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, ce travail de thèse m'a permis de découvrir le monde de la recherche dans le domaine du spatial, domaine vers lequel mes études académiques me prédestinaient. J'ai beaucoup apprécié cette recherche continuelle à la fois de la connaissance et de la perfection des résultats. J'ai aussi beaucoup apprécié l'ambiance de travail au sein de l'équipe DART, et en particulier l'esprit de collaboration entre les membres de l'équipe. Finalement, cette thèse m'a permis d

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Q. Weng, X. Hu, D. Quattrochi, and H. Liu, Assessing intra-urban surface energy fluxes using remotely sensed aster imagery and routine meteorological data: A case study in Indianapolis, USA, IEEE J. Sel. Top. Appl. Earth Obs. Remote Sens, vol.7, pp.4046-4057, 2014.

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C. J. Willmott, S. M. Robeson, and K. Matsuura, A Refined Index of Model Performance, International Journal of Climatology, 1981.

W. Xu, M. J. Wooster, and C. S. Grimmond, Modelling of urban sensible heat flux at multiple spatial scales: A demonstration using airborne hyperspectral imagery of Shanghai and a temperature-emissivity separation approach, Remote Sens. Environ, vol.112, pp.3493-3510, 2008.

T. Yin, J. Gastellu-etchegorry, N. Lauret, E. Grau, and J. Rubio, A new approach of direction discretization and oversampling for 3D anisotropic radiative transfer modeling, Remote Sensing of Environment, vol.135, p.23, 2013.

D. You, J. Wen, Q. Liu, and Y. Tang, The Angular and Spectral Kernel-Driven Model: Assessment and Application, vol.2, p.20, 2014.

Z. Zhu, S. Wang, and C. E. Woodcock, Triangulate the faces: right click on the object, TAB for edit mode, CTRL+F to select the faces, CTRL+T to triangulate. This might take some time depending on the size of the obj. -Re-export the OBJ (file>export> Wavefront (.obj)): check the following options, Apply Modifiers, vol.159, pp.269-277, 2015.

, After using the decimate/collapse modifier, with a ratio of 15%: And with a ratio of 3.75%: With this ratio (which might be a bit excessive), the final size of the, OBJ is, vol.212

C. Annexe, Références de l'article 'Urban Energy Exchanges Monitoring from Space

K. C. Seto, S. Dhakal, and A. Bigio, Human Settlements, Infrastructure and Spatial Planning, Cli-mate Change 2014: Mitigation of Climate Change, 2014.

F. Creutzig, G. Baiocchi, and R. Bierkandt, Global typology of urban energy use and potentials for an urbanization mitigation wedge, Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA, vol.112, pp.6283-6288, 2015.

K. C. Seto and P. Christensen, Remote sensing science to inform urban climate change mitigation strategies, Urban Climate, vol.3, pp.1-6, 2013.

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Q. Weng, Thermal infrared remote sensing for urban climate and environmental studies: Methods, applications, and trends, ISPRS J. Photogramm. Remore Sens, vol.64, pp.335-344, 2009.

C. S. Grimmond, M. Roth, and T. R. Oke, Climate and More Sustainable Cities: Climate Information for Improved Planning and Management of Cities (Producers/Capabilities Perspective), Procedia Environ

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J. P. Gastellu-etchegorry, T. Yin, and N. Lauret, Discrete Anisotropic Radiative Transfer (DART 5) for Modeling Airborne and Satellite Spectroradiometer and LIDAR Acquisitions of Natural and Urban Landscapes, Remote Sens, vol.7, pp.1667-1701, 2015.
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H. C. Ward, S. Kotthaus, L. Järvi, and C. S. Grimmond, Surface Urban Energy and Water Balance (SUEWS): development and evaluation at two UK sites, Urban Climate, vol.18, pp.1-32, 2016.
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T. Ando and M. Ueyama, Surface energy exchange in a dense urban built-up area based on two-year eddy covariance measurements in Sakai, Japan. Urban Climate, vol.19, pp.155-169, 2017.

T. R. Oke, G. Mills, A. Christen, J. A. Voogt, and . Urban-climates, , 2017.

S. Kato and Y. Yamaguchi, Estimation of storage heat flux in an urban area using ASTER data, Remote Sens. Environ, vol.110, pp.1-17, 2007.

, Appl. Earth Obs. Remote Sens, vol.7, pp.4046-4057, 2014.

S. Chen and D. Hu, Parameterizing Anthropogenic Heat Flux with an Energy-Consumption Inventory and Multi-Source Remote Sensing Data. Remote Sens, vol.9, p.1165, 2017.

M. Marconcini, W. Heldens, and F. Del-frate, EO-based Products in Support of Urban Heat Fluxes Estimation, Proceeding of Joint Urban Remote Sensing Event JURSE 2017, 2017.

F. Lindberg, C. S. Grimmond, and A. Gabey, Urban Multi-scale Environmental Predictor (UMEP): an integrated tool for city-based climate services, Environ. Modell. Softw, vol.99, pp.70-87, 2018.

Z. Mitraka, N. Chrysoulakis, and G. Doxani, Urban Surface Temperature Time Series Estimation at the Local Scale by Spatial-Spectral Unmixing of Satellite Observations, Remote Sens, vol.7, pp.4139-4156, 2015.

Z. Mitraka, G. Doxani, F. Del-frate, and N. Chrysoulakis, Uncertainty Estimation of Local-Scale Land Surface Temperature Products Over Urban Areas Using Monte Carlo Simulations, IEEE Geosci. Remote Sens. Lett, vol.13, pp.917-921, 2016.

C. S. Grimmond and T. R. Oke, Heat storage in urban areas: Local-scale observations and evaluation of a simple model, J. Appl. Meteorol, vol.38, pp.922-940, 1999.

T. Sun, Z. H. Wang, W. C. Oechel, and S. Grimmond, The Analytical Objective Hysteresis Model (AnOHM v1.0): methodology to determine bulk storage heat flux coefficients, Geosci. Model Dev, vol.10, pp.2875-2890, 2017.

R. Kormann and F. X. Meixner, An analytical footprint model for non-neutral stratification. Bound.-Layer Meteorol, vol.99, pp.207-224, 2001.

M. Iamarino, S. Beevers, and C. S. Grimmond, High-resolution (space, time) anthropogenic heat emissions: London 1970-2025, Int. J. Climatol, vol.33, pp.1754-1767, 2012.

S. Russo, J. Sillmann, and E. M. Fischer, Top ten European heatwaves since 1950 and their occurrence in the coming decades, Environ. Res. Lett, vol.10, p.124003, 2015.

D. Founda and M. Santamouris, Synergies between Urban Heat Island and Heat Waves in Athens (Greece), during an extremely hot summer, Sci. Rep, vol.7, p.10973, 2012.

C. W. Kent, S. Grimmond, J. Barlow, D. Gatey, S. Kotthaus et al., Evaluation of Urban Local-Scale Aerodynamic Parameters: Implications for the Vertical Profile of Wind Speed and for Source Areas, Boundary-Layer Meteorol, vol.164, pp.183-213, 2017.

Z. Mitraka, F. Del-frate, and F. Carbone, Nonlinear Spectral Unmixing of Landsat Imagery for Urban Surface Cover Mapping, IEEE J. Sel. Top. Appl. Earth Obs. Remote Sens, vol.9, pp.3340-3350, 2016.

S. Kotthaus, T. E. Smith, M. J. Wooster, and C. S. Grimmond, Derivation of an urban materials spectral library through emittance and reflectance spectroscopy, ISPRS J. Photogramm. Remore Sens, vol.94, pp.194-212, 2014.

Q. Wang, W. Shi, Z. Li, and P. M. Atkinson, Fusion of Sentinel-2 images, Remote Sens. Environ, vol.187, pp.241-252, 2016.

J. Gastellu-etchegorry, V. Demarez, V. Pinel, and F. Zagolski, Modeling radiative transfer in heterogeneous 3-D vegetation canopies, Remote Sensing of Environment, vol.58, pp.131-156, 1996.
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S. K. Meyn and T. R. Oke, Heat fluxes through roofs and their relevance to estimates of urban heat storage, Energy and Build, vol.41, pp.745-752, 2009.

, European Environment Agency. Urban Atlas, 2012.

J. A. Voogt and C. S. Grimmond, Modeling surface sensible heat flux using surface radiative temperatures in a simple urban area, J. Appl. Meteor, vol.39, pp.1679-1699, 2000.

S. Kato, Y. Yamaguchi, C. C. Liu, and C. Y. Sun, Surface Heat Balance Analysis of Tainan City on March 6, Sensors, vol.8, pp.6026-6044, 2001.

K. Nishida, R. R. Nemani, S. W. Running, and J. M. Glassy, An operational remote sensing algorithm of land surface evaporation, J. Geophys. Res, vol.108, p.4720, 2003.

M. Kanda and T. Moriizumi, Momentum and heat transfer over urban-like surfaces, Boundary-Layer Meteorol, vol.131, pp.385-401, 2009.

M. Kanda, A. Inagaki, T. Miyamoto, M. Gryschka, and S. Raasch, A new aerodynamic parametrization for real urban surfaces, Boundary-Layer Meteorol, vol.148, pp.357-377, 2013.

N. Kljun, P. Calanca, M. W. Rotach, and H. P. Schmid, The simple two-dimensional parameterisation for Flux Footprint Predictions FFP, Geosci. Model Dev, vol.8, pp.3695-3713, 2015.

G. Pigeon, A. Lemonsu, V. Masson, and P. Durand, Sea-town interactions over Marseille-Part II: Consequences on atmospheric structure near the surface, Proc. of the 5th Int. Conf. on Urban Climate, O30.3, ?ódz´, Poland, 2003.

F. Lindberg, C. S. Grimmond, N. Yogeswaran, S. Kotthaus, and L. Allen, Impact of city changes and weather on anthropogenic heat flux in Europe, Urban Climate, vol.4, pp.1-15, 1995.

A. M. Gabey, C. S. Grimmond, and I. Capel-timms, Anthropogenic Heat Flux: advisable spatial resolutions when input data are scarce Theor, Appl. Climatol, 2018.