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, Cycle biogéochimique du cobalt en domaines océaniques contrastés : l'Atlantique

R. Gabriel-dulaquais,

, En étant l'atome central de la cobalamine (vitamine B12), le cobalt est aussi indirectement essentiel aux eucaryotes marins qui ne synthétisent pas cette vitamine. Cet élément peut se substituer au zinc et au cadmium au sein de la carbonique anhydrase, l'enzyme permettant la fixation du dioxyde de carbone dans la cellule phytoplanctonique. Il pourrait intervenir également dans l'activation de l'alcaline phosphatase. De part ses implications biologiques, le cobalt pourrait jouer un rôle important dans le cycle océanique du carbone. Cependant, les connaissances du cycle biogéochimique du cobalt en milieu marin sont encore largement limitées. Ce travail de thèse de doctorat s, transition essentiel pour la croissance du phytoplancton, et en particulier pour les cyanobactéries qui ont un besoin absolu pour cet élément

, Une stratégie de prélèvement à haute résolution et à grande échelle a été mise en place dans diverses régions océaniques du monde lors de campagnes à la mer. Ainsi pour la première fois, une cartographie du cobalt dissous (DCo) et particulaire (PCo) a pu être définie pour l'ensemble de l'Atlantique Ouest, ainsi que des bassins Méditerranéens et de la Mer Noire, Au cours de ces travaux, l'un des plus larges jeux de données, rapporté à ce jour, incluant les différentes fracti ons du cobalt (soluble, dissous, particulaire, spéciation organique) a été produit

S. Voltamétrie, Le cobalt est en effet l'un des micro-nutritifs le moins abondant dans l'eau de mer. Les concentrations les plus faibles en DCo ont été observées dans les eaux oligotrophes de l'Atlantique Ouest (< 15 pM) alors que les plus élevées sont enregistrées dans la couche supérieure des eaux sulfidiques de la Mer Noire (> 5 nM). La distributi on verticale du cobalt dissous variait selon les systèmes biogéochimiques. Ainsi, le profil vertical est de type nutritif comme les phosphates dans les eaux de surface de l'océan Atlantique. Les concentrations y augmentent avec la profondeur, jusqu'à un maximum relatif dans les eaux intermédiaires, puis décroissent dans l'océan profond. Ce comportement contraste avec le profil observé pour l'ensemble des bassins de la Mer Méditerranée. Dans cette mer, les fortes concentrations en DCo mesurées en surface (100-300 pM) diminuent en effet avec la profondeur, aux limites de détections basses permettant la détermination de cet élément

, Lors de ces travaux, un effort particulier a été apporté sur la quantification des apports externes en cobalt (atmosphère, rivière) le long de l'Atlantique Ouest et en Mer Méditerranée par le développement de modèles. Ainsi, les implications biogéochimiques des apports atmosphériques ont été estimées en Atlantique Ouest. Elles suggèrent un possible effet cascade entre l'apport atmosphérique, le développement des cyanobactéries de type Synechococcus et la production de vitamine B12. Ces travaux sont une contribution majeure aux études en cours qui visent à comprendre et estimer les interactions biologiques, L'étude approfondie de l'ensemble de ces résultats a mis en évidence l'importance de la circulation à grande échelle dans la distribution du cobalt en milieu océanique. Ainsi, les circulations intermédiaires et profondes semblent régir la distribution profonde du cobalt dissous en Atlantique Ouest, ainsi qu'en Mer Méditerranée