C. D. References-allen, A. K. Macalady, and . Chenchouni, «A global overview of drought and heat-induced tree mortality reveals emerging climate change risks for forests, For. Ecol. Manag, vol.259, pp.660-684, 2010.

A. Al-yassin, S. Grando, O. Kafawin, A. Tell, and S. Ceccarelli, « Heritability Estimates in Contrasting Environments as Influenced by the Adaptation Level of Barley Germ Plasm, Annals of Applied Biology, vol.147, issue.3, pp.235-279, 2005.

T. S. Anekonda, M. C. Lomas, W. T. Adams, K. L. Kavanagh, and S. N. Aitken, « Genetic variation in drought hardiness of coastal Douglas-fir seedlings from British Columbia», Can. J. For. Res, vol.32, pp.1701-1716, 2002.

J. T. Anderson, M. R. Wagner, C. A. Rushworth, K. V. Prasad, and T. Mitchell-olds, « The Evolution of Quantitative Traits in Complex Environments, Heredity, vol.112, issue.1, pp.4-12, 2014.

J. Beaulieu, S. Y. Zhang, Q. Yu, and A. Rainville, « Comparison between genetic and environmental influences on lumber bending properties in young white spruce, Wood and fiber science, vol.38, issue.3, p.553, 2006.

J. C. Bastien, B. Roman-amat, and G. Vognet, Natural variability of some wood quality traits of Coastal Douglas-fir in a French progeny test: implications on breeding strategies, Proceedings IUFRO Working Party on Breeding Strategies for Douglas -fir as an introduced species, vol.21, pp.169-186, 1985.

B. M. Bolker, M. E. Brooks, C. J. Clark, S. W. Geange, J. R. Poulsen et al., «Generalized linear mixed models: a practical guide for ecology and evolution, Trends in ecology & evolution, vol.24, issue.3, pp.127-135, 2009.

M. Cailleret, M. Nourtier, A. Amm, M. Durand-gillmann, and H. Davi, « Drought-induced decline and mortality of silver fir differ among three sites in Southern France, Annals of Forest Science, vol.71, issue.6, pp.643-657, 2014.

J. Carnicer, M. Coll, M. Ninyerola, X. Pons, G. Sánchez et al., «Widespread crown condition decline, food web disruption, and amplified tree mortality with increased climate change-type drought, PNAS, vol.108, issue.4, pp.1474-1478, 2011.

A. Charmantier and D. Garant, « Environmental Quality and Evolutionary Potential: Lessons from Wild Populations, Proceedings of the Royal Society of London B: Biological Sciences, vol.272, pp.1415-1440, 1571.

M. L. Cherry, V. Vikram, D. Briggs, D. W. Cress, and G. T. Howe, « Genetic variation in direct and indirect measures of wood stiffness in coastal Douglas-fir», Can J For Res, vol.38, pp.2476-286, 2008.

R. R. Corbeil and S. R. Searle, « Restricted maximum likelihood (REML) estimation of variance components in the mixed model, Technometrics, vol.18, pp.31-38, 1976.

J. Cornelius, « Heritabilities and additive genetic coefficients of variation in forest trees », Can. J. For. Res, vol.24, issue.2, pp.372-379, 1994.

D. J. Cown, «Densitometric studies on the wood of Young coastal Douglas-fir (Pteudotsuga menziesii (Mirb.) Franco) », 1976.

B. M. Cregg, « Improving Drought Tolerance of Trees: Theoretical and practical considerations», Acta Horticulturae, vol.630, pp.147-158, 2004.

A. Dai, « Increasing drought under global warming in observations and models », Nature Climate Change, vol.3, pp.52-58, 2013.

G. Dalla-salda, A. Martinez-meier, H. Cochard, and P. Rozenberg, « Variation of Wood Density and Hydraulic Properties of Douglas-Fir ( Pseudotsuga Menziesii (Mirb.) Franco) Clones Related to a Heat and Drought Wave in France, » Forest Ecology and Management, vol.257, issue.1, 2009.

G. Dalla-salda, A. Martinez-meier, H. Cochard, and P. Rozenberg, « Genetic Variation of Xylem Hydraulic Properties Shows That Wood Density Is Involved in Adaptation to Drought in Douglas-Fir (Pseudotsuga menziesii (Mirb.)). », Annals of Forest Science, vol.68, issue.4, 2011.

M. J. Dieters, T. L. White, R. C. Littell, and G. R. Hodge, « Application of approximative variances of variance components and their ratios in genetic tests, » Theoretical and Applied Genetics, vol.91, pp.15-24, 1995.

J. C. Domec and B. L. Gartner, « How do water transport and water storage differ in coniferous earlywood and latewood?, J. Exp. Bot, vol.53, issue.379, pp.2369-2379, 2002.

B. Eilmann and A. Rigling, «Tree-growth analyses to estimate tree species' drought tolerance, Tree Physiology, vol.32, pp.178-187, 2012.

. Eilmann, S. M. Britta, J. De-vries, . Den-ouden, M. J. Godefridus et al., « Origin matters! Difference in drought tolerance and productivity of coastal Douglas-fir (Pseudotsuga menziesii (Mirb.)) provenances », Forest Ecology and Management, vol.302, pp.133-143, 2013.

E. Marguerit, L. Bouffier, E. Chancerel, P. Costa, F. Lagane et al., « The Genetics of Water-Use Efficiency and Its Relation to Growth in Maritime Pine », Journal of Experimental Botany, vol.65, issue.17, pp.4757-68, 2014.

A. Martinez-meier, L. Sanchez, M. Pastorino, L. Gallo, and P. Rozenberg, « What Is Hot in Tree Rings? The Wood Density of Surviving Douglas-Firs to the 2003 Drought and Heat Wave, » Forest Ecology and Management, vol.256, issue.4, 2008.

A. Martinez-meier, L. Sanchez, G. Dalla-salda, M. J. Pastorino, J. Y. Gautry et al., « Genetic control of the tree-ring response of Douglas-fir (Pseudotsuga menziesii (Mirb.) Franco) to the 2003 drought and heat-wave in France, Ann. For. Sci, vol.65, p.102, 2008.

A. C. Mcdonald, N. M. Borralho, and B. M. Potts, « Genetic Variation for Growth and Wood Density in Eucalyptus Globulus Ssp, Globulus in Tasmania (Australia), vol.46, pp.236-277, 1997.

R. Mohammadi, M. Roustaii, R. Haghparast, E. Roohi, K. Solimani et al., « Genotype × Environment Interactions for Grain Yield in Rainfed Winter Wheat Multi-Environment Trials in Iran », Agronomy Journal, vol.102, issue.5, p.1500, 2010.

T. A. Mousseau and D. A. Roff, « Heredity -Abstract of article: Natural selection and the heritability of fitness components, Heredity, vol.59, issue.2, pp.181-97, 1987.

J. W. Nicholls, « Preliminary observations on the change with age of the heritability of certain wood characteristics in Pinus radiata clones, Silvae Genet, vol.16, pp.18-20, 1965.

H. D. Patterson and R. Thompson, «Recovery of inter-block information when block sizes are unequal, Biometrika, vol.58, pp.545-554, 1971.

H. Polge, « Fifteen years of wood radiation densitometry, Wood Science and Technology, vol.12, issue.3, pp.187-196, 1978.

. R-core-team, R: A language and environment for statistical computing. R Foundation for Statistical Computing, 2015.

B. Ratcliffe, F. Hart, J. Kláp?t?, B. Jaquish, S. D. Mansfield et al., Genetics of wood quality attributes in Western Larch, vol.71, pp.415-424, 2014.
URL : https://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/hal-01101541

S. Rosner, J. Svetlik, K. Andreassen, I. Børja, L. Dalsgaard et al., « Wood density as a screening trait for drought sensitivity in Norway spruce», Can J For Res, vol.44, issue.2, pp.154-161, 2014.

P. H. Rozenberg and C. H. Cahalan, «Spruce and wood quality: Genetic aspects.(A review), » Silvae Genetica, vol.46, issue.5, pp.270-279, 1997.

P. Rozenberg, A. Franc, C. Mamdy, J. Launay, N. Schermann et al., «Genetic control of stiffness of standing Douglas fir; from the standing stem to the standardised wood sample, relationships between modulus of elasticity and wood density parameters, Annals of Forest Science, vol.56, issue.2, pp.145-154, 1999.

M. Ruiz-diaz-britez, A. Sergent, A. M. Meier, N. Bréda, and P. Rozenberg, « Wood Density Proxies of Adaptive Traits Linked with Resistance to Drought in Douglas Fir, Pseudotsuga Menziesii (Mirb.) Franco) ». Trees, pp.1-16, 2014.

A. Sergent, N. Bréda, L. Sanchez, J. Bastein, and P. Rozenberg, Coastal and Interior Douglas-Fir Provenances Differ in Growth Performance and Response to Drought Episodes at Adult Age », Annals of Forest Science, juin, pp.1-12, 2014.
URL : https://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/hal-01102703

A. Sergent, P. Rozenberg, and N. Bréda, « Douglas-Fir Is Vulnerable to Exceptional and Recurrent Drought Episodes and Recovers Less Well on Less Fertile Sites, Annals of Forest Science, pp.1-12, 2012.

F. H. Sinclair, G. N. Stone, J. A. Nicholls, S. Cavers, M. Gibbs et al., Impacts of local adaptation of forest trees on associations with herbivorous insects: implications for adaptive forest management, Evolutionary Applications, vol.8, issue.10, pp.972-987, 2015.
URL : https://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/hal-02635020

J. B. St-clair, «Genetic variation in tree structure and its relation to size in Douglas-fir. I. Biomass partitioning, foliage efficiency, stem form and wood density», Can J For Res, vol.24, pp.122-1235, 1994.

J. B. St-clair and G. Howe, «Genetic maladaptation of coastal Douglas-fir seedlings to future climates, Global Change Biology, vol.13, pp.1441-1454, 2007.

A. Steffenrem, H. Kvaalen, O. A. Høibø, Ø. M. Edvardsen, and T. Skrøppa, « Genetic variation of wood quality traits and relationships with growth in Picea abies, Scandinavian Journal of Forest Research, vol.24, pp.15-27, 2009.

U. G. Hacke, J. S. Sperry, W. T. Pockman, S. D. Davis, and K. A. Mcculloh, Trends in wood density and structure are linked to prevention of xylem implosion by negative pressure, Oecologia, vol.126, issue.4, pp.457-461, 2001.

G. R. Hodge and W. S. Dvorak, « Provenance Variation and within-Provenance Genetic Parameters in Eucalyptus Urophylla across 125 Test Sites in Brazil, Tree Genetics & Genomes, vol.11, issue.3, pp.1-18, 2015.

A. A. Hoffmann, J. Merilä, and J. , Heritable variation and evolution under favourable and unfavourable conditions, Trends in Ecology & Evolution, vol.14, issue.3, pp.96-101, 1999.

I. O. Ildikó and C. V. R?dulescu, New Challenges for Agriculture within the Context of Climate Change, Theoretical and Applied Economics, vol.22, issue.4, pp.253-262, 2015.

M. Jamagne, . Éditions, M. Kirschner, J. Et, and . Gerhart, Bases et techniques d´une cartographie des sols, Evolvability. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, vol.18, issue.15, pp.8420-8427, 1967.

S. Korkmaz, D. Goksuluk, and G. Zararsiz, MVN: an R package for assessing multivariate normality, The R Journal, vol.6, issue.2, pp.151-162, 2014.

H. Maherali, W. T. Pockman, and R. B. Jackson, Adaptive variation in the vulnerability of woody plants to xylem cavitation, Ecology, vol.85, issue.8, pp.2184-2199, 2004.

E. Marguerit, L. Bouffier, E. Chancerel, P. Costa, F. Lagane et al., « The Genetics of Water-Use Efficiency and Its Relation to Growth in Maritime Pine », Journal of Experimental Botany, vol.65, issue.17, pp.4757-68, 2014.

A. Martinez-meier, L. Sanchez, M. Pastorino, L. Gallo, and P. Rozenberg, « What Is Hot in Tree Rings? The Wood Density of Surviving Douglas-Firs to the 2003 Drought and Heat Wave, » Forest Ecology and Management, vol.256, issue.4, 2008.

A. C. Mcdonald, N. M. Borralho, and B. M. Potts, « Genetic Variation for Growth and Wood Density in Eucalyptus Globulus Ssp, Globulus in Tasmania (Australia), vol.46, pp.236-277, 1997.

N. G. Mcdowell and C. D. Allen, Darcy's law predicts widespread forest mortality under climate warming, Nature Climate Change, vol.5, issue.7, pp.669-672, 2015.

R. Mohammadi, M. Roustaii, R. Haghparast, E. Roohi, K. Solimani et al., « Genotype × Environment Interactions for Grain Yield in Rainfed Winter Wheat Multi-Environment Trials in Iran », Agronomy Journal, vol.102, issue.5, p.1500, 2010.

J. Noilhan, J. F. Et, and . Mahfouf, The ISBA land surface parameterisation scheme. Global and planetary Change, vol.13, pp.145-159, 1996.

H. Polge, Study of wood density variations by densitometric analysis of X-ray negatives of samples taken with a Pressler auger, IUFRO, Section, p.19, 1965.

M. Ruiz-diaz-britez, A. Sergent, A. M. Meier, N. Bréda, P. Et et al., «Wood Density Proxies of Adaptive Traits Linked with Resistance to Drought in Douglas Fir, Pseudotsuga Menziesii (Mirb.) Franco)». Trees, pp.1-16, 2014.

M. Ruiz-diaz-britez, A. Martinez-meier, S. Marin, V. Segura, L. Sanchez et al., prep) Different density proxies of resistance to drought show variable genetic determinism in Douglas-fir (Pseudotsuga menziesii

, Références bibliographiques

H. D. Adams, M. Guardiola-claramonte, G. A. Barron-gafford, J. C. Villegas, D. D. Breshears et al., Temperature sensitivity of drought-induced tree mortality portends increased regional die-off under global-change-type drought, Proceedings of the national academy of sciences, vol.106, pp.7063-7066, 2009.

H. D. Adams, M. J. Germino, D. D. Breshears, G. A. Barron-gafford, M. Guardiola-claramonte et al., Nonstructural leaf carbohydrate dynamics of Pinus edulis during drought-induced tree mortality reveal role for carbon metabolism in mortality mechanism, New Phytol, vol.197, issue.4, pp.1142-51, 2013.

F. J. Alberto, S. N. Aitken, R. Alía, S. C. González-martínez, H. Hänninen et al., Potential for evolutionary responses to climate change-evidence from tree populations, Global Change Biology, vol.19, issue.6, pp.1645-1661, 2013.
URL : https://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/hal-02651617

C. D. Allen, A. K. Macalady, H. Chenchouni, D. Bachelet, N. Mcdowell et al., A global overview of drought and heat-induced tree mortality reveals emerging climate change risks for forests. Forest ecology and management, vol.259, pp.660-684, 2010.
URL : https://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/hal-00457602

R. .. Alía, R. Chambel, E. Notivol, J. Climent, and S. González-martínez, Environment-dependent microevolution in a Mediterranean pine (Pinus pinaster Aiton), BMC Evolutionary Biology, vol.14, 0200.

A. Majou, H. Bruand, A. Duval, O. Cousin, and I. , Variation of the water-retention properties of soils: Validity of class-pedotransfer functions, Comptes Rendus Geoscience, vol.339, issue.9, pp.632-639, 2007.
URL : https://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/insu-00162748

A. Al-yassin, S. Grando, O. Kafawin, A. Tell, and S. Ceccarelli, Heritability estimates in contrasting environments as influenced by the adaptation level of barley germ plasm, Annals of applied biology, vol.147, issue.3, pp.235-244, 2005.

W. R. Anderegg, J. A. Berry, D. D. Smith, J. S. Sperry, L. D. Anderegg et al., The roles of hydraulic and carbon stress in a widespread climate-induced forest die-off, Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, vol.109, issue.1, pp.233-237, 2012.

W. R. Anderegg, J. M. Kane, and L. D. Anderegg, Consequences of widespread tree mortality triggered by drought and temperature stress, Nature Climate Change, vol.3, pp.30-36, 2013.

L. D. Anderegg, W. R. Anderegg, and J. A. Berry, Not all droughts are created equal: translating meteorological drought into woody plant mortality, Tree Physiol, vol.33, issue.7, pp.672-683, 2013.

W. R. Anderegg and L. D. Anderegg, Hydraulic and carbohydrate changes in experimental drought-induced mortality of saplings in two conifer species, Tree Physiol, vol.33, issue.3, pp.252-60, 2013.

W. R. Anderegg, J. A. Hicke, R. A. Fisher, C. D. Allen, J. Aukema et al., Tree mortality from drought, insects, and their interactions in a changing climate, New Phytologist, vol.208, issue.3, pp.674-683, 2015.

L. D. Anderegg and J. Hillerislambers, Drought stress limits the geographic ranges of two tree species via different physiological mechanisms, Global change biology, vol.22, issue.3, p.45, 1029.

K. J. Anderson-teixeira, A. D. Miller, J. E. Mohan, T. W. Hudiburg, B. D. Duval et al., Altered dynamics of forest recovery under a changing climate, Global change biology, vol.19, issue.7, pp.2001-2021, 2013.

T. S. Anekonda, M. C. Lomas, W. T. Adams, K. L. Kavanagh, and S. N. Aitken, Can. J. For. Res, vol.32, pp.1701-1716, 2002.

G. Aussenac and J. M. Guehl, Bioclimatologie et Ecophysiologie, Unité de Recherches en Ecophysiologie Forestière, INRA Nancy, 2010.

P. Baas, E. Werker, and &. Fahn, Some ecological trends in vessel characters, IAWA Bull. n.s, vol.4, pp.141-159, 1983.

D. ;. Baize, . Inra, F. Paris, A. Barbeta, M. Mejía-chang et al., The combined effects of a long-term experimental drought and an extreme drought on the use of plant-water sources in a Mediterranean forest, Global change biology, vol.21, issue.3, pp.1213-1225, 2000.

T. S. Barigah, O. Charrier, M. Douris, M. Bonhomme, S. Herbette et al., Water stress-induced xylem hydraulic failure is a causal factor of tree mortality in beech and poplar, Ann Bot, vol.112, issue.7, pp.1431-1437, 2013.
URL : https://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/hal-00964827

J. C. Bastien, B. Roman-amat, and G. Vognet, Natural variability of some wood quality traits of Coastal Douglas-fir in a French progeny test: implications on breeding strategies, Proceedings IUFRO Working Party on Breeding Strategies for Douglas -fir as an introduced species, vol.21, pp.169-186, 1985.

B. Beikircher, T. Ameglio, H. Cochard, and S. Mayr, Limitation of the Cavitron technique by conifer pit aspiration, Journal of Experimental Botany, vol.61, issue.12, pp.3385-3393, 2010.
URL : https://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/hal-00964554

M. Becker, G. D. Bert, J. Bouchon, J. F. Picard, and E. Ulrich, Tendances à long terme observées dans la croissance de divers feuillus et résineux du nordest de la France depuis le milieu du 19ème siècle, Revue Forestière Française, vol.46, issue.4, pp.335-341, 1994.

C. Bellard, C. Bertelsmeier, P. Leadley, W. Thuiller, and F. Courchamp, Impacts of climate change on the future of biodiversity, Ecology Letters, vol.15, issue.4, pp.365-377, 2012.
URL : https://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/hal-01359347

J. Beaulieu, S. Y. Zhang, Q. Yu, and A. Rainville, Comparison between genetic and environmental influences on lumber bending properties in young white spruce, Wood and fiber science, vol.38, issue.3, p.553, 2006.

A. Blum, Drought resistance, water-use efficiency, and yield potential-are they compatible, dissonant, or mutually exclusive?, Australian Journal of Agricultural Research, vol.56, pp.1159-1168, 2005.

C. Boisvenue and S. W. Running, Impacts of climate change on natural forest productivity: evidence since the middle of the 20th century, Global Change Biology, vol.12, pp.862-882, 2006.

G. B. Bonan, Forests and Climate Change: Forcings, Feedbacks, and the Climate Benefits of Forests, Science, vol.320, 1444.

P. S. Bouche, M. Larter, J. C. Domec, R. Burlett, P. Gasson et al., A broad survey of hydraulic and mechanical safety in the xylem of conifers, Journal of experimental botany, p.218, 2014.
URL : https://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/hal-02641349

N. Bréda, R. Hucb, A. Graniera, and E. Dreyera, Temperate forest trees and stands under severe drought: a review of ecophysiological responses, adaptation processes and long-term consequences, Ann. For. Sci, vol.63, pp.625-644, 2006.

T. J. Brodribb and H. Cochard, Hydraulic failure defines the recovery and point of death in water-stressed conifers, Plant Physiology, vol.149, pp.575-584, 2009.
URL : https://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/hal-00964582

D. D. Breshears, O. B. Myers, C. W. Meyer, F. J. Barnes, C. B. Zou et al., Tree die-off in response to global change-type drought: mortality insights from a decade of plant water potential measurements, Front Ecol Environ, vol.7, issue.4, pp.185-189, 2009.

L. Brousseau, D. Bonal, J. Cigna, and I. Scotti, Highly local environmental variability promotes intrapopulation divergence of quantitative traits: an example from tropical rain forest trees, Annals of botany, p.176, 2013.
URL : https://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/hal-01032430

F. Bussotti, M. Pollastrini, V. Holland, and W. Brüggemann, Functional traits and adaptive capacity of European forests to climate change, Environmental and Experimental Botany, vol.111, pp.91-113, 2015.

D. G. Butler, B. R. Cullis, A. R. Gilmour, and B. J. Goge, ASReml-R reference manual-ASReml estimates variance components under a general linear mixed model by residual maximum likelihood (REML), 2009.

T. D. Byram and W. J. Lowe, Specific gravity variation in a loblolly pine seed source study in the western Gulf region, For. Sci, vol.34, pp.798-803, 1988.

A. E. Cahill, M. E. Aiello-lammens, M. C. Fisher-reid, X. Hua, C. J. Karanewsky et al., How does climate change cause extinction?, Proc. R. Soc. B, p.10, 2012.

J. Cai, U. Hacke, S. Zhang, and M. T. Tyree, What happens when stems are embolized in a centrifuge? Testing the cavitron theory, Physiol Plant, vol.140, issue.4, pp.311-331, 2010.

M. Cailleret, M. Nourtier, A. Amm, M. Durand-gillmann, and H. Davi, Drought-induced decline and mortality of silver fir differ among three sites in Southern France, Annals of Forest Science, vol.71, issue.6, pp.643-657, 2014.
URL : https://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/hal-01102702

J. Carnicer, M. Coll, M. Ninyerola, X. Pons, G. Sánchez et al., Widespread crown condition decline, food web disruption, and amplified tree mortality with increased climate change-type drought, PNAS, vol.108, issue.4, pp.1474-1478, 2011.

K. K. Carter, Provenance tests as indicators of growth response to climate change in 10 north temperate tree species, Canadian Journal of Forest Research, vol.26, issue.6, pp.1089-1095, 1996.

S. Ceccarelli, Specific adaptation and breeding for marginal conditions, Breeding Fodder Crops for Marginal Conditions, pp.101-127, 1994.

K. J. Chao, O. L. Phillips, A. Monteagudo, A. Torres-lezama, and R. Vásquez-martínez, How do trees die? Mode of death in northern Amazonia, Journal of Vegetation Science, vol.20, pp.260-268, 2009.

A. Charmantier and D. Garant, Environmental quality and evolutionary potential: lessons from wild populations, Proceedings of the Royal Society of London B: Biological Sciences, vol.272, pp.1415-1425, 1571.

T. Chen, A global analysis of the impact of drought on net primary productivity. Hydrology and earth system sciences, vol.17, pp.3885-3894, 2013.

M. L. Cherry, V. Vikram, D. Briggs, D. W. Cress, and G. T. Howe, Genetic variation in direct and indirect measures of wood stiffness in coastal Douglas-fir, Can J For Res, vol.38, pp.2476-286, 2008.

B. Choat, S. Jansen, T. J. Brodribb, H. Cochard, S. Delzon et al., Global convergence in the vulnerability of forests to drought, Nature, vol.491, issue.7426, pp.752-757, 2012.
URL : https://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/hal-00964681

B. Choat and D. Way, Predicting thresholds of drought-induced mortality in woody plant species, Tree Physiology, vol.33, issue.7, pp.669-671, 2013.

P. Ciais, M. Reichstein, N. Viovy, A. Granier, J. Ogée et al., Europe-wide reduction in primary productivity caused by the heat and drought in 2003, Nature, vol.437, issue.7058, pp.529-533, 2005.
URL : https://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/insu-00373792

D. B. Clark, D. A. Clark, and S. F. Oberbauer, Annual wood production in a tropical rain forest in NE Costa Rica linked to climatic variation but not to increasing CO 2, Global Change Biology, vol.16, pp.747-759, 2010.

H. Cochard, A technique for measuring xylem hydraulic conductance under high negative pressures, Plant, Cell and Environment, vol.25, pp.815-819, 2002.
URL : https://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/hal-01189665

H. Cochard, E. Casella, and M. Mencuccini, Xylem vulnerability to cavitation varies among poplar and willow clones and correlates with yield, Tree Physiol, vol.27, issue.12, pp.1761-1768, 2007.
URL : https://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/hal-01189244

H. Cochard, S. T. Barigah, M. Kleinhentz, and A. Eshel, Is xylem cavitation resistance a relevant criterion for screening drought resistance among Prunus species, J Plant Physiol, vol.165, issue.9, pp.976-82, 2008.
URL : https://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/hal-00964491

H. Cochard, S. Herbette, T. Barigah, E. Badel, M. Ennajeh et al., Does sample length influence the shape of xylem embolism vulnerability curves? A test with the Cavitron spinning technique, Plant Cell and Environment, vol.33, pp.1543-1552, 2010.
URL : https://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/hal-00964752

H. Cochard, E. Badel, S. Herbette, S. Delzon, B. Choat et al., Methods for measuring plant vulnerability to cavitation: a critical review, Journal of Experimental Botany, vol.64, pp.4779-4791, 2013.
URL : https://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/hal-00964655

R. R. Corbeil and S. R. Searle, Restricted maximum likelihood (REML) estimation of variance components in the mixed model, Technometrics, vol.18, pp.31-38, 1976.

J. Cornelius, Heritabilities and additiva genetic coefficient of variation in forest trees, Can. J. For. Res, vol.24, pp.372-379, 1994.

D. J. Cown, Densitometric studies on the wood of Young coastal Douglas-fir (Pteudotsuga menziesii (Mirb.) Franco), 1976.

P. Cruiziat, H. Cochard, and T. Améglio, Hydraulic architecture of trees: main concepts and results, Annals of forest science, vol.59, issue.7, pp.723-752, 2002.
URL : https://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/hal-01190863

A. Dai, Increasing drought under global warming in observations and models, Nature Climate Change, vol.3, pp.52-58, 2013.

G. Dalla-salda, A. Martinez-meier, H. Cochard, and P. &rozenberg, Variation of wood density and hydraulic properties of Douglas-fir (Pseudotsuga menziesii (Mirb.) Franco) clones related to a heat and drought wave in France, Forest Ecology and Management, vol.257, pp.182-189, 2009.
URL : https://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/hal-00964863

G. Dalla-salda, A. Martinez-meier, H. Cochard, and P. Rozenberg, Genetic variation of xylem hydraulic properties shows that wood density is involved in adaptation to drought in Douglas-fir (Pseudotsuga menziesii (Mirb.)), Annals of Forest Science, vol.68, pp.747-757, 2011.
URL : https://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/hal-00930824

V. Dale, Climate Change and Forest Disturbances, BioScience, vol.51, issue.9, pp.723-734, 2001.

M. B. Davis, R. G. Shaw, and J. R. Etterson, Evolutionary responses to changing climate, Ecology, vol.86, issue.7, pp.1704-1714, 2005.

S. Delzon, C. Douthe, A. Sala, and H. Cochard, Mechanism of water-stress induced cavitation in conifers: bordered pit structure and function support the hypothesis of seal capillary-seeding, Plant Cell and Environment, vol.33, pp.2101-2111, 2010.
URL : https://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/hal-00964477

S. Delzon and H. Cochard, Recent advances in tree hydraulics highlight the ecological significance of the hydraulic safety margin, New Phytologist, 2014.
URL : https://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/hal-01017634

J. F. Dhôte and J. C. Hervé, Changements de productivité dans quatre forêts de chênes sessiles depuis 1930: une approche au niveau du peuplement, Annales des Sciences Forestières, vol.57, pp.651-680, 2000.

M. J. Dieters, T. L. White, R. C. Littell, and G. R. Hodge, Application of approximative variances of variance components and their ratios in genetic tests, Theoretical and Applied Genetics, vol.91, pp.15-24, 1995.

J. C. Domec and B. L. Gartner, How do water transport and water storage differ in coniferous earlywood and latewood, J. Exp. Bot, vol.53, issue.379, pp.2369-2379, 2002.

P. Duchaufour, Pedology: soil, vegetation and environment, 1991.

J. L. Dupuy, T. Boivin, Y. Duché, N. Martin-stpaul, F. Pimont et al., Impact du changement climatique sur les risques en forêt: le cas de l'incendie et de ses interactions avec la sécheresse et les pullulations d'insectes, Innovations Agronomiques, vol.47, pp.29-50, 2015.

C. M. Eakin, J. A. Morgan, S. F. Heron, T. B. Smith, and G. Liu, Caribbean Corals in Crisis: Record Thermal Stress, Bleaching, and Mortality in 2005, PLoS ONE, vol.5, issue.11, p.13969, 2010.

K. Ebi and G. Mcgregor, Climate change, tropospheric ozone and particulate matter, and health impacts, Environ Health Perspect, vol.116, pp.1449-1455, 2008.

M. H. Eid, Estimation of heritability and genetic advance of yield traits in wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) under drought condition, International Journal of Genetics and Molecular Biology, vol.1, issue.7, pp.115-120, 2009.

B. Eilmann and A. Rigling, Tree-growth analyses to estimate tree species' drought tolerance, Tree Physiology, vol.32, pp.178-187, 2012.

D. S. Falconer, Introduction to Quantitative Genetics, 1981.

D. S. Falconer and T. F. Mackay, Introduction to Quantitative Genetics, 1996.

R. J. Fensham, R. J. Fairfax, and D. P. Ward, Drought-induced tree death in savanna, Glob. Change Biol, vol.15, pp.380-387, 2009.

R. Fisher, The use of multiple measures in taxonomic problems, Ann. Eugenics, vol.7, issue.2, pp.179-188, 1936.

T. D. Flechter, Manual of Package QuantPsyc. Quantitative Psychology Tools, 2012.

W. B. Foden, S. H. Butchart, S. N. Stuart, J. C. Vié, H. R. Akçakaya et al., Identifying the World's Most Climate Change Vulnerable Species: A Systematic Trait-Based Assessment of all Birds, Amphibians and Corals, PLoS ONE, vol.8, issue.6, p.65427, 2013.

J. Fox and S. Weisberg, An {R} Companion to Applied Regression, Second Edition, vol.567, 2011.

T. Fujimoto, K. Kita, and M. Kuromaru, Genetic control of intra-ring wood density variation in hybrid larch ( Larix gmelinii var. japonica × L. kaempferi ) F 1, Wood Science and Technology, vol.42, issue.3, pp.227-240, 2008.

M. J. Gaspar, J. L. Louzada, M. E. Silva, A. Aguiar, and M. H. Almeida, Age trends in genetic parameters of wood density components in 46 half-sibling families of Pinus pinaster, Can.Jour. For. Res, vol.38, issue.6, pp.1470-1477, 2008.

M. A. Geber and L. R. Griffen, Inheritance and natural selection on functional traits, International Journal of Plant Sciences, vol.164, issue.S3, pp.21-42, 2003.

J. P. George, S. Schueler, S. Karanitsch-ackerl, K. Mayer, R. T. Klumpp et al., Inter-and intraspecific variation in drought sensitivity in Abies spec. and its relation to wood density and growth traits, Agricultural and Forest Meteorology, vol.214, pp.430-443, 2015.

S. M. Gleason, M. Westoby, S. Jansen, B. Choat, U. G. Hacke et al., Weak tradeoff between xylem safety and xylem-specific hydraulic efficiency across the world's woody plant species, New Phytologist, vol.209, issue.1, pp.123-136, 2016.

R. Guay, R. Gagnon, and H. Morin, A new automatic and interactive tree-ring measurement system based on a line scan camera. For, Chronicle, vol.68, pp.138-141, 1992.

U. G. Hacke, J. S. Sperry, W. T. Pockman, S. D. Davis, and K. A. Mcculloh, Trends in wood density and structure are linked to prevention of xylem implosion by negative pressure, Oecologia, vol.126, pp.457-461, 2001.

U. G. Hacke and J. S. Sperry, Functional and ecological xylem anatomy. Perspectives in plant ecology, evolution and systematics, vol.4, issue.2, pp.97-115, 2001.

M. Hanewinkel, D. A. Cullmann, M. J. Schelhaas, G. J. Nabuur, and N. E. Zimmermann, Climate change may cause severe loss in the economic value of European forest land, Nature Climate Change, vol.3, pp.203-207, 2013.

B. Hannrup, L. Wilhelmssom, and Ö. Danell, Time trends for genetic parameters of wood density and growth traits in Pinus sylvestris L, Silvae Genetica, vol.47, issue.4, pp.214-219, 1998.

B. Hannrup, C. Cahalan, G. Chantre, M. Grabner, B. Karlsson et al., Genetic parameters of growth and wood quality traits in Picea abies, Scandinavian Journal of Forest Research, vol.19, issue.1, pp.14-29, 2004.
URL : https://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/hal-02682851

T. F. Hansen, C. Pélabon, and D. Houle, Heritability is not Evolvability. Evol Biol, vol.38, pp.258-277, 2011.

T. Hiromi, T. Ichie, T. Kenzo, and I. Ninomiya, Interspecific variation in leaf water use associated with drought tolerance in four emergent dipterocarp species of a tropical rain forest in Borneo, Journal of forest research, vol.17, issue.4, pp.369-377, 2012.

G. R. Hodge and W. S. Dvorak, Provenance variation and within-provenance genetic parameters in Eucalyptus urophylla across 125 test sites in Brazil, Tree Genetics & Genomes, vol.11, issue.3, pp.1-18, 2015.

A. A. Hoffmann and J. Merilä, Heritable variation and evolution under favourable and unfavourable conditions, Trends in Ecology & Evolution, vol.14, issue.3, pp.96-101, 1999.

Z. Hong, A. Fries, and H. X. Wu, High negative genetic correlations between growth traits and wood properties suggest incorporating multiple traits selection including economic weights for the future Scots pine breeding programs, Ann For Sci, vol.71, issue.4, pp.463-472, 2014.
URL : https://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/hal-01102222

H. Hotelling, Relations between two sets of variants, Biometrika, vol.28, pp.321-377, 1936.

G. T. Howe, K. Jayawickrama, M. Cherry, G. R. Johnson, and N. C. Wheeler, Breeding Douglas-fir, Plant breeding reviews, vol.27, p.245, 2006.

F. Husson, J. Josse, S. Le, J. Mazet, C. B. Field et al., ) IPCC 2012a-Glossary of terms. In: Managing the Risks of Extreme Events and Disasters to Advance Climate Change Adaptation, Global Climate Projections, Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change, vol.10, 2007.

, Managing the Risks of Extreme Events and Disasters to Advance Climate Change Adaptation, A Special Report of Working Groups I and II of the Intergovernmental Panel on ClimateChange (IPCC), pp.555-564

, A Special Report of Working Groups I and II of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change, pp.1-19, 2014.

, Working group II Contribution to the fifth assessment report of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change, IPCC 2014a-WGII AR5 Summary for Policymakers-Part A, vol.151

N. Y. Newyork and . Usa, pp. IPCC 2014b WGII AR5 Chapter, 1132.

C. H. Jackson, Multi-State Models for Panel Data: The msm Package for R, Journal of Statistical Software, vol.38, issue.8, pp.1-29, 2011.

A. Jacobsen, B. Pratt, E. W. Ewers, and S. D. Davis, Cavitation resistance among 26 chaparral species of southern california, Ecological Monographs, vol.77, issue.1, pp.99-115, 2007.

D. Jacques, M. Marchal, and Y. Curnel, Relative efficiency of alternative methods to evaluate wood stiffness in the frame of hybrid larch (Larix×eurolepis Henry) clonal selection, Ann For Sci, vol.61, pp.35-43, 2004.
URL : https://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/hal-00883826

M. Jamagne, R. Bétrémieux, J. Bégon, and A. Mori, Quelques données sur la variabilité dans le milieu naturel de la réserve en eau des sols, Bull. Tech. Inf. 324, vol.325, pp.627-641, 1977.

S. Jansen and A. Nardini, From systematic to ecological wood anatomy and finally plant hydraulics: are we making progress in understanding xylem evolution?, New Phytologist, vol.203, issue.1, pp.12-15, 2014.

J. B. Jett, S. E. Mckeand, and R. J. Weir, Stability of juvenile wood specific gravity of loblolly pine in diverse geographic areas, Canadial Journal of Forest Research, vol.21, pp.1080-1085, 1991.

H. G. Jones, Plants and microclimate: a quantitative approach to environmental plant physiology, 1992.

R. Johnson and K. Jayawickmma, Genetics of wood specific gravity in coastal Douglas-fir, Jayawickrama K (ed) Proceedings of the Workshop Genetic Improvement of Wood Quality in Coastal Douglas-fir and Western Hemlock, p.4349, 2002.

G. R. Johnson and B. L. Gartner, Genetic variation in basic density and modulus of elasticity of coastal Douglas-fir, Tree Genet Genomes, vol.3, pp.25-33, 2006.

M. Lévèsque, R. Siegwolf, M. Saurer, P. Brang, B. Eilmann et al., Drought responses of five conifers at their xeric distribution limit in the Alps and under mesic conditions in Central Europe, Glob. Change Biol, p.12268, 2013.

U. Ligges and M. Mächler, Scatterplot3d -an R Package for Visualizing Multivariate Data, Journal of Statistical Software, vol.8, issue.11, pp.1-20, 2003.

J. C. Linares and P. A. Tíscar, Climate change impacts and vulnerability of the southern populations of Pinus nigra subsp. salzmannii. Tree physiology, vol.30, pp.795-806, 2010.

M. Lindner, J. B. Fitzgerald, N. E. Zimmermann, C. Reyer, S. Delzon et al., Climate change and European forests: What do we know, what are the uncertainties, and what are the implications for forest management?, Journal of environmental management, vol.146, pp.69-83, 2014.
URL : https://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/hal-02641191

R. L. Lindroth, Impacts of elevated atmospheric CO2 and O3 on forests: phytochemistry, trophic interactions, and ecosystem dynamics, J Chem Ecol, vol.36, issue.1, pp.1007-10886, 2010.

J. A. Loo-dinkins and J. S. Gonzalez, Genetic control of wood density profile in young Douglas-fir, Can J For Res, vol.21, pp.935-939, 1991.

A. Loustau, A. Bosc, A. Colin, J. Ogée, H. Davi et al., Modeling climate change effects on the potential production of French plains forests at the subregional level, Tree Physiology, vol.25, pp.813-823, 2005.
URL : https://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/hal-02682718

J. L. Louzada and F. M. Fonseca, The heritability of wood density components in Pinus pinaster Ait. and the implications for tree breeding, Ann For Sci, vol.59, issue.8, pp.867-873, 2002.
URL : https://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/hal-00881900

M. Lynch and B. Walsh, Genetics and Analysis of Quantitative Traits, 1998.

Z. Ma, C. Peng, Q. Zhu, H. Chen, G. Yu et al., Regional drought-induced reduction in the biomass carbon sink of Canada's boreal forests, Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, vol.109, issue.7, pp.2423-2427, 2012.

H. Maherali, W. T. Pockman, and R. B. Jackson, Adaptive variation in the vulnerability of woody plants to xylem cavitation, Ecology, vol.85, issue.8, pp.2184-2199, 2004.

Y. Malhi, L. E. Aragão, D. Galbraith, C. Huntingford, R. Fisher et al., Exploring the likelihood and mechanism of a climate-change-induced dieback of the Amazon rainforest, Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, vol.106, issue.49, pp.20610-20615, 2009.

E. Marguerit, L. Bouffier, E. Chancerel, P. Costa, F. Lagane et al., « The Genetics of Water-Use Efficiency and Its Relation to Growth in Maritime Pine », Journal of Experimental Botany, vol.65, issue.17, pp.4757-68, 2014.

L. Markesteijn, L. Poorter, H. Paz, L. Sack, and F. Bongers, Ecological differentiation in xylem cavitation resistance is associated with stem and leaf structural traits, Plant Cell Environ, vol.34, issue.1, pp.137-185, 2011.

A. Martinez-meier, L. Sanchez, M. Pastorino, L. Gallo, and P. Rozenberg, What is hot in tree rings? The case of surviving Douglas-fir to the 2003 drought and heat wave, Forest Ecology and Management, vol.256, pp.837-843, 2008.

A. Martinez-meier, L. Sanchez, G. D. Salda, M. J. Pastorino, J. Y. Gautry et al., Genetic control of the tree-ring response of Douglas-fir (Pseudotsuga menziesii (Mirb.) Franco) to the 2003 drought and heat-wave in France-art, Ann For Sci, vol.65, issue.102, p.102, 2008.
URL : https://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/hal-00884145

J. Martinez-vilalta, M. Mencuccini, J. Vayreda, and J. Retana, Interspecific variation in functional traits, not climatic differences among species ranges, determines demographic rates across 44 temperate and mediterranean tree species, J Ecol (Oxford), vol.98, issue.6, pp.1462-1475, 2010.

J. Martínez-vilalta, F. Lloret, and D. D. Breshears, Drought-induced forest decline: causes, scope and implications, Biol. Lett, vol.8, pp.689-691, 2012.

C. Mátyás, Climatic adaptation of trees: rediscovering provenance tests, Euphytica, vol.92, pp.45-54, 1996.

D. Mccarroll, R. Jalkanen, S. Hicks, M. Tuovinen, M. Gagen et al., Multiproxy dendroclimatology: a pilot study in northern Finland. The Holocene, vol.13, pp.829-838, 2003.

K. A. Mcculloh, D. M. Johnson, F. C. Meinzer, and D. R. Woodruff, The dynamic pipeline: hydraulic capacitance and xylem hydraulic safety in four tall conifer species, Plant, cell & environment, vol.37, issue.5, pp.1171-1183, 2014.

A. C. Mcdonald, N. M. Borralho, and B. M. Potts, Genetic variation for growth and wood density in Eucalyptus globulus ssp. globulus in Tasmania (Australia), Silvae Genetica, vol.46, issue.4, pp.236-241, 1997.

N. Mcdowell, W. T. Pockman, C. D. Allen, D. D. Breshears, N. Cobb et al., Mechanisms of plant survival and mortality during drought: why do some plants survive while others succumb to drought?, New phytologist, vol.178, issue.4, pp.719-739, 2008.

N. G. Mcdowell, Mechanisms linking drought, hydraulics, carbon metabolism, and vegetation mortality, Plant physiology, vol.155, issue.3, pp.1051-1059, 2011.

N. G. Mcdowell, R. A. Fisher, C. Xu, J. C. Domec, T. Hölttä et al., Evaluating theories of drought-induced vegetation mortality using a multimodelexperiment framework, New Phytologist, vol.200, issue.2, pp.304-321, 2013.
URL : https://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/hal-02649082

A. Menzel and P. Fabian, Growing season extended in Europe, Nature, vol.397, p.659, 1999.

C. Meyer, Dictionnaire des Sciences Animales, 2016.

F. Montpellier and C. ,

M. Michaelian, E. H. Hogg, R. J. Hall, and E. Arsenault, Massive mortality of aspen following severe drought along the southern edge of the Canadian boreal forest, Glob Change Biol, vol.17, pp.2084-2094, 2011.

M. Michaelian, Factors affecting fall down rates of dead aspen (Populus tremuloides) biomass following severe drought in west-central Canada, Global Change Biology, vol.21, pp.1968-1979, 2015.

M. Milad, H. Schaich, and W. Konold, How is adaptation to climate change reflected in current practice of forest management and conservation? A case study from Germany, Biodiversity and conservation, vol.22, issue.5, pp.1181-1202, 2013.

R. Mohammadi, M. Roustaii, R. Haghparast, E. Roohi, K. Solimani et al., Genotype× environment interactions for grain yield in rainfed winter wheat multi-environment trials in Iran, Agronomy journal, vol.102, issue.5, pp.1500-1510, 2010.

D. Montwé, H. Spiecker, and A. Hamann, Five decades of growth in a genetic field trial of Douglas-fir reveal trade-offs between productivity and drought tolerance, Tree Genetics et Genomes, vol.11, 2015.

T. A. Mousseau and D. A. Roff, Natural selection and the heritability of fitness components, Heredity, pp.181-197, 1987.

R. C. Mueller, C. M. Scudder, M. E. Porter, T. Trotter, R. Gehring et al., Differential tree mortality in response to severe drought: evidence for long-term vegetation shifts, Journal of Ecology, vol.93, issue.6, pp.1085-1093, 2005.

P. L. Munday, M. I. Mccormick, and G. E. Nilsson, Impact of global warming and rising CO2 levels on coral reef fishes: what hope for the future?, J Exp Biol, vol.215, pp.3865-3873, 2012.

I. A. Mundo, V. A. El-mujtar, M. H. Perdomo, L. A. Gallo, R. Villalba et al., Austrocedrus chilensis growth decline in relation to drought events in northern Patagonia, Argentina. Trees, vol.24, issue.3, pp.561-570, 2010.

V. Naik, D. J. Wuebbles, E. H. Delucia, and J. A. Foley, Influence of geoengineered climate on the terrestrial biosphere, Environmental Management, vol.32, pp.373-381, 2003.

A. Nardini, M. Battistuzzo, and T. Savi, Shoot desiccation and hydraulic failure in temperate woody angiosperms during an extreme summer drought, New Phytologist, vol.200, pp.322-329, 2013.

, National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration (NOAA) des États-Unis, 2016.

Z. Németh, F. Bonier, and S. A. Macdougall-shackleton, Coping with Uncertainty: Integrating Physiology, Behavior, and Evolutionary Ecology in a Changing World, Integrative and Comparative Biology, vol.53, pp.960-964, 2013.

D. C. Nepstad, I. M. Tohver, D. Ray, P. Moutinho, and G. Cardinot, Mortality of large trees and lianas following experimental drought in an Amazon forest, Ecology, vol.88, pp.2259-2269, 2007.

J. W. Nicholls, Preliminary observations on the change with age of the heritability of certain wood characteristics in Pinus radiata clones, Silvae Genet, vol.16, pp.18-20, 1965.

R. J. Norby, E. H. Delucia, B. Gielen, C. Calfapietra, C. P. Giardina et al., Forest response to elevated CO 2 is conserved across a broad range of productivity, Proc Natl Acad Sci, vol.102, issue.50, pp.18052-18056, 2005.

R. J. Norby, J. M. Warren, C. M. Iversen, B. E. Medlyn, and R. E. Mcmurtrie, CO 2 enhancement of forest productivity constrained by limited nitrogen availability, Proc Natl Acad Sci, vol.107, issue.45, pp.19368-73, 2010.

M. J. O'brien, S. Leuzinger, C. D. Philipson, J. Tay, and A. Hector, Drought survival of tropical tree seedlings enhanced by non-structural carbohydrate levels, Nature Climate Change, vol.4, pp.710-714, 2014.

M. Ogasa, N. H. Miki, Y. Murakami, and K. Yoshikawa, Recovery performance in xylem hydraulic conductivity is correlated with cavitation resistance for temperate deciduous tree species, Tree Physiol, vol.33, issue.4, pp.335-379, 2013.

R. Oren, D. S. Ellsworth, K. H. Johnsen, N. Phillipsk, B. E. Ewers et al., Soil fertility limits carbon sequestration by forest ecosystems in a CO2-enriched atmosphere, Nature, vol.411, pp.469-472, 2001.

N. Oreskes, The scientific consensus on climate change, Science, vol.306, p.1686, 2004.

S. Ouyang, X. Wang, Y. Wu, and O. J. Sun, Contrasting responses of net primary productivity to inter-annual variability and changes of climate among three forest types in northern China, J Plant Ecol, vol.7, issue.3, pp.309-320, 2014.

H. D. Patterson and R. Thompson, Recovery of inter-block information when block sizes are unequal, Biometrika, vol.58, pp.545-554, 1971.

C. Parmesan and G. Yohe, A globally coherent fingerprint of climate change impacts across natural systems, Nature, vol.421, pp.37-42, 2003.

K. Pearson, Mathematical Contributions to the Theory of Evolution. III. Regression, Heredity and Panmixia, Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society of London, vol.187, pp.253-318, 1896.

C. Peng, Z. Ma, X. Lei, Q. Zhu, H. Chen et al., A drought-induced pervasive increase in tree mortality across Canada's boreal forests, Nature climate change, vol.1, issue.9, pp.467-471, 2011.

J. Peñuelas and I. Filella, Phenology -Responses to a warming world, Science, vol.294, p.793, 2001.

O. L. Phillips, G. Van-der-heijden, S. L. Lewis, G. López-gonzález, L. E. Aragão et al., Drought-mortality relationships for tropical forests, New Phytologist, vol.187, issue.3, pp.631-646, 2010.
URL : https://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/hal-01092529

H. Polge, Une nouvelle méthode de détermination de la texture du bois. L'analyse densitometrique de cliches radiographiques, Ecole nationale des eaux et forêts, 1963.

H. Polge, Etablissement des courbes de variation de la densité de bois par exploration densitométrique de radiographies d´échantillons prélevés à la tariére sur des arbres vivants, Ann. des Sciences Forestiére, XXIII, Fas, vol.1, 1966.

H. O. Pörtner and R. Knust, Climate Change Affects Marine Fishes Through the Oxygen Limitation of Thermal Tolerance, Science, vol.315, issue.5808, pp.95-97, 2007.

L. Poorter, I. Mcdonald, A. Alarcón, E. Fichtler, J. C. Licona et al., The importance of wood traits and hydraulic conductance for the performance and life history strategies of 42 rainforest tree species, New Phytologist, vol.185, pp.481-492, 2010.

C. Quentin, F. Bigorre, N. Bréda, A. Granier, and D. Tessier, Etude des sols de la Forêt de Hesse. (Étude et Gestion des Sols, vol.8, pp.215-228, 2001.

. R-core-team, R: A language and environment for statistical computing. R Foundation for Statistical Computing, 2015.

A. Rais, J. W. Van-de-kuilen, and H. Pretzsch, Growth reaction patterns of tree height, diameter, and volume of Douglas-fir (Pseudotsuga menziesii [Mirb.] Franco) under acute drought stress in Southern Germany, European Journal of Forest Research, vol.133, issue.6, pp.1043-1056, 2014.

B. Ratcliffe, F. J. Hart, J. Kláp?t?, B. Jaquish, S. D. Mansfield et al., Genetics of wood quality attributes in Western Larch, Annals of Forest Science, vol.71, issue.3, pp.415-424, 2014.
URL : https://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/hal-01101541

C. B. Rathgeber, V. Decoux, and J. M. Leban, Linking intra-tree-ring wood density variations and tracheid anatomical characteristics in Douglas fir (Pseudotsuga menziesii (Mirb.) Franco), Ann For Sci, vol.63, issue.7, pp.699-706, 2006.
URL : https://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/hal-00884020

G. E. Rehfeldt, N. M. Tchebakova, Y. I. Parfenova, W. R. Wykoff, N. A. Kuzmina et al., Intraspecific responses to climate in Pinus sylvestris, Global Change Biology, vol.8, issue.9, pp.912-929, 2002.

C. Reyer, The Cascade of Uncertainty in Modelling Forest Ecosystem Responses to Environmental Change and the Challenge of Sustainable Resource Management, p.168, 2013.

A. Rigling, C. Bigler, B. Eilmann, E. Feldmeyer-christe, U. Gimmi et al., Driving factors of a vegetation shift from Scots pine to pubescent oak in dry Alpine forests, Global Change Biology, vol.19, issue.1, pp.229-240, 2013.

S. Rosner, A. Klein, U. Müller, and B. Karlsson, Hydraulic and mechanical properties of young Norway spruce clones related to growth and wood structure, Tree Physiol, vol.27, issue.8, pp.1165-78, 2007.

S. Rosner, B. Karlsson, J. Konnerth, and C. Hansmann, Shrinkage processes in standard-size Norway spruce wood specimens with different vulnerability to cavitation, Tree Physiol, vol.29, issue.11, pp.1419-1431, 2009.

S. Rosner, J. Sv?tlík, K. Andreassen, I. Børja, L. Dalsgaard et al., Wood density as a screening trait for drought sensitivity in Norway spruce, Canadian Journal of Forest Research, vol.44, issue.2, pp.154-161, 2014.

P. Rozenberg, A. Franc, C. Mamdy, J. Launay, N. Schermann et al., Genetic control of stiffness of standing Douglas fir; from the standing stem to the standardised wood sample, relationships between modulus of elasticity and wood density parameters. Part II, Ann For Sci, vol.56, issue.2, pp.145-154, 1999.
URL : https://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/hal-00883259

P. Rozenberg, A. Franc, C. Bastien, and C. Cahalan, Improving models of wood density by including genetic effects: A case study in Douglas-fir, vol.58, pp.385-394, 2001.
URL : https://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/hal-00884188

P. Rozenberg, A. S. Sergent, G. Dalla-salda, A. Martinez-meier, S. Marin et al., Analyse rétrospective de l'adaptation à la sécheresse chez le douglas, 2012.

, Schweiz Z Forstwes, vol.163, issue.3, pp.88-95

P. Ruiz-benito, E. R. Lines, L. Gómez-aparicio, M. A. Zavala, and D. A. Coomes, Patterns and drivers of tree mortality in Iberian forests: climatic effects are modified by competition, PloS one, vol.8, issue.2, p.56843, 2013.

D. Ruiz-labourdette, D. Nogués-bravo, H. S. Ollero, M. F. Schmitz, and F. D. Pineda, Forest composition in Mediterranean mountains is projected to shift along the entire elevational gradient under climate change, Journal of Biogeography, vol.39, issue.1, pp.162-176, 2012.

M. G. Ryan, Tree responses to drought, Tree Physiology, vol.31, pp.237-239, 2011.

O. E. Sala, I. Chapin, F. S. Armesto, J. J. Berlow, R. Bloomfield et al., Global biodiversity scenarios for the year 2100, Science, vol.287, pp.1770-1774, 2000.

D. Sanchez-gomez, J. Majada, R. Alia, I. Feito, and I. Aranda, Intraspecific variation in growth and allocation patterns in seedlings of Pinus pinaster Ait. submitted to contrasting watering regimes: can water availability explain regional variation?, Ann For Sci, vol.67, pp.505-513, 2010.
URL : https://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/hal-00883633

O. Savolainen, T. Pyhäjärvi, and T. Knürr, Gene flow and local adaptation in trees, Ann. Rev. Ecol. Evol. Syst, vol.38, pp.595-619, 2007.

H. Saxe, M. G. Cannell, Ø. Johnsen, M. G. Ryan, and G. Vourlitis, Tree and forest functioning in response to global warming, New Phytologist, vol.149, pp.369-399, 2002.

A. Sergent, Diversité de la réponse au déficit hydrique et vulnérabilité au dépérissement du douglas, 2011.

A. Sergent, P. Rozenberg, and N. Breda, Douglas-fir is vulnerable to exceptional and recurrent drought episodes and recovers less well on less fertile sites, Ann For Sci, 2012.
URL : https://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/hal-01102690

S. Sevanto, N. G. Mcdowell, L. T. Dickman, R. Pangle, and W. T. Pockman, A test of the hydraulic failure and carbon starvation hypotheses, Plant, Cell & Environment, vol.37, issue.1, pp.153-161, 2014.

J. Sheffield and E. F. Wood, Projected changes in drought occurrence under future global warming from multi-model, multi-scenario, IPCC AR4 simulations, Clim Dyn, vol.31, pp.79-105, 2008.

G. W. Snedecor and W. G. Cochran, Statistical Methods, Eighth Edition, 1989.

J. S. Sperry, J. R. Donnelly, and M. T. Tyree, A method for measuring hydraulic conductivity and embolism in xylem, Plant, Cell & Environment, vol.11, pp.35-40, 1988.

J. S. Sperry and M. T. Tyree, Water-stress-induced xylem embolism in three species of conifers, Plant Cell & Environment, vol.13, pp.427-436, 1990.

J. S. Sperry, K. L. Nichols, J. E. Sullivan-&-s, and . Eastlack, Xylem embolism in ring-porous, diffuse-porous and coniferous trees in northern Utah and interior Alaska, Ecology, vol.75, pp.1736-1752, 1994.

J. B. St-clair, Genetic variation in tree structure and its relation to size in Douglas-fir. I. Biomass partitioning, foliage efficiency, stem form and wood density, Can J For Res, vol.24, pp.122-1235, 1994.

A. Steffenrem, H. Kvaalen, O. A. Høibø, Ø. M. Edvardsen, and T. Skrøppa, Genetic variation of wood quality traits and relationships with growth in Picea abies, Scandinavian Journal of Forest Research, vol.24, pp.15-27, 2009.

V. ;. Stiller, C. Leuschner, N. Brock, and V. Horna, Soil salinity and drought alter wood density and vulnerability to xylem cavitation of baldcypress (Taxodium distichum (L.) Rich.) seedlings Environmental and Experimental Botany Schuldt, Tree physiology, vol.33, issue.2, pp.161-174, 2009.

C. L. Tague, N. G. Mcdowell, and C. D. Allen, An integrated model of environmental effects on growth, carbohydrate balance, and mortality of Pinus ponderosa forests in the southern Rocky Mountains, PLoS One, vol.8, issue.11, p.80286, 2013.

C. G. Tauer and J. A. Loo-dinkins, Seed source variation in specific gravity of loblolly pine grown in a common-garden experiment in Arkansas, For. Sci, vol.36, pp.1133-1145, 1990.

K. E. Trenberth, Global warming and changes in drought, Nature Climate Change, vol.4, pp.17-22, 2014.

M. T. Tyree and S. D. Davis-&-h.-cochard, Biophysical perspectives of xylem evolution: is there a tradeoff of hydraulic efficiency for vulnerability to dysfunction?, IAWA J, vol.15, pp.335-360, 1994.
URL : https://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/hal-02714609

M. T. Tyree and J. S. Sperry, Do woody plants operate near the point of catastrophic xylem dysfunction caused by dynamic water stress-answers from a model, Plant Physiology, vol.88, pp.574-580, 1988.

J. M. Torres-ruiz, H. Cochard, S. Mayr, B. Beikircher, A. Diaz-espejo et al., Vulnerability to cavitation in Olea europaea current-year shoots: more support to the open-vessel artefact with centrifuge and air-injection techniques, Physiologia Plantarum, 2014.

N. K. Ukrainetz, K. Y. Kang, S. N. Aitken, M. U. Stoher, and S. D. Mansfield, Heritability and phenotypic and genetic correlations of coastal Douglas-fir (Pseudotsuga menziesii) wood quality traits, Canadian Journal of Forest Research, vol.38, issue.6, pp.1536-1546, 2008.

M. Urli, A. J. Porté, H. Cochard, Y. Guengant, R. Burlett et al., Apparent climatically induced increase of tree mortality rates in a temperate forest, Tree Physiology, vol.33, issue.7, pp.521-524, 2007.

J. Vargas-hernandez and W. T. Adams, Genetic variation of wood density components in young coastal Douglas-fir: implications for tree breeding, Canadian Journal of Forest Research, vol.21, issue.12, pp.1801-1807, 1991.

J. Vargas-hernandez and W. T. Adams, Age-age correlations and early selection for wood density in young coastal Douglas-fir, Forest Science, vol.38, issue.2, pp.467-478, 1992.

S. M. Vicente-serrano, C. Gouveia, J. J. Camarero, S. Beguería, R. Trigo et al., Response of vegetation to drought time-scales across global land biomes, Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, vol.110, issue.1, pp.52-57, 2013.

Y. Vitasse, G. Hoch, C. F. Randin, A. Lenz, C. Kollas et al., Elevational adaptation and plasticity in seedling phenology of temperate deciduous tree species, Oecologia, vol.171, issue.3, pp.663-678, 2013.

K. Von-wilpert, Intraannual variation of radial tracheid diameters as monitor of site specific water stress, Dendrochronologia, vol.9, pp.95-113, 1991.

F. Wagner, V. Rossi, M. Aubry-kientz, D. Bonal, M. Dalitz et al., Pan-Tropical Analysis of Climate Effects on Seasonal Tree Growth, PLoS ONE, vol.9, issue.3, p.92337, 2014.
URL : https://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/hal-01268529

D. Way, Will rising CO 2 and temperatures exacerbate the vulnerability of trees to drought?, Tree Physiol, vol.33, issue.8, pp.775-778, 2013.

G. R. Walther, E. Post, P. Convey, A. Menzel, C. Parmesan et al., Ecological responses to recent climate change, Nature, vol.416, p.395, 2002.

A. Weber and A. Kolb, Differences in heritable trait variation among populations of varying size in the perennial herb Phyteuma spicatum, Conservation Genetics, vol.15, issue.6, pp.1329-1337, 2014.

A. P. Williams, C. D. Allen, C. I. Millar, T. W. Swetnam, J. Michaelsen et al., Forest responses to increasing aridity and warmth in the southwestern United States, Proc Natl Acad Sci, vol.107, issue.50, pp.21289-94, 2010.

A. P. Williams, C. D. Allen, A. K. Macalady, D. Griffin, C. A. Woodhouse et al., Temperature as a potent driver of regional forest drought stress and tree mortality, Nature Climate Change, vol.3, pp.292-297, 2013.

A. J. Wilson, J. M. Pemberton, J. G. Pilkington, D. W. Coltman, D. V. Mifsud et al., Early selection of coastal Douglas-fir in a farm-field test environment, Silvae Genetica, vol.4, issue.7, pp.178-186, 1995.

R. Wortemann, S. Herbette, T. S. Barigah, B. Fumanal, R. Alia et al., Genotypic variability and phenotypic plasticity of cavitation resistance in Fagus sylvatica L. across Europe, Tree Physiol, vol.31, issue.11, pp.1175-1182, 2011.
URL : https://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/hal-00964543

H. X. Wu, M. Ivkovi?, W. J. Gapare, B. S. Baltunis, M. B. Powell et al., Breeding for wood quality and profit in radiata pine: a review of genetic parameters, NZJ For Sci, vol.38, issue.1, pp.56-87, 2008.

F. Zamudio, R. Baettyg, A. Vergara, F. Guerra, and P. Rozenberg, Genetic trends in wood density and radial growth with cambial age in a radiata pine progeny test, Ann For Sci, vol.59, issue.5-6, pp.541-590, 2002.
URL : https://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/hal-02682164

S. Y. Zhang, P. Baas, and &. Zandee, Wood structure of the Rosaceae in relation to ecology, habit and phenology, IAWA J, vol.13, pp.307-349, 1992.

M. Zhao and S. W. Running, Drought-induced reduction in global terrestrial net primary production from, Science, vol.329, issue.5994, pp.940-943, 2000.

B. J. Zobel, Breeding for wood properties in forest trees, vol.18, 1964.

B. J. Zobel and J. P. Van-buijtenen, Wood Variation its Causes and Control, p.362, 1989.

B. J. Zobel and J. B. Jett, Genetics of Wood Production, 1995.

, Références : dc=seuil de densité kg/dm 3 , probabilités associées = (***) p<0.001, (**), p<0:01, (*) p<0.05, ns statistiquement non significatif

. Bastien, 15 year-old-trees of 60 open pollinated families, observation: ring variables weighted dividing ring value by its respective width; (4) Loo-Dinkings and Gonzalez (1991) 22 half-sib families, 2 sites; (5) Vargas-Hernandez and Adams (1992) 15 year old of 60 open pollinated families, observation: aproximative values extracted from a graph, Cown, vol.20, issue.2, 1976.