T. J. Algeo and T. W. Lyons, Mo-total organic carbon covariation in modern anoxic marine environments : Implications for analysis of paleoredox and paleohydrographic conditions, Paleoceanography, vol.21, issue.1, 2006.

C. J. Allegre, G. Manhes, and C. Göpel, The age of the earth, Geochimica et Cosmochimica Acta, vol.59, issue.8, pp.1445-1456, 1995.

A. C. Allwood, M. T. Rosing, D. T. Flannery, J. A. Hurowitz, and C. M. Heirwegh, Reassessing evidence of life in 3,700-million-year-old rocks of greenland, Nature, p.1, 2018.

A. D. Anbar, Y. Duan, T. W. Lyons, G. L. Arnold, B. Kendall et al., A whiff of oxygen before the great oxidation event, Science, vol.317, issue.5846, pp.1903-1906, 2007.

A. D. Anbar and A. H. Knoll, Proterozoic ocean chemistry and evolution : a bioinorganic bridge, science, vol.297, issue.5584, pp.1137-1142, 2002.

C. Archer and D. Vance, The isotopic signature of the global riverine molybdenum flux and anoxia in the ancient oceans, Nature Geoscience, vol.1, issue.9, p.597, 2008.

G. L. Arnold, A. Anbar, J. Barling, and T. Lyons, Molybdenum isotope evidence for widespread anoxia in mid-proterozoic oceans, Science, vol.304, issue.5667, pp.87-90, 2004.

I. Y. Azbel and I. Tolstikhin, Geodynamics, magmatism, and degassing of the earth, Geochimica et Cosmochimica Acta, vol.54, issue.1, pp.139-154, 1990.

J. L. Banner and G. N. Hanson, Calculation of simultaneous isotopic and trace element variations during water-rock interaction with applications to carbonate diagenesis, Geochimica et Cosmochimica Acta, vol.54, issue.11, pp.3123-3137, 1990.

J. Barling and A. Anbar, Molybdenum isotope fractionation during adsorption by manganese oxides, Earth and Planetary Science Letters, vol.217, issue.3-4, pp.315-329, 2004.
DOI : 10.1016/s0012-821x(03)00608-3

J. Barling, G. L. Arnold, and A. Anbar, Natural mass-dependent variations in the isotopic composition of molybdenum, Earth and Planetary Science Letters, vol.193, issue.3-4, pp.447-457, 2001.

M. Bau and P. Dulski, Distribution of yttrium and rare-earth elements in the penge and kuruman iron-formations, transvaal supergroup, south africa, Precambrian Research, vol.79, issue.1-2, pp.37-55, 1996.

M. Bau, R. L. Romer, V. Lüders, and N. J. Beukes, Pb, o, and c isotopes in silicified mooidraai dolomite (transvaal supergroup, south africa) : implications for the composition of paleoproterozoic seawater and 'dating'the increase of oxygen in the precambrian atmosphere, Earth and Planetary Science Letters, vol.174, issue.1-2, pp.43-57, 1999.

A. Bekker, H. Holland, P. Wang, D. Iii, H. Stein et al., Dating the rise of atmospheric oxygen, Nature, vol.427, issue.6970, p.117, 2004.

A. Bekker, J. F. Slack, N. Planavsky, B. Krapez, A. Hofmann et al., Iron formation : the sedimentary product of a complex interplay among mantle, tectonic, oceanic, and biospheric processes, Economic Geology, vol.105, issue.3, pp.467-508, 2010.

E. A. Bell, P. Boehnke, T. M. Harrison, and W. L. Mao, Potentially biogenic carbon preserved in a 4.1 billion-year-old zircon, Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, vol.112, issue.47, pp.14518-14521, 2015.

K. Benzerara, F. Skouri-panet, J. Li, C. Férard, M. Gugger et al., Intracellular ca-carbonate biomineralization is widespread in cyanobacteria, Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, 2014.
URL : https://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/hal-01101603

N. Beukes, Palaeoenvironmental setting of iron-formations in the depositional basin of the transvaal supergroup, south africa, Developments in Precambrian Geology, 1983.

P. Biswas, M. Bhowmick, and A. Bhattacharya, Effect of molybdenum and seed inoculation on nodulation, growth and yield in urdbean, Journal of Crop and Weed, vol.5, issue.1, pp.141-144, 2009.

W. Bleeker, The late archean record : a puzzle in ca. 35 pieces, Lithos, vol.71, issue.2-4, pp.99-134, 2003.

W. Bleeker, R. Stern, and K. Sircombe, Why the slave province, northwest territories, 2000.

R. Bolhar, B. S. Kamber, S. Moorbath, C. M. Fedo, and M. J. Whitehouse, Characterisation of early archaean chemical sediments by trace element signatures, Earth and Planetary Science Letters, vol.222, issue.1, pp.43-60, 2004.

T. Bosak, S. Greene, and D. Newman, A likely role for anoxygenic photosynthetic microbes in the formation of ancient stromatolites, Geobiology, vol.5, issue.2, pp.119-126, 2007.

T. Bosak, A. H. Knoll, and A. P. Petroff, The meaning of stromatolites, Annual Review of Earth and Planetary Sciences, vol.41, pp.21-44, 2013.

B. C. Bostick, S. Fendorf, and G. R. Helz, Differential adsorption of molybdate and tetrathiomolybdate on pyrite (fes2), & technology, vol.37, issue.2, pp.285-291, 2003.

U. Brand and J. Veizer, Chemical diagenesis of a multicomponent carbonate system ; 1, trace elements, Journal of Sedimentary Research, vol.50, issue.4, pp.1219-1236, 1980.

M. D. Brasier, O. R. Green, J. F. Lindsay, N. Mcloughlin, C. A. Stoakes et al., Earth's oldest putative fossil assemblage from the?3.5 ga apex chert, chinaman creek, 2011.

P. S. Braterman, A. G. Cairns-smith, and R. W. Sloper, Photo-oxidation of hydrated fe2+-significance for banded iron formations, Nature, vol.303, issue.5913, p.163, 1983.

R. Buick, Microfossil recognition in archean rocks : an appraisal of spheroids and filaments from a 3500 my old chert-barite unit at north pole, western australia, Palaios, pp.441-459, 1990.

C. Burkhardt, R. C. Hin, T. Kleine, and B. Bourdon, Evidence for mo isotope fractionation in the solar nebula and during planetary differentiation, Earth and Planetary Science Letters, vol.391, pp.201-211, 2014.
URL : https://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/hal-01366870

A. Cairns-smith, Precambrian solution photochemistry, inverse segregation, and banded iron formations, Nature, vol.276, issue.5690, p.807, 1978.

D. E. Canfield, The early history of atmospheric oxygen : homage to robert m. garrels, Annu. Rev. Earth Planet. Sci, vol.33, pp.1-36, 2005.

D. E. Canfield, S. W. Poulton, A. H. Knoll, G. M. Narbonne, G. Ross et al., Ferruginous conditions dominated later neoproterozoic deep-water chemistry, Science, vol.321, issue.5891, pp.949-952, 2008.
DOI : 10.1126/science.1154499

D. E. Canfield and B. Thamdrup, Towards a consistent classification scheme for geochemical environments, or, why we wish the term 'suboxic'would go away, Geobiology, vol.7, issue.4, pp.385-392, 2009.

S. Castanier, G. Le-métayer-levrel, and J. Perthuisot, Ca-carbonates precipitation and limestone genesis-the microbiogeologist point of view, Sedimentary geology, vol.126, issue.1-4, pp.9-23, 1999.

C. Caudwell, J. Lang, and A. Pascal, Lamination of swampy-rivulets rivularia haematites stromatolites in a temperate climate, Sedimentary Geology, vol.143, issue.1-2, pp.125-147, 2001.

X. Chen, H. Ling, D. Vance, G. A. Shields-zhou, M. Zhu et al., Rise to modern levels of ocean oxygenation coincided with the cambrian radiation of animals, Nature communications, vol.6, p.7142, 2015.

E. Cheney, Sequence stratigraphy and plate tectonic significance of the transvaal succession of southern africa and its equivalent in western australia, Precambrian Research, vol.79, issue.1-2, pp.3-24, 1996.

B. G. Clement, I. Luther, G. W. Tebo, and B. M. , Rapid, oxygen-dependent microbial mn (ii) oxidation kinetics at sub-micromolar oxygen concentrations in the black sea suboxic zone, Geochimica et Cosmochimica Acta, vol.73, issue.7, pp.1878-1889, 2009.

P. E. Cloud, Significance of the gunflint (precambrian) microflora : Photosynthetic oxygen may have had important local effects before becoming a major atmospheric gas, Science, vol.148, issue.3666, pp.27-35, 1965.

A. Cockbain, 2 modern algal stromatolites at hamelin pool, a hypersaline barred basin in shark bay, western australia, Developments in sedimentology, vol.20, pp.389-411, 1976.

R. W. Collier, Molybdenum in the northeast pacific ocean, Limnology and Oceanography, vol.30, issue.6, pp.1351-1354, 1985.

D. Colodner, J. Edmond, and E. Boyle, Rhenium in the black sea : comparison with molybdenum and uranium, Earth and Planetary Science Letters, vol.131, issue.1-2, pp.1-15, 1995.

K. Condie, 2 the distribution of paleoarchean crust, Developments in Precambrian Geology, vol.15, pp.9-18, 2007.

C. L. Coughenour, A. W. Archer, and K. J. Lacovara, Tides, tidalites, and secular changes in the earth-moon system, Earth-Science Reviews, vol.97, issue.1-4, pp.59-79, 2009.

A. D. Czaja, C. M. Johnson, E. E. Roden, B. L. Beard, A. R. Voegelin et al., Evidence for free oxygen in the neoarchean ocean based on coupled iron-molybdenum isotope fractionation, Geochimica et Cosmochimica Acta, vol.86, pp.118-137, 2012.

M. O. De-kock, D. A. Evans, and N. J. Beukes, Validating the existence of vaalbara in the neoarchean, Precambrian Research, vol.174, issue.1-2, pp.145-154, 2009.

B. Dhuime, C. J. Hawkesworth, H. Delavault, and P. A. Cawood, Rates of generation and destruction of the continental crust : implications for continental growth, 2018.
URL : https://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/hal-01927953

R. Soc, A, vol.376, 2132.

Y. Duan, A. D. Anbar, G. L. Arnold, T. W. Lyons, G. W. Gordon et al., Molybdenum isotope evidence for mild environmental oxygenation before the great oxidation event, Geochimica et Cosmochimica Acta, vol.74, issue.23, pp.6655-6668, 2010.

R. R. Eady, Structure-function relationships of alternative nitrogenases, Chemical reviews, vol.96, issue.7, pp.3013-3030, 1996.

B. Eickmann, A. Hofmann, M. Wille, T. H. Bui, B. A. Wing et al., Isotopic evidence for oxygenated mesoarchaean shallow oceans, Nature Geoscience, p.1, 2018.

R. E. Emst, Large mafic magmatic events through time and links to mantle-plume heads. Mantle plumes : Their identification through time 352, p.483, 2001.

B. E. Erickson and G. R. Helz, Molybdenum (vi) speciation in sulfidic waters : : stability and lability of thiomolybdates, Geochimica et Cosmochimica Acta, vol.64, issue.7, pp.1149-1158, 2000.

S. Eroglu, R. Schoenberg, M. Wille, N. Beukes, and H. Taubald, Geochemical stratigraphy, sedimentology, and mo isotope systematics of the ca. 2.58-2.50 ga-old transvaal supergroup carbonate platform, south africa, Precambrian Research, vol.266, pp.27-46, 2015.

J. Farquhar, H. Bao, and M. Thiemens, Atmospheric influence of earth's earliest sulfur cycle, Science, vol.289, issue.5480, pp.756-758, 2000.

J. Farquhar and B. A. Wing, Multiple sulfur isotopes and the evolution of the atmosphere, Earth and Planetary Science Letters, vol.213, issue.1-2, pp.1-13, 2003.

G. Feulner, The faint young sun problem, Reviews of Geophysics, vol.50, issue.2, 2012.

A. G. Fischer, Nas symposium on the evolution of the earth's atmosphere : Fossils, early life, and atmospheric history, Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America, vol.53, issue.6, p.1205, 1965.

R. L. Folk, Practical petrographic classification of limestones, AAPG Bulletin, vol.43, issue.1, pp.1-38, 1959.

P. Fralick and R. Riding, Steep rock lake : Sedimentology and geochemistry of an archean carbonate platform, Earth-science reviews, vol.151, pp.132-175, 2015.
DOI : 10.1016/j.earscirev.2015.10.006

L. M. François, Extensive deposition of banded iron formations was possible without photosynthesis, Nature, vol.320, issue.6060, p.352, 1986.

H. Freymuth, F. Vils, M. Willbold, R. N. Taylor, and T. Elliott, Molybdenum mobility and isotopic fractionation during subduction at the mariana arc, Earth and Planetary Science Letters, vol.432, pp.176-186, 2015.
DOI : 10.1016/j.epsl.2015.10.006

P. Garrett, Phanerozoic stromatolites : noncompetitive ecologic restriction by grazing and burrowing animals, Science, vol.169, issue.3941, pp.171-173, 1970.
DOI : 10.1126/science.169.3941.171

R. L. Gilliland, Solar evolution, Palaeogeography, Palaeoclimatology, Palaeoecology, vol.75, issue.1-2, pp.35-55, 1989.

E. Gischler, M. A. Gibson, and W. Oschmann, Giant holocene freshwater microbialites, laguna bacalar, quintana roo, mexico, Sedimentology, vol.55, issue.5, pp.1293-1309, 2008.

T. Goldberg, C. Archer, D. Vance, and S. W. Poulton, Mo isotope fractionation during adsorption to fe (oxyhydr) oxides, Geochimica et Cosmochimica Acta, vol.73, issue.21, pp.6502-6516, 2009.
DOI : 10.1016/j.gca.2009.08.004

T. Goldberg, C. Archer, D. Vance, B. Thamdrup, A. Mcanena et al., Controls on mo isotope fractionations in a mn-rich anoxic marine sediment, gullmar fjord, sweden, Chemical Geology, vol.296, pp.73-82, 2012.

R. Gomes, H. F. Levison, K. Tsiganis, and A. Morbidelli, Origin of the cataclysmic late heavy bombardment period of the terrestrial planets, Nature, vol.435, issue.7041, p.466, 2005.
URL : https://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/hal-00388274

J. C. Goodman and R. T. Pierrehumbert, Glacial flow of floating marine ice in "snowball earth, Journal of Geophysical Research : Oceans, vol.108, issue.C10, 2003.

A. Goodwin and I. Smith, Chemical discontinuities in archean metavolcanic terrains and the development of archean crust, Precambrian Research, vol.10, issue.3-4, pp.301-311, 1980.

K. T. Goto, G. Shimoda, A. D. Anbar, G. W. Gordon, Y. Harigane et al., Molybdenum isotopes in hydrothermal manganese crust from the ryukyu arc system : Implications for the source of molybdenum, Marine Geology, vol.369, pp.91-99, 2015.

N. D. Greber, B. A. Hofmann, A. R. Voegelin, I. M. Villa, and T. F. Nägler, Mo isotope composition in mo-rich high-and low-t hydrothermal systems from the swiss alps, Geochimica et cosmochimica acta, vol.75, issue.21, pp.6600-6609, 2011.

N. D. Greber, U. Mäder, and T. F. Nägler, Experimental dissolution of molybdenumsulphides at low oxygen concentrations : A first-order approximation of late archean atmospheric conditions, Earth and Space Science, vol.2, issue.5, pp.173-180, 2015.

N. D. Greber, I. S. Puchtel, T. F. Nägler, and K. Mezger, Komatiites constrain molybdenum isotope composition of the earth's mantle. Earth and planetary science letters 421, pp.129-138, 2015.

J. P. Grotzinger and J. F. Kasting, New constraints on precambrian ocean composition, The Journal of Geology, vol.101, issue.2, pp.235-243, 1993.

J. P. Grotzinger, Geochemical model for proterozoic stromatolite decline, American Journal of Science, vol.290, issue.80, p.103, 1990.

A. P. Gumsley, K. R. Chamberlain, W. Bleeker, U. Söderlund, M. O. De-kock et al., Timing and tempo of the great oxidation event, Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, vol.114, issue.8, pp.1811-1816, 2017.

J. Harnmeijer, Squeezing blood from a stone : Inferences into the life and depositional environments of the Early Archaean, 2010.

P. H. Heckel, Origin of phosphatic black shale facies in pennsylvanian cyclothems of mid-continent north america, AAPG Bulletin, vol.61, issue.7, pp.1045-1068, 1977.

G. R. Helz, T. P. Vorlicek, and M. D. Kahn, Molybdenum scavenging by iron monosulfide, Environmental science & technology, vol.38, issue.16, pp.4263-4268, 2004.
DOI : 10.1021/es034969+

A. H. Hickman and M. J. Van-kranendonk, Early earth evolution : evidence from the 3.5-1.8 ga geological history of the pilbara region of western australia, Episodes, vol.35, issue.1, pp.283-297, 2012.

P. F. Hoffman, A. J. Kaufman, G. P. Halverson, and D. P. Schrag, A neoproterozoic snowball earth, science, vol.281, issue.5381, pp.1342-1346, 1998.

H. D. Holland, 100th anniversary special paper : sedimentary mineral deposits and the evolution of earth's near-surface environments, Economic Geology, vol.100, issue.8, pp.1489-1509, 2005.

H. D. Holland, The oxygenation of the atmosphere and oceans. Philosophical Transactions of the, Royal Society of London B : Biological Sciences, vol.361, pp.903-915, 1470.

M. Homann, P. Sansjofre, M. Van-zuilen, C. Heubeck, J. Gong et al., Microbial life and biogeochemical cycling on land 3,220 million years ago, Nature Geoscience, vol.11, issue.9, p.665, 2018.
URL : https://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/hal-01901955

W. T. Hyde, T. J. Crowley, S. K. Baum, and W. R. Peltier, Neoproterozoic 'snowball earth'simulations with a coupled climate/ice-sheet model, Nature, vol.405, issue.6785, p.425, 2000.

J. E. Johnson, S. M. Webb, K. Thomas, S. Ono, J. L. Kirschvink et al., Manganese-oxidizing photosynthesis before the rise of cyanobacteria, Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, vol.110, issue.28, pp.11238-11243, 2013.

D. T. Johnston, Multiple sulfur isotopes and the evolution of earth's surface sulfur cycle, Earth-Science Reviews, vol.106, issue.1-2, pp.161-183, 2011.

A. Kappler, C. Pasquero, K. O. Konhauser, and D. K. Newman, Deposition of banded iron formations by anoxygenic phototrophic fe (ii)-oxidizing bacteria, Geology, vol.33, issue.11, pp.865-868, 2005.

T. Kashiwabara, Y. Takahashi, M. Tanimizu, and A. Usui, Molecular-scale mechanisms of distribution and isotopic fractionation of molybdenum between seawater and ferromanganese oxides, Geochimica et Cosmochimica Acta, vol.75, issue.19, pp.5762-5784, 2011.

J. F. Kasting, Earth's early atmosphere, Science, vol.259, issue.5097, pp.920-926, 1993.

J. F. Kasting, A. A. Pavlov, and J. L. Siefert, A coupled ecosystem-climate model for predicting the methane concentration in the archean atmosphere, Origins of Life and Evolution of the Biosphere, vol.31, issue.3, pp.271-285, 2001.

J. F. Kasting, J. B. Pollack, and D. Crisp, Effects of high co 2 levels on surface temperature and atmospheric oxidation state of the early earth, Journal of atmospheric chemistry correlations. Precambrian Research, vol.237, pp.1-12, 1984.

M. J. Kennedy, D. R. Pevear, and R. J. Hill, Mineral surface control of organic carbon in black shale, Science, vol.295, issue.5555, pp.657-660, 2002.

E. K. King, S. Perakis, and J. C. Pett-ridge, Molybdenum isotope fractionation during adsorption to organic matter, Geochimica et Cosmochimica Acta, vol.222, pp.584-598, 2018.

C. Klein, Some precambrian banded iron-formations (bifs) from around the world : Their age, geologic setting, mineralogy, metamorphism, geochemistry, and origins, American Mineralogist, vol.90, issue.10, pp.1473-1499, 2005.

L. P. Knauth, Temperature and salinity history of the precambrian ocean : implications for the course of microbial evolution, Geobiology : Objectives, Concepts, Perspectives, pp.53-69, 2005.

K. Konhauser, D. Newman, and A. Kappler, The potential significance of microbial fe (iii) reduction during deposition of precambrian banded iron formations, Geobiology, vol.3, issue.3, pp.1-6, 2005.

R. E. Kopp, J. L. Kirschvink, I. A. Hilburn, and C. Z. Nash, The paleoproterozoic snowball earth : a climate disaster triggered by the evolution of oxygenic photosynthesis, Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, vol.102, issue.32, pp.11131-11136, 2005.

B. Krape?, M. E. Barley, and A. L. Pickard, Hydrothermal and resedimented origins of the precursor sediments to banded iron formation : sedimentological evidence from the early palaeoproterozoic brockman supersequence of western australia, Sedimentology, vol.50, issue.5, pp.979-1011, 2003.

W. E. Krumbein, On the precipitation of aragonite on the surface of marine bacteria, Naturwissenschaften, vol.61, issue.4, pp.167-167, 1974.

F. Kurzweil, M. Wille, N. Gantert, N. J. Beukes, and R. Schoenberg, Manganese oxide shuttling in pre-goe oceans-evidence from molybdenum and iron isotopes, Earth and Planetary Science Letters, vol.452, pp.69-78, 2016.

F. Kurzweil, M. Wille, R. Schoenberg, H. Taubald, and M. J. Van-kranendonk, Continuously increasing ?98mo values in neoarchean black shales and iron formations from the hamersley basin, Geochimica et Cosmochimica Acta, vol.164, pp.523-542, 2015.

S. V. Lalonde and K. O. Konhauser, Benthic perspective on earth's oldest evidence for oxygenic photosynthesis, Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, vol.112, issue.4, pp.995-1000, 2015.

A. Lecheminant, K. Buchan, O. Van-breemen, and L. Heaman, Paleoproterozoic continental break-up and reassembly : Evidence from 2.19 ga diabase dyke swarms in the slave and western churchill provinces, canada, Geological Association of CanadaMineralogical Association of Canada, Abstract, vol.22, p.86, 1997.

A. Lepland, G. Arrhenius, and D. Cornell, Apatite in early archean isua supracrustal rocks, southern west greenland : its origin, association with graphite and potential as a biomarker, Precambrian Research, vol.118, issue.3-4, pp.221-241, 2002.

W. Li, B. L. Beard, and C. M. Johnson, Biologically recycled continental iron is a major component in banded iron formations, Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, 2015.

W. Li, J. M. Huberty, B. L. Beard, N. T. Kita, J. W. Valley et al., Contrasting behavior of oxygen and iron isotopes in banded iron formations revealed by in situ isotopic analysis, Earth and Planetary Science Letters, vol.384, pp.132-143, 2013.

T. W. Lyons, Ironing out ocean chemistry at the dawn of animal life, Science, vol.321, issue.5891, pp.923-924, 2008.

T. W. Lyons, C. T. Reinhard, and N. J. Planavsky, The rise of oxygen in earth's early ocean and atmosphere, Nature, vol.506, issue.7488, p.307, 2014.

H. Martin, Effect of steeper archean geothermal gradient on geochemistry of subduction-zone magmas, Geology, vol.14, issue.9, pp.753-756, 1986.

B. Marty, L. Zimmermann, M. Pujol, R. Burgess, and P. Philippot, Nitrogen isotopic composition and density of the archean atmosphere, Science, vol.342, issue.6154, pp.101-104, 2013.
URL : https://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/hal-01346331

J. B. Maynard, The chemistry of manganese ores through time : a signal of increasing diversity of earth-surface environments, Economic Geology, vol.105, issue.3, pp.535-552, 2010.

T. Mcintyre and P. Fralick, Sedimentology and geochemistry of the 2930 ma red lakewallace lake carbonate platform, western superior province, canada. The Depositional Record, vol.3, issue.2, pp.258-287, 2017.

J. Mcmanus, T. F. Nägler, C. Siebert, C. G. Wheat, and D. E. Hammond, Oceanic molybdenum isotope fractionation : Diagenesis and hydrothermal ridge-flank alteration, 2002.

G. Geochemistry, Geosystems, vol.3, issue.12, pp.1-9

R. R. Mendel, Cell biology of molybdenum, Biofactors, vol.35, issue.5, pp.429-434, 2009.

C. A. Miller, B. Peucker-ehrenbrink, B. D. Walker, and F. Marcantonio, Re-assessing the surface cycling of molybdenum and rhenium, Geochimica et Cosmochimica Acta, vol.75, issue.22, pp.7146-7179, 2011.

R. Miller and R. Eady, Molybdenum and vanadium nitrogenases of azotobacter chroococcum. low temperature favours n2 reduction by vanadium nitrogenase, Biochemical Journal, vol.256, issue.2, pp.429-432, 1988.

S. J. Mojzsis, G. Arrhenius, K. Mckeegan, T. Harrison, A. Nutman et al., Evidence for life on earth before 3,800 million years ago, Nature, vol.384, issue.6604, p.55, 1996.
DOI : 10.1038/384055a0

URL : http://hdl.handle.net/2060/19980037618

J. L. Morford and S. Emerson, The geochemistry of redox sensitive trace metals in sediments, Geochimica et Cosmochimica Acta, vol.63, pp.1735-1750, 1999.

D. Moser, R. Flowers, and R. Hart, Birth of the kaapvaal tectosphere 3.08 billion years ago, Science, vol.291, issue.5503, pp.465-468, 2001.

T. Nägler, N. Neubert, M. Böttcher, O. Dellwig, and B. Schnetger, Molybdenum isotope fractionation in pelagic euxinia : evidence from the modern black and baltic seas, Chemical Geology, vol.289, issue.1-2, pp.1-11, 2011.

T. F. Nägler, A. D. Anbar, C. Archer, T. Goldberg, G. W. Gordon et al., Proposal for an international molybdenum isotope measurement standard and data representation, Geostandards and Geoanalytical Research, vol.38, issue.2, pp.149-151, 2014.

C. Nel, The mamatwan manganese mine of the kalahari manganese field. Mineral Deposits of Southern Africa, pp.963-978, 1986.

N. Neubert, A. Heri, A. Voegelin, T. Nägler, F. Schlunegger et al., The molybdenum isotopic composition in river water : constraints from small catchments, Earth and planetary science letters, vol.304, issue.1-2, pp.180-190, 2011.

N. Neubert, T. F. Nägler, and M. E. Böttcher, Sulfidity controls molybdenum isotope fractionation into euxinic sediments : Evidence from the modern black sea, Geology, vol.36, issue.10, pp.775-778, 2008.
DOI : 10.1130/g24959a.1

J. Noordmann, S. Weyer, C. Montoya-pino, O. Dellwig, N. Neubert et al., Uranium and molybdenum isotope systematics in modern euxinic basins : Case studies from the central baltic sea and the kyllaren fjord (norway), Chemical Geology, vol.396, pp.182-195, 2015.

A. P. Nutman, V. C. Bennett, C. R. Friend, and M. T. Rosing, 3710 and? 3790 ma volcanic sequences in the isua (greenland) supracrustal belt ; structural and nd isotope implications, Chemical Geology, vol.141, issue.3-4, pp.271-287, 1997.

A. P. Nutman, V. C. Bennett, C. R. Friend, M. J. Van-kranendonk, and A. R. Chivas, Rapid emergence of life shown by discovery of 3,700-million-year-old microbial structures, Nature, vol.537, issue.7621, p.535, 2016.

S. L. Olson, L. R. Kump, and J. F. Kasting, Quantifying the areal extent and dissolved oxygen concentrations of archean oxygen oases, Chemical Geology, vol.362, pp.35-43, 2013.

C. Patterson, Age of meteorites and the earth, Geochimica et Cosmochimica Acta, vol.10, issue.4, pp.230-237, 1956.

A. A. Pavlov, J. F. Kasting, L. L. Brown, K. A. Rages, and R. Freedman, Greenhouse warming by ch4 in the atmosphere of early earth, Journal of Geophysical Research : Planets, vol.105, issue.E5, pp.11981-11990, 2000.

C. R. Pearce, K. W. Burton, P. A. Von-strandmann, R. H. James, and S. R. Gíslason, Molybdenum isotope behaviour accompanying weathering and riverine transport in a basaltic terrain, Earth and Planetary Science Letters, vol.295, issue.1-2, pp.104-114, 2010.

V. A. Petryshyn, F. A. Corsetti, W. M. Berelson, W. Beaumont, and S. P. Lund, Stromatolite lamination frequency, walker lake, nevada : implications for stromatolites as biosignatures, Geology, vol.40, issue.6, pp.499-502, 2012.

P. Philippot, J. N. Ávila, B. A. Killingsworth, S. Tessalina, F. Baton et al., Globally asynchronous sulphur isotope signals require re-definition of the great oxidation event, Nature communications, vol.9, issue.1, p.2245, 2018.
URL : https://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/hal-01822553

A. Pickard, Shrimp u-pb zircon ages for the palaeoproterozoic kuruman iron formation, northern cape province, south africa : evidence for simultaneous bif deposition on kaapvaal and pilbara cratons, Precambrian Research, vol.125, issue.3-4, pp.275-315, 2003.

N. Planavsky, O. Rouxel, A. Bekker, R. Shapiro, P. Fralick et al., Ironoxidizing microbial ecosystems thrived in late paleoproterozoic redox-stratified oceans, Earth and Planetary Science Letters, vol.286, issue.1-2, pp.230-242, 2009.

N. J. Planavsky, D. Asael, A. Hofmann, C. T. Reinhard, S. V. Lalonde et al., Evidence for oxygenic photosynthesis half a billion years before the great oxidation event, Nature Geoscience, vol.7, issue.4, p.3, 2014.
URL : https://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/insu-00981610

S. W. Poulton, P. W. Fralick, and D. E. Canfield, The transition to a sulphidic ocean 1.84 billion years ago, Nature, vol.431, issue.7005, p.173, 2004.
DOI : 10.1038/nature02912

R. P. Reid, I. G. Macintyre, K. M. Browne, R. S. Steneck, and T. Miller, Modern marine stromatolites in the exuma cays, bahamas : uncommonly common, Facies, vol.33, issue.1, pp.1-17, 1995.

C. T. Reinhard, T. W. Lyons, O. Rouxel, D. Asael, N. Dauphas et al., Iron speciation and isotope perspectives on palaeoproterozoic water column chemistry, Global Events and the Fennoscandian Arctic Russia-Drilling Early Earth Project. Frontiers, vol.3, pp.1483-1492, 2013.

C. T. Reinhard, N. J. Planavsky, S. L. Olson, T. W. Lyons, and D. H. Erwin, Earth's oxygen cycle and the evolution of animal life, Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, vol.113, issue.32, pp.8933-8938, 2016.

C. T. Reinhard, R. Raiswell, C. Scott, A. D. Anbar, and T. W. Lyons, A late archean sulfidic sea stimulated by early oxidative weathering of the continents, Science, vol.326, issue.5953, pp.713-716, 2009.

R. Riding, P. Fralick, and L. Liang, Identification of an archean marine oxygen oasis, Precambrian Research, vol.251, pp.232-237, 2014.
DOI : 10.1016/j.precamres.2014.06.017

F. Robert and M. Chaussidon, A palaeotemperature curve for the precambrian oceans based on silicon isotopes in cherts, Nature, vol.443, issue.7114, p.969, 2006.

J. J. Rogers and M. Santosh, Supercontinents in earth history, Gondwana Research, vol.6, issue.3, pp.357-368, 2003.
DOI : 10.1016/s1342-937x(05)70993-x

S. J. Romaniello, A. D. Herrmann, and A. D. Anbar, Syndepositional diagenetic control of molybdenum isotope variations in carbonate sediments from the bahamas, Chemical Geology, vol.438, pp.84-90, 2016.

R. L. Rudnick and S. Gao, Composition of the continental crust, Treatise on geochemistry 3, p.659, 2003.

A. M. Satkoski, N. J. Beukes, W. Li, B. L. Beard, and C. M. Johnson, A redox-stratified ocean 3.2 billion years ago, Earth and Planetary Science Letters, vol.430, pp.43-53, 2015.
DOI : 10.1016/j.epsl.2015.08.007

M. Schidlowski, Carbon isotopes as biogeochemical recorders of life over 3.8 ga of earth history : evolution of a concept, Precambrian Research, vol.106, issue.1-2, pp.117-134, 2001.

B. Schoepp-cothenet, R. Van-lis, P. Philippot, A. Magalon, M. J. Russell et al., The ineluctable requirement for the trans-iron elements molybdenum and/or tungsten in the origin of life, 2012.
URL : https://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/hal-01608654

C. Scott, T. Lyons, A. Bekker, Y. Shen, S. Poulton et al., , 2008.

A. D. Anbar, Y. Duan, T. W. Lyons, G. L. Arnold, B. Kendall et al., A whiff of oxygen before the great oxidation event, Science, vol.317, issue.5846, pp.1903-1906, 2007.

G. L. Arnold, A. Anbar, J. Barling, and T. Lyons, Molybdenum isotope evidence for widespread anoxia in mid-proterozoic oceans, Science, vol.304, issue.5667, pp.87-90, 2004.
DOI : 10.1126/science.1091785

J. Barling and A. Anbar, Molybdenum isotope fractionation during adsorption by manganese oxides, Earth and Planetary Science Letters, vol.217, issue.3-4, pp.315-329, 2004.
DOI : 10.1016/s0012-821x(03)00608-3

J. Barling, G. L. Arnold, and A. Anbar, Natural mass-dependent variations in the isotopic composition of molybdenum, Earth and Planetary Science Letters, vol.193, issue.3-4, pp.447-457, 2001.

R. W. Collier, Molybdenum in the northeast pacific ocean, Limnology and Oceanography, vol.30, issue.6, pp.1351-1354, 1985.

F. Corfu and H. Wallace, U-pb zircon ages for magmatism in the red lake greenstone belt, northwestern ontario, Canadian Journal of Earth Sciences, vol.23, issue.1, pp.27-42, 1986.

S. R. Emerson and S. S. Huested, Ocean anoxia and the concentrations of molybdenum and vanadium in seawater, Marine Chemistry, vol.34, issue.3-4, pp.177-196, 1991.

S. Eroglu, R. Schoenberg, M. Wille, N. Beukes, and H. Taubald, Geochemical stratigraphy, sedimentology, and mo isotope systematics of the ca. 2.58-2.50 ga-old transvaal supergroup carbonate platform, south africa, Precambrian Research, vol.266, pp.27-46, 2015.
DOI : 10.1016/j.precamres.2015.04.014

T. Goldberg, C. Archer, D. Vance, and S. W. Poulton, Mo isotope fractionation during adsorption to fe (oxyhydr) oxides, Geochimica et Cosmochimica Acta, vol.73, issue.21, pp.6502-6516, 2009.
DOI : 10.1016/j.gca.2009.08.004

G. Helz, C. Miller, J. Charnock, J. Mosselmans, R. Pattrick et al., Mechanism of molybdenum removal from the sea and its concentration in black shales : Exafs evidence, Geochimica et Cosmochimica Acta, vol.60, issue.19, pp.3631-3642, 1996.

E. K. King, S. Perakis, and J. C. Pett-ridge, Molybdenum isotope fractionation during adsorption to organic matter, Geochimica et Cosmochimica Acta, vol.222, pp.584-598, 2018.
DOI : 10.1016/j.gca.2017.11.014

T. Mcintyre and P. Fralick, Sedimentology and geochemistry of the 2930 ma red lakewallace lake carbonate platform, western superior province, canada. The Depositional Record, vol.3, issue.2, pp.258-287, 2017.

J. Mcmanus, T. F. Nägler, C. Siebert, C. G. Wheat, and D. E. Hammond, Oceanic molybdenum isotope fractionation : Diagenesis and hydrothermal ridge-flank alteration, 2002.

G. Geochemistry, Geosystems, vol.3, issue.12, pp.1-9

T. Nägler, N. Neubert, M. Böttcher, O. Dellwig, and B. Schnetger, Molybdenum isotope fractionation in pelagic euxinia : evidence from the modern black and baltic seas, Chemical Geology, vol.289, issue.1-2, pp.1-11, 2011.

T. F. Nägler, A. D. Anbar, C. Archer, T. Goldberg, G. W. Gordon et al., Proposal for an international molybdenum isotope measurement standard and data representation, Geostandards and Geoanalytical Research, vol.38, issue.2, pp.149-151, 2014.

N. Neubert, T. F. Nägler, M. E. Böttcher, G. L. England, B. Rasmussen et al., Palaeoenvironmental significance of rounded pyrite in siliciclastic sequences of the late archaean witwatersrand basin : oxygen-deficient atmosphere or hydrothermal alteration, Sedimentology, vol.49, issue.6, pp.1133-1156, 2002.

J. Farquhar, H. Bao, and M. Thiemens, Atmospheric influence of earth's earliest sulfur cycle, Science, vol.289, issue.5480, pp.756-758, 2000.

E. Force and J. Maynard, Manganese : syngenetic deposits on the margins of anoxic basins, Rev Econ Geol, vol.5, pp.147-156, 1991.

L. V. Godfrey and P. G. Falkowski, The cycling and redox state of nitrogen in the archaean ocean, Nature Geoscience, vol.2, issue.10, p.725, 2009.

T. Goldberg, C. Archer, D. Vance, B. Thamdrup, A. Mcanena et al., Controls on mo isotope fractionations in a mn-rich anoxic marine sediment, gullmar fjord, sweden, Chemical Geology, vol.296, pp.73-82, 2012.

D. Grandstaff, Origin of uraniferous conglomerates at elliot lake, canada and witwatersrand, south africa : implications for oxygen in the precambrian atmosphere, Precambrian Research, vol.13, issue.1, pp.1-26, 1980.

J. P. Grotzinger and J. F. Kasting, New constraints on precambrian ocean composition, The Journal of Geology, vol.101, issue.2, pp.235-243, 1993.

A. P. Gumsley, K. R. Chamberlain, W. Bleeker, U. Söderlund, M. O. De-kock et al., Timing and tempo of the great oxidation event, Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, vol.114, issue.8, pp.1811-1816, 2017.

Q. Guo, H. Strauss, A. J. Kaufman, S. Schröder, J. Gutzmer et al., Reconstructing earth's surface oxidation across the archean-proterozoic transition, Geology, vol.37, issue.5, pp.399-402, 2009.

D. S. Hardisty, N. Riedinger, N. J. Planavsky, D. Asael, T. Andrén et al., A holocene history of dynamic water column redox conditions in the landsort deep, baltic sea, American Journal of Science, vol.316, issue.8, pp.713-745, 2016.

J. R. Hein, A. Koschinsky, P. Halbach, F. T. Manheim, M. Bau et al., Iron and manganese oxide mineralization in the pacific, Special Publications, vol.119, issue.1, pp.123-138, 1997.

U. Heiser, T. Neumann, J. Scholten, and D. Stüben, Recycling of manganese from anoxic sediments in stagnant basins by seawater inflow : a study of surface sediments from the gotland basin, baltic sea, Marine Geology, vol.177, issue.1-2, pp.151-166, 2001.

G. Helz, C. Miller, J. Charnock, J. Mosselmans, R. Pattrick et al., Mechanism of molybdenum removal from the sea and its concentration in black shales : Exafs evidence, Geochimica et Cosmochimica Acta, vol.60, issue.19, pp.3631-3642, 1996.

A. Hofmann, A. Bekker, O. Rouxel, D. Rumble, and S. Master, Multiple sulphur and iron isotope composition of detrital pyrite in archaean sedimentary rocks : A new tool for provenance analysis, Earth and Planetary Science Letters, vol.286, issue.3-4, pp.436-445, 2009.

H. D. Holland, 100th anniversary special paper : sedimentary mineral deposits and the evolution of earth's near-surface environments, Economic Geology, vol.100, issue.8, pp.1489-1509, 2005.

J. E. Johnson, S. M. Webb, C. Ma, and W. W. Fischer, Manganese mineralogy and diagenesis in the sedimentary rock record, Geochimica et Cosmochimica Acta, vol.173, pp.210-231, 2016.

J. E. Johnson, S. M. Webb, K. Thomas, S. Ono, J. L. Kirschvink et al., Manganese-oxidizing photosynthesis before the rise of cyanobacteria, Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, vol.110, issue.28, pp.11238-11243, 2013.

R. Kirkham and S. Roscoe, Atmospheric evolution and ore deposit formation. In : International geological congress, 1992.

G. Klinkhammer and M. Palmer, Uranium in the oceans : where it goes and why, Geochimica et Cosmochimica Acta, vol.55, issue.7, pp.1799-1806, 1991.

K. O. Konhauser, S. V. Lalonde, N. J. Planavsky, E. Pecoits, T. W. Lyons et al., Aerobic bacterial pyrite oxidation and acid rock drainage during the great oxidation event, Nature, vol.478, issue.7369, p.369, 2011.
URL : https://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/insu-00645859

R. E. Kopp, J. L. Kirschvink, I. A. Hilburn, and C. Z. Nash, The paleoproterozoic snowball earth : a climate disaster triggered by the evolution of oxygenic photosynthesis, Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, vol.102, issue.32, pp.11131-11136, 2005.

F. Kurzweil, M. Wille, N. Gantert, N. J. Beukes, and R. Schoenberg, Manganese oxide shuttling in pre-goe oceans-evidence from molybdenum and iron isotopes, Earth and Planetary Science Letters, vol.452, pp.69-78, 2016.

A. Lepland and R. L. Stevens, Manganese authigenesis in the landsort deep, baltic sea, Marine geology, vol.151, issue.1-4, pp.1-25, 1998.

G. Luo, S. Ono, N. J. Beukes, D. T. Wang, S. Xie et al., Rapid oxygenation of earth's atmosphere 2.33 billion years ago, Science Advances, vol.2, issue.5, p.1600134, 2016.

T. W. Lyons, C. T. Reinhard, and N. J. Planavsky, The rise of oxygen in earth's early ocean and atmosphere, Nature, vol.506, issue.7488, p.307, 2014.

A. Macgregor, The problem of the precambrian atmosphere, South African Journal of Science, vol.24, pp.155-172, 1927.

D. M. Martin, Z. Li, A. Nemchin, and C. M. Powell, A pre-2.2 ga age for giant hematite ores of the hamersley province, australia ?, Economic Geology, vol.93, issue.7, pp.1084-1090, 1998.

V. A. Melezhik, A. E. Fallick, E. J. Hanski, L. R. Kump, A. Lepland et al., Emergence of the aerobic biosphere during the archean-proterozoic transition : challenges of future research, GSA Today, vol.15, issue.11, pp.4-11, 2005.

S. G. Müller, The tectonic evolution and volcanism of the Lower Wyloo Group, Ashburton Province, with timing implications for giant iron-ore deposits of the Hamersley Province, 2005.

T. F. Nägler, A. D. Anbar, C. Archer, T. Goldberg, G. W. Gordon et al., Modern rather than mesoarchaean oxidative weathering responsible for the heavy stable cr isotopic signatures of the 2.95 ga old ijzermijn iron formation (south africa), Geochimica et Cosmochimica Acta, vol.228, pp.157-189, 2014.

D. S. Alibo and Y. Nozaki, Rare earth elements in seawater : Particle association, shalenormalization, and ce oxidation, Geochimica et Cosmochimica Acta, vol.63, issue.3-4, pp.363-372, 1999.

W. Altermann and D. R. Nelson, Sedimentation rates, basin analysis and regional correlations of three neoarchaean and palaeoproterozoic sub-basins of the kaapvaal craton as inferred from precise u-pb zircon ages from volcaniclastic sediments, Sedimentary Geology, vol.120, issue.1-4, pp.225-256, 1998.

G. L. Arnold, A. Anbar, J. Barling, and T. Lyons, Molybdenum isotope evidence for widespread anoxia in mid-proterozoic oceans, Science, vol.304, issue.5667, pp.87-90, 2004.

D. Asael, O. Rouxel, A. Bekker, and C. Scott, Dissolved mo in the archean oceans -a case study from the 2.63 ga jeerinah formation, p.121, 2015.

D. Asael, F. L. Tissot, C. T. Reinhard, O. Rouxel, N. Dauphas et al., Coupled molybdenum, iron and uranium stable isotopes as oceanic paleoredox proxies during the paleoproterozoic shunga event, Chemical Geology, vol.362, pp.193-210, 2013.
URL : https://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/insu-00933477

J. Barling and A. Anbar, Molybdenum isotope fractionation during adsorption by manganese oxides, Earth and Planetary Science Letters, vol.217, issue.3-4, pp.315-329, 2004.

J. Barling, G. L. Arnold, and A. Anbar, Natural mass-dependent variations in the isotopic composition of molybdenum, Earth and Planetary Science Letters, vol.193, issue.3-4, pp.447-457, 2001.

M. Bau and P. Dulski, Distribution of yttrium and rare-earth elements in the penge and kuruman iron-formations, transvaal supergroup, south africa, Precambrian Research, vol.79, issue.1-2, pp.37-55, 1996.

N. J. Beukes and D. R. Lowe, Environmental control on diverse stromatolite morphologies in the 3000 myr pongola supergroup, south africa, Sedimentology, vol.36, issue.3, pp.383-397, 1989.

R. Bolhar, B. S. Kamber, S. Moorbath, C. M. Fedo, and M. J. Whitehouse, Characterisation of early archaean chemical sediments by trace element signatures, Earth and Planetary Science Letters, vol.222, issue.1, pp.43-60, 2004.

F. Corfu and D. Stone, The significance of titanite and apatite u-pb ages : constraints for the post-magmatic thermal-hydrothermal evolution of a batholithic complex, berens river area, northwestern superior province, canada, Geochimica et Cosmochimica Acta, vol.62, issue.17, pp.2979-2995, 1998.

F. Corfu and H. Wallace, U-pb zircon ages for magmatism in the red lake greenstone belt, northwestern ontario, Canadian Journal of Earth Sciences, vol.23, issue.1, pp.27-42, 1986.

V. P. Edgcomb, J. M. Bernhard, R. E. Summons, W. Orsi, D. Beaudoin et al., Active eukaryotes in microbialites from highborne cay, bahamas, and hamelin pool (shark bay), australia, The ISME journal, vol.8, issue.2, p.418, 2014.
DOI : 10.1038/ismej.2013.130

URL : https://www.nature.com/articles/ismej2013130.pdf

B. Eickmann, A. Hofmann, M. Wille, T. H. Bui, B. A. Wing et al., Isotopic evidence for oxygenated mesoarchaean shallow oceans, Nature Geoscience, p.1, 2018.
DOI : 10.1038/s41561-017-0036-x

S. Eroglu, R. Schoenberg, M. Wille, N. Beukes, and H. Taubald, Geochemical stratigraphy, sedimentology, and mo isotope systematics of the ca. 2.58-2.50 ga-old transvaal supergroup carbonate platform, south africa, Precambrian Research, vol.266, pp.27-46, 2015.

W. Fischer, S. Schroeder, J. Lacassie, N. Beukes, T. Goldberg et al., Isotopic constraints on the late archean carbon cycle from the transvaal supergroup along the western margin of the kaapvaal craton, south africa, Precambrian Research, vol.169, issue.1-4, pp.15-27, 2009.

P. Fralick, P. Hollings, and D. King, Stratigraphy, geochemistry, and depositional environments of mesoarchean sedimentary units in western superior province : Implications for generation of early crust, When did plate tectonics begin on planet Earth, pp.77-96, 2008.

P. Fralick and R. Riding, Steep rock lake : Sedimentology and geochemistry of an archean carbonate platform, Earth-science reviews, vol.151, pp.132-175, 2015.
DOI : 10.1016/j.earscirev.2015.10.006

A. Gandin and D. Wright, Evidence of vanished evaporites in neoarchaean carbonates of south africa, Special Publications, vol.285, issue.1, pp.285-308, 2007.

T. Goldberg, C. Archer, D. Vance, and S. W. Poulton, Mo isotope fractionation during adsorption to fe (oxyhydr) oxides, Geochimica et Cosmochimica Acta, vol.73, issue.21, pp.6502-6516, 2009.
DOI : 10.1016/j.gca.2009.08.004

T. Goldberg, G. Gordon, G. Izon, C. Archer, C. R. Pearce et al., Resolution of inter-laboratory discrepancies in mo isotope data : an intercalibration, Journal of Analytical Atomic Spectrometry, vol.28, issue.5, pp.724-735, 2013.

N. D. Greber, C. Siebert, T. F. Nägler, and T. Pettke, 2012. ? 98/95 mo values and molybdenum concentration data for nist srm 610, 612 and 3134 : Towards a common protocol for reporting mo data, Geostandards and Geoanalytical Research, vol.36, issue.3, pp.291-300

N. Hicks, J. Dunlevey, and K. Liu, A new stromatolite occurrence in the nsuze group, pongola supergroup of northern kwazulu-natal, south africa, South African Journal of Geology, vol.114, issue.2, pp.195-200, 2011.

B. S. Kamber and G. E. Webb, The geochemistry of late archaean microbial carbonate : implications for ocean chemistry and continental erosion history, Geochimica et Cosmochimica Acta, vol.65, issue.15, pp.2509-2525, 2001.

B. S. Kamber, G. E. Webb, and M. Gallagher, The rare earth element signal in archaean microbial carbonate : information on ocean redox and biogenicity, Journal of the Geological Society, vol.171, issue.6, pp.745-763, 2014.
DOI : 10.1144/jgs2013-110

E. K. King, S. Perakis, and J. C. Pett-ridge, Molybdenum isotope fractionation during adsorption to organic matter, Geochimica et Cosmochimica Acta, vol.222, pp.584-598, 2018.
DOI : 10.1016/j.gca.2017.11.014

S. V. Lalonde and K. O. Konhauser, Benthic perspective on earth's oldest evidence for oxygenic photosynthesis, Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, vol.112, issue.4, pp.995-1000, 2015.
DOI : 10.1073/pnas.1415718112

URL : http://europepmc.org/articles/pmc4313849?pdf=render

T. Mcintyre and P. Fralick, Sedimentology and geochemistry of the 2930 ma red lake, Record, vol.3, issue.2, pp.258-287, 2017.

S. Mclennan, Geochemistry and mineralogy of rare earth elements, Reviews in Mineralogy, vol.21, pp.169-200, 1989.

J. Mcmanus, T. F. Nägler, C. Siebert, C. G. Wheat, and D. E. Hammond, Oceanic molybdenum isotope fractionation : Diagenesis and hydrothermal ridge-flank alteration, 2002.

G. Geochemistry, Geosystems, vol.3, issue.12, pp.1-9

S. B. Mukasa, A. H. Wilson, and K. R. Young, Geochronological constraints on the magmatic and tectonic development of the pongola supergroup (central region), south africa, Precambrian Research, vol.224, pp.268-286, 2013.

K. Myshrall, J. Mobberley, S. Green, P. Visscher, S. Havemann et al., Biogeochemical cycling and microbial diversity in the thrombolitic microbialites of highborne cay, bahamas. Geobiology, vol.8, issue.4, pp.337-354, 2010.

T. F. Nägler, A. D. Anbar, C. Archer, T. Goldberg, G. W. Gordon et al., Proposal for an international molybdenum isotope measurement standard and data representation, Geostandards and Geoanalytical Research, vol.38, issue.2, pp.149-151, 2014.

N. Neubert, T. F. Nägler, and M. E. Böttcher, Sulfidity controls molybdenum isotope fractionation into euxinic sediments : Evidence from the modern black sea, Geology, vol.36, issue.10, pp.775-778, 2008.
DOI : 10.1130/g24959a.1

Y. Nozaki, J. Zhang, and H. Amakawa, The fractionation between y and ho in the marine environment, Earth and Planetary Science Letters, vol.148, issue.1-2, pp.329-340, 1997.

F. O. Ossa, A. Hofmann, M. Wille, J. E. Spangenberg, A. Bekker et al., Aerobic iron and manganese cycling in a redoxstratified mesoarchean epicontinental sea, vol.500, pp.28-40, 2018.

N. Planavsky, A. Bekker, O. J. Rouxel, B. Kamber, A. Hofmann et al., Rare earth element and yttrium compositions of archean and paleoproterozoic fe formations revisited : new perspectives on the significance and mechanisms of deposition, Geochimica et Cosmochimica Acta, vol.74, issue.22, pp.6387-6405, 2010.

N. J. Planavsky, D. Asael, A. Hofmann, C. T. Reinhard, S. V. Lalonde et al., Evidence for oxygenic photosynthesis half a billion years before the great oxidation event, Nature Geoscience, vol.7, issue.4, p.3, 2014.
URL : https://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/insu-00981610

R. L. Poulson, C. Siebert, J. Mcmanus, and W. M. Berelson, Authigenic molybdenum isotope signatures in marine sediments, Geology, vol.34, issue.8, pp.617-620, 2006.
DOI : 10.1130/g22485.1

K. A. Quinn, R. H. Byrne, and J. Schijf, Sorption of yttrium and rare earth elements by amorphous ferric hydroxide : influence of solution complexation with carbonate. Geochimica et, Cosmochimica Acta, vol.70, issue.16, pp.4151-4165, 2006.

C. T. Reinhard, R. Raiswell, C. Scott, A. D. Anbar, and T. W. Lyons, A late archean sulfidic sea stimulated by early oxidative weathering of the continents, Science, vol.326, issue.5953, 2009.

A. Reitz, M. Wille, T. F. Nägler, and G. J. De-lange, Atypical mo isotope signatures in eastern mediterranean sediments, Chemical Geology, vol.245, issue.1-2, pp.1-8, 2007.
DOI : 10.1016/j.chemgeo.2007.06.018

R. Riding, P. Fralick, and L. Liang, Identification of an archean marine oxygen oasis, Precambrian Research, vol.251, pp.232-237, 2014.
DOI : 10.1016/j.precamres.2014.06.017

S. J. Romaniello, A. D. Herrmann, and A. D. Anbar, Syndepositional diagenetic control of molybdenum isotope variations in carbonate sediments from the bahamas, Chemical Geology, vol.438, pp.84-90, 2016.

E. Rongemaille, G. Bayon, C. Pierre, C. Bollinger, N. Chu et al., Rare earth elements in cold seep carbonates from the niger delta, Chemical Geology, vol.286, issue.3-4, pp.196-206, 2011.
DOI : 10.1016/j.chemgeo.2011.05.001

R. L. Rudnick and S. Gao, Composition of the continental crust, Treatise on geochemistry 3, p.659, 2003.

M. Sanborn-barrie, J. Parker, and T. Skulski, Three hundred million years of tectonic history recorded by the Red Lake greenstone belt, Geological Survey of Canada, 2001.

E. R. Sholkovitz, W. M. Landing, and B. L. Lewis, Ocean particle chemistry : the fractionation of rare earth elements between suspended particles and seawater, Geochimica et Cosmochimica Acta, vol.58, issue.6, pp.1567-1579, 1994.

M. Siahi, A. Hofmann, E. Hegner, and S. Master, Sedimentology and facies analysis of mesoarchaean stromatolitic carbonate rocks of the pongola supergroup, south africa, Precambrian Research, vol.278, pp.244-264, 2016.

M. Siahi, A. Hofmann, S. Master, A. Wilson, and C. Mayr, Trace element and stable (c, o) and radiogenic (sr) isotope geochemistry of stromatolitic carbonate rocks of the mesoarchaean pongola supergroup : Implications for seawater composition, Chemical Geology, vol.476, pp.389-406, 2018.

C. Siebert, J. Kramers, T. Meisel, P. Morel, and T. F. Nägler, Pge, re-os, and mo isotope systematics in archean and early proterozoic sedimentary systems as proxies for redox conditions of the early earth, Geochimica et Cosmochimica Acta, vol.69, issue.7, pp.1787-1801, 2005.

C. Siebert, J. Mcmanus, A. Bice, R. Poulson, and W. M. Berelson, Molybdenum isotope signatures in continental margin marine sediments, Earth and Planetary Science Letters, vol.241, issue.3-4, pp.723-733, 2006.
DOI : 10.1016/j.epsl.2005.11.010

C. Siebert, T. F. Nägler, and J. D. Kramers, Determination of molybdenum isotope fractionation by double-spike multicollector inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry, 2001.
DOI : 10.1029/2000gc000124

URL : https://agupubs.onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/pdf/10.1029/2000GC000124

G. Geochemistry, Geosystems, vol.2, issue.7

C. Siebert, T. F. Nägler, F. Blanckenburg, and J. D. Kramers, Molybdenum isotope records as a potential new proxy for paleoceanography, Earth and Planetary Science Letters, vol.211, issue.1-2, pp.159-171, 2003.
DOI : 10.1016/s0012-821x(03)00189-4

D. Y. Sumner, Carbonate precipitation and oxygen stratification in late archean seawater as deduced from facies and stratigraphy of the gamohaan and frisco formations, 1997.

E. Barlow, M. Van-kranendonk, K. Yamaguchi, M. Ikehara, and A. Lepland, Lithostratigraphic analysis of a new stromatolite-thrombolite reef from across the rise of atmospheric oxygen in the paleoproterozoic turee creek group, western australia, Geobiology, vol.14, issue.4, pp.317-343, 2016.

B. Eickmann, A. Hofmann, M. Wille, T. H. Bui, B. A. Wing et al., Isotopic evidence for oxygenated mesoarchaean shallow oceans, Nature Geoscience, p.1, 2018.
DOI : 10.1038/s41561-017-0036-x

B. E. Erickson and G. R. Helz, Molybdenum (vi) speciation in sulfidic waters : : stability and lability of thiomolybdates, Geochimica et Cosmochimica Acta, vol.64, issue.7, pp.1149-1158, 2000.
DOI : 10.1016/s0016-7037(99)00423-8

R. Frei, C. Gaucher, L. N. Døssing, and A. N. Sial, Chromium isotopes in carbonates-a tracer for climate change and for reconstructing the redox state of ancient seawater, Earth and Planetary Science Letters, vol.312, issue.1-2, pp.114-125, 2011.

T. Goldberg, C. Archer, D. Vance, and S. W. Poulton, Mo isotope fractionation during adsorption to fe (oxyhydr) oxides, Geochimica et Cosmochimica Acta, vol.73, issue.21, pp.6502-6516, 2009.
DOI : 10.1016/j.gca.2009.08.004

A. P. Gumsley, K. R. Chamberlain, W. Bleeker, U. Söderlund, M. O. De-kock et al., Timing and tempo of the great oxidation event, Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, vol.114, issue.8, pp.1811-1816, 2017.

D. S. Hardisty, N. Riedinger, N. J. Planavsky, D. Asael, T. Andrén et al., A holocene history of dynamic water column redox conditions in the landsort deep, baltic sea, American Journal of Science, vol.316, issue.8, pp.713-745, 2016.

J. Harnmeijer, Squeezing blood from a stone : Inferences into the life and depositional environments of the Early Archaean, 2010.

J. E. Johnson, S. M. Webb, K. Thomas, S. Ono, J. L. Kirschvink et al., Manganese-oxidizing photosynthesis before the rise of cyanobacteria, Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, vol.110, issue.28, pp.11238-11243, 2013.
DOI : 10.1073/pnas.1305530110

URL : http://europepmc.org/articles/pmc3710856?pdf=render

T. Kashiwabara, Y. Takahashi, M. Tanimizu, and A. Usui, Molecular-scale mechanisms of distribution and isotopic fractionation of molybdenum between seawater and ferromanganese oxides, Geochimica et Cosmochimica Acta, vol.75, issue.19, pp.5762-5784, 2011.

F. Kurzweil, M. Wille, N. Gantert, N. J. Beukes, and R. Schoenberg, Manganese oxide shuttling in pre-goe oceans-evidence from molybdenum and iron isotopes, Earth and Planetary Science Letters, vol.452, pp.69-78, 2016.
DOI : 10.1016/j.epsl.2016.07.013

A. Lepland and R. L. Stevens, Manganese authigenesis in the landsort deep, baltic sea, Marine geology, vol.151, issue.1-4, pp.1-25, 1998.

T. W. Lyons, Ironing out ocean chemistry at the dawn of animal life, Science, vol.321, issue.5891, pp.923-924, 2008.
DOI : 10.1126/science.1162870

P. Philippot, J. N. Ávila, B. A. Killingsworth, S. Tessalina, F. Baton et al., Globally asynchronous sulphur isotope signals require re-definition of the great oxidation event, Nature communications, vol.9, issue.1, p.2245, 2018.
URL : https://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/hal-01822553

S. Pichat, C. Douchet, and F. Albarède, Zinc isotope variations in deep-sea carbonates from the eastern equatorial pacific over the last 175 ka, Earth and Planetary Science Letters, vol.210, issue.1, pp.167-178, 2003.

A. Pickard, Shrimp u-pb zircon ages for the palaeoproterozoic kuruman iron formation, northern cape province, south africa : evidence for simultaneous bif deposition on kaapvaal and pilbara cratons, Precambrian Research, vol.125, issue.3-4, pp.275-315, 2003.

N. J. Planavsky, D. Asael, A. Hofmann, C. T. Reinhard, S. V. Lalonde et al., Evidence for oxygenic photosynthesis half a billion years before the great oxidation event, Nature Geoscience, vol.7, issue.4, p.3, 2014.
URL : https://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/insu-00981610

N. J. Planavsky, P. Mcgoldrick, C. T. Scott, C. Li, C. T. Reinhard et al., Widespread iron-rich conditions in the mid-proterozoic ocean, Nature, vol.477, issue.7365, p.448, 2011.
DOI : 10.1038/nature10327

C. T. Reinhard, R. Raiswell, C. Scott, A. D. Anbar, and T. W. Lyons, A late archean sulfidic sea stimulated by early oxidative weathering of the continents, Science, vol.326, issue.5953, pp.713-716, 2009.

R. Riding, P. Fralick, and L. Liang, Identification of an archean marine oxygen oasis, Precambrian Research, vol.251, pp.232-237, 2014.
DOI : 10.1016/j.precamres.2014.06.017

L. F. Robinson, G. M. Henderson, L. Hall, and I. Matthews, Climatic control of riverine and seawater uranium-isotope ratios, Science, vol.305, issue.5685, pp.851-854, 2004.

C. T. Scott, A. Bekker, C. T. Reinhard, B. Schnetger, B. Krape? et al., Late archean euxinic conditions before the rise of atmospheric oxygen, Geology, vol.39, issue.2, pp.119-122, 2011.

. Kendall, , 2015.

, Calcareous/dolomitic black shales

, Annexes (Continued)

, Carb-IF or ox/carb-IF, Core ABDP9, Marra Mamba Fm