P. Kern, A. Menezes-da-silva, O. Akhan, B. Müllhaupt, K. A. Vizcaychipi et al., The echinococcoses: diagnosis, clinical management and burden of disease, Adv. Parasitol, vol.96, pp.259-369, 2017.

M. Nakao, A. Lavikainen, T. Yanagida, and A. Ito, Phylogenetic systematics of the genus Echinococcus (Cestoda: Taeniidae), Int. J. Parasitol, vol.43, pp.1017-1029, 2013.

P. Deplazes, L. Rinaldi, C. A. Rojas, P. R. Torgerson, M. F. Harandi et al., Global distribution of alveolar and cystic echinococcosis, Adv. Parasitol, vol.95, pp.315-493, 2017.

J. Eckert and P. Deplazes, Biological, epidemiological, and clinical aspects of echinococcosis, a zoonosis of increasing concern, Clin. Microbiol. Rev, vol.17, pp.107-135, 2004.

G. Nunnari, M. R. Pinzone, S. Gruttadauria, B. M. Celesia, G. Madeddu et al., Hepatic echinococcosis: clinical and therapeutic aspects, World J. Gastroenterol, vol.18, pp.1448-1458, 2012.

E. Brunetti, P. Kern, and D. A. Vuitton, Expert consensus for the diagnosis and treatment of cystic and alveolar echinococcosis in humans, Acta Trop, vol.114, pp.1-16, 2010.
URL : https://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/hal-00495116

M. Bulakci, M. Ilhan, S. Bademler, E. Yilmaz, M. Gulluoglu et al., Efficacy of ultrasound-guided core-needle biopsy in the diagnosis of hepatic alveolar echinococcosis: a retrospective analysis, Parasite, vol.23, 2016.

A. Chauchet, F. Grenouillet, J. Knapp, C. Richou, E. Delabrousse et al., Increased incidence and characteristics of alveolar echinococcosis in patients with immunosuppression-associated conditions, Clin. Infect. Dis, vol.59, pp.1095-1104, 2014.
URL : https://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/hal-01063889

R. W. Ammann, K. D. Stumpe, F. Grimm, P. Deplazes, S. Huber et al., Outcome after discontinuing long-term benzimidazole treatment in 11 patients with non-resectable alveolar echinococcosis with negative FDG-PET/CT and Anti-EmII/3-10 serology, PLOS Negl. Trop. Dis, vol.9, p.3964, 2015.

J. F. Wilson, R. L. Rausch, B. J. Mcmahon, and P. M. Schantz, Parasiticidal effect of chemotherapy in alveolar hydatid disease: review of experience with mebendazole and albendazole in Alaskan Eskimos, Clin. Infect. Dis, vol.15, pp.234-249, 1992.

S. Bresson-hadni, E. Delabrousse, O. Blagosklonov, B. Bartholomot, S. Koch et al., André Mantion, D. Angèle Vuitton, Imaging aspects and non-surgical interventional treatment in human alveolar echinococcosis, Parasitol. Int, vol.55, pp.267-272, 2006.

Y. Fujimoto, A. Ito, Y. Ishikawa, M. Inoue, Y. Suzuki et al., Usefulness of recombinant Em18-ELISA to evaluate efficacy of treatment in patients with alveolar echinococcosis, J. Gastroenterol, vol.40, pp.426-431, 2005.

D. Tappe, Y. Sako, S. Itoh, M. Frosch, B. Grüner et al., Immunoglobulin G subclass responses to recombinant Em18 in the follow-up of patients with alveolar echinococcosis in different clinical stages, Clin. Vaccine Immunol, vol.17, pp.944-948, 2010.

B. Gottstein, J. Wang, O. Blagosklonov, F. Grenouillet, L. Millon et al., Echinococcus metacestode: in search of viability markers, Parasite, vol.21, 2014.
URL : https://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/hal-01114496

L. A. Diaz and A. Bardelli, Liquid biopsies: genotyping circulating tumor DNA, J. Clin. Oncol, vol.32, pp.579-586, 2014.

E. Heitzer, P. Ulz, and J. B. Geigl, Circulating tumor DNA as a liquid biopsy for cancer, Clin. Chem, vol.61, pp.112-123, 2015.

A. R. Thierry, S. E. Messaoudi, P. B. Gahan, P. Anker, and M. Stroun, Origins, structures, and functions of circulating DNA in oncology, Cancer Metastasis Rev, vol.35, pp.347-376, 2016.

K. G. Weerakoon and D. P. Mcmanus, Cell-free DNA as a diagnostic tool for human parasitic infections, Trends Parasitol, vol.32, pp.378-391, 2016.

B. J. Hindson, K. D. Ness, D. A. Masquelier, P. Belgrader, N. J. Heredia et al., High-throughput droplet digital PCR system for absolute quantitation of DNA copy number, vol.83, pp.8604-8610, 2011.

L. B. Pinheiro, V. A. Coleman, C. M. Hindson, J. Herrmann, B. J. Hindson et al., Evaluation of a droplet digital polymerase chain reaction format for DNA copy number quantification, Anal. Chem, vol.84, pp.1003-1011, 2012.

G. Boubaker, A. Hemphill, C. O. Huber, M. Spiliotis, H. Babba et al., Prevention and immunotherapy of secondary murine alveolar echinococcosis employing recombinant EmP29 antigen, PLoS Negl. Trop. Dis, vol.9, 2015.

P. Kern, H. Wen, N. Sato, D. A. Vuitton, B. Gruener et al., WHO classification of alveolar echinococcosis: principles and application, Parasitol. Int, vol.55, pp.283-287, 2006.
URL : https://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/hal-00483846

Y. Kodama, N. Fujita, T. Shimizu, H. Endo, T. Nambu et al., Alveolar echinococcosis: MR findings in the liver, Radiology, vol.228, pp.172-177, 2003.

A. Azizi, O. Blagosklonov, A. Lounis, L. Berthet, D. Vuitton et al., Alveolar echinococcosis: correlation between hepatic MRI findings and FDG-PET/CT metabolic activity, Abdom. Imaging, vol.40, pp.56-63, 2015.

B. Stadelmann, T. Küster, S. Scholl, F. Barna, C. Kropf et al., In vitro efficacy of dicationic compounds and mefloquine enantiomers against echinococcus multilocularis metacestodes?, Antimicrob. Agents Chemother, vol.55, pp.4866-4872, 2011.

A. Untergasser, I. Cutcutache, T. Koressaar, J. Ye, B. C. Faircloth et al., Primer3-new capabilities and interfaces, vol.40, p.115, 2012.

W. N. Venables and B. D. Ripley, Modern Applied Statistics with S-Plus, 2002.

B. Taback, S. J. O'day, and D. S. Hoon, Quantification of circulating DNA in the plasma and serum of cancer patients, Ann. N. Y. Acad. Sci, vol.1022, pp.17-24, 2004.

H. R. Underhill, J. O. Kitzman, S. Hellwig, N. C. Welker, R. Daza et al., Fragment length of circulating tumor DNA, PLoS Genet, vol.12, 2016.

L. L. Maldonado, J. Assis, F. M. Araújo, A. C. Salim, N. Macchiaroli et al., The Echinococcus canadensis (G7) genome: a key knowledge of parasitic platyhelminth human diseases, BMC Genomics, vol.18, 2017.

P. Mishra and D. C. Chan, Metabolic regulation of mitochondrial dynamics, J. Cell Biol, vol.212, pp.379-387, 2016.

L. Millon, F. Grenouillet, F. Legrand, S. Loewert, A. P. Bellanger et al., Ribosomal and mitochondrial DNA target for real-time PCR diagnosis of invasive aspergillosis, J. Clin. Microbiol, vol.49, pp.1058-1063, 2011.
URL : https://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/hal-00573544

T. Küster, C. Hermann, A. Hemphill, B. Gottstein, and M. Spiliotis, Subcutaneous infection model facilitates treatment assessment of secondary alveolar echinococcosis in mice, PLoS Negl. Trop. Dis, vol.7, 2013.

D. Gorgas, N. Marreros, R. Rufener, A. Hemphill, and B. Lundström-stadelmann, To see or not to see: non-invasive imaging for improved readout of drug treatment trials in the murine model of secondary alveolar echinococcosis, Parasitology, vol.144, pp.937-944, 2017.

J. Matsumoto, H. Kouguchi, Y. Oku, and K. Yagi, Primary alveolar echinococcosis: course of larval development and antibody responses in intermediate host rodents with different genetic backgrounds after oral infection with eggs of Echinococcus multilocularis, Parasitol. Int, vol.59, pp.435-444, 2010.

M. C. Strain, S. M. Lada, T. Luong, S. E. Rought, S. Gianella et al., Highly precise measurement of HIV DNA by droplet digital PCR, PLoS One, vol.8, p.55943, 2013.

M. Piarroux, R. Piarroux, R. Giorgi, J. Knapp, K. Bardonnet et al., Clinical features and evolution of alveolar echinococcosis in France from 1982 to 2007: results of a survey in 387 patients, J. Hepatol, vol.55, pp.1025-1033, 2011.
URL : https://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/hal-00726569

M. E. Ancarola, A. Marcilla, M. Herz, N. Macchiaroli, M. Pérez et al., Cestode parasites release extracellular vesicles with microRNAs and immunodiagnostic protein cargo, Int. J. Parasitol, vol.47, pp.675-686, 2017.

J. Disch, M. C. Oliveira, M. Orsini, and A. Rabello, Rapid clearance of circulating Leishmania kinetoplast DNA after treatment of visceral leishmaniasis, Acta Trop, vol.92, pp.279-283, 2004.

J. H. Van-ginkel, D. A. Van-den-broek, J. Van-kuik, D. Linders, R. Weger et al., Preanalytical blood sample workup for cell-free DNA analysis using droplet digital PCR for future molecular cancer diagnostics, Cancer Med, vol.6, pp.2297-2307, 2017.

R. E. Board, V. S. Williams, L. Knight, J. Shaw, A. Greystoke et al., Isolation and extraction of circulating tumor DNA from patients with small cell lung cancer, Ann. N. Y. Acad. Sci, vol.1137, pp.98-107, 2008.

M. Spiliotis, S. Lechner, D. Tappe, C. Scheller, G. Krohne et al., Transient transfection of Echinococcus multilocularis primary cells and complete in vitro regeneration of metacestode vesicles, Int. J. Parasitol, vol.38, pp.1025-1039, 2008.

U. Koziol and K. Brehm, Recent advances in Echinococcus genomics and stem cell research, Vet. Parasitol, vol.213, pp.92-102, 2015.

A. J. Bronkhorst, J. Aucamp, and P. J. Pretorius, Cell-free DNA: preanalytical variables, Clin. Chim. Acta, vol.450, pp.243-253, 2015.

J. H. Van-ginkel, D. A. Van-den-broek, J. Van-kuik, D. Linders, R. Weger et al., Preanalytical blood sample workup for cell-free DNA analysis using droplet digital PCR for future molecular cancer diagnostics, Cancer Med, vol.6, pp.2297-2307, 2017.

A. Baraquin, Molecular & Biochemical Parasitology, vol.222, pp.14-20, 2018.

J. Bart, M. Piarroux, Y. Sako, F. Grenouillet, S. Bresson-hadni et al., Comparison of several commercial serologic kits and Em18 serology for detection of human alveolar echinococcosis, Diagn Microbiol Infect Dis, vol.59, pp.93-98, 2007.
URL : https://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/hal-00341437

G. Bartholomot, D. A. Vuitton, S. Harraga, D. Z. Shi, P. Giraudoux et al., Combined ultrasound and serologic screening for hepatic alveolar echinococcosis in central China, Am J Trop Med Hyg, vol.66, pp.23-32, 2002.
URL : https://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/hal-00342475

S. Bresson-hadni, J. J. Laplante, D. Lenys, P. Rohmer, B. Gottstein et al., Seroepidemiologic screening of Echinococcus multilocularis infection in a European area endemic for alveolar echinococcosis, Am J Trop Med Hyg, vol.51, pp.837-883, 1994.

E. Brunetti, P. Kern, and D. A. Vuitton, Expert consensus for the diagnosis and treatment of cystic and alveolar echinococcosis in humans, Acta Trop, vol.114, pp.1-16, 2010.
URL : https://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/hal-00495116

M. Bulakci, M. Ilhan, S. Bademler, E. Yilmaz, M. Gulluoglu et al., Efficacy of ultrasound-guided core-needle biopsy in the diagnosis of hepatic alveolar echinococcosis: a retrospective analysis, Parasite, vol.23, p.19, 2016.

D. Carmena, A. Benito, and E. Eraso, Antigens for the immunodiagnosis of Echinococcus granulosus infection: an update, Acta Trop, vol.98, pp.74-86, 2006.

D. Carmena, A. Benito, and E. Eraso, The immunodiagnosis of Echinococcus multilocularis infection, Clin Microbiol Infect, vol.13, pp.460-75, 2007.

J. Delgado, F. Soriano, A. Camacho, J. Rojas, J. Mendoza et al., Evaluation of a new immunochromatographic assay for the detection of antibodies Echinococcus granulosus, Clin Microbiol Infect, vol.16, p.634, 2010.

P. Deplazes, L. Rinaldi, A. Rojas, C. A. Torgerson, P. R. Harandi et al., Global distribution of alveolar and cystic Echinococcosis, Adv Parasitol, vol.95, pp.315-493, 2017.

F. Grenouillet, B. Frider, A. Rodriguez, J. Amante, M. Pestalardo et al., Molecular diagnosis of polycystic Echinococcosis due to Echinococcus vogeli in a Paraguayan immigrant in Argentina, J Clin Microbiol, vol.51, pp.3151-3154, 2013.
URL : https://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/hal-01061549

A. Ito, Y. Sako, H. Yamasaki, W. Mamuti, K. Nakaya et al., Development of Em18-immunoblot and Em18-ELISA for specific diagnosis of alveolar echinococcosis, Acta Trop, vol.85, pp.221-229, 2003.

M. Kantarci, U. Bayraktutan, N. Karabulut, B. Aydinli, H. Ogul et al., Alveolar Echinococcosis: Spectrum of findings at cross-sectional imaging, Radiographics, vol.32, pp.2053-70, 2012.

M. Kaya, R. Bestas, S. Girgin, M. Cicek, and M. A. Kaplan, Increased anti-Echinococcus granulosus antibody positivity in Fasciola hepatica infection, Turk J Gastroenterol, vol.23, pp.339-382, 2012.

P. Kern, M. Da-silva, A. Akhan, O. Müllhaupt, B. Vizcaychipi et al., The Echinococcoses: diagnosis, clinical management and burden of disease, Adv Parasitol, vol.96, pp.259-369, 2017.

M. Liance, V. Janin, S. Bresson-hadni, D. Vuitton, R. Houin et al., Immunodiagnosis of Echinococcus infections: confirmatory testing and species differentiation by a new commercial western blot, J Clin Microbiol, vol.38, pp.3718-3739, 2000.

R. Lissandrin, F. Tamarozzi, L. Piccoli, C. Tinelli, D. Silvestri et al., Factors influencing the serological response in hepatic echinococcus granulosus infection, Am J Trop Med Hyg, vol.94, pp.166-71, 2016.

R. Manzano-román, C. Sánchez-ovejero, A. Hernández-gonzález, A. Casulli, and M. Siles-lucas, Serological diagnosis and follow-up of human cystic Echinococcosis: a new hope for the future?, Biomed Res Int, 2015.

P. L. Moro, H. H. Garcia, A. E. Gonzales, J. J. Bonilla, M. Verastegui et al., Screening for cystic echinococcosis in an endemic region of Peru using portable ultrasonography and the enzyme-linked immunoelectrotransfer blot (EITB) assay, Parasitol Res, vol.96, pp.242-248, 2005.

G. Nunnari, M. R. Pinzone, S. Gruttadauria, B. M. Celesia, G. Madeddu et al., Hepatic echinococcosis: clinical and therapeutic aspects, World J Gastroenterol: WJG, vol.18, pp.1448-58, 2012.

M. Piarroux, R. Piarroux, J. Knapp, K. Bardonnet, J. Dumortier et al., Populations at risk for alveolar Echinococcosis, France. Emerg Infect Dis, vol.19, pp.721-729, 2013.
URL : https://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/hal-00878761

A. Possenti, R. Manzano-román, C. Sánchez-ovejero, B. Boufana, G. L. Torre et al., Potential risk factors associated with human cystic Echinococcosis: systematic review and meta-analysis, PLoS Negl Trop Dis, vol.10, 2016.

X. Robin, N. Turck, A. Hainard, N. Tiberti, F. Lisacek et al., pROC: an open-source package for R and S+ to analyze and compare ROC curves, BMC Bioinformatics, vol.12, 2011.

T. Romig, W. Kratzer, P. Kimmig, M. Frosch, W. Gaus et al., An epidemiologic survey of human alveolar echinococcosis in southwestern Germany. Römerstein study group, Am J Trop Med Hyg, vol.61, pp.566-73, 1999.

S. J. Santivañez, M. L. Rodriguez, S. Rodriguez, Y. Sako, A. Nkouawa et al., Evaluation of a new immunochromatographic test using recombinant antigen B8/1 for diagnosis of cystic echinococcosis, J Clin Microbiol, vol.53, pp.3859-63, 2015.

M. Siles-lucas, A. Casulli, F. J. Conraths, and N. Müller, Laboratory diagnosis of Echinococcus spp. in human patients and infected animals, Adv Parasitol, vol.96, pp.159-257, 2017.

D. L. Simel, G. P. Samsa, and D. B. Matchar, Likelihood ratios with confidence: sample size estimation for diagnostic test studies, J Clin Epidemiol, vol.44, pp.763-70, 1991.

M. Stojkovic, C. Mickan, T. Weber, and T. Junghanss, Pitfalls in diagnosis and treatment of alveolar echinococcosis: a sentinel case series, BMJ Open Gastroenterol, vol.2, 2015.

F. Tamarozzi, I. Covini, M. Mariconti, R. Narra, C. Tinelli et al., Comparison of the diagnostic accuracy of three rapid tests for the Serodiagnosis of hepatic cystic Echinococcosis in humans, PLoS Negl Trop Dis, vol.10, 2016.

F. Tamarozzi, M. Mariconti, I. Covini, and E. Brunetti, Rapid diagnostic tests for the serodiagnosis of human cystic echinococcosis, Bull Soc Pathol Exot, vol.110, pp.20-30, 2017.

G. S. Tamer, D. Dündar, H. Uzuner, and C. Baydemir, Evaluation of Immunochromatographic test for the detection of antibodies against Echinococcosis granulosus, Med Sci Monit, vol.21, pp.1219-1241, 2015.

P. R. Torgerson and P. Deplazes, Echinococcosis: diagnosis and diagnostic interpretation in population studies, Trends Parasitol, vol.25, pp.164-70, 2009.

J. Wang, C. Gao, D. Steverding, X. Wang, F. Shi et al., Differential diagnosis of cystic and alveolar echinococcosis using an immunochromatographic test based on the detection of specific antibodies, Parasitol Res, vol.112, pp.3627-3660, 2013.

, Report of the WHO informal working group on cystic and alveolar echinococcosis surveillance, 2011.

C. Chapitre, Discussion et conclusion générales FIGURE C.2 -Alignement de la protéine 14-3-3 ?/? et de deux protéines homologues dépo-sées, programme en ligne MAFFT

A. Bibliographie, C. Cai, H. Kim, J. Han, X. Ma et al., An Echinococcus multilocularis Antigen B3 Proteoform That Shows Specific Antibody Responses to Active-Stage Alveolar Echinococcosis, Journal of Clinical Microbiology, vol.53, pp.3310-3317, 2015.

C. Ahn, X. Han, Y. Bae, X. Ma, J. Kim et al., Alteration of immunoproteome profile of Echinococcus granulosus hydatid fluid with progression of cystic echinococcosis, Parasites & Vectors, vol.8, 2015.

S. Y. Alcoser, D. J. Kimmel, S. D. Borgel, J. P. Carter, K. M. Dougherty et al., Real-time PCR-based assay to quantify the relative amount of human and mouse tissue present in tumor xenografts, BMC Biotechnology, vol.11, p.124, 2011.

R. W. Ammann, N. Ilitsch, B. Marincek, and A. U. Freiburghaus, Effect of chemotherapy on the larval mass and the long-term course of alveolar echinococcosis, Hepatology, vol.19, pp.735-742, 1994.

R. W. Ammann, K. D. Stumpe, F. Grimm, P. Deplazes, S. Huber et al., Outcome after Discontinuing Long-Term Benzimidazole Treatment in 11 Patients with Non-resectable Alveolar Echinococcosis with Negative FDG-PET/CT and Anti-EmII/3-10 Serology, vol.9, p.3964, 2015.

M. E. Ancarola, A. Marcilla, M. Herz, N. Macchiaroli, M. Pérez et al., Cestode parasites release extracellular vesicles with microRNAs and immunodiagnostic protein cargo, Journal for Parasitology, vol.47, pp.675-686, 2017.

L. Annaratone, C. Marchiò, R. Russo, L. Ciardo, S. M. Rondon-lagos et al., A Collection of Primary Tissue Cultures of Tumors from Vacuum Packed and Cooled Surgical Specimens : A Feasibility Study, PLoS ONE, vol.8, issue.9, 2013.

J. Aury, C. Cruaud, V. Barbe, O. Rogier, S. Mangenot et al., High quality draft sequences for prokaryotic genomes using a mix of new sequencing technologies », BMC Genomics, vol.9, p.603, 2008.

A. Azizi, O. Blagosklonov, A. Lounis, L. Berthet, D. Vuitton et al., Alveolar echinococcosis : correlation between hepatic MRI findings and FDG-PET/CT metabolic activity, Abdominal Imaging, vol.40, pp.56-63, 2015.

A. Baraquin, E. Hervouet, C. Richou, P. Flori, P. Peixoto et al., Circulating cell-free DNA in patients with alveolar echinococcosis, Molecular and Biochemical Parasitology, vol.222, pp.14-20, 2018.
URL : https://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/hal-01863922

M. Barbieri, M. A. Severi, M. I. Pírez, J. Battistoni, and A. Nieto, Use of specific antibody and circulating antigen serum levels in the hydatid immunodiagnosis of asymptomatic population, International Journal for Parasitology, vol.24, pp.937-942, 1994.

T. F. Barth, T. S. Herrmann, D. Tappe, L. Stark, B. Grüner et al., Sensitive and Specific Immunohistochemical Diagnosis of Human Alveolar Echinococcosis with the Monoclonal Antibody Em2G11, PLoS Neglected Tropical Diseases, vol.6, p.10, 2012.

G. Bartholomot, D. A. Vuitton, S. Harraga, D. Z. Shi, P. Giraudoux et al., Combined ultrasound and serologic screening for hepatic alveolar echinococcosis in central China, The American Journal of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene, vol.66, pp.23-29, 2002.
URL : https://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/hal-00342475

A. Beaumont and P. Cassier, Biologie animale. 3 ème édition. T. Tome 1. 2 t. Sciences Sup. Dunod, vol.459, 2004.

O. Beerli, D. Guerra, L. Baltrunaite, P. Deplazes, and D. Hegglin, Microtus arvalis and Arvicola scherman : Key Players in the Echinococcus multilocularis, Life Cycle ». Frontiers in Veterinary Science, vol.4, 2017.

T. Beiter, A. Fragasso, J. Hudemann, A. M. Niess, P. Simon et al., Term Treadmill Running as a Model for Studying Cell-Free DNA Kinetics In Vivo, Clinical Chemistry, vol.57, pp.633-636, 2011.

K. Brehm and U. Koziol, Echinococcus-Host Interactions at Cellular and Molecular Levels », Advances in Parasitology. and Echinococcosis, Part A, pp.147-212, 2017.

S. Bresson-hadni, A. Chauchet, D. A. Vuitton, F. Grenouillet, J. Knapp et al., , vol.9, pp.1-18, 2014.

S. Bresson-hadni, B. Bartholomot, J. Miguet, G. Mantion, and D. Vuitton,

. «-l'échinococcose-alvéolaire-hépatique, Hépato-Gastro & Oncologie Digestive, vol.4, pp.151-64, 2000.

S. Bresson-hadni, F. Grenouillet, A. Chauchet, C. Richou, J. Knapp et al., Diagnostic de l'échinococcose alvéolaire, Revue Francophone des Laboratoires, vol.464, pp.69-79, 2014.

S. Bresson-hadni, C. Richou, E. Delabrousse, D. A. Vuitton, L. Millon et al., Hépato-Gastro & Oncologie Digestive, vol.16, pp.111-128, 2009.

S. Bretagne, B. Robert, D. Vidaud, M. Goossens, and R. Houin, Structure of the Echinococcus multilocularis U1 snRNA gene repeat ». Molecular and Biochemical Parasitology, vol.46, pp.285-292, 1991.

A. J. Bronkhorst, J. Aucamp, and P. J. Pretorius, Cell-free DNA : Preanalytical variables », Clinica Chimica Acta, vol.450, pp.243-253, 2015.

E. Brunetti, P. Kern, and D. A. Vuitton, Expert consensus for the diagnosis and treatment of cystic and alveolar echinococcosis in humans, Acta Tropica, vol.114, pp.1-16, 2010.
URL : https://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/hal-00495116

M. Bulakci, M. Ilhan, S. Bademler, E. Yilmaz, M. Gulluoglu et al., Efficacy of ultrasound-guided core-needle biopsy in the diagnosis of hepatic alveolar echinococcosis : a retrospective analysis, Parasite, vol.23, p.19, 2016.

S. A. Bustin, V. Benes, J. A. Garson, J. Hellemans, J. Huggett et al., The MIQE Guidelines : Minimum Information for Publication of Quantitative Real-Time PCR Experiments, vol.55, pp.611-622, 2009.

P. Cai, G. N. Gobert, D. P. Mcmanus, and . Micrornas, Parasitic Helminthiases : Current Status and Future Perspectives, vol.32, pp.71-86, 2016.

P. Cai, G. N. Gobert, H. You, M. Duke, and D. P. Mcmanus, Circulating miRNAs : Potential Novel Biomarkers for Hepatopathology Progression and Diagnosis of Schistosomiasis Japonica in Two Murine Models, PLoS Neglected Tropical Diseases, vol.9, issue.7, 2015.

P. Cai, X. Piao, S. Liu, N. Hou, H. Wang et al., MicroRNA-Gene Expression Network in Murine Liver during Schistosoma japonicum Infection, PLoS ONE, vol.8, issue.6, 2013.

C. Salariés, Biologie médicale -Nomenclature des actes. L'assurance Maladie -Nomenclatures, 2017.

F. Camicia, M. Herz, L. C. Prada, L. Kamenetzky, S. H. Simonetta et al., The nervous and prenervous roles of serotonin in Echinococcus spp, » International Journal for Parasitology, vol.43, pp.647-659, 2013.

G. A. Cangelosi and J. S. Meschke, Dead or Alive : Molecular Assessment of Microbial Viability, Applied and Environmental Microbiology, vol.80, pp.5884-5891, 2014.

C. Caoduro, C. Porot, D. A. Vuitton, S. Bresson-hadni, F. Grenouillet et al., The Role of Delayed 18F-FDG PET Imaging in the Follow-up of Patients with Alveolar Echinococcosis », Journal of Nuclear Medicine, vol.54, pp.358-363, 2013.
URL : https://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/hal-01061554

S. Carbajo, . Gonzalez-del, F. Pozo, and E. Carbajo-perez, Quantification of the cellular proliferation on freshly dispersed cells from rat anterior pituitaries afterin vivo andin vitro labelling with bromodeoxyuridine, The Histochemical Journal, vol.24, pp.137-143, 1992.

D. Carmena, A. Benito, and E. Eraso, The immunodiagnosis of Echinococcus multilocularis infection, Clinical Microbiology and Infection, vol.13, pp.460-475, 2007.

D. Carmena, A. Benito, and E. Eraso, Antigens for the immunodiagnosis of Echinococcus granulosus infection : An update, Acta Tropica, vol.98, issue.1, pp.74-86, 2006.

D. Cauteren, . Van, L. Millon, H. Valk, . De et al., Retrospective study of human cystic echinococcosis over the past decade in France, using a nationwide hospital medical information database, Parasitology Research, vol.115, pp.4261-4265, 2016.
URL : https://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/hal-01368316

A. Chauchet, F. Grenouillet, J. Knapp, C. Richou, E. Delabrousse et al., Increased Incidence and Characteristics of Alveolar Echinococcosis in Patients With Immunosuppression-Associated Conditions, Clinical Infectious Diseases, vol.59, pp.1095-1104, 2014.
URL : https://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/hal-01063889

D. Chaya and S. C. Parija, « Performance of polymerase chain reaction for the diagnosis of cystic echinococcosis using serum, urine, and cyst fluid samples, Tropical Parasitology, vol.4, pp.43-46, 2014.

X. Chen, X. Chen, X. Lu, X. Feng, and H. Wen, The production and comparative evaluation of native and recombinant antigens for the fast serodiagnosis of cystic echinococcosis with dot immunogold filtration assay, Parasite Immunology, vol.37, pp.10-15, 2015.

Z. Cheng, S. Zhu, L. Wang, F. Liu, H. Tian et al., Identification and characterisation of Emp53, the homologue of human tumor suppressor p53, from Echinococcus multilocularis : its role in apoptosis and the oxidative stress response, International Journal for Parasitology, vol.45, pp.517-526, 2015.

L. Cnops, P. Soentjens, J. Clerinx, and M. Van-esbroeck, A Schistosoma haematobium-Specific Real-Time PCR for Diagnosis of Urogenital Schistosomiasis in Serum Samples of International Travelers and Migrants, PLoS Neglected Tropical Diseases, vol.7, issue.8, 2013.

. Cnr-ea, Rapport annuel d'activité 2017 -année d'exercice 2016, 2017.

F. J. Conraths, C. Probst, A. Possenti, B. Boufana, R. Saulle et al., Potential risk factors associated with human alveolar echinococcosis : Systematic review and meta-analysis, PLoS Neglected Tropical Diseases, vol.11, issue.7, 2017.

D. and A. , Polycystic echinococcosis in tropical America : Echinococcus vogeli and E. oligarthrus ». Acta Tropica. Advances in Clinical Management of Cystic Echinococcosis, vol.67, pp.43-65, 1997.

K. M. Danielson, R. Rubio, F. Abderazzaq, S. Das, and Y. E. Wang, High Throughput Sequencing of Extracellular RNA from Human Plasma, vol.12, p.1, 2017.

R. K. Davidson, T. Romig, E. Jenkins, M. Tryland, and L. J. Robertson, The impact of globalisation on the distribution of Echinococcus multilocularis, Trends in Parasitology, vol.28, pp.239-247, 2012.

J. Delgado, F. Soriano, A. Camacho, J. Rojas, J. Mendoza et al., Evaluation of a new immunochromatographic assay for the detection of antibodies Echinococcus granulosus. » European Congress of Clinical Microbiology and Infectious Diseases. T. 16. Vien, p.634, 2010.

P. Deplazes, L. Rinaldi, C. A. Alvarez-rojas, P. R. Torgerson, M. F. Harandi et al., , p.109

J. Thompson, R. C. Jenkins, and E. J. , « Global Distribution of Alveolar and Cystic Echinococcosis », Advances in Parasitology, vol.95, pp.315-493, 2017.

A. S. Devonshire, A. S. Whale, A. Gutteridge, G. Jones, S. Cowen et al., Towards standardisation of cell-free DNA measurement in plasma : controls for extraction efficiency, fragment size bias and quantification, Analytical and Bioanalytical Chemistry, vol.406, pp.6499-6512, 2014.

A. Díaz, C. Casaravilla, F. Irigoín, G. Lin, J. O. Previato et al., Understanding the laminated layer of larval Echinococcus I : structure », Trends in Parasitology, vol.27, pp.204-213, 2011.

A. Díaz, C. Fernández, Á. Pittini, P. I. Seoane, J. E. Allen et al., The laminated layer : Recent advances and insights into Echinococcus biology and evolution, Experimental Parasitology. Special Issue on Hydra 2014 -Molecular and Cellular Biology of Helminth Parasites VIII, vol.158, pp.23-30, 2015.

L. A. Diaz and A. Bardelli, Liquid Biopsies : Genotyping Circulating Tumor DNA », Journal of clinical oncology, vol.32, pp.579-586, 2014.

J. Eckert and R. C. Thompson, « Historical Aspects of Echinococcosis », Advances in Parasitology. and Echinococcosis, Part A, pp.1-64, 2017.

J. Eckert, P. Deplazes, and . Biological, Epidemiological, and Clinical Aspects of Echinococcosis, a Zoonosis of Increasing Concern, Clinical Microbiology Reviews, vol.17, pp.107-135, 2004.

K. Federer, M. T. Armua-fernandez, S. Hoby, C. Wenker, and P. Deplazes, In vivo viability of Echinococcus multilocularis eggs in a rodent model after different thermotreatments », Experimental Parasitology, vol.154, pp.14-19

M. Fleischhacker and B. Schmidt, Circulating nucleic acids (CNAs) and cancer-A survey, Biochimica et Biophysica Acta (BBA) -Reviews on Cancer, vol.1775, pp.181-232, 2007.

Y. Fujimoto, A. Ito, Y. Ishikawa, M. Inoue, Y. Suzuki et al., Usefulness of recombinant Em18-ELISA to evaluate efficacy of treatment in patients with alveolar echinococcosis, Journal of Gastroenterology, vol.40, pp.426-431, 2005.

S. Georges, O. Villard, D. Filisetti, A. Mathis, L. Marcellin et al., Usefulness of PCR Analysis for Diagnosis of Alveolar Echinococcosis with Unusual Localizations : Two Case Studies, Journal of Clinical Microbiology, vol.42, pp.5954-5956, 2004.

J. H. Ginkel, . Van, D. A. Broek, . Van-den, J. Kuik et al., Preanalytical blood sample workup for cellfree DNA analysis using Droplet Digital PCR for future molecular cancer diagnostics, Cancer Medicine, vol.6, pp.2297-2307, 2017.

B. Gottstein, W. Dai, M. Walker, M. Stettler, N. Müller et al., An intact laminated layer is important for the establishment of secondary Echinococcus multilocularis infection, Parasitology Research, vol.88, pp.822-828, 2002.

B. Gottstein, J. Wang, O. Blagosklonov, F. Grenouillet, L. Millon et al., « Echinococcus metacestode : in search of viability markers, Parasite, vol.21, 2014.

B. Gottstein, J. Wang, G. Boubaker, I. Marinova, M. Spiliotis et al., Susceptibility versus resistance in alveolar echinococcosis (larval infection with Echinococcus multilocularis) ». Veterinary Parasitology. Special Issue : Plenary papers presented at the ESCCAP Echinococcus 2014 scientific meetingHeld at the Lithuanian Academy of Sciences, vol.213, pp.103-109, 2015.

F. Grenouillet, A. Chauchet, C. Richou, D. Vuitton, J. Knapp et al., Échinococcose alvéolaire : épidémiologie, surveillance et prise en charge », Journal des Anti-infectieux, vol.15, pp.204-214, 2013.

F. Grenouillet, B. Frider, J. Alvarez-rodriguez, M. Amante, M. L. Pestalardo et al., Molecular Diagnosis of Polycystic Echinococcosis Due to Echinococcus vogeli in a Paraguayan Immigrant in Argentina », Journal of Clinical Microbiology, vol.51, pp.3151-3153, 2013.
URL : https://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/hal-01061549

G. Grosso, S. Gruttadauria, A. Biondi, S. Marventano, and A. Mistretta, Worldwide epidemiology of liver hydatidosis including the Mediterranean area, World Journal of Gastroenterology : WJG, vol.18, pp.1425-1437, 2012.

J. Guo, H. Zheng, J. Xu, X. Zhu, S. Wang et al., Sensitive and Specific Target Sequences Selected from Retrotransposons of Schistosoma japonicum for the Diagnosis of Schistosomiasis, vol.6, 2012.

X. Guo and Y. Zheng, Expression profiling of circulating miRNAs in mouse serum in response to Echinococcus multilocularis infection, Parasitology, vol.144, pp.1079-1087, 2017.

T. Habtewold, Z. Groom, L. Duchateau, and G. K. Christophides, « Detection of viable plasmodium ookinetes in the midguts of anopheles coluzzi using PMA-qrtPCR, Parasites & Vectors, vol.8, 2015.

, Actualisation des actes de biologie médicale relatifs au diagnostic des échinococcoses larvaires, HAS, 2017.

E. Heitzer, P. Ulz, and J. B. Geigl, Circulating Tumor DNA as a Liquid Biopsy for Cancer », Clinical Chemistry, vol.61, pp.112-123, 2015.

A. Hernández-gonzález, C. Sánchez-ovejero, R. Manzano-román, . Gonzá-lez, M. Sánchez et al., Evaluation of the recombinant antigens B2t and 2B2t, compared with hydatid fluid, in IgG-ELISA and immunostrips for the diagnosis and follow up of CE patients, PLoS Neglected Tropical Diseases, vol.12, 2018.

X. Huang, B. Grüner, C. J. Lechner, P. Kern, and P. T. Soboslay, Distinctive cytokine, chemokine, and antibody responses in Echinococcus multilocularis-infected patients with cured, stable, or progressive disease, Medical Microbiology and Immunology, vol.203, pp.185-193, 2014.

K. Ingold, P. Bigler, W. Thormann, T. Cavaliero, B. Gottstein et al., Efficacies of Albendazole Sulfoxide and Albendazole Sulfone against In Vitro-Cultivated Echinococcus multilocularis Metacestodes, Antimicrobial Agents and Chemotherapy, vol.43, pp.1052-1061, 1999.

A. Ito, G. Agvaandaram, O. Bat-ochir, B. Chuluunbaatar, N. Gonchigsen-ghe et al., Serological, and Molecular Confirmation of Indigenous Alveolar Echinococcosis Cases in Mongolia, The American Journal of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene, vol.82, pp.266-269, 2010.

A. Ito, Y. Sako, H. Yamasaki, W. Mamuti, K. Nakaya et al., Development of Em18-immunoblot and Em18-ELISA for specific diagnosis of alveolar echinococcosis, Acta Tropica. New dimensions in Hydatidology in the New Millenium, vol.85, pp.173-182, 2003.

S. Jahr, H. Hentze, S. Englisch, D. Hardt, F. O. Fackelmayer et al., DNA Fragments in the Blood Plasma of Cancer Patients : Quantitations and Evidence for Their Origin from Apoptotic and Necrotic Cells, Cancer Research, vol.61, pp.1659-1665, 2001.

A. Johanna, H. Yu-yang, M. Monika, B. Duhm, E. Ludwig et al., Analysing cell-free plasma DNA and SLE disease activity, European Journal of Clinical Investigation, vol.41, pp.579-583, 2011.

N. Kato-hayashi, L. R. Leonardo, N. L. Arevalo, M. N. Tagum, J. Apin et al., Detection of active schistosome infection by cell-free circulating DNA of Schistosoma japonicum in highly endemic areas in Sorsogon Province, the Philippines, Acta Tropica. Progress in research and control of helminth infections in Asia, vol.141, pp.178-183, 2015.

N. Kato-hayashi, M. Yasuda, J. Yuasa, S. Isaka, K. Haruki et al., Use of Cell-Free Circulating Schistosome DNA in Serum, Urine, Semen, and Saliva To Monitor a Case of Refractory Imported Schistosomiasis Hematobia, Journal of Clinical Microbiology, vol.51, pp.3435-3438, 2013.

P. Kern, . Menezes-da, A. Silva, O. Akhan, B. Müllhaupt et al., « The Echinococcoses : Diagnosis, Clinical Management and Burden of Disease », Advances in Parasitology, vol.96, pp.259-369, 2017.

P. Kern, H. Wen, N. Sato, D. A. Vuitton, B. Gruener et al., WHO classification of alveolar echinococcosis : Principles and application, Parasitology International. Taeniasis/cysticercosis and echinococcosis with focus on Asia and the Pacific, vol.55, pp.283-287, 2006.
URL : https://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/hal-00483846

P. Kern, K. Bardonnet, E. Renner, H. Auer, Z. Pawlowski et al., Echinococcosis Registry : Human Alveolar Echinococcosis, vol.9, pp.343-349, 1982.

S. Khanbabaie, M. Riazi, C. H. Chang, M. H. Yunus, and R. Noordin, Lateral flow dipstick antigen assay for human cystic echinococcosis, Acta Tropica, vol.190, pp.171-176, 2019.

H. Kim, S. H. Sung, C. Y. Kim, M. K. Bae, M. S. Cho et al., 14-3-3? Overexpression is Associated with Poor Prognosis in Ovarian Cancer, Yonsei Medical Journal, vol.59, pp.51-56, 2018.

Y. Kodama, N. Fujita, T. Shimizu, H. Endo, T. Nambu et al., MR Findings in the Liver, vol.228, pp.172-177, 2003.

L. Kolá?ová, J. Mat?j?, J. Hrdý, H. Kolá?ová, L. Hozáková et al., Emerging Infectious Diseases, vol.21, pp.2263-2265, 2007.

U. Koziol and K. Brehm, « Recent advances in Echinococcus genomics and stem cell research ». Veterinary Parasitology. Special Issue : Plenary papers presented at the ESCCAP 2014 scientific meeting, vol.213, pp.92-102, 2015.

U. Koziol, T. Rauschendorfer, L. Zanon-rodríguez, G. Krohne, and K. Brehm, The unique stem cell system of the immortal larva of the human parasite Echinococcus multilocularis, EvoDevo, vol.5, p.10, 2014.

S. A. Leon, B. Shapiro, D. M. Sklaroff, and M. J. Yaros, « Free DNA in the Serum of Cancer Patients and the Effect of Therapy, Cancer Research, vol.37, pp.646-650, 1977.

J. Li, W. Zhang, R. Lin, H. Wang, L. Li et al., Circulating Antigen B in cystic echinococcosis patients antibody-negative against hydatid cyst fluid antigens. Proceedings of Innovation for the Management of Echinococcosis, Parasite, vol.21, p.19, 2014.

M. Li, H. Lu, X. Liu, Q. Meng, Y. Zhao et al., Overexpression of 14-3-3? in lung tissue predicts an improved outcome in patients with lung adenocarcinoma, Oncology Letters, vol.16, pp.1051-1058, 2018.

T. Li, A. Ito, K. Nakaya, J. Qiu, M. Nakao et al., Species identification of human echinococcosis using histopathology and genotyping in northwestern China, Transactions of the Royal Society of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene, vol.102, pp.585-590, 2008.
URL : https://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/hal-00342116

M. Liance, V. Janin, S. Bresson-hadni, D. Vuitton, R. Houin et al., Immunodiagnosis of Echinococcus Infections : Confirmatory Testing and Species Differentiation by a New Commercial Western Blot, vol.38, pp.3718-3721, 2000.

Z. Liang and A. Keeley, Comparison of propidium monoazide-quantitative PCR and reverse transcription quantitative PCR for viability detection of fresh Cryptosporidium oocysts following disinfection and after long-term storage in water samples ». Water Research, vol.46, pp.5941-5953, 2012.

R. Lissandrin, F. Tamarozzi, L. Piccoli, C. Tinelli, . De et al., Factors influencing the serological response in hepatic Echinococcus granulosus infection ». The American journal of tropical medicine and hygiene, vol.94, pp.166-171, 2016.

Y. M. Lo, J. Zhang, T. N. Leung, T. K. Lau, A. M. Chang et al., Rapid Clearance of Fetal DNA from Maternal Plasma, vol.64, pp.218-224, 1999.

C. Lorenzo, H. B. Ferreira, K. M. Monteiro, M. Rosenzvit, L. Kamenetzky et al., « Comparative Analysis of the Diagnostic Performance of Six Major Echinococcus granulosus Antigens Assessed in a DoubleBlind, Randomized Multicenter Study, Journal of Clinical Microbiology, vol.43, pp.2764-2770, 2005.

A. J. Lymbery, « Phylogenetic Pattern, Evolutionary Processes and Species Delimitation in the Genus Echinococcus, Advances in Parasitology. and Echinococcosis

R. C. Sous-la-dir.-de, P. Thompson, A. J. Deplazes, and . Lymbery, , pp.111-145

A. J. Lymbery, E. J. Jenkins, J. M. Schurer, R. C. Thompson, E. Echinococcus-canadensis et al., What's in a name ?, Trends in Parasitology, vol.31, pp.23-29, 2015.

-. Nakao, -is Echinococcus intermedius a valid species ?, Trends in Parasitology, vol.31, pp.343-344, 2015.

L. L. Maldonado, J. Assis, F. M. Araújo, A. C. Salim, N. Macchiaroli et al., The Echinococcus canadensis (G7) genome : a key knowledge of parasitic platyhelminth human diseases », BMC Genomics, vol.18, p.204, 2017.

R. Manzano-román, C. Sánchez-ovejero, A. Hernández-gonzález, A. Casulli, and M. Siles-lucas, Serological Diagnosis and Follow-Up of Human Cystic Echinococcosis : A New Hope for the Future ?, BioMed Research International, 2015.

M. Mariconti, A. Vola, T. Manciulli, F. Genco, R. Lissandrin et al., Role of microRNAs in host defense against Echinococcus granulosus infection : a preliminary assessment, 2018.

J. Matsumoto, N. Müller, A. Hemphill, Y. Oku, M. Kamiya et al., 14-3-3-and II/3-10-gene expression as molecular markers to address viability and growth activity of Echinococcus multilocularis metacestodes, Parasitology, vol.132, issue.1, pp.83-94, 2006.

P. Moro, P. M. Schantz, and . Echinococcosis, International Journal of Infectious Diseases, vol.13, pp.125-133, 2009.

M. Nakao, D. P. Mcmanus, P. M. Schantz, P. S. Craig, and A. Ito, A molecular phylogeny of the genus Echinococcus inferred from complete mitochondrial genomes, Parasitology, vol.134, pp.713-722

M. Nakao, A. Lavikainen, and E. Hoberg, Is Echinococcus intermedius a valid species ?, Trends in Parasitology, vol.31, pp.342-343, 2015.

M. Nakao, A. Lavikainen, T. Yanagida, and A. Ito, Phylogenetic systematics of the genus Echinococcus (Cestoda : Taeniidae) », International Journal for Parasitology. Zoonoses Special Issue, vol.43, pp.1017-1029, 2013.

M. Nakao, N. Yokoyama, Y. Sako, M. Fukunaga, and A. Ito, The complete mitochondrial DNA sequence of the cestode Echinococcus multilocularis, Cyclophyllidea : Taeniidae) ». Mitochondrion, vol.1, pp.497-509, 2002.

B. B. Nath, A. A. Babrekar, and B. Parthasarathy, Assessment of Cell Viability in Intact Glandular Tissue in Chironomus ramosus using Dye-exclusion and Colorimetric Assays, Cytotechnology, vol.49, pp.59-65, 2005.

C. L. Neal, J. Yao, W. Yang, X. Zhou, N. T. Nguyen et al., 14-3-3? Overexpression Defines High Risk for Breast Cancer Recurrence and Promotes Cancer Cell Survival, Cancer research, vol.69, pp.3425-3432, 2009.

C. P. Nunes, A. Zaha, B. Gottstein, N. Müller, and M. D. Siles-lucas, « 14-3-3 gene characterization and description of a second 14-3-3 isoform in both Echinococcus granulosus, Parasitology Research, vol.93, pp.403-409, 2004.

G. Nunnari, M. R. Pinzone, S. Gruttadauria, B. M. Celesia, G. Madeddu et al., Hepatic echinococcosis : Clinical and therapeutic aspects, World Journal of Gastroenterology, vol.18, pp.1448-1458, 2012.

A. Oksanen, M. Siles-lucas, J. Karamon, A. Possenti, F. J. Conraths et al.,

A. Sulli, « The geographical distribution and prevalence of Echinococcus multilocularis in animals in the European Union and adjacent countries : a systematic review and metaanalysis, Parasites & Vectors, vol.9, 2016.

K. Page, D. S. Guttery, N. Zahra, L. Primrose, S. R. Elshaw et al., Influence of Plasma Processing on Recovery and Analysis of Circulating Nucleic Acids, vol.8, p.10, 2013.

Z. Pawlowski, J. Eckert, D. Vuitton, R. Ammann, P. Kern et al., Echinococosis in Humans : clinical aspects, diagnosis, and treatment ». Manual on Echinococcosis in Humans and Animals : A Public Health Problem of Global Concern

F. Gemmell, Z. P. Meslin, and . Paris, World Organisation for Animal Health et World Health Organization (OIE/WHO), pp.20-72, 2001.

K. Perez-toralla, D. Pekin, J. Bartolo, F. Garlan, P. Nizard et al., PCR digitale en micro-compartiments -I. Détection sensible de séquences d'acides nucléiques rares ». médecine/sciences 31, pp.84-92, 2015.
URL : https://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/hal-01140226

M. Piarroux, R. Piarroux, R. Giorgi, J. Knapp, K. Bardonnet et al., , p.116

D. A. Vuitton and S. Bresson-hadni, Clinical features and evolution of alveolar echinococcosis in France from 1982 to 2007 : Results of a survey in 387 patients, Journal of Hepatology, vol.55, pp.1025-1033, 2011.
URL : https://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/hal-00726569

M. Piarroux, R. Piarroux, J. Knapp, K. Bardonnet, J. Dumortier et al., Populations at Risk for Alveolar Echinococcosis, Emerging Infectious Diseases, vol.19, pp.721-728, 2013.
URL : https://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/hal-00878761

L. B. Pinheiro, V. A. Coleman, C. M. Hindson, J. Herrmann, B. J. Hindson et al., Evaluation of a Droplet Digital Polymerase Chain Reaction Format for DNA Copy Number Quantification, Analytical Chemistry, vol.84, pp.1003-1011, 2012.

L. A. Pontes, E. Dias-neto, and A. Rabello, Detection by polymerase chain reaction of Schistosoma mansoni DNA in human serum and feces, The American Journal of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene, vol.66, pp.157-162, 2002.

A. Possenti, R. Manzano-román, C. Sánchez-ovejero, B. Boufana, G. L. Torre et al., Potential Risk Factors Associated with Human Cystic Echinococcosis : Systematic Review and Meta-analysis, PLOS Neglected Tropical Diseases, vol.10, p.5114, 2016.

W. Qu, Y. Zhou, Y. Zhang, Y. Lu, X. Wang et al., MFEprimer-2.0 : a fast thermodynamics-based program for checking PCR primer specificity, Nucleic Acids Research, vol.40, pp.205-208, 2012.

R. Rausch, E. L. Schiller, and . Hydatid-disease, Echinococcosis) in Alaska and the Importance of Rodent Intermediate Hosts, Science, vol.113, pp.57-58, 1951.

S. Reuter, H. Schirrmeister, W. Kratzer, C. Dreweck, S. N. Reske et al., Pericystic Metabolic Activity in Alveolar Echinococcosis : Assessment and Follow-Up by Positron Emission Tomography, Clinical Infectious Diseases, vol.29, pp.1157-1163, 1999.

F. J. Ricken, J. Nell, B. Grüner, J. Schmidberger, T. Kaltenbach et al., Albendazole increases the inflammatory response and the amount of Em2-positive small particles of Echinococcus multilocularis (spems) in human hepatic alveolar echinococcosis lesions, PLoS Neglected Tropical Diseases, vol.11, issue.5, 2017.

R. Riganò, E. Profumo, S. Ioppolo, S. Notargiacomo, A. Teggi et al., Cytokine patterns in seropositive and seronegative patients with Echinococcus granulosus infection, Immunology Letters, vol.64, pp.5-8, 1998.

X. Robin, N. Turck, A. Hainard, N. Tiberti, F. Lisacek et al., « pROC : an open-source package for R and S+ to analyze and compare ROC curves », BMC Bioinformatics, vol.12, p.77, 2011.

M. W. Robinson, N. Mcferran, A. Trudgett, L. Hoey, and I. Fairweather, A possible model of benzimidazole binding to ?-tubulin disclosed by invoking an inter-domain movement, Journal of Molecular Graphics and Modelling, vol.23, pp.275-284, 2004.

J. H. Roelfsema, N. Nozari, E. Pinelli, and L. M. Kortbeek, Novel PCRs for differential diagnosis of cestodes, Experimental Parasitology, vol.161, pp.20-26, 2016.

T. Romig, P. Deplazes, D. Jenkins, P. Giraudoux, A. Massolo et al., Ecology and Life Cycle Patterns of Echinococcus Species, p.95, 2017.
URL : https://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/hal-01456212

R. C. Sous-la-dir.-de, P. Thompson, A. J. Deplazes, and . Lymbery, , pp.213-314

T. Romig, D. Ebi, and M. Wassermann, « Taxonomy and molecular epidemiology of Echinococcus granulosus sensu lato ». Veterinary Parasitology. Special Issue : Plenary papers presented at the ESCCAP Echinococcus 2014 scientific meetingHeld at the Lithuanian Academy of Sciences, vol.213, pp.76-84, 2015.

T. Romig, W. Kratzer, P. Kimmig, M. Frosch, W. Gaus et al., An epidemiologic survey of human alveolar echinococcosis in southwestern Germany. Römerstein Study Group. » The American, Journal of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene, vol.61, pp.566-573, 1999.

A. Rousseau, S. L. Carbona, A. Dumètre, L. J. Robertson, G. Gargala et al., Assessing viability and infectivity of foodborne and waterborne stages (cysts/oocysts) of Giardia duodenalis, Cryptosporidium spp., and Toxoplasma gondii : a review of methods, Parasite, vol.25, p.14, 2018.
URL : https://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/hal-01789214

Y. Sako, M. Nakao, K. Nakaya, H. Yamasaki, B. Gottstein et al., Echinococcosis : Characterization of Diagnostic Antigen Em18 and Serological Evaluation of Recombinant Em18 », Journal of Clinical Microbiology, vol.40, pp.2760-2765, 2002.

S. J. Santivañez, M. L. Rodriguez, S. Rodriguez, Y. Sako, A. Nkouawa et al., Evaluation of a New Immunochromatographic Test Using Recombinant Antigen B8/1 for Diagnosis of Cystic Echinococcosis », Journal of Clinical Microbiology, vol.53, pp.3859-3863, 2015.

G. B. Santos, S. M. Espínola, H. B. Ferreira, R. Margis, and A. Zaha, Rapid detection of Echinococcus species by a high-resolution melting (HRM) approach », Parasites & Vectors, vol.6, p.327, 2013.

A. Schubert, Protein kinases as targets for the development of novel drugs against alveolar echinococcosis, vol.110, 2015.

M. Siles-lucas, A. Casulli, F. J. Conraths, and N. Müller, Laboratory Diagnosis of Echinococcus spp. in Human Patients and Infected Animals », Advances in Parasitology, vol.96, pp.159-257, 2017.

M. Siles-lucas, A. Casulli, R. Cirilli, and D. Carmena, Progress in the pharmacological treatment of human cystic and alveolar echinococcosis : Compounds and therapeutic targets, PLoS Neglected Tropical Diseases, vol.12, 2018.

M. Siles-lucas, R. S. Felleisen, A. Hemphill, W. Wilson, and B. Gottstein, Stage-specific expression of the 14-3-3 gene in Echinococcus multilocularis, Biochemical Parasitology, vol.91, pp.281-293, 1998.

M. Siles-lucas and B. Gottstein, The 14-3-3 protein : a key molecule in parasites as in other organisms, Trends in Parasitology, vol.19, pp.575-581, 2003.

M. W. Snyder, M. Kircher, A. J. Hill, R. M. Daza, and J. Shendure, Cell-free DNA comprises an in vivo nucleosome footprint that informs its tissues-of-origin, Cell, vol.164, pp.57-68, 2016.

M. Spiliotis, S. Lechner, D. Tappe, C. Scheller, G. Krohne et al., sient transfection of Echinococcus multilocularis primary cells and complete in vitro regeneration of metacestode vesicles, International Journal for Parasitology, vol.38, pp.1025-1039, 2008.

M. Spiliotis, D. Tappe, L. Sesterhenn, and K. Brehm, Long-term in vitro cultivation of Echinococcus multilocularis metacestodes under axenic conditions, Parasitology Research, vol.92, pp.430-432, 2004.

W. Strober and . Trypan, Blue Exclusion Test of Cell Viability ». Current Protocols in Immunology, vol.21, 2001.

Y. Su, M. Wang, D. E. Brenner, A. Ng, H. Melkonyan et al., Human Urine Contains Small, 150 to 250 Nucleotide-Sized, Soluble DNA Derived from the Circulation and May Be Useful in the Detection of Colorectal Cancer, The Journal of Molecular Diagnostics, vol.6, pp.101-107, 2004.

Z. Swiderski, J. Miquel, S. Azzouz-maache, A. Pétavy, and . Origin, differentiation and functional ultrastructure of egg envelopes in the cestode Echinococcus multilocularis Leuckart, 1863 (Cyclophyllidea : Taeniidae), vol.116, pp.1963-1971, 2017.

B. Taback, S. J. O'day, and D. S. Hoon, « Quantification of circulating DNA in the plasma and serum of cancer patients, Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences, vol.1022, pp.17-24, 2004.

F. Tamarozzi, M. Mariconti, I. Covini, and E. Brunetti, Rapid diagnostic tests for the serodiagnosis of human cystic echinococcosis ». Bulletin de la Société de pathologie exotique 110, vol.1, pp.20-30, 2017.

F. Tamarozzi, I. Covini, M. Mariconti, R. Narra, C. Tinelli et al., Comparison of the Diagnostic Accuracy of Three Rapid Tests for the Serodiagnosis of Hepatic Cystic Echinococcosis in Humans, PLoS Neglected Tropical Diseases, vol.10, issue.2, 2016.

G. S. Tamer, D. Dündar, H. Uzuner, and C. Baydemir, Evaluation of Immunochromatographic Test for the Detection of Antibodies against Echinococcus granulosus », Medical Science Monitor : International Medical Journal of Experimental and Clinical Research, vol.21, pp.1219-1222, 2015.

D. Tappe and M. Frosch, « Rudolf Virchow and the Recognition of Alveolar Echinococcosis, Emerging Infectious Diseases, vol.13, pp.732-735, 1850.

D. Tappe, M. Frosch, Y. Sako, S. Itoh, B. Grüner et al., Close relationship between clinical regression and specific serology in the follow-up of patients with alveolar echinococcosis in different clinical stages, The American Journal of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene, vol.80, pp.792-797, 2009.

D. Tappe, S. Zidowitz, P. Demmer, P. Kern, T. F. Barth et al., ThreeDimensional Reconstruction of Echinococcus multilocularis Larval Growth in Human Hepatic Tissue Reveals Complex Growth Patterns, The American Journal of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene, vol.82, pp.126-127, 2010.

A. R. Thierry, S. El-messaoudi, P. B. Gahan, P. Anker, and M. Stroun, « Origins, structures, and functions of circulating DNA in oncology, Cancer Metastasis Reviews, vol.35, pp.347-376, 2016.

R. C. Thompson, . Biology, . Systematics, and . Echinococcus, Sous la dir, Advances in Parasitology. and Echinococcosis, Part A 95, pp.65-109, 2017.

R. C. Thompson and D. P. Mcmanus, Aetiology : parasites and life-cycles. » WHO/OIE Manual on Echinococcosis in Humans and Animals : a Public Health Problem of global Concern, pp.1-19, 2001.

B. Tinsley, A. Abbara, R. Kadaba, H. Sheth, and G. Sandhu, « Spontaneous Intraperitoneal Rupture of a Hepatic Hydatid Cyst with Subsequent Anaphylaxis : A Case Report, Case Reports in Hepatology, 2013.

P. R. Torgerson, B. Devleesschauwer, N. Praet, N. Speybroeck, A. L. Willingham et al., « World Health Organization Estimates of the Global and Regional Disease Burden of 11 Foodborne Parasitic Diseases, 2010 : A Data Synthesis, PLoS Medicine, vol.12, p.12, 2015.

P. R. Torgerson, K. Keller, M. Magnotta, and N. Ragland, The Global Burden of Alveolar Echinococcosis, PLoS Neglected Tropical Diseases, vol.4, issue.6, 2010.

I. J. Tsai, M. Zarowiecki, N. Holroyd, A. Garciarrubio, A. Sánchez-flores et al., The genomes of four tapeworm species reveal adaptations to parasitism, vol.496, pp.57-63, 2013.

C. Tse and J. Capeau, Quantification des acides nucléiques par PCR quantitative en temps réel, Annales de Biologie Clinique, vol.61, pp.279-293, 2003.

G. Umhang, M. Forin-wiart, V. Hormaz, C. Caillot, J. Boucher et al., « Echinococcus multilocularis detection in the intestines and feces of free-ranging domestic cats (Felis s. catus) and European wildcats (Felis s. silvestris) from northeastern France, Veterinary Parasitology, vol.214, pp.75-79, 2015.

H. R. Underhill, J. O. Kitzman, S. Hellwig, N. C. Welker, R. Daza et al., Fragment Length of Circulating Tumor DNA », PLoS Genetics, vol.12, p.1006162, 2016.

B. Valot, J. Knapp, G. Umhang, F. Grenouillet, and L. Millon, Genomic characterization of EmsB microsatellite loci in Echinococcus multilocularis, Infection, Genetics and Evolution, vol.32, pp.338-341, 2015.
URL : https://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/hal-01166207

B. Valot, B. Rognon, A. Prenel, A. Baraquin, J. Knapp et al., Screening of antigenic vesicular fluid proteins of Echinococcus multilocularis as potential viability biomarkers to monitor drug response in alveolar echinococcosis patients, PROTEOMICS -Clinical Applications, vol.11, issue.11, p.1700010, 2017.
URL : https://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/hal-01667558

. Van-der, M. Vaart, and P. J. Pretorius, Method for Characterization of Total Circulating DNA, Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences, vol.1137, issue.1, pp.92-97, 2008.

P. Veit, B. Bilger, V. Schad, J. Schäfer, W. Frank et al., Influence of environmental factors on the infectivity of Echinococcus multilocularis eggs, Parasitology, vol.110, pp.79-86, 1995.

D. A. Vuitton, F. Demonmerot, J. Knapp, C. Richou, F. Grenouillet et al., Clinical epidemiology of human AE in Europe ». Veterinary Parasitology. Special Issue : Plenary papers presented at the ESCCAP Echinococcus 2014 scientific meetingHeld at the Lithuanian Academy of Sciences, vol.213, pp.110-120, 2015.

D. A. Vuitton, S. Bresson-hadni, P. Giraudoux, B. Bartholomot, J. Laplante et al., « Échinococcose alvéo-laire : d'une maladie rurale incurable à une infection urbaine sous contrôle ?, La Presse Médicale, vol.39, pp.216-230, 2010.

D. A. Vuitton and B. Gottstein, « Echinococcus multilocularis and its intermediate host : a model of parasite-host interplay, Journal of Biomedicine & Biotechnology, p.923193, 2010.

H. Wahlström, H. L. Enemark, R. K. Davidson, and A. Oksanen, Present status, actions taken and future considerations due to the findings of E. multilocularis in two Scandinavian countries ». Veterinary Parasitology. Special Issue : Plenary papers presented at the ESCCAP 2014 scientific meeting, vol.213, pp.172-181, 2015.

J. Wang, C. Gao, D. Steverding, X. Wang, F. Shi et al., « Differential diagnosis of cystic and alveolar echinococcosis using an immunochromatographic test based on the detection of specific antibodies, Parasitology Research, vol.112, pp.3627-3633, 2013.

K. G. Weerakoon, G. N. Gobert, P. Cai, and D. P. Mcmanus, Advances in the Diagnosis of Human Schistosomiasis, vol.28, pp.939-967, 2015.

K. G. Weerakoon and D. P. Mcmanus, Cell-Free DNA as a Diagnostic Tool for Human Parasitic Infections, Trends in Parasitology, vol.32, pp.378-391, 2016.

. Who and . World, Health Assembly adopts resolution on neglected tropical diseases. WHO, 2013.

D. Wichmann, M. Panning, T. Quack, S. Kramme, G. Burchard et al., Diagnosing Schistosomiasis by Detection of Cell-Free Parasite DNA in Human Plasma, PLoS Neglected Tropical Diseases, vol.3, issue.4, 2009.

D. Wichmann, S. Poppert, H. Von-thien, J. Clerinx, S. Dieckmann et al., Prospective European-wide multicentre study on a blood based real-time PCR for the diagnosis of acute schistosomiasis, BMC Infectious Diseases, vol.13, p.55, 2013.

J. F. Wilson, R. L. Rausch, B. J. Mcmahon, and P. M. Schantz, « Parasiticidal effect of chemotherapy in alveolar hydatid disease : review of experience with mebendazole and albendazole in Alaskan Eskimos, Clinical Infectious Diseases, vol.15, pp.234-249, 1992.

. World-health and . Organization, Echinococcosis -Fact sheet, 2017.

. World-health-organization, . World, . For, and . Health, Report of the WHO Informal Working Group on cystic and alveolar echinococcosis surveillance, prevention and control, with the participation of the Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations and the World Organisation for Animal Health, vol.20, 2011.

J. Xu, R. Rong, H. Q. Zhang, C. J. Shi, X. Q. Zhu et al., « Sensitive and rapid detection of Schistosoma japonicum DNA by loop-mediated isothermal amplification (LAMP) », International Journal for Parasitology, vol.40, pp.327-331, 2010.

M. Xu, D. J. Mccanna, and J. G. Sivak, « Use of the viability reagent PrestoBlue in comparison with alamarBlue and MTT to assess the viability of human corneal epithelial cells, Journal of Pharmacological and Toxicological Methods, vol.71, pp.1-7, 2015.

X. Yang, W. Cao, L. Zhang, W. Zhang, X. Zhang et al., Targeting 14-3-3zeta in cancer therapy, Cancer Gene Therapy, vol.19, issue.3, pp.153-159, 2012.

S. C. Yu, S. W. Lee, P. Jiang, T. Y. Leung, K. C. Chan et al., High-Resolution Profiling of Fetal DNA Clearance from Maternal Plasma by Massively Parallel Sequencing, vol.59, pp.1228-1237, 2013.