiennes dans les sols cultivés, Les Sols et La Vie Souterraine: Des Enjeux Majeurs En Agroécologie, Synthèses (Quae). Editions Quae, p.328, 2017.

S. Recous, D. Robin, D. Darwis, and B. Mary, Soil inorganic N availability: Effect on maize residue decomposition, Soil Biology and Biochemistry, vol.27, pp.1529-1538, 1995.

P. B. Reich and S. E. Hobbie, Decade-long soil nitrogen constraint on the CO2 fertilization of plant biomass, Nature Climate Change, vol.3, pp.278-282, 2013.

P. B. Reich, S. E. Hobbie, T. Lee, D. S. Ellsworth, J. B. West et al., Nitrogen limitation constrains sustainability of ecosystem response to CO2, Nature, vol.440, pp.922-925, 2006.

M. Reichstein, E. Falge, D. Baldocchi, D. Papale, M. Aubinet et al.,

J. Tenhunen, G. Seufert, F. Vaccari, T. Vesala, D. Yakir et al., On the separation of net ecosystem exchange into assimilation and ecosystem respiration: review and improved algorithm, Global Change Biology, vol.11, pp.1424-1439, 2005.

J. C. Rémy, Pas de recettes passe-partout pour la fertilisation du blé. Fermes Modernes n° spécial 'Le blé: céréale d'avenir, pp.89-96, 1974.

S. J. Richardson, D. A. Peltzer, R. B. Allen, M. S. Mcglone, and R. L. Parfitt, Rapid development of phosphorus limitation in temperate rainforest along the Franz Josef soil chronosequence, Oecologia, vol.139, pp.267-276, 2004.

J. Rockström, W. Steffen, K. Noone, Å. Persson, F. S. Chapin et al.,

D. Liverman, K. Richardson, P. Crutzen, and J. A. Foley, A safe operating space for humanity, Nature, vol.461, pp.472-475, 2009.

B. Saugier, J. Roy, and H. A. Mooney, 23 -Estimations of Global Terrestrial Productivity: Converging toward a Single Number?, Terrestrial Global Productivity, Physiological Ecology, pp.543-557, 2001.

P. L. Scheinost, D. L. Lammer, X. Cai, T. D. Murray, and S. S. Jones, Perennial wheat: The development of a sustainable cropping system for the, American Journal of Alternative Agriculture, vol.16, pp.147-151, 2001.

S. K. Schmidt, E. K. Costello, D. R. Nemergut, C. C. Cleveland, S. C. Reed et al., BIOGEOCHEMICAL CONSEQUENCES OF RAPID MICROBIAL TURNOVER AND SEASONAL SUCCESSION IN SOIL. Ecology, vol.88, pp.1379-1385, 2007.

M. K. Schneider, A. Lüscher, M. Richter, U. Aeschlimann, U. A. Hartwig et al., Ten years of free-air CO 2 enrichment altered the mobilization of N from soil in Lolium perenne L. swards, Global Change Biology, vol.10, pp.1377-1388, 2004.

E. Schulze, R. H. Robichaux, J. Grace, P. W. Rundel, and J. R. Ehleringer, Plant Water BalanceIn diverse habitats, where water often is scarce, plants display a variety of mechanisms for managing this essential resource, BioScience, vol.37, pp.30-37, 1987.

T. Shahzad, Role of plant rhizosphere across multiple species, grassland management and temperature on microbial communities and long term soil organic matter dynamics, 2012.
URL : https://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/pastel-00772440

T. Shahzad, M. I. Rashid, V. Maire, S. Barot, N. Perveen et al., Root penetration in deep soil layers stimulates mineralization of millennia-old organic carbon, Soil Biology and Biochemistry, vol.124, pp.150-160, 2018.
URL : https://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/hal-01818258

V. Smil, Nitrogen in crop production: An account of global flows, Global Biogeochemical Cycles, vol.13, pp.647-662, 1999.

V. H. Smith, Eutrophication of freshwater and coastal marine ecosystems a global problem, Environmental Science and Pollution Research, vol.10, pp.126-139, 2003.

S. Snapp, Principles and practice, pp.33-72, 2017.

W. Steffen, K. Richardson, J. Rockstrom, S. E. Cornell, I. Fetzer et al., Planetary boundaries: Guiding human development on a changing planet, Science, vol.347, pp.1259855-1259855, 2015.

R. .. Sterner and J. Elser, Ecological stoichiometry: The biology of elements from molecules to the biosphere, 2002.

Z. Sun, Q. Chen, X. Han, R. Bol, B. Qu et al., Allocation of photosynthesized carbon in an intensively farmed winter wheat-soil system as revealed by 14 CO 2 pulse labelling, Scientific Reports, vol.8, p.3160, 2018.

M. J. Swift, O. .. Heal, and J. Anderson, Decomposition in terrestrial ecosystems, Blackwell Scientific Publications, 1979.

X. Tang, L. Bernard, A. Brauman, T. Daufresne, P. Deleporte et al., Increase in microbial biomass and phosphorus availability in the rhizosphere of intercropped cereal and legumes under field conditions, Soil Biology and Biochemistry, vol.75, pp.86-93, 2014.
URL : https://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/hal-01268608

A. Thurgood, B. Singh, E. Jones, and M. M. Barbour, Temperature sensitivity of soil and root respiration in contrasting soils, Plant and Soil, vol.382, pp.253-267, 2014.

D. Tilman, K. G. Cassman, P. A. Matson, R. Naylor, and S. Polasky, Agricultural sustainability and intensive production practices, Nature, vol.418, pp.671-677, 2002.

D. Tilman, J. Fargione, B. Wolff, C. D'antonio, A. Dobson et al., Forecasting agriculturally driven global environmental change, Science, vol.292, pp.281-284, 2001.

N. E. Tolbert, C. Benker, and E. Beck, The oxygen and carbon dioxide compensation points of C3 plants: possible role in regulating atmospheric oxygen, Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, vol.92, pp.11230-11233, 1995.

J. Trap, M. Bonkowski, C. Plassard, C. Villenave, and E. Blanchart, Ecological importance of soil bacterivores for ecosystem functions, Plant and Soil, vol.398, pp.1-24, 2016.
URL : https://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/hal-01214705

Z. Tuba, Z. Csintalan, K. Szente, Z. Nagy, G. Fekete et al., Winter photosynthetic activity of twenty temperate semi-desert sand grassland species, Journal of Plant Physiology, vol.165, pp.4420-4429, 2008.

E. D. Vance, P. C. Brookes, and D. S. Jenkinson, An extraction method for measuring soil microbial biomass C, Soil Biology and Biochemistry, vol.19, pp.90052-90058, 1987.

R. T. Venterea, A. D. Halvorson, N. Kitchen, M. A. Liebig, M. A. Cavigelli et al., Challenges and opportunities for mitigating nitrous oxide emissions from fertilized cropping systems, Frontiers in Ecology and the Environment, vol.10, 2012.

F. Vertès and M. L. Decau, Suivis d'azote minéral dans les sols: risque de lessivage de nitrate selon le couvert végétal, pp.11-28, 1992.

M. Vestergård, S. Reinsch, P. Bengtson, P. Ambus, and S. Christensen, Enhanced priming of old, not new soil carbon at elevated atmospheric CO2, Soil Biology and Biochemistry, vol.100, pp.140-148, 2016.

P. M. Vitousek, J. Aber, R. W. Howarth, G. E. Likens, P. A. Matson et al., Human alteration of the global nitrogen cycle : Causes and consequences, 1997.

P. M. Vitousek and R. W. Howarth, Nitrogen limitation on land and in the sea: How can it occur?, Biogeochemistry, vol.13, pp.87-115, 1991.

P. Wagoner, Perennial grain development: Past efforts and potential for the future, Critical Reviews in Plant Sciences, vol.9, pp.381-408, 1990.

X. Wang, C. Tang, J. Severi, C. R. Butterly, and J. A. Baldock, Rhizosphere priming effect on soil organic carbon decomposition under plant species differing in soil acidification and root exudation, New Phytologist, vol.211, pp.864-873, 2016.

A. Wingler and D. Hennessy, Limitation of Grassland Productivity by Low Temperature and Seasonality of Growth, Frontiers in Plant Science, vol.7, 2016.

M. Wissuwa, How do plants achieve tolerance to phosphorus deficiency? Small causes with big effects, Plant Physiology, vol.133, pp.1947-1958, 2003.

X. ,

Z. Z. Xu and G. S. Zhou, Combined effects of water stress and high temperature on photosynthesis, nitrogen metabolism and lipid peroxidation of a perennial grass Leymus chinensis, Planta, vol.224, pp.1080-1090, 2006.

I. M. Young and J. W. Crawford, Interactions and self-organization in the soil-microbe complex, Science, vol.304, pp.1634-1637, 2004.

F. Zhang, Q. Quan, B. Song, J. Sun, Y. Chen et al., Net primary productivity and its partitioning in response to precipitation gradient in an alpine meadow, Scientific Reports, vol.7, p.15193, 2017.

B. Zhu and W. Cheng, Nodulated soybean enhances rhizosphere priming effects on soil organic matter decomposition more than non-nodulated soybean, Soil Biology and Biochemistry, vol.51, pp.56-65, 2012.

, The delta between the potential of gross N mineralization and immobilization (delta MIT) was calculated to estimate the soil offer, considering that the delta MIT increases when the soil N offer increases. The RPE was also measured over the year as an indicator of SOM destruction, N sequestration in SOM through the favor of immobilization fluxes in comparison to mineralization fluxes

, Figure 1 : Diagram of the bank mechanism theory adapted for high plant nitrogen (N) demand

P. , Bold arrows stand for high intensity of the process or the compartment associated, 2011.

, PART 2: Intercropping grass with legumes under elevated CO2 provide higher plant

. Chabbi, In a context of changing world, policies and current studies would want to limit the increase of atmospheric CO2 concentration by using soil as a carbon sink, 2016.

C. Carney, 2016) leading to a positive feedback of soil to climate change (Heimann and Reichstein, 2007.

. Hungate, Indeed, through their rhizodeposits and especially root exudation, plants accelerate soil organic matter (SOM) decomposition by stimulating microorganism activities; a phenomenon called 'rhizosphere priming effect, Under eCO2, most of the studies agreed that plant photosynthetic activity is stimulated, 1994.

, Four aboveground cuts were made during the experiment

, The eCO2 increased significantly the annual GPP of grass-legume intercrop but not of grass monocrop (Fig. 5A). More specifically, in grass monocrop, eCO2 had a significant positive effect on GPP from, Annual GPP was significantly higher in grass-legume intercrop than in grass monocrop, 2016.

, The aboveground biomass of the grass-intercrop and grass monocrop were similar until the cut of May (Fig. 5B). Then, we observed a decrease of grass monocrop production (Fig. 5B)

, The aboveground biomass of grass monocrop in eCO2 was similar to the ambient, while the aboveground biomass was higher in eCO2 for the grass-legume intercrop (Fig. 5B)

R. Carney, K. M. Hungate, B. A. Drake, B. G. Megonigal, and J. P. , Altered soil microbial community at elevated CO2 leads to loss of soil carbon, Root biomass was higher in eCO2 than ambient for the two treatments (Fig. 5C), vol.104, pp.4990-4995, 2007.

W. Cheng, Rhizosphere feedbacks in elevated CO2, Tree Physiology, vol.19, pp.313-320, 1999.

S. Fontaine, G. Bardoux, L. Abbadie, and A. Mariotti, Carbon input to soil may decrease soil carbon content: Carbon input in soil carbon sequestration, Ecology Letters, vol.7, pp.314-320, 2004.

S. Fontaine, C. Henault, A. Aamor, N. Bdioui, J. M. Bloor et al.,

S. Revaillot and P. A. Maron, Fungi mediate long term sequestration of carbon and nitrogen in soil through their priming effect, Soil Biology and Biochemistry, vol.43, pp.86-96, 2011.

M. Heimann and M. Reichstein, Terrestrial ecosystem carbon dynamics and climate feedbacks, Nature, vol.451, pp.289-292, 2008.
DOI : 10.1038/nature06591
URL : https://www.nature.com/articles/nature06591.pdf

, Annexes

B. A. Hungate, E. A. Holland, R. B. Jackson, F. S. Iii, H. A. Mooney et al., The fate of carbon in grasslands under carbon dioxide enrichment, Nature, vol.388, pp.576-579, 1997.

Y. Kuzyakov, Review: Factors affecting rhizosphere priming effects, Journal of Plant Nutrition and Soil Science, vol.165, pp.382-396, 2002.
DOI : 10.1002/1522-2624(200208)165:4<382::aid-jpln382>3.0.co;2-#

R. Lal, Beyond COP 21: Potential and challenges of the "4 per Thousand" initiative, Journal of Soil and Water Conservation, vol.71, pp.20-25, 2016.

B. Mary, S. Recous, and D. Robin, A model for calculating nitrogen fluxes in soil using 15N tracing, Soil Biology and Biochemistry, vol.30, pp.1963-1979, 1998.

C. Nguyen, Rhizodeposition of organic C by plants: mechanisms and controls, 2003.
URL : https://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/hal-00886190

, Agronomie, vol.23, pp.375-396

J. Pausch and Y. Kuzyakov, Carbon input by roots into the soil: Quantification of rhizodeposition from root to ecosystem scale, Global Change Biology, vol.24, pp.1-12, 2018.

N. Perveen, S. Barot, G. Alvarez, K. Klumpp, R. Martin et al.,

S. Recous, D. Robin, D. Darwis, and B. Mary, Soil inorganic N availability: Effect on maize residue decomposition, Soil Biology and Biochemistry, vol.27, pp.1529-1538, 1995.

K. J. Van-groenigen, C. W. Osenberg, C. Terrer, Y. Carrillo, F. A. Dijkstra et al., Faster turnover of new soil carbon inputs under increased atmospheric CO 2, Global Change Biology, vol.23, pp.4420-4429, 2017.