M. E. Aboutabl, B. N. Zordoky, and A. O. El-kadi, 3-methylcholanthrene and benzo(a)pyrene modulate cardiac cytochrome P450 gene expression and arachidonic acid metabolism in male Sprague Dawley rats, Br. J. Pharmacol, vol.158, pp.1808-1819, 2009.

S. D. Adar, P. A. Filigrana, N. Clements, and J. L. Peel, Ambient Coarse Particulate Matter and Human Health: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis, Curr. Environ. Health Rep, vol.1, pp.258-274, 2014.

E. Aga, E. Samoli, G. Touloumi, H. R. Anderson, E. Cadum et al., Short-term effects of ambient particles on mortality in the elderly: results from 28 cities in the APHEA2 project, Eur. Respir. J. Suppl, vol.40, pp.28-33, 2003.

M. Ahamed, M. A. Siddiqui, M. J. Akhtar, I. Ahmad, A. B. Pant et al., Genotoxic potential of copper oxide nanoparticles in human lung epithelial cells, Biochem. Biophys. Res. Commun, vol.396, pp.578-583, 2010.

A. P. Albino, X. Huang, E. Jorgensen, J. Yang, D. Gietl et al., Induction of H2AX phosphorylation in pulmonary cells by tobacco smoke: a new assay for carcinogens, Cell Cycle Georget. Tex, vol.3, pp.1062-1068, 2004.

J. G. Altin and E. K. Sloan, The role of CD45 and CD45-associated molecules in T cell activation, Immunol. Cell Biol, vol.75, pp.430-445, 1997.

M. Ambrogio, G. Saracco, V. Specchia, C. Van-gulijk, M. Makkee et al., On the generation of aerosol for diesel particulate filtration studies, Sep. Purif. Technol, vol.27, pp.195-209, 2002.

A. Analitis, K. Katsouyanni, K. Dimakopoulou, E. Samoli, A. K. Nikoloulopoulos et al., Short-term effects of ambient particles on cardiovascular and respiratory mortality, Epidemiol. Camb. Mass, vol.17, pp.230-233, 2006.

C. L. Andersen, J. L. Jensen, and T. F. Ørntoft, Normalization of real-time quantitative reverse transcription-PCR data: a model-based variance estimation approach to identify genes suited for normalization, applied to bladder and colon cancer data sets, Cancer Res, vol.64, pp.5245-5250, 2004.

P. Anderson, A. Sundstedt, L. Li, E. J. O'neill, S. Li et al., Differential activation of signal transducer and activator of transcription (STAT)3 and STAT5 and induction of suppressors of cytokine signalling in T(h)1 and T(h)2 cells, Int. Immunol, vol.15, pp.1309-1317, 2003.

V. M. Andrade, M. L. Mateus, M. C. Batoréu, M. Aschner, and A. P. Santos, Lead, Arsenic, and Manganese Metal Mixture Exposures: Focus on Biomarkers of Effect, Biol. Trace Elem. Res, vol.166, pp.13-23, 2015.

R. W. Atkinson, I. M. Carey, A. J. Kent, T. P. Van-staa, H. R. Anderson et al., Long-term exposure to outdoor air pollution and incidence of cardiovascular diseases, Epidemiol. Camb. Mass, vol.24, pp.44-53, 2013.

. Atmo, Inventaire des émissions, 2012.

E. Avila-tang, W. K. Al-delaimy, D. L. Ashley, N. Benowitz, J. T. Bernert et al., Assessing secondhand smoke using biological markers, Tob. Control, vol.22, pp.164-171, 2013.

L. Ayaz, A. Görür, H. Y. Yaro?lu, C. Ozcan, and L. Tamer, Differential expression of microRNAs in plasma of patients with laryngeal squamous cell carcinoma: potential early-detection markers for laryngeal squamous cell carcinoma, J. Cancer Res. Clin. Oncol, vol.139, pp.1499-1506, 2013.

M. Baccini, A. Mattei, F. Mealli, P. A. Bertazzi, and M. Carugno, Assessing the short term impact of air pollution on mortality: a matching approach, Environ. Health Glob. Access Sci. Source, vol.16, p.7, 2017.

J. Bartaire, Le programme air pur pour l'Europe ou programme CAFE Vers une stratégie thématique de la qualité de l'air, 2001.

A. Bas, G. Forsberg, S. Hammarström, and M. Hammarström, Utility of the housekeeping genes 18S rRNA, betaactin and glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate-dehydrogenase for normalization in real-time quantitative reverse transcriptasepolymerase chain reaction analysis of gene expression in human T lymphocytes, Scand. J. Immunol, vol.59, pp.566-573, 2004.

M. E. Bauer, M. D. Fuente, and . La, The role of oxidative and inflammatory stress and persistent viral infections in immunosenescence, Mech. Ageing Dev, vol.158, pp.27-37, 2016.

R. Beelen, G. Hoek, P. A. Van-den-brandt, R. A. Goldbohm, P. Fischer et al., Long-Term Effects of Traffic-Related Air Pollution on Mortality in a Dutch Cohort, 2008.

, Environ. Health Perspect, vol.116, pp.196-202

R. Beelen, M. Stafoggia, O. Raaschou-nielsen, Z. J. Andersen, W. W. Xun et al., Long-term exposure to air pollution and cardiovascular mortality: an analysis of 22, European cohorts. Epidemiol. Camb. Mass, vol.25, pp.368-378, 2014.

M. L. Bell and D. L. Davis, Reassessment of the lethal London fog of 1952: novel indicators of acute and chronic consequences of acute exposure to air pollution, Environ. Health Perspect, vol.109, pp.389-394, 2001.

M. L. Bell, A. Zanobetti, and F. Dominici, Evidence on vulnerability and susceptibility to health risks associated with short-term exposure to particulate matter: a systematic review and meta-analysis, Am. J. Epidemiol, vol.178, pp.865-876, 2013.

D. C. Bellinger, Teratogen update: lead and pregnancy, Birt. Defects Res. A. Clin. Mol. Teratol, vol.73, pp.409-420, 2005.

N. L. Benowitz, J. Hukkanen, J. , and P. , Nicotine Chemistry, Metabolism, Kinetics and Biomarkers, Handb. Exp. Pharmacol, pp.29-60, 2009.

M. Bentayeb, C. Helmer, C. Raherison, J. F. Dartigues, J. Tessier et al., Bronchitis-like symptoms and proximity air pollution in French elderly, Respir. Med, vol.104, pp.880-888, 2010.
URL : https://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/hal-00595427

M. Bentayeb, V. Wagner, M. Stempfelet, M. Zins, M. Goldberg et al., Association between long-term exposure to air pollution and mortality in France: A 25-year follow-up study, Environ. Int, vol.85, pp.5-14, 2015.
URL : https://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/hal-01187145

E. D. Bernstein and D. M. Murasko, Effect of age on cytokine production in humans, Age, vol.21, pp.137-151, 1998.

E. D. Bernstein, E. M. Gardner, E. Abrutyn, P. Gross, and D. M. Murasko, Cytokine production after influenza vaccination in a healthy elderly population, Vaccine, vol.16, pp.1722-1731, 1998.

I. J. Beverland, G. R. Cohen, M. R. Heal, M. Carder, C. Yap et al., A Comparison of Short-term and Long-term Air Pollution Exposure Associations with Mortality in Two Cohorts in Scotland, Environ. Health Perspect, vol.120, pp.1280-1285, 2012.
URL : https://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/hal-01262991

X. Bi, G. Sheng, P. Peng, Y. Chen, and J. Fu, Size distribution of n-alkanes and polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) in urban and rural atmospheres of Guangzhou, China. Atmos. Environ, vol.39, pp.477-487, 2005.

F. Bibi, M. I. Naseer, S. A. Alvi, M. Yasir, A. A. Jiman-fatani et al., microRNA analysis of gastric cancer patients from Saudi Arabian population, BMC Genomics, vol.17, 2016.

S. Billet, G. Garçon, Z. Dagher, A. Verdin, F. Ledoux et al., Ambient particulate matter (PM2.5): physicochemical characterization and metabolic activation of the organic fraction in human lung epithelial cells (A549), Environ. Res, vol.105, pp.212-223, 2007.

S. Billet, I. Abbas, J. L. Goff, A. Verdin, V. André et al., , 2008.

, Genotoxic potential of Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons-coated onto airborne Particulate Matter (PM2.5) in human lung epithelial A549 cells, Cancer Lett, vol.270, pp.144-155

, Biomarkers and surrogate endpoints: preferred definitions and conceptual framework, Biomarkers Definitions Working Group, vol.69, pp.89-95, 2001.

E. Birben, U. M. Sahiner, C. Sackesen, S. Erzurum, and O. Kalayci, Oxidative Stress and Antioxidant Defense, World Allergy Organ. J, vol.5, pp.9-19, 2012.

E. Boldo, S. Medina, A. Letertre, F. Hurley, H. Mücke et al., , 2006.

, Apheis: Health impact assessment of long-term exposure to PM(2.5) in 23 European cities, Eur. J. Epidemiol, vol.21, pp.449-458

V. Bollati, B. Marinelli, P. Apostoli, M. Bonzini, F. Nordio et al., Exposure to metal-rich particulate matter modifies the expression of candidate microRNAs in peripheral blood leukocytes, Environ. Health Perspect, vol.118, pp.763-768, 2010.

J. Born, D. Uthgenannt, C. Dodt, D. Nünninghoff, E. Ringvolt et al., Cytokine production and lymphocyte subpopulations in aged humans. An assessment during nocturnal sleep, Mech. Ageing Dev, vol.84, pp.113-126, 1995.

K. Bossmann, S. Bach, C. Höflich, K. Valtanen, R. Heinze et al., Holi colours contain PM10 and can induce pro-inflammatory responses, J. Occup. Med. Toxicol. Lond. Engl, vol.11, p.42, 2016.

O. Boyman and J. Sprent, The role of interleukin-2 during homeostasis and activation of the immune system, Nat. Rev. Immunol, vol.12, pp.180-190, 2012.

A. Bøyum, Separation of leukocytes from blood and bone marrow. Introduction. Scand, J. Clin. Lab. Investig, 1968.

A. Bøyum, D. Løvhaug, L. Tresland, and E. M. Nordlie, Separation of leucocytes: improved cell purity by fine adjustments of gradient medium density and osmolality, Scand. J. Immunol, vol.34, pp.697-712, 1991.

H. M. Brink, Reactive uptake of HNO3 and H2SO4 in sea-salt (NaCl) particles, J. Aerosol Sci, vol.29, pp.57-64, 1998.

F. Broere, S. G. Apasov, M. V. Sitkovsky, and W. Van-eden, T cell subsets and T cell-mediated immunity, Principles of Immunopharmacology, p.728, 2011.

C. P. Broeren, G. S. Gray, B. M. Carreno, J. , and C. H. , Costimulation light: activation of CD4+ T cells with CD80 or CD86 rather than anti-CD28 leads to a Th2 cytokine profile, J. Immunol. Baltim. Md, vol.165, pp.6908-6914, 1950.

J. O. Brubaker and L. J. Montaner, Role of interleukin-13 in innate and adaptive immunity, Cell. Mol. Biol. Noisy--Gd. Fr, vol.47, pp.637-651, 2001.

J. Zur-bruegge, C. Backes, G. Gölz, G. Hemmrich-stanisak, L. Scharek-tedin et al., MicroRNA Response of Primary Human Macrophages to Arcobacter Butzleri Infection, Eur. J. Microbiol. Immunol, vol.6, pp.99-108, 2016.

B. Brunekreef, R. Beelen, G. Hoek, L. Schouten, S. Bausch-goldbohm et al., Effects of long-term exposure to traffic-related air pollution on respiratory and cardiovascular mortality in the Netherlands: the NLCS-AIR study, Res. Rep. Health Eff. Inst, pp.73-89, 2009.

S. A. Bustin, Quantification of mRNA using real-time reverse transcription PCR (RT-PCR): trends and problems, J. Mol. Endocrinol, vol.29, pp.23-39, 2002.

. Cai, . Zhao, . Zhao, . Chen, . Wang et al., Acute effects of air pollution on asthma hospitalization in, pp.139-144, 2014.

S. Caito and M. Aschner, Neurotoxicity of metals, Handb. Clin. Neurol, vol.131, pp.169-189, 2015.

S. Cakmak, R. E. Dales, and C. B. Vidal, Air Pollution and Mortality in Chile: Susceptibility among the Elderly, Environ. Health Perspect, vol.115, pp.524-527, 2007.

I. Cakman, J. Rohwer, R. M. Schütz, H. Kirchner, and L. Rink, Dysregulation between TH1 and TH2 T cell subpopulations in the elderly, Mech. Ageing Dev, vol.87, pp.197-209, 1996.

G. Candore, G. Di-lorenzo, M. Melluso, D. Cigna, A. T. Colucci et al., gamma-Interferon, interleukin-4 and interleukin-6 in vitro production in old subjects, Autoimmunity, vol.16, pp.275-280, 1993.

M. Cavazzoni, S. Barogi, A. Baracca, G. Parenti-castelli, and G. Lenaz, The effect of aging and an oxidative stress on peroxide levels and the mitochondrial membrane potential in isolated rat hepatocytes, FEBS Lett, vol.449, pp.53-56, 1999.

G. Cesaroni, F. Forastiere, M. Stafoggia, Z. J. Andersen, C. Badaloni et al., Long term exposure to ambient air pollution and incidence of acute coronary events: prospective cohort study and meta-analysis in 11 European cohorts from the ESCAPE Project, BMJ, vol.348, p.7412, 2014.

S. H. Chan, V. C. Van-hee, S. Bergen, A. A. Szpiro, L. A. Deroo et al., Long-Term Air Pollution Exposure and Blood Pressure in the Sister Study, Environ. Health Perspect, vol.123, pp.951-958, 2015.

G. Chaudhri, I. A. Clark, N. H. Hunt, W. B. Cowden, and R. Ceredig, Effect of antioxidants on primary alloantigeninduced T cell activation and proliferation, J. Immunol. Baltim. Md, vol.137, pp.2646-2652, 1950.

R. Chen, Y. Li, Y. Ma, G. Pan, G. Zeng et al., Coarse particles and mortality in three Chinese cities: the China Air Pollution and Health Effects Study (CAPES), Sci. Total Environ, vol.409, pp.4934-4938, 2011.

R. Chen, R. D. Peng, X. Meng, Z. Zhou, B. Chen et al., Seasonal variation in the acute effect of particulate air pollution on mortality in the China Air Pollution and Health Effects Study (CAPES), Sci. Total Environ, pp.259-265, 2013.

W. Chen, X. Ma, P. Zhang, Q. Li, X. Liang et al., MiR-212-3p inhibits LPS-induced inflammatory response through targeting HMGB1 in murine macrophages, Exp. Cell Res, vol.350, pp.318-326, 2017.

X. Chen, L. Zhang, J. Huang, F. Song, L. Zhang et al.,

, Long-term exposure to urban air pollution and lung cancer mortality: A 12-year cohort study in Northern China, Sci. Total Environ, vol.571, pp.855-861

Y. Chen, Q. Yang, D. Krewski, Y. Shi, R. T. Burnett et al., Influence of relatively low level of particulate ar pollution on hospitalization for COPD in elderly people, Inhal. Toxicol, vol.16, pp.21-25, 2004.

Y. Chen, J. Cao, J. Zhao, H. Xu, R. Arimoto et al., n-Alkanes and polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons in total suspended particulates from the southeastern Tibetan Plateau: Concentrations, seasonal variations, and sources, Sci. Total Environ, pp.9-18, 2014.

Y. Chen, S. Wang, R. Mu, X. Luo, Z. Liu et al., , 2014.

, Dysregulation of the miR-324-5p-CUEDC2 axis leads to macrophage dysfunction and is associated with colon cancer, Cell Rep, vol.7, pp.1982-1993

M. Cheng, C. Chen, H. Chiu, Y. , and C. , Fine particulate air pollution and hospital admissions for asthma: a casecrossover study in Taipei, pp.1075-1083, 2014.

S. Chibber and R. Shanker, Can CuO nanoparticles lead to epigenetic regulation of antioxidant enzyme system?, J. Appl. Toxicol. JAT, vol.37, pp.84-91, 2017.

H. Chiu, S. Tsai, H. Weng, Y. , and C. , Short-term effects of fine particulate air pollution on emergency room visits for cardiac arrhythmias: a case-crossover study in Taipei, J. Toxicol. Environ. Health A, vol.76, pp.614-623, 2013.

J. Choi, J. Kim, Y. Kim, Y. Kim, N. Chung et al., Comparative study of PM2.5 -and PM10 -induced oxidative stress in rat lung epithelial cells, J. Vet. Sci, vol.5, pp.11-18, 2004.

A. V. Churov, E. K. Oleinik, and M. Knip, MicroRNAs in rheumatoid arthritis: altered expression and diagnostic potential, Autoimmun. Rev, vol.14, pp.1029-1037, 2015.

P. Colais, A. Faustini, M. Stafoggia, G. Berti, L. Bisanti et al.,

, Particulate air pollution and hospital admissions for cardiac diseases in potentially sensitive subgroups, Epidemiol. Camb. Mass, vol.23, pp.473-481

S. L. Constant and K. Bottomly, Induction of Th1 and Th2 CD4+ T cell responses: the alternative approaches, Annu. Rev. Immunol, vol.15, pp.297-322, 1997.

S. Constant, C. Pfeiffer, A. Woodard, T. Pasqualini, and K. Bottomly, Extent of T cell receptor ligation can determine the functional differentiation of naive CD4+ T cells, J. Exp. Med, vol.182, pp.1591-1596, 1995.

D. L. Crouse, P. A. Peters, A. Van-donkelaar, M. S. Goldberg, P. J. Villeneuve et al., Risk of nonaccidental and cardiovascular mortality in relation to long-term exposure to low concentrations of fine particulate matter: a Canadian national-level cohort study, Environ. Health Perspect, vol.120, pp.708-714, 2012.

D. L. Crouse, P. A. Peters, P. Hystad, J. R. Brook, A. Van-donkelaar et al., Ambient PM2.5, O?, and NO? Exposures and Associations with Mortality over 16 Years of Follow-Up in the Canadian Census Health and Environment Cohort (CanCHEC), Environ. Health Perspect, vol.123, pp.1180-1186, 2015.

J. J. Cullen, C. Weydert, M. M. Hinkhouse, J. Ritchie, F. E. Domann et al., The role of manganese superoxide dismutase in the growth of pancreatic adenocarcinoma, Cancer Res, vol.63, pp.1297-1303, 2003.

R. G. Cutler, Peroxide-producing potential of tissues: inverse correlation with longevity of mammalian species, Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U. S. A, vol.82, pp.4798-4802, 1985.

J. Cyrys, M. Stölzel, J. Heinrich, W. G. Kreyling, N. Menzel et al., Elemental composition and sources of fine and ultrafine ambient particles in Erfurt, Germany. Sci. Total Environ, vol.305, pp.143-156, 2003.

M. Dall'osto, M. J. Booth, W. Smith, R. Fisher, and R. M. Harrison, A Study of the Size Distributions and the Chemical Characterization of Airborne Particles in the Vicinity of a Large Integrated Steelworks, Aerosol Sci. Technol, vol.42, pp.981-991, 2008.

L. A. Darrow, M. Klein, W. D. Flanders, J. A. Mulholland, P. E. Tolbert et al., Air pollution and acute respiratory infections among children 0-4 years of age: an 18-year time-series study, Am. J. Epidemiol, vol.180, pp.968-977, 2014.

P. K. Dasgupta, S. W. Campbell, R. S. Al-horr, S. M. Ullah, J. Li et al., Conversion of sea salt aerosol to NaNO3 and the production of HCl: Analysis of temporal behavior of aerosol chloride/nitrate and gaseous HCl/HNO3 concentrations with AIM, Atmos. Environ, vol.41, pp.4242-4257, 2007.

D. Deng, L. Wang, Y. Chen, B. Li, L. Xue et al., MicroRNA-124-3p regulates cell proliferation, invasion, apoptosis, and bioenergetics by targeting PIM1 in astrocytoma, Cancer Sci, vol.107, pp.899-907, 2016.

X. Deng, W. Rui, F. Zhang, and W. Ding, PM2.5 induces Nrf2-mediated defense mechanisms against oxidative stress by activating PIK3/AKT signaling pathway in human lung alveolar epithelial A549 cells, Cell Biol. Toxicol, vol.29, pp.143-157, 2013.

X. Deng, F. Zhang, W. Rui, F. Long, L. Wang et al., PM2.5-induced oxidative stress triggers autophagy in human lung epithelial A549 cells, Toxicol. Vitro Int. J. Publ. Assoc. BIBRA, vol.27, pp.1762-1770, 2013.

M. Dergham, C. Lepers, A. Verdin, S. Billet, F. Cazier et al., Prooxidant and proinflammatory potency of air pollution particulate matter (PM?.???.?) produced in rural, urban, or industrial surroundings in human bronchial epithelial cells (BEAS-2B), Chem. Res. Toxicol, vol.25, pp.904-919, 2012.

D. Bucchianico, S. Fabbrizi, M. R. Misra, S. K. Valsami-jones, E. Berhanu et al., , 2013.

, Multiple cytotoxic and genotoxic effects induced in vitro by differently shaped copper oxide nanomaterials, Mutagenesis, vol.28, pp.287-299

A. T. Dinkova-kostova and P. Talalay, NAD(P)H:quinone acceptor oxidoreductase 1 (NQO1), a multifunctional antioxidant enzyme and exceptionally versatile cytoprotector, Arch. Biochem. Biophys, vol.501, pp.116-123, 2010.

J. Dock, L. Hultin, P. Hultin, J. Elliot, O. O. Yang et al., Human immune compartment comparisons: Optimization of proliferative assays for blood and gut T lymphocytes, J. Immunol. Methods, vol.445, pp.77-87, 2017.

D. W. Dockery, C. A. Pope, X. Xu, J. D. Spengler, J. H. Ware et al., An association between air pollution and mortality in six U, S. cities. N. Engl. J. Med, vol.329, pp.1753-1759, 1993.

F. Dominici, R. D. Peng, M. L. Bell, L. Pham, A. Mcdermott et al., Fine Particulate Air Pollution and Hospital Admission for Cardiovascular and Respiratory Diseases, JAMA J. Am. Med. Assoc, vol.295, pp.1127-1134, 2006.

G. Dong, P. Zhang, B. Sun, L. Zhang, X. Chen et al., Long-term exposure to ambient air pollution and respiratory disease mortality in Shenyang, China: a 12-year population-based retrospective cohort study. Respir, Int. Rev. Thorac. Dis, vol.84, pp.360-368, 2012.

M. Dupage and J. A. Bluestone, Harnessing the plasticity of CD4+ T cells to treat immune-mediated disease, Nat. Rev. Immunol, vol.16, pp.149-163, 2016.

S. Dwivedi, Q. Saquib, A. A. Al-khedhairy, A. S. Ali, and J. Musarrat, Characterization of coal fly ash nanoparticles and induced oxidative DNA damage in human peripheral blood mononuclear cells, Sci. Total Environ, vol.437, pp.331-338, 2012.

S. P. Eckel, T. A. Louis, P. H. Chaves, L. P. Fried, and A. H. Margolis, Modification of the association between ambient air pollution and lung function by frailty status among older adults in the Cardiovascular Health Study, Am. J. Epidemiol, vol.176, pp.214-223, 2012.

, Air quality in Europe -2016 report -European Environment Agency, EEA, 2016.

E. Eenhuizen, U. Gehring, A. H. Wijga, H. A. Smit, P. H. Fischer et al., Traffic-related air pollution is related to interrupter resistance in 4-year-old children, Eur. Respir. J, vol.41, pp.1257-1263, 2013.

E. Eisenberg and E. Y. Levanon, Human housekeeping genes are compact, Trends Genet. TIG, vol.19, pp.362-365, 2003.

M. Enari, H. Sakahira, H. Yokoyama, K. Okawa, A. Iwamatsu et al., A caspase-activated DNase that degrades DNA during apoptosis, and its inhibitor ICAD, Nature, vol.391, pp.43-50, 1998.

K. B. Ensor, L. H. Raun, and D. Persse, A case-crossover analysis of out-of-hospital cardiac arrest and air pollution, Circulation, vol.127, pp.1192-1199, 2013.

, Evolution of the Clean Air Act, EPA, 2017.

J. Espino, I. Bejarano, S. D. Paredes, D. González, C. Barriga et al., , 2010.

, Melatonin counteracts alterations in oxidative metabolism and cell viability induced by intracellular calcium overload in human leucocytes: changes with age, Basic Clin. Pharmacol. Toxicol, vol.107, pp.590-597

M. Estarlich, F. Ballester, P. Davdand, S. Llop, A. Esplugues et al., Exposure to ambient air pollution during pregnancy and preterm birth: A Spanish multicenter birth cohort study, Environ. Res, vol.147, pp.50-58, 2016.

F. F. Fagnoni, R. Vescovini, G. Passeri, G. Bologna, M. Pedrazzoni et al., Shortage of circulating naive CD8(+) T cells provides new insights on immunodeficiency in aging, Blood, vol.95, pp.2860-2868, 2000.

B. Fahmy and S. A. Cormier, Copper oxide nanoparticles induce oxidative stress and cytotoxicity in airway epithelial cells, Toxicol. Vitro Int. J. Publ. Assoc. BIBRA, vol.23, pp.1365-1371, 2009.

P. Faltejskova, M. Svoboda, K. Srutova, J. Mlcochova, A. Besse et al., Identification and functional screening of microRNAs highly deregulated in colorectal cancer, J. Cell. Mol. Med, vol.16, pp.2655-2666, 2012.

H. Fayyad-kazan, E. Hamade, R. Rouas, M. Najar, M. Fayyad-kazan et al., Downregulation of microRNA-24 and -181 parallels the upregulation of IFN-? secreted by activated human CD4 lymphocytes, Hum. Immunol, vol.75, pp.677-685, 2014.

A. Federico, F. Morgillo, C. Tuccillo, F. Ciardiello, and C. Loguercio, Chronic inflammation and oxidative stress in human carcinogenesis, Int. J. Cancer, vol.121, pp.2381-2386, 2007.

T. Finkel, Signal transduction by reactive oxygen species, J. Cell Biol, vol.194, pp.7-15, 2011.

S. Fossati, A. Baccarelli, A. Zanobetti, M. Hoxha, P. S. Vokonas et al., Ambient particulate air pollution and microRNAs in elderly men, Epidemiol. Camb. Mass, vol.25, pp.68-78, 2014.

M. Franklin, A. Zeka, and J. Schwartz, Association between PM2.5 and all-cause and specific-cause mortality in 27 US communities, J. Expo. Sci. Environ. Epidemiol, vol.17, pp.279-287, 2007.

K. A. Frauwirth and C. B. Thompson, Activation and inhibition of lymphocytes by costimulation, J. Clin. Invest, vol.109, pp.295-299, 2002.

S. Frère and I. Zwarterook, La concertation dans l'élaboration des Plans de prévention des risques technologiques de Dunkerque : asymétries d'information et jeux d'acteurs, Nat. Sci. Sociétés, vol.24, pp.109-122, 2016.

R. C. Friedman, K. K. Farh, .. Burge, C. B. Bartel, and D. P. , Most mammalian mRNAs are conserved targets of microRNAs, Genome Res, vol.19, pp.92-105, 2009.

V. Fulci, S. Chiaretti, M. Goldoni, G. Azzalin, N. Carucci et al., Quantitative technologies establish a novel microRNA profile of chronic lymphocytic leukemia, Blood, vol.109, pp.4944-4951, 2007.

J. Ganesan, D. Ramanujam, Y. Sassi, A. Ahles, C. Jentzsch et al.,

, MiR-378 controls cardiac hypertrophy by combined repression of mitogen-activated protein kinase pathway factors, Circulation, vol.127, pp.2097-2106

E. M. Gardner, E. W. Gonzalez, S. Nogusa, and D. M. Murasko, Age-related changes in the immune response to influenza vaccination in a racially diverse, healthy elderly population, Vaccine, vol.24, pp.1609-1614, 2006.

A. Garza, R. Vega, and E. Soto, Cellular mechanisms of lead neurotoxicity, Med. Sci. Monit. Int. Med. J. Exp. Clin. Res, vol.12, pp.57-65, 2006.

W. Gehling, L. Khachatryan, and B. Dellinger, Hydroxyl Radical Generation from Environmentally Persistent Free Radicals (EPFRs) in PM2.5, Environ. Sci. Technol, vol.48, pp.4266-4272, 2014.

U. Gehring, A. H. Wijga, M. Brauer, P. Fischer, J. C. De-jongste et al., Traffic-related air pollution and the development of asthma and allergies during the first 8 years of life, Am. J. Respir. Crit. Care Med, vol.181, pp.596-603, 2010.

L. Gharibvand, D. Shavlik, M. Ghamsary, W. L. Beeson, S. Soret et al., The Association between Ambient Fine Particulate Air Pollution and Lung Cancer Incidence: Results from the AHSMOG-2 Study, Environ. Health Perspect, vol.125, pp.378-384, 2017.

A. J. Ghio, M. S. Carraway, and M. C. Madden, Composition of air pollution particles and oxidative stress in cells, tissues, and living systems, J. Toxicol. Environ. Health B Crit. Rev, vol.15, pp.1-21, 2012.

J. K. Gietl, R. Lawrence, A. J. Thorpe, and R. M. Harrison, Identification of brake wear particles and derivation of a quantitative tracer for brake dust at a major road, Atmos. Environ, vol.44, pp.141-146, 2010.

M. Glikson, S. Rutherford, R. W. Simpson, C. A. Mitchell, Y. et al., Microscopic and submicron components of atmospheric particulate matter during high asthma periods in, Atmos. Environ, vol.29, pp.549-562, 1995.

A. Gogou, N. Stratigakis, M. Kanakidou, and E. G. Stephanou, Organic aerosols in Eastern Mediterranean: components source reconciliation by using molecular markers and atmospheric back trajectories -ScienceDirect, Organic Geochemistry, vol.25, pp.79-96, 1996.

M. S. Goldberg, R. T. Burnett, D. M. Stieb, J. M. Brophy, S. S. Daskalopoulou et al., Associations between ambient air pollution and daily mortality among elderly persons in Montreal, Quebec. Sci. Total Environ, pp.931-942, 2013.

V. Golubovskaya and L. Wu, Different Subsets of T Cells, Memory, Effector Functions, and CAR-T Immunotherapy, Cancers, vol.8, 2016.

T. Götschi, M. E. Hazenkamp-von-arx, J. Heinrich, R. Bono, P. Burney et al., Elemental composition and reflectance of ambient fine particles at 21 European locations, Atmos. Environ, vol.39, pp.5947-5958, 2005.

T. Grigoratos and G. Martini, Brake wear particle emissions: a review, Environ. Sci. Pollut. Res. Int, vol.22, pp.2491-2504, 2015.

Y. A. Grigoryev, S. M. Kurian, T. Hart, A. A. Nakorchevsky, C. Chen et al., MicroRNA regulation of molecular networks mapped by global microRNA, mRNA, and protein expression in activated T lymphocytes, J. Immunol. Baltim. Md, vol.187, pp.2233-2243, 1950.

M. Gualtieri, J. Ovrevik, S. Mollerup, N. Asare, E. Longhin et al., Airborne urban particles (Milan winter-PM2.5) cause mitotic arrest and cell death: Effects on DNA, mitochondria, AhR binding and spindle organization, Mutat. Res, vol.713, pp.18-31, 2011.

M. Gualtieri, E. Longhin, M. Mattioli, P. Mantecca, V. Tinaglia et al., Gene expression profiling of A549 cells exposed to Milan PM2.5, Toxicol. Lett, vol.209, pp.136-145, 2012.

F. P. Guengerich, Cytochrome p450 and chemical toxicology, Chem. Res. Toxicol, vol.21, pp.70-83, 2008.

A. Guenther, C. N. Hewitt, D. Erickson, R. Fall, C. Geron et al.,

, A global model of natural volatile organic compound emissions, J. Geophys. Res. Atmospheres, vol.100, pp.8873-8892

D. D. Guo, Q. Li, H. Y. Tang, J. Su, and H. S. Bi, Zinc oxide nanoparticles inhibit expression of manganese superoxide dismutase via amplification of oxidative stress, in murine photoreceptor cells, Cell Prolif, vol.49, pp.386-394, 2016.

S. Hales, T. Blakely, and A. Woodward, Air pollution and mortality in New Zealand: cohort study, J Epidemiol community health, vol.468, 2012.

J. I. Halonen, T. Lanki, T. Yli-tuomi, M. Kulmala, P. Tiittanen et al., Urban air pollution, and asthma and COPD hospital emergency room visits, Thorax, vol.63, pp.635-641, 2008.

J. I. Halonen, T. Lanki, T. Yli-tuomi, P. Tiittanen, M. Kulmala et al., Particulate air pollution and acute cardiorespiratory hospital admissions and mortality among the elderly, Epidemiol. Camb. Mass, vol.20, pp.143-153, 2009.

D. Harman, Aging: a theory based on free radical and radiation chemistry, J. Gerontol, vol.11, pp.298-300, 1956.

D. Harman, Aging: a theory based on free radical and radiation chemistry, J. Gerontol, vol.11, pp.298-300, 1956.

R. M. Harrison, Y. , and J. , Particulate matter in the atmosphere: which particle properties are important for its effects on health?, Sci. Total Environ, vol.249, pp.85-101, 2000.

R. M. Harrison, A. R. Deacon, M. R. Jones, and R. S. Appleby, Sources and processes affecting concentrations of PM10 and PM2.5 particulate matter in Birmingham, Atmos. Environ, vol.31, pp.4103-4117, 1997.

J. Hart, E. Garshick, D. W. Dockery, T. Smith, L. Ryan et al., Long-term ambient multipollutant exposures and mortality, 2011.

, Lecture critique de l'hémogramme valeurs seuils à reconnaître comme probablement pathologiques et principales variations non pathologiques, HAS, 1997.

M. R. Heal, The application of carbon-14 analyses to the source apportionment of atmospheric carbonaceous particulate matter: a review, Anal. Bioanal. Chem, vol.406, pp.81-98, 2014.

I. A. Hedfors and J. E. Brinchmann, Long-Term Proliferation and Survival of In Vitro-Activated T Cells is Dependent on Interleukin-2 Receptor Signalling but not on the High-Affinity IL-2R, Scand. J. Immunol, vol.58, pp.522-532, 2003.

W. H. Helfand, J. Lazarus, and P. Theerman, an environmental disaster of the 20th century, Am. J. Public Health, vol.91, p.553, 2001.

D. Henkel, Le système circulatoire & ses éléments, 2017.

G. Herberth, M. Bauer, M. Gasch, D. Hinz, S. Röder et al., Maternal and cord blood miR-223 expression associates with prenatal tobacco smoke exposure and low regulatory T-cell numbers, J. Allergy Clin. Immunol, vol.133, pp.543-550, 2014.

B. Herd, H. Wynne, P. Wright, O. James, and K. Woodhouse, The effect of age on glucuronidation and sulphation of paracetamol by human liver fractions, Br. J. Clin. Pharmacol, vol.32, pp.768-770, 1991.

K. Hirokawa and T. Makinodan, Thymic Involution: Effect on T Cell Differentiation, J. Immunol, vol.114, pp.1659-1664, 1975.

D. Hleis, I. Fernández-olmo, F. Ledoux, A. Kfoury, L. Courcot et al., Chemical profile identification of fugitive and confined particle emissions from an integrated iron and steelmaking plant, J. Hazard. Mater, pp.246-255, 2013.
URL : https://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/hal-00838886

O. Holz, T. Krause, and H. W. Rüdiger, Differences in DNA adduct formation between monocytes and lymphocytes after in vivo incubation with benzo, Carcinogenesis, vol.12, pp.2181-2183, 1991.

N. N. Hooten, K. Abdelmohsen, M. Gorospe, N. Ejiogu, A. B. Zonderman et al., microRNA Expression Patterns Reveal Differential Expression of Target Genes with Age, PLOS ONE, vol.5, 2010.

S. Horn, S. Barnard, and K. Rothkamm, Gamma-H2AX-Based Dose Estimation for Whole and Partial Body Radiation Exposure, PLoS ONE, vol.6, 2011.

S. Horn, D. Brady, and K. Prise, Alpha particles induce pan-nuclear phosphorylation of H2AX in primary human lymphocytes mediated through ATM, Biochim. Biophys. Acta, vol.1853, pp.2199-2206, 2015.

N. A. Hosken, K. Shibuya, A. W. Heath, K. M. Murphy, and A. Garra, The effect of antigen dose on CD4+ T helper cell phenotype development in a T cell receptor-alpha beta-transgenic model, J. Exp. Med, vol.182, pp.1579-1584, 1995.

S. Host, S. Larrieu, L. Pascal, M. Blanchard, C. Declercq et al.,

, Short-term associations between fine and coarse particles and hospital admissions for cardiorespiratory diseases in six French cities, Occup. Environ. Med, vol.65, pp.544-551

C. S. Hsieh, A. B. Heimberger, J. S. Gold, A. O'garra, and K. M. Murphy, Differential regulation of T helper phenotype development by interleukins 4 and 10 in an alpha beta T-cell-receptor transgenic system, Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U. S. A, vol.89, pp.6065-6069, 1992.

D. Hu, X. Peng, Y. Liu, W. Zhang, X. Peng et al., Overexpression of miR-221 in peripheral blood lymphocytes in petrol station attendants: A population based cross-sectional study in southern China, Chemosphere, vol.149, pp.8-13, 2016.

K. Huang, S. Liu, C. C. Chou, Y. Lee, and T. Cheng, The effect of size-segregated ambient particulate matter on Th1/Th2-like immune responses in mice, PLoS ONE, vol.12, 2017.

W. Huang, H. Li, and R. Luo, The microRNA-1246 promotes metastasis in non-small cell lung cancer by targeting cytoplasmic polyadenylation element-binding protein 4, Diagn. Pathol, vol.10, p.127, 2015.

C. M. Hunt, S. Strater, and G. M. Stave, Effect of normal aging on the activity of human hepatic cytochrome P450IIE1, Biochem. Pharmacol, vol.40, pp.1666-1669, 1990.

H. Hwang and C. Ro, Direct observation of nitrate and sulfate formations from mineral dust and sea-salts using low-Z particle electron probe X-ray microanalysis, Atmos. Environ, vol.40, pp.3869-3880, 2006.

, IARC TP53 Database, 2017.

V. Ilacqua, O. Hänninen, K. Saarela, K. Katsouyanni, N. Künzli et al., Source apportionment of population representative samples of PM2.5 in three European cities using structural equation modelling, Sci. Total Environ, vol.384, pp.77-92, 2007.

, Fiche de données toxicologiques et environnementales des subtances chimiques-indéno, INERIS, 2005.

, Fiche de données toxicologiques et environnementales des subtances chimiques-Dibenzo, 2006.

, Fiche de données toxicologiques et environnementales des subtances chimiques-Chrysène, INERIS, 2011.

. Insee, Populations légales 2014?Commune de Dunkerque (59183) | Insee, 2016.

M. Ishida, T. Ishida, S. Tashiro, H. Uchida, C. Sakai et al., Smoking cessation reverses DNA double-strand breaks in human mononuclear cells, PloS One, vol.9, 2014.

J. Janiszewska, M. Szaumkessel, M. Kostrzewska-poczekaj, K. Bednarek, J. Paczkowska et al., Global miRNA Expression Profiling Identifies miR-1290 as Novel Potential oncomiR in Laryngeal Carcinoma, PloS One, vol.10, 2015.

N. A. Janssen, P. Fischer, M. Marra, C. Ameling, and F. R. Cassee, Short-term effects of PM2.5, PM10 and PM2.5-10 on daily mortality in The Netherlands, Sci. Total Environ, pp.20-26, 2013.

R. Jiang, M. J. Jones, F. Sava, M. S. Kobor, and C. Carlsten, Short-term diesel exhaust inhalation in a controlled human crossover study is associated with changes in DNA methylation of circulating mononuclear cells in asthmatics, Part. Fibre Toxicol, vol.11, p.71, 2014.

S. Jiang, C. Li, G. Mcrae, E. Lykken, J. Sevilla et al., MeCP2 reinforces STAT3 signaling and the generation of effector CD4+ T cells by promoting miR-124-mediated suppression of SOCS5, Sci. Signal, vol.7, p.25, 2014.

B. Jin, T. Sun, X. Yu, Y. Yang, and A. E. Yeo, The effects of TLR activation on T-cell development and differentiation, Clin. Dev. Immunol, p.836485, 2012.

E. Jo, W. Lee, H. Jo, C. Kim, J. Eom et al., Effects of particulate matter on respiratory disease and the impact of meteorological factors in Busan, Korea. Respir. Med, vol.124, pp.79-87, 2017.

H. Kälsch, F. Hennig, S. Moebus, S. Möhlenkamp, N. Dragano et al., Are air pollution and traffic noise independently associated with atherosclerosis: the Heinz Nixdorf Recall Study, Eur. Heart J, vol.35, pp.853-860, 2014.

H. Kan, B. Chen, N. Zhao, S. J. London, G. Song et al., , 2010.

, Part 1. A time-series study of ambient air pollution and daily mortality in Shanghai, China. Res. Rep. Health Eff. Inst, pp.17-78

C. I. Karanfilov, B. Liu, C. C. Fox, R. R. Lakshmanan, and R. L. Whisler, Age-related defects in Th1 and Th2 cytokine production by human T cells can be dissociated from altered frequencies of CD45RA+ and CD45RO+ T cell subsets, Mech. Ageing Dev, vol.109, pp.97-112, 1999.

M. Karlgren, S. Miura, and M. Ingelman-sundberg, Novel extrahepatic cytochrome P450s, Toxicol. Appl. Pharmacol, vol.207, pp.57-61, 2005.

H. L. Karlsson, P. Cronholm, J. Gustafsson, and L. Möller, Copper oxide nanoparticles are highly toxic: a comparison between metal oxide nanoparticles and carbon nanotubes, Chem. Res. Toxicol, vol.21, pp.1726-1732, 2008.

K. Katanoda, T. Sobue, H. Satoh, K. Tajima, T. Suzuki et al.,

, An association between long-term exposure to ambient air pollution and mortality from lung cancer and respiratory diseases in Japan

M. Kawanishi, T. Watanabe, S. Hagio, S. Ogo, C. Shimohara et al., Genotoxicity of 3,6-dinitrobenzo[e]pyrene, a novel mutagen in ambient air and surface soil, in mammalian cells in vitro and in vivo, Mutagenesis, vol.24, pp.279-284, 2009.

J. E. Kay, Mechanisms of T lymphocyte activation, Immunol. Lett, vol.29, pp.51-54, 1991.

K. Kedziora-kornatowska, K. Szewczyk-golec, J. Czuczejko, K. Van-marke-de-lumen, H. Pawluk et al., Effect of melatonin on the oxidative stress in erythrocytes of healthy young and elderly subjects, J. Pineal Res, vol.42, pp.153-158, 2007.

P. Kesarwani, A. K. Murali, A. A. Al-khami, and S. Mehrotra, Redox Regulation of T-Cell Function: From Molecular Mechanisms to Significance in Human Health and Disease, Antioxid. Redox Signal, vol.18, pp.1497-1534, 2013.

A. Kfoury, F. Ledoux, C. Roche, G. Delmaire, G. Roussel et al., PM2.5 source apportionment in a French urban coastal site under steelworks emission influences using constrained non-negative matrix factorization receptor model, J. Environ. Sci, vol.40, pp.114-128, 2016.
URL : https://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-01804650

A. Kfoury, F. Ledoux, C. Roche, G. Delmaire, G. Roussel et al., PM2.5 source apportionment in a French urban coastal site under steelworks emission influences using constrained non-negative matrix factorization receptor model, J. Environ. Sci, vol.40, pp.114-128, 2016.
URL : https://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-01804650

L. Khachatryan, E. Vejerano, S. Lomnicki, and B. Dellinger, Environmentally Persistent Free Radicals (EPFRs). 1. Generation of Reactive Oxygen Species in Aqueous Solutions, Environ. Sci. Technol, vol.45, pp.8559-8566, 2011.

G. Kim, H. An, M. Lee, J. Song, J. Jeong et al., Hsa-miR-1246 and hsa-miR-1290 are associated with stemness and invasiveness of non-small cell lung cancer, Lung Cancer Amst. Neth, vol.91, pp.15-22, 2016.

H. J. Kim, M. G. Choi, M. K. Park, and Y. R. Seo, Predictive and Prognostic Biomarkers of Respiratory Diseases due to Particulate Matter Exposure, J. Cancer Prev, vol.22, pp.6-15, 2017.

H. P. Kim, X. Wang, Z. Chen, S. Lee, M. Huang et al., Autophagic proteins regulate cigarette smoke-induced apoptosis: protective role of heme oxygenase-1, Autophagy, vol.4, pp.887-895, 2008.

J. Kim, B. Lee, E. Choi, K. Lee, S. Choi et al., Reverse Expression of AgingAssociated Molecules through Transfection of miRNAs to Aged Mice, Mol. Ther. Nucleic Acids, vol.6, pp.106-115, 2017.

K. Kim, E. Park, K. Lee, J. Park, Y. Kim et al., Differential oxidative stress response in young children and the elderly following exposure to PM2.5, Environ. Health Prev. Med, vol.14, pp.60-66, 2009.

K. B. Kim, K. Kim, S. Bae, Y. Choi, H. J. Cha et al., MicroRNA-1290 promotes asiatic acid-induced apoptosis by decreasing BCL2 protein level in A549 non-small cell lung carcinoma cells, Oncol. Rep, vol.32, pp.1029-1036, 2014.

A. Kimura, T. Naka, K. Nohara, Y. Fujii-kuriyama, and T. Kishimoto, Aryl hydrocarbon receptor regulates Stat1 activation and participates in the development of Th17 cells, Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U. S. A, vol.105, pp.9721-9726, 2008.

I. Kloog, A. Zanobetti, F. Nordio, B. A. Coull, A. A. Baccarelli et al., Effects of airborne fine particles (PM2.5 ) on deep vein thrombosis admissions in the northeastern United States, J. Thromb. Haemost. JTH, vol.13, pp.768-774, 2015.

W. P. Kloosterman and R. H. Plasterk, The diverse functions of microRNAs in animal development and disease, Dev. Cell, vol.11, pp.441-450, 2006.

Z. Klöslová, M. Drímal, K. Balog, K. Koppová, and J. Dubajová, The Relations between Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons Exposure and 1-OHP Levels as a Biomarker of the Exposure, Cent. Eur. J. Public Health, vol.24, pp.302-307, 2016.

S. Von-klot, A. Peters, P. Aalto, T. Bellander, N. Berglind et al., Ambient air pollution is associated with increased risk of hospital cardiac readmissions of myocardial infarction survivors in five European cities, Circulation, vol.112, pp.3073-3079, 2005.

I. Knezevic, A. Patel, N. R. Sundaresan, M. P. Gupta, R. J. Solaro et al., A Novel Cardiomyocyte-enriched MicroRNA, miR-378, Targets Insulin-like Growth Factor 1 Receptor, J. Biol. Chem, vol.287, pp.12913-12926, 2012.

F. W. Ko, W. Tam, T. W. Wong, C. K. Lai, G. W. Wong et al., Effects of air pollution on asthma hospitalization rates in different age groups in Hong Kong, Clin. Exp. Allergy J. Br. Soc. Allergy Clin. Immunol, vol.37, pp.1312-1319, 2007.

K. S. Kobayashi and P. J. Van-den-elsen, NLRC5: a key regulator of MHC class I-dependent immune responses, Nat. Rev. Immunol, vol.12, pp.813-820, 2012.

R. Kocijan, C. Muschitz, E. Geiger, S. Skalicky, A. Baierl et al., Circulating microRNA Signatures in Patients With Idiopathic and Postmenopausal Osteoporosis and Fragility Fractures, J. Clin. Endocrinol. Metab, vol.101, pp.4125-4134, 2016.

S. Kollipara, G. Bende, N. Agarwal, B. Varshney, and J. Paliwal, International Guidelines for Bioanalytical Method Validation: A Comparison and Discussion on Current Scenario, Chromatographia, vol.73, pp.201-217, 2011.

K. S. Kouassi, S. Billet, G. Garçon, A. Verdin, A. Diouf et al., Oxidative damage induced in A549 cells by physically and chemically characterized air particulate matter (PM2.5) collected in Abidjan, J. Appl. Toxicol. JAT, vol.30, pp.310-320, 2010.

M. Kowalska and K. Kocot, Short-term exposure to ambient fine particulate matter (PM2,5 and PM10) and the risk of heart rhythm abnormalities and stroke, Postepy Hig. Med. Doswiadczalnej Online, vol.70, pp.1017-1025, 2016.

D. Krewski, R. T. Burnett, M. S. Goldberg, K. Hoover, J. Siemiatycki et al., Validation of the Harvard Six Cities Study of particulate air pollution and mortality, N. Engl. J. Med, vol.350, pp.198-199, 2004.

D. Krewski, M. Jerrett, R. T. Burnett, R. Ma, E. Hughes et al., Extended follow-up and spatial analysis of the American Cancer Society study linking particulate air pollution and mortality, Res. Rep. Health Eff. Inst, pp.115-136, 2009.

R. M. Krishnan, S. D. Adar, A. A. Szpiro, N. W. Jorgensen, V. C. Van-hee et al., Vascular responses to long-and short-term exposure to fine particulate matter: MESA Air (MultiEthnic Study of Atherosclerosis and Air Pollution), J. Am. Coll. Cardiol, vol.60, pp.2158-2166, 2012.

R. S. Kumaran, Y. Choi, H. J. Kim, and K. J. Kim, Quantitation of oxidative stress gene expression in MCF-7 human cell lines treated with water-dispersible CuO nanoparticles, Appl. Biochem. Biotechnol, vol.173, pp.731-740, 2014.

F. Laden, J. Schwartz, F. E. Speizer, and D. W. Dockery, Reduction in fine particulate air pollution and mortality: Extended follow-up of the Harvard Six Cities study, Am. J. Respir. Crit. Care Med, vol.173, pp.667-672, 2006.

M. Lagos-quintana, R. Rauhut, A. Yalcin, J. Meyer, W. Lendeckel et al., Identification of tissue-specific microRNAs from mouse, Curr. Biol. CB, vol.12, pp.735-739, 2002.

N. Lai, H. Yu, H. Chen, C. Yu, H. Huang et al., Aberrant expression of microRNAs in T cells from patients with ankylosing spondylitis contributes to the immunopathogenesis, Clin. Exp. Immunol, vol.173, pp.47-57, 2013.

Y. Landkocz, F. Ledoux, V. André, F. Cazier, P. Genevray et al., Fine and ultrafine atmospheric particulate matter at a multi-influenced urban site: Physicochemical characterization, mutagenicity and cytotoxicity, Environ. Pollut. Complete, pp.130-140, 2017.
URL : https://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/hal-02025255

S. Larrieu, J. Jusot, M. Blanchard, H. Prouvost, C. Declercq et al., Short term effects of air pollution on hospitalizations for cardiovascular diseases in eight French cities: the PSAS program, 2007.

I. Lecuyer, H. Peter, A. Ungar, K. , and U. , Émissions atmosphériques de métaux lourds par les centrales à charbon : estimations et incertitudes, 2004.

C. Ledderose, J. Heyn, E. Limbeck, and S. Kreth, Selection of reliable reference genes for quantitative real-time PCR in human T cells and neutrophils, BMC Res. Notes, vol.4, p.427, 2011.

F. Ledoux, A. Kfoury, G. Delmaire, G. Roussel, A. El-zein et al., Contributions of local and regional anthropogenic sources of metals in PM2.5 at an urban site in northern France, Chemosphere, vol.181, pp.713-724, 2017.

J. Lee, J. Son, and Y. Cho, The adverse effects of fine particle air pollution on respiratory function in the elderly, Sci. Total Environ, vol.385, pp.28-36, 2007.

G. Lenaz, A. Baracca, R. Fato, M. L. Genova, and G. Solaini, New insights into structure and function of mitochondria and their role in aging and disease, Antioxid. Redox Signal, vol.8, pp.417-437, 2006.

G. S. Leonardi, D. Houthuijs, P. A. Steerenberg, T. Fletcher, B. Armstrong et al., IMMUNE BIOMARKERS IN RELATION TO EXPOSURE TO PARTICULATE MATTER: A Cross-Sectional Survey in 17 Cities of Central Europe, Inhal. Toxicol, vol.12, pp.1-14, 2000.

C. Lepers, M. Dergham, L. Armand, S. Billet, A. Verdin et al., , 2014.

, Mutagenicity and clastogenicity of native airborne particulate matter samples collected under industrial, urban or rural influence, Toxicol. Vitro Int. J. Publ. Assoc. BIBRA, vol.28, pp.866-874

J. Lepeule, F. Laden, D. Dockery, and J. Schwartz, Chronic exposure to fine particles and mortality: an extended follow-up of the Harvard Six Cities study from 1974 to, Environ. Health Perspect, vol.120, pp.965-970, 2009.

L. Y. Leung, C. P. Chan, Y. K. Leung, H. L. Jiang, J. M. Abrigo et al., Comparison of miR-124-3p and miR-16 for early diagnosis of hemorrhagic and ischemic stroke, Clin. Chim. Acta Int. J. Clin. Chem, vol.433, pp.139-144, 2014.

A. Lewin, S. Buteau, A. Brand, T. Kosatsky, and A. Smargiassi, Short-term risk of hospitalization for asthma or bronchiolitis in children living near an aluminum smelter, J. Expo. Sci. Environ. Epidemiol, vol.23, pp.474-480, 2013.

Y. Li and R. J. Kurlander, Comparison of anti-CD3 and anti-CD28-coated beads with soluble anti-CD3 for expanding human T cells: Differing impact on CD8 T cell phenotype and responsiveness to restimulation, J. Transl. Med, vol.8, p.104, 2010.

A. Li, J. Yu, H. Kim, C. L. Wolfgang, M. I. Canto et al., MicroRNA array analysis finds elevated serum miR-1290 accurately distinguishes patients with low-stage pancreatic cancer from healthy and disease controls, Clin. Cancer Res. Off. J. Am. Assoc. Cancer Res, vol.19, pp.3600-3610, 2013.

M. Li, X. He, Z. Zhang, S. Li, L. Ren et al., MicroRNA-1290 promotes esophageal squamous cell carcinoma cell proliferation and metastasis, World J. Gastroenterol, vol.21, pp.3245-3255, 2015.

P. Li, R. Spolski, W. Liao, and W. J. Leonard, Complex interactions of transcription factors in mediating cytokine biology in T cells, Immunol. Rev, vol.261, pp.141-156, 2014.

W. Li, Y. Wu, R. Xu, H. Lu, C. Hu et al., miR-1246 releases RTKN2-dependent resistance to UVBinduced apoptosis in HaCaT cells, Mol. Cell. Biochem, vol.394, pp.299-306, 2014.

X. Li, S. Huang, A. Jiao, X. Yang, J. Yun et al., Association between ambient fine particulate matter and preterm birth or term low birth weight: An updated systematic review and meta-analysis, Environ. Pollut. Barking Essex, 1987.

Y. Li, S. Liu, F. Zhang, P. Jiang, X. Wu et al., Expression of the microRNAs hsa-miR-15a and hsa-miR-16-1 in lens epithelial cells of patients with age-related cataract, Int. J. Clin. Exp. Med, vol.8, pp.2405-2410, 2015.

M. Liamin, E. Boutet-robinet, E. L. Jamin, M. Fernier, L. Khoury et al., Benzo[a]pyrene-induced DNA damage associated with mutagenesis in primary human activated T lymphocytes, Biochem. Pharmacol, 2017.
URL : https://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/hal-01560145

X. Liang, J. Zeng, L. Wang, M. Fang, Q. Wang et al., Histone demethylase retinoblastoma binding protein 2 is overexpressed in hepatocellular carcinoma and negatively regulated by hsa-miR-212, PloS One, vol.8, p.69784, 2013.

L. Liao, J. Wang, S. Ouyang, P. Zhang, J. Wang et al., Expression and clinical significance of microRNA-1246 in human oral squamous cell carcinoma, Med. Sci. Monit. Int. Med. J. Exp. Clin. Res, vol.21, pp.776-781, 2015.

H. Lim, H. Kwon, J. Lim, J. H. Choi, M. Ha et al., Short-term Effect of Fine Particulate Matter on Children's Hospital Admissions and Emergency Department Visits for Asthma: A Systematic Review and Metaanalysis, J. Prev. Med. Public Health Yebang Uihakhoe Chi, vol.49, pp.205-219, 2016.

M. Lin, C. Shi, X. Lin, J. Pan, S. Shen et al., sMicroRNA-1290 inhibits cells proliferation and migration by targeting FOXA1 in gastric cancer cells, Gene, vol.582, pp.137-142, 2016.

P. J. Linton and K. Dorshkind, Age-related changes in lymphocyte development and function, Nat. Immunol, vol.5, pp.133-139, 2004.

D. Lio, C. R. Balistreri, G. Candore, C. D'anna, G. Di-lorenzo et al., In vitro treatment with interleukin-2 normalizes type-1 cytokine production by lymphocytes from elderly, Immunopharmacol. Immunotoxicol, vol.22, pp.195-203, 2000.

M. J. Lipsett, B. D. Ostro, P. Reynolds, D. Goldberg, A. Hertz et al., Long-term exposure to air pollution and cardiorespiratory disease in the California teachers study cohort, Am. J. Respir. Crit. Care Med, vol.184, pp.828-835, 2011.

J. Liu, Y. Han, X. Tang, J. Zhu, and T. Zhu, Estimating adult mortality attributable to PM2.5 exposure in China with assimilated PM2.5 concentrations based on a ground monitoring network, Sci. Total Environ, vol.568, pp.1253-1262, 2016.

Y. Liu, X. Huang, K. A. Timani, H. E. Broxmeyer, and J. J. He, MicroRNA-124 Targets Tip110 Expression and Regulates Hematopoiesis, Stem Cells Dev, vol.24, 2009.
DOI : 10.1089/scd.2015.0030
URL : http://europepmc.org/articles/pmc4544784?pdf=render

K. J. Livak and T. D. Schmittgen, Analysis of relative gene expression data using real-time quantitative PCR and the 2(-Delta Delta C(T)) Method, Methods San Diego Calif, vol.25, pp.402-408, 2001.

N. Lombaert, E. Castrucci, I. Decordier, P. Van-hummelen, M. Kirsch-volders et al., Hard-metal (WC-Co) particles trigger a signaling cascade involving p38 MAPK, HIF-1?, HMOX1, and p53 activation in human PBMC, Arch. Toxicol, vol.87, pp.259-268, 2013.

E. Longhin, J. A. Holme, K. B. Gutzkow, V. M. Arlt, J. E. Kucab et al., Cell cycle alterations induced by urban PM2.5 in bronchial epithelial cells: characterization of the process and possible mechanisms involved, Part. Fibre Toxicol, vol.10, p.63, 2013.

E. Longhin, L. Capasso, C. Battaglia, M. C. Proverbio, C. Cosentino et al., Integrative transcriptomic and protein analysis of human bronchial BEAS-2B exposed to seasonal urban particulate matter, Environ. Pollut. Barking Essex, vol.209, pp.87-98, 1987.

D. Loomis, Y. Grosse, B. Lauby-secretan, F. El-ghissassi, V. Bouvard et al., The carcinogenicity of outdoor air pollution, Lancet Oncol, vol.14, pp.1262-1263, 2013.
DOI : 10.1016/s1470-2045(13)70487-x

C. López-otín, M. A. Blasco, L. Partridge, M. Serrano, and G. Kroemer, The Hallmarks of, Aging. Cell, vol.153, pp.1194-1217, 2013.

M. Lu, C. Yu, H. Chen, H. Yu, H. Huang et al., Increased miR-223 expression in T cells from patients with rheumatoid arthritis leads to decreased insulin-like growth factor-1-mediated interleukin-10 production, Clin. Exp. Immunol, vol.177, pp.641-651, 2014.

S. D. Machemer, Characterization of airborne and bulk particulate from iron and steel manufacturing facilities, Environ. Sci. Technol, vol.38, pp.381-389, 2004.

P. Maciejczyk, M. Zhong, M. Lippmann, C. , and L. , Oxidant generation capacity of source-apportioned PM2.5, Inhal. Toxicol, vol.22, pp.29-36, 2010.

E. A. Macintyre, C. J. Karr, M. Koehoorn, P. A. Demers, L. Tamburic et al., Residential air pollution and otitis media during the first two years of life, Epidemiol. Camb. Mass, vol.22, pp.81-89, 2011.

S. Mallone, M. Stafoggia, A. Faustini, G. P. Gobbi, A. Marconi et al., Saharan dust and associations between particulate matter and daily mortality in, Environ. Health Perspect, vol.119, pp.1409-1414, 2011.

P. K. Mandal, Dioxin: a review of its environmental effects and its aryl hydrocarbon receptor biology, J. Comp. Physiol, vol.175, pp.221-230, 2005.

V. P. Mane, M. A. Heuer, P. Hillyer, M. B. Navarro, and R. L. Rabin, Systematic Method for Determining an Ideal Housekeeping Gene for Real-Time PCR Analysis, J. Biomol. Tech. JBT, vol.19, pp.342-347, 2008.

Y. Mao, J. Liu, D. Zhang, L. , and B. , MiR-1290 promotes cancer progression by targeting nuclear factor I/X(NFIX) in esophageal squamous cell carcinoma (ESCC), Biomed. Pharmacother. Biomedecine Pharmacother, vol.76, pp.82-93, 2015.

A. Marchand, R. Barouki, and M. Garlatti, Regulation of NAD(P)H:Quinone Oxidoreductase 1 Gene Expression by CYP1A1 Activity, Mol. Pharmacol, vol.65, pp.1029-1037, 2004.

F. Mazzei, A. D'alessandro, F. Lucarelli, S. Nava, P. Prati et al., Characterization of particulate matter sources in an urban environment, Sci. Total Environ, vol.401, pp.81-89, 2008.

J. E. Mcelhaney, D. Xie, W. D. Hager, M. B. Barry, Y. Wang et al., T cell responses are better correlates of vaccine protection in the elderly, J. Immunol. Baltim. Md, vol.176, pp.6333-6339, 1950.

S. Mcnerlan, M. Armstrong, O. A. Ross, M. Rea, and I. , Handbook on Immunosenescence -basic understanding and clinical -Cytokine Expression and Production Changes in Very Old Age, 2009.

. Medde, Décret n° 2010-1250 du 21 octobre 2010 relatif à la qualité de l'air, 2010.

. Medde, , 2017.

M. Medina-ramón, A. Zanobetti, and J. Schwartz, The effect of ozone and PM10 on hospital admissions for pneumonia and chronic obstructive pulmonary disease: a national multicity study, Am. J. Epidemiol, vol.163, pp.579-588, 2006.

K. Meister, C. Johansson, and B. Forsberg, Estimated Short-Term Effects of Coarse Particles on Daily Mortality in, Environ. Health Perspect, vol.120, pp.431-436, 2012.

A. Mescher, Junqueira's Basic Histology: Text and Atlas, 12th Edition : Text and Atlas: Text and Atlas, 2009.

L. Miao, . St, and D. K. Clair, Regulation of Superoxide Dismutase Genes: Implications in Diseases. Free Radic, Biol. Med, vol.47, pp.344-356, 2009.

W. Miao, L. Hu, P. J. Scrivens, and G. Batist, Transcriptional regulation of NF-E2 p45-related factor (NRF2) expression by the aryl hydrocarbon receptor-xenobiotic response element signaling pathway: direct cross-talk between phase I and II drug-metabolizing enzymes, J. Biol. Chem, vol.280, pp.20340-20348, 2005.

K. A. Miller, D. S. Siscovick, L. Sheppard, K. Shepherd, J. H. Sullivan et al., Long-term exposure to air pollution and incidence of cardiovascular events in women, N. Engl. J. Med, vol.356, pp.447-458, 2007.

J. D. Milner, N. Fazilleau, M. Mcheyzer-williams, P. , and W. , Cutting edge: lack of high affinity competition for peptide in polyclonal CD4+ responses unmasks IL-4 production, J. Immunol. Baltim. Md, vol.184, pp.6569-6573, 1950.

A. Minty, S. Asselin, A. Bensussan, D. Shire, N. Vita et al., The related cytokines interleukin-13 and interleukin-4 are distinguished by differential production and differential effects on T lymphocytes, Eur. Cytokine Netw, vol.8, pp.203-213, 1997.

D. Mo, B. Gu, X. Gong, L. Wu, H. Wang et al., miR-1290 is a potential prognostic biomarker in non-small cell lung cancer, J. Thorac. Dis, vol.7, pp.1570-1579, 2015.

N. K. Mondal, B. Mukherjee, D. Das, and M. R. Ray, Micronucleus formation, DNA damage and repair in premenopausal women chronically exposed to high level of indoor air pollution from biomass fuel use in rural India, Mutat. Res, vol.697, pp.47-54, 2010.

S. Monticelli, MicroRNAs in T helper cell differentiation and plasticity, Semin. Immunol, vol.25, pp.291-298, 2013.

I. Mordukhovich, B. Coull, I. Kloog, P. Koutrakis, P. Vokonas et al., Exposure to sub-chronic and longterm particulate air pollution and heart rate variability in an elderly cohort: the Normative Aging Study, Environ. Health Glob. Access Sci. Source, vol.14, p.87, 2015.

T. Moreno, X. Querol, A. Alastuey, M. Viana, P. Salvador et al., Variations in atmospheric PM trace metal content in Spanish towns: Illustrating the chemical complexity of the inorganic urban aerosol cocktail, Atmos. Environ, vol.40, pp.6791-6803, 2006.

I. Mori, M. Nishikawa, and Y. Iwasaka, Chemical reaction during the coagulation of ammonium sulphate and mineral particles in the atmosphere, Sci. Total Environ, vol.224, pp.87-91, 1998.

R. Morris, Airborne particulates and hospital admissions for cardiovascular disease: a quantitative review of the evidence, vol.109, pp.495-500, 2001.

T. R. Mosmann, H. Cherwinski, M. W. Bond, M. A. Giedlin, and R. L. Coffman, Two types of murine helper T cell clone, 1986.

I. , Definition according to profiles of lymphokine activities and secreted proteins, J. Immunol. Baltim. Md, vol.136, pp.2348-2357, 1950.

M. Motamedi, L. Xu, and S. Elahi, Correlation of transferrin receptor (CD71) with Ki67 expression on stimulated human and mouse T cells: The kinetics of expression of T cell activation markers, J. Immunol. Methods, vol.437, pp.43-52, 2016.

V. Motta, C. Favero, L. Dioni, S. Iodice, C. Battaglia et al., MicroRNAs are associated with blood-pressure effects of exposure to particulate matter: Results from a mediated moderation analysis, Environ. Res, vol.146, pp.274-281, 2016.

D. M. Murasko, E. D. Bernstein, E. M. Gardner, P. Gross, G. Munk et al., Role of humoral and cellmediated immunity in protection from influenza disease after immunization of healthy elderly, Exp. Gerontol, vol.37, pp.427-439, 2002.

K. Murphy, Janeway's Immunobiology (Garland Science), 2011.

H. Mustafic, P. Jabre, C. Caussin, M. H. Murad, S. Escolano et al., Main air pollutants and myocardial infarction: a systematic review and meta-analysis, JAMA, vol.307, pp.713-721, 2012.

R. S. Nagalingam, N. R. Sundaresan, M. P. Gupta, D. L. Geenen, R. J. Solaro et al., A cardiac-enriched microRNA, miR-378, blocks cardiac hypertrophy by targeting Ras signaling, J. Biol. Chem, vol.288, pp.11216-11232, 2013.

, general transcription factor / transcription factor, Nature Education, 2014.

B. Nemery, P. H. Hoet, and A. Nemmar, The Meuse Valley fog of 1930: an air pollution disaster, The Lancet, vol.357, pp.704-708, 2001.

N. T. Nguyen, H. Hanieh, T. Nakahama, and T. Kishimoto, The roles of aryl hydrocarbon receptor in immune responses, Int. Immunol, vol.25, pp.335-343, 2013.

E. W. Nijhuis, E. J. Remarque, B. Hinloopen, T. Van-der-pouw-kraan, R. A. Van-lier et al., , 1994.

, Age-related increase in the fraction of CD27-CD4+ T cells and IL-4 production as a feature of CD4+ T cell differentiation in vivo, Clin. Exp. Immunol, vol.96, pp.528-534

N. Noren-hooten, K. Abdelmohsen, M. Gorospe, N. Ejiogu, A. B. Zonderman et al., microRNA expression patterns reveal differential expression of target genes with age, PloS One, vol.5, 2010.

R. M. O'connell, D. S. Rao, and D. Baltimore, microRNA Regulation of Inflammatory Responses, 2012.

J. Oh, M. Son, M. Choi, S. Kim, A. Choi et al., Integrative analysis of genes and miRNA alterations in human embryonic stem cells-derived neural cells after exposure to silver nanoparticles, Toxicol. Appl. Pharmacol, vol.299, pp.8-23, 2016.

N. C. Olson, R. Sallam, M. F. Doyle, R. P. Tracy, and S. A. Huber, T helper cell polarization in healthy people: implications for cardiovascular disease, J Cardiovasc. Transl. Res, vol.6, pp.772-786, 2013.

, Décès lié à la pollution extérieur, OMS, 2012.

K. Oravisjärvi, K. L. Timonen, T. Wiikinkoski, A. R. Ruuskanen, K. Heinänen et al., Source contributions to PM2.5 particles in the urban air of a town situated close to a steel works, Atmos. Environ, vol.37, pp.1013-1022, 2003.

B. Ostro, R. Broadwin, S. Green, W. Feng, and M. Lipsett, Fine particulate air pollution and mortality in nine California counties: results from CALFINE, Environ. Health Perspect, vol.114, pp.29-33, 2006.

B. Ostro, M. Lipsett, P. Reynolds, D. Goldberg, A. Hertz et al., Long-term exposure to constituents of fine particulate air pollution and mortality: results from the California Teachers Study, Environ. Health Perspect, vol.118, pp.363-369, 2010.

B. Ostro, J. Hu, D. Goldberg, P. Reynolds, A. Hertz et al., Associations of mortality with long-term exposures to fine and ultrafine particles, species and sources: results from the California Teachers Study Cohort, Environ. Health Perspect, vol.123, pp.549-556, 2015.

J. Øvrevik, V. M. Arlt, E. Øya, E. Nagy, S. Mollerup et al., Differential effects of nitro-PAHs and amino-PAHs on cytokine and chemokine responses in human bronchial epithelial BEAS-2B cells, Toxicol. Appl. Pharmacol, vol.242, pp.270-280, 2010.

E. Oya, J. Ovrevik, V. M. Arlt, E. Nagy, D. H. Phillips et al., DNA damage and DNA damage response in human bronchial epithelial BEAS-2B cells following exposure to 2-nitrobenzanthrone and 3-nitrobenzanthrone: role in apoptosis, Mutagenesis, vol.26, pp.697-708, 2011.

M. De-p-pablo-romero, R. Román, J. M. Limón, and M. Praena-crespo, Effects of fine particles on children's hospital admissions for respiratory health in Seville, Spain. J. Air Waste Manag. Assoc, vol.65, pp.436-444, 1995.

R. Paganelli, E. Scala, I. Quinti, and I. J. Ansotegui, Humoral immunity in aging, Aging Milan Italy, vol.6, pp.143-150, 1994.

R. Paganelli, E. Scala, R. Rosso, A. Cossarizza, L. Bertollo et al., A shift to Th0 cytokine production by CD4+ cells in human longevity: studies on two healthy centenarians, Eur. J. Immunol, vol.26, pp.2030-2034, 1996.

D. Palli, C. Saieva, A. Munnia, M. Peluso, D. Grechi et al., DNA adducts and PM(10) exposure in traffic-exposed workers and urban residents from the EPIC-Florence City study, Sci. Total Environ, vol.403, pp.105-112, 2008.

N. Van-panhuys, TCR Signal Strength Alters T-DC Activation and Interaction Times and Directs the Outcome of Differentiation, Front. Immunol, vol.7, 2016.

N. Van-panhuys, F. Klauschen, and R. N. Germain, T-cell-receptor-dependent signal intensity dominantly controls CD4(+) T cell polarization In Vivo, Immunity, vol.41, pp.63-74, 2014.

E. Park, J. Roh, Y. Kim, K. Park, D. Kim et al., PM 2.5 collected in a residential area induced Th1-type inflammatory responses with oxidative stress in mice, Environ. Res, vol.111, pp.348-355, 2011.
URL : https://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/hal-01645622

J. Park, S. I. Kang, S. Lee, X. F. Zhang, M. S. Kim et al., Tumor Suppressor Ras Association Domain Family 5 (RASSF5/NORE1) Mediates Death Receptor Ligand-induced Apoptosis, J. Biol. Chem, vol.285, pp.35029-35038, 2010.

F. Peglion, Mécanismes moléculaires responsables des propriétés migratoires des gliomes [Texte imprimé] : rôle et dynamique des jonctions adhérentes dans la migration des astrocytes sains et tumoraux. phdthesis, 2012.

K. L. Pellegrini, C. V. Gerlach, F. L. Craciun, K. Ramachandran, V. Bijol et al., Application of small RNA sequencing to identify microRNAs in acute kidney injury and fibrosis, Toxicol. Appl. Pharmacol, vol.312, pp.42-52, 2016.

H. J. Peltier and G. J. Latham, Normalization of microRNA expression levels in quantitative RT-PCR assays: identification of suitable reference RNA targets in normal and cancerous human solid tissues, RNA N. Y. N, vol.14, pp.844-852, 2008.

M. Peluso, M. Ceppi, A. Munnia, R. Puntoni, and S. Parodi, Analysis of 13 32P-DNA Postlabeling Studies on Occupational Cohorts Exposed to Air Pollution, Am. J. Epidemiol, vol.153, pp.546-558, 2001.

N. D. Pennock, J. T. White, E. W. Cross, E. E. Cheney, B. A. Tamburini et al., T cell responses: naïve to memory and everything in between, Adv. Physiol. Educ, vol.37, pp.273-283, 2013.

G. Pereira, M. B. Bracken, and M. L. Bell, Particulate air pollution, fetal growth and gestational length: The influence of residential mobility in pregnancy, Environ. Res, vol.147, pp.269-274, 2016.

E. Peterson-roth, M. Reynolds, G. Quievryn, and A. Zhitkovich, Mismatch repair proteins are activators of toxic responses to chromium-DNA damage, Mol. Cell. Biol, vol.25, pp.3596-3607, 2005.

M. W. Pfaffl, A. Tichopad, C. Prgomet, and T. P. Neuvians, Determination of stable housekeeping genes, differentially regulated target genes and sample integrity: BestKeeper--Excel-based tool using pair-wise correlations, Biotechnol. Lett, vol.26, pp.509-515, 2004.

C. Pfeiffer, J. Stein, S. Southwood, H. Ketelaar, A. Sette et al., Altered peptide ligands can control CD4 T lymphocyte differentiation in vivo, J. Exp. Med, vol.181, pp.1569-1574, 1995.

P. Pietschmann, E. Gollob, S. Brosch, P. Hahn, S. Kudlacek et al., The effect of age and gender on cytokine production by human peripheral blood mononuclear cells and markers of bone metabolism, Exp. Gerontol, vol.38, pp.1119-1127, 2003.

L. Pinault, M. Tjepkema, D. L. Crouse, S. Weichenthal, A. Van-donkelaar et al., Risk estimates of mortality attributed to low concentrations of ambient fine particulate matter in the Canadian community health survey cohort, Environ. Health Glob. Access Sci. Source, vol.15, p.18, 2016.

J. Piret, D. Jacques, J. Audinot, J. Mejia, E. Boilan et al., , 2012.

, Copper(II) oxide nanoparticles penetrate into HepG2 cells, exert cytotoxicity via oxidative stress and induce proinflammatory response, Nanoscale, vol.4, pp.7168-7184

C. Plé, Y. Fan, S. Ait-yahia, H. Vorng, L. Everaere et al.,

, Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons Reciprocally Regulate IL-22 and IL-17 Cytokines in Peripheral Blood Mononuclear Cells from Both Healthy and Asthmatic Subjects, PLoS ONE, vol.10

C. A. Pope and D. W. Dockery, Health effects of fine particulate air pollution: lines that connect, J. Air Waste Manag. Assoc, vol.56, pp.709-742, 1995.

C. A. Pope, R. T. Burnett, M. J. Thun, E. E. Calle, D. Krewski et al., Lung Cancer, Cardiopulmonary Mortality, and Long-term Exposure to Fine Particulate Air Pollution, JAMA J. Am. Med. Assoc, vol.287, pp.1132-1141, 2002.

C. A. Pope, M. L. Hansen, R. W. Long, K. R. Nielsen, N. L. Eatough et al., Ambient particulate air pollution, heart rate variability, and blood markers of inflammation in a panel of elderly subjects, Environ. Health Perspect, vol.112, pp.339-345, 2004.

C. A. Pope, D. G. Renlund, A. G. Kfoury, H. T. May, and B. D. Horne, Relation of heart failure hospitalization to exposure to fine particulate air pollution, Am. J. Cardiol, vol.102, pp.1230-1234, 2008.

C. A. Pope, M. Ezzati, and D. W. Dockery, Fine Particulate Air Pollution and US County Life Expectancies, N. Engl. J. Med, vol.360, pp.376-386, 2009.

K. N. Prasad, Oxidative stress and pro-inflammatory cytokines may act as one of the signals for regulating microRNAs expression in Alzheimer's disease, Mech. Ageing Dev, vol.162, pp.63-71, 2017.

L. Prigent, M. Robineau, S. Jouneau, C. Morzadec, L. Louarn et al., The aryl hydrocarbon receptor is functionally upregulated early in the course of human T-cell activation, Eur. J. Immunol, vol.44, pp.1330-1340, 2014.
URL : https://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/hal-01063944

R. C. Puett, J. E. Hart, J. D. Yanosky, C. Paciorek, J. Schwartz et al., Chronic fine and coarse particulate exposure, mortality, and coronary heart disease in the Nurses' Health Study, Environ. Health Perspect, vol.117, pp.1697-1701, 2009.

V. C. Pun, F. Kazemiparkouhi, J. Manjourides, and H. H. Suh, Long-Term PM2.5 Exposures and Respiratory, Cancer and Cardiovascular Mortality in American Older Adults, Am. J. Epidemiol, 2017.

H. A. Purvis, J. N. Stoop, J. Mann, S. Woods, A. E. Kozijn et al., Low-strength T-cell activation promotes Th17 responses, Blood, vol.116, pp.4829-4837, 2010.

Z. Qian, Q. He, H. Lin, L. Kong, D. Zhou et al., Part 2. Association of daily mortality with ambient air pollution, and effect modification by extremely high temperature in Wuhan, China. Res. Rep. Health Eff. Inst, pp.91-217, 2010.

Z. Qin, P. Wang, D. Su, and X. Liu, miRNA-124 in Immune System and Immune Disorders, Front. Immunol, vol.7, 2016.

H. Qiu, I. Yu, L. Tian, X. Wang, L. Tse et al., Effects of coarse particulate matter on emergency hospital admissions for respiratory diseases: a time-series analysis in Hong Kong, p.572, 2012.

X. Querol, A. Alastuey, A. Lopez-soler, E. Mantilla, and F. Plana, Mineral composition of atmospheric particulates around a large coal-fired power station, Atmos. Environ, vol.30, pp.3557-3572, 1996.

O. Raaschou-nielsen, Z. J. Andersen, R. Beelen, E. Samoli, M. Stafoggia et al., Air pollution and lung cancer incidence in 17 European cohorts: prospective analyses from the European Study of Cohorts for Air Pollution Effects (ESCAPE), Lancet Oncol, vol.14, pp.813-822, 2013.

G. Rampazzo, M. Masiol, F. Visin, E. Rampado, and B. Pavoni, Geochemical characterization of PM10 emitted by glass factories in Murano, Chemosphere, vol.71, pp.2068-2075, 2008.

. Ravindra, A. K. Mittal, and R. Van-grieken, Health risk assessment of urban suspended particulate matter with special reference to polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons: a review, Rev. Environ. Health, vol.16, pp.169-189, 2001.

K. Ravindra, R. Sokhi, and R. Van-grieken, Atmospheric polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons: Source attribution, emission factors and regulation, Atmos. Environ, vol.42, pp.2895-2921, 2008.

C. E. Redon, J. S. Dickey, W. M. Bonner, and O. A. Sedelnikova, ?-H2AX as a biomarker of DNA damage induced by ionizing radiation in human peripheral blood lymphocytes and artificial skin, Adv. Space Res. Off. J. Comm. Space Res. COSPAR, vol.43, pp.1171-1178, 2009.

Y. Ren, X. Li, W. Wang, W. He, J. Wang et al., Expression of Peripheral Blood miRNA-720 and miRNA-1246, 2017.

, Can Be Used as a Predictor for Outcome in Multiple Myeloma Patients, Clin. Lymphoma Myeloma Leuk, vol.17, pp.415-423

J. J. Renard, S. E. Calidonna, and M. V. Henley, Fate of ammonia in the atmosphere-a review for applicability to hazardous releases, J. Hazard. Mater, vol.108, pp.29-60, 2004.

C. F. Rider, M. Yamamoto, O. P. Günther, J. A. Hirota, A. Singh et al., Controlled diesel exhaust and allergen coexposure modulates microRNA and gene expression in humans: Effects on inflammatory lung markers, J. Allergy Clin. Immunol, vol.138, pp.1690-1700, 2016.

L. Rink, I. Cakman, and H. Kirchner, Altered cytokine production in the elderly, Mech. Ageing Dev, vol.102, pp.199-209, 1998.

L. Rink, I. Cakman, and H. Kirchner, Altered cytokine production in the elderly, Mech. Ageing Dev, vol.102, pp.199-209, 1998.

S. P. Rivera, S. T. Saarikoski, and O. Hankinson, Identification of a novel dioxin-inducible cytochrome P450, Mol. Pharmacol, vol.61, pp.255-259, 2002.

. Rnsa, Changement climatique, moisissures aéroportées et risques sanitaires associés, 2011.

C. Roche, Etude des concentrations et de la composition des PM10 sur le littoral du nord de la France -Evaluation des contributions maritimes de l'espace Manche-Mer du Nord, 2016.
URL : https://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-02151019

I. Romieu, N. Gouveia, L. A. Cifuentes, A. P. De-leon, W. Junger et al., Multicity study of air pollution and mortality in Latin America (the ESCALA study), Res. Rep. Health Eff. Inst, pp.5-86, 2012.

M. W. De-ronde, M. G. Kok, P. D. Moerland, J. Van-den-bossche, A. E. Neele et al., High miR-124-3p expression identifies smoking individuals susceptible to atherosclerosis, Atherosclerosis, vol.263, pp.377-384, 2017.

R. L. Rossi, G. Rossetti, L. Wenandy, S. Curti, A. Ripamonti et al., Distinct microRNA signatures in human lymphocyte subsets and enforcement of the naive state in CD4+ T cells by the microRNA miR-125b, Nat. Immunol, vol.12, pp.796-803, 2011.

T. H. Rushmore and A. T. Kong, Pharmacogenomics, regulation and signaling pathways of phase I and II drug metabolizing enzymes, Curr. Drug Metab, vol.3, pp.481-490, 2002.

T. Rylander, E. P. Neve, M. Ingelman-sundberg, and M. Oscarson, Identification and Tissue Distribution of the Novel Human Cytochrome P450 2S1 (CYP2S1), Biochem. Biophys. Res. Commun, vol.281, pp.529-535, 2001.

S. W. Ryter, J. Alam, and A. M. Choi, Heme oxygenase-1/carbon monoxide: from basic science to therapeutic applications, Physiol. Rev, vol.86, pp.583-650, 2006.
DOI : 10.1152/physrev.00011.2005

S. T. Saarikoski, S. P. Rivera, O. Hankinson, and K. Husgafvel-pursiainen, CYP2S1: A short review, Toxicol. Appl. Pharmacol, vol.207, pp.62-69, 2005.

Y. Sánchez-pérez, Y. I. Chirino, A. R. Osornio-vargas, R. Morales-bárcenas, C. Gutiérrez-ruíz et al., DNA damage response of A549 cells treated with particulate matter (PM10) of urban air pollutants, Cancer Lett, vol.278, pp.192-200, 2009.

M. Sandmand, H. Bruunsgaard, K. Kemp, K. Andersen-ranberg, A. N. Pedersen et al., Is ageing associated with a shift in the balance between Type 1 and Type 2 cytokines in humans?, Clin. Exp. Immunol, vol.127, pp.107-114, 2002.

P. Sansoni, R. Vescovini, F. Fagnoni, C. Biasini, F. Zanni et al., The immune system in extreme longevity, Exp. Gerontol, vol.43, pp.61-65, 2008.

M. Santacatalina, C. Reche, M. C. Minguillón, A. Escrig, V. Sanfelix et al., Impact of fugitive emissions in ambient PM levels and composition: a case study in Southeast Spain, Sci. Total Environ, vol.408, pp.4999-5009, 2010.

A. Satyanarayana and P. Kaldis, A dual role of Cdk2 in DNA damage response, Cell Div, vol.4, p.9, 2009.

V. Saunders, P. Breysse, J. Clark, A. Sproles, M. Davila et al., Particulate Matter-Induced Airway Hyperresponsiveness Is Lymphocyte Dependent, Environ. Health Perspect, vol.118, pp.640-646, 2010.
DOI : 10.1289/ehp.0901461
URL : http://europepmc.org/articles/pmc2866679?pdf=render

M. Schieber and N. S. Chandel, ROS Function in Redox Signaling and Oxidative Stress, Curr. Biol. CB, vol.24, pp.453-462, 2014.
DOI : 10.1016/j.cub.2014.03.034
URL : https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cub.2014.03.034

J. V. Schmidt and C. A. Bradfield, Ah receptor signaling pathways, Annu. Rev. Cell Dev. Biol, vol.12, pp.55-89, 1996.
DOI : 10.1146/annurev.cellbio.12.1.55

D. L. Schmucker, K. W. Woodhouse, R. K. Wang, H. Wynne, O. F. James et al., Effects of age and gender on in vitro properties of human liver microsomal monooxygenases, Clin. Pharmacol. Ther, vol.48, pp.365-374, 1990.

M. A. Schults, R. K. Chiu, P. W. Nagle, L. C. Wilms, J. C. Kleinjans et al., Genetic polymorphisms in catalase and CYP1B1 determine DNA adduct formation by benzo(a)pyrene ex vivo, Mutagenesis, vol.28, pp.181-185, 2013.
DOI : 10.1093/mutage/ges070
URL : https://academic.oup.com/mutage/article-pdf/28/2/181/17162936/ges070.pdf

O. A. Sedelnikova, I. Horikawa, C. Redon, A. Nakamura, D. B. Zimonjic et al., Delayed kinetics of DNA double-strand break processing in normal and pathological aging, Aging Cell, vol.7, pp.89-100, 2008.

J. H. Seinfeld and S. N. Pandis, Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics: From Air Pollution to Climate Change, 2006.

P. S. Shah and T. Balkhair, Air pollution and birth outcomes: a systematic review, Environ. Int, vol.37, pp.498-516, 2011.
DOI : 10.1016/j.envint.2010.10.009

Y. Shang, Z. Sun, J. Cao, X. Wang, L. Zhong et al., Systematic review of Chinese studies of short-term exposure to air pollution and daily mortality, Environ. Int, vol.54, pp.100-111, 2013.

Y. Shang, Q. Zhou, T. Wang, Y. Jiang, Y. Zhong et al., Airborne nitro-PAHs induce Nrf2/ARE defense system against oxidative stress and promote inflammatory process by activating PI3K/Akt pathway in A549 cells, Toxicol. Vitro Int. J. Publ. Assoc. BIBRA, vol.44, pp.66-73, 2017.
DOI : 10.1016/j.tiv.2017.06.017

T. D. Sharkey, A. E. Wiberley, and A. R. Donohue, Isoprene Emission from Plants: Why and How, Ann. Bot, vol.101, pp.5-18, 2008.
DOI : 10.1093/aob/mcm240
URL : https://academic.oup.com/aob/article-pdf/101/1/5/207866/mcm240.pdf

L. Shi, A. Zanobetti, I. Kloog, B. A. Coull, P. Koutrakis et al., Low-Concentration PM2.5 and Mortality: Estimating Acute and Chronic Effects in a Population-Based Study, Environ. Health Perspect, vol.124, pp.46-52, 2016.

R. Shrivastava, S. Raza, A. Yadav, P. Kushwaha, and S. J. Flora, Effects of sub-acute exposure to TiO2, ZnO and Al2O3 nanoparticles on oxidative stress and histological changes in mouse liver and brain, Drug Chem. Toxicol, vol.37, pp.336-347, 2014.

R. A. Silverman, K. Ito, J. Freese, B. J. Kaufman, D. De-claro et al., Association of ambient fine particles with out-of-hospital cardiac arrests in New York City, Am. J. Epidemiol, vol.172, pp.917-923, 2010.

C. J. Sinal, C. D. Webb, and J. R. Bend, Differential in vivo effects of ?-naphthoflavone and ?-naphthoflavone on CYP1A1 and CYP2E1 in rat liver, lung, heart, and kidney, J. Biochem. Mol. Toxicol, vol.13, pp.29-40, 1999.

J. Sindermann, A. Kruse, H. Frercks, R. M. Schütz, and H. Kirchner, Investigations of the lymphokine system in elderly individuals, Mech. Ageing Dev, vol.70, pp.149-159, 1993.

R. Sivangala and G. Sumanlatha, Cytokines that Mediate and Regulate Immune Responses, 2015.

K. Smerkova, K. Hudcova, V. Vlahova, M. Vaculovicova, V. Pekarik et al., Label-free and amplification-free miR-124 detection in human cells, Int. J. Oncol, vol.46, pp.871-877, 2015.

W. Smets, S. Moretti, S. Denys, and S. Lebeer, Airborne bacteria in the atmosphere: Presence, purpose, and potential, Atmos. Environ, vol.139, pp.214-221, 2016.
DOI : 10.1016/j.atmosenv.2016.05.038

G. Smith, C. R. Wolf, Y. Y. Deeni, R. S. Dawe, A. T. Evans et al., Cutaneous expression of cytochrome P450 CYP2S1: individuality in regulation by therapeutic agents for psoriasis and other skin diseases, Lancet Lond. Engl, vol.361, pp.1336-1343, 2003.

M. Sørensen, H. Autrup, O. Hertel, H. Wallin, L. E. Knudsen et al., Personal exposure to PM2.5 and biomarkers of DNA damage, Cancer Epidemiol. Biomark. Prev. Publ. Am. Assoc. Cancer Res. Cosponsored Am. Soc. Prev. Oncol, vol.12, pp.191-196, 2003.

M. Stafoggia, S. Zauli-sajani, J. Pey, E. Samoli, E. Alessandrini et al., Desert Dust Outbreaks in Southern Europe: Contribution to Daily PM?? Concentrations and Short-Term Associations with Mortality and Hospital Admissions, Environ. Health Perspect, vol.124, pp.413-419, 2016.
DOI : 10.1289/ehp.1409164
URL : http://europepmc.org/articles/pmc4829979?pdf=render

B. M. Strauch, R. K. Niemand, N. L. Winkelbeiner, and A. Hartwig, Comparison between micro-and nanosized copper oxide and water soluble copper chloride: interrelationship between intracellular copper concentrations, oxidative stress and DNA damage response in human lung cells, Part. Fibre Toxicol, vol.14, 2017.
DOI : 10.1186/s12989-017-0209-1
URL : https://particleandfibretoxicology.biomedcentral.com/track/pdf/10.1186/s12989-017-0209-1

W. T. Sturges and R. M. Harrison, Semi-quantitative x-ray diffraction analysis of size fractionated atmospheric particles. Atmospheric Environ, vol.23, pp.1083-1098, 1967.

J. Sun, S. Wang, D. Zhao, F. H. Hun, L. Weng et al., Cytotoxicity, permeability, and inflammation of metal oxide nanoparticles in human cardiac microvascular endothelial cells: cytotoxicity, permeability, and inflammation of metal oxide nanoparticles, Cell Biol. Toxicol, vol.27, pp.333-342, 2011.

Z. Sun, C. Meng, S. Wang, N. Zhou, M. Guan et al., MicroRNA-1246 enhances migration and invasion through CADM1 in hepatocellular carcinoma, BMC Cancer, vol.14, p.616, 2014.
DOI : 10.1186/1471-2407-14-616
URL : https://bmccancer.biomedcentral.com/track/pdf/10.1186/1471-2407-14-616

P. T. Tai, M. Nishijo, T. N. Nghi, H. Nakagawa, H. Van-luong et al., Effects of Perinatal Dioxin Exposure on Development of Children during the First 3 Years of Life, J. Pediatr, vol.175, pp.159-166, 2016.

E. Tanaka, M. Terada, and S. Misawa, Cytochrome P450 2E1: its clinical and toxicological role, J. Clin. Pharm. Ther, vol.25, pp.165-175, 2000.
DOI : 10.1046/j.1365-2710.2000.00282.x
URL : https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/pdf/10.1046/j.1365-2710.2000.00282.x

R. Thomas, A. E. Hubbard, C. M. Mchale, L. Zhang, S. M. Rappaport et al., Characterization of changes in gene expression and biochemical pathways at low levels of benzene exposure, PloS One, vol.9, 2014.

A. Thorpe and R. M. Harrison, Sources and properties of non-exhaust particulate matter from road traffic: A review, Sci. Total Environ, vol.400, pp.270-282, 2008.

A. Thorpe and R. M. Harrison, Sources and properties of non-exhaust particulate matter from road traffic: A review, Sci. Total Environ, vol.400, pp.270-282, 2008.

A. Tobías, L. Pérez, J. Díaz, C. Linares, J. Pey et al., Short-term effects of particulate matter on total mortality during Saharan dust outbreaks: a case-crossover analysis in Madrid (Spain), Sci. Total Environ, pp.386-389, 2011.

M. Todaro, M. P. Alea, A. B. Di-stefano, P. Cammareri, L. Vermeulen et al., Colon cancer stem cells dictate tumor growth and resist cell death by production of interleukin-4, Cell Stem Cell, vol.1, pp.389-402, 2007.
DOI : 10.1016/j.stem.2007.08.001
URL : https://doi.org/10.1016/j.stem.2007.08.001

M. Todaro, Y. Lombardo, M. G. Francipane, M. P. Alea, P. Cammareri et al., Apoptosis resistance in epithelial tumors is mediated by tumor-cell-derived interleukin-4, Cell Death Differ, vol.15, pp.762-772, 2008.

K. Torii, C. Saito, T. Furuhashi, A. Nishioka, Y. Shintani et al., Tobacco smoke is related to Th17 generation with clinical implications for psoriasis patients, Exp. Dermatol, vol.20, pp.371-373, 2011.

Y. D. Torres-ramos, A. Montoya-estrada, A. M. Guzman-grenfell, J. Mancilla-ramirez, B. Cardenas-gonzalez et al., Urban PM2.5 induces ROS generation and RBC damage in COPD patients, Front. Biosci. Elite Ed, vol.3, pp.808-817, 2011.

A. I. Totlandsdal, M. Låg, E. Lilleaas, F. Cassee, and P. Schwarze, Differential proinflammatory responses induced by diesel exhaust particles with contrasting PAH and metal content, Environ. Toxicol, vol.30, pp.188-196, 2015.

T. Toyooka and Y. Ibuki, New method for testing phototoxicity of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons, Environ. Sci. Technol, vol.40, pp.3603-3608, 2006.

A. Trickett and Y. L. Kwan, T cell stimulation and expansion using anti-CD3/CD28 beads, J. Immunol. Methods, vol.275, pp.251-255, 2003.

M. Tsai, G. Hoek, M. Eeftens, K. De-hoogh, R. Beelen et al., Spatial variation of PM elemental composition between and within 20 European study areas -Results of the ESCAPE project, Environ. Int, vol.84, pp.181-192, 2015.

S. Tsai, Y. Weng, Y. Chiu, Y. , and C. , Short-Term Effect of Coarse Particles on Daily Mortality Rate in A Tropical City, J. Toxicol. Environ. Health A, vol.78, pp.1409-1420, 2015.

A. Valavanidis, K. Fiotakis, T. Vlahogianni, E. B. Bakeas, S. Triantafillaki et al., Characterization of atmospheric particulates, particle-bound transition metals and polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons of urban air in the centre of Athens (Greece), Chemosphere, vol.65, pp.760-768, 2006.

A. Valavanidis, K. Fiotakis, and T. Vlachogianni, Airborne particulate matter and human health: toxicological assessment and importance of size and composition of particles for oxidative damage and carcinogenic mechanisms, J. Environ. Sci. Health Part C Environ. Carcinog. Ecotoxicol. Rev, vol.26, pp.339-362, 2008.

M. Valko, C. J. Rhodes, J. Moncol, M. Izakovic, and M. Mazur, Free radicals, metals and antioxidants in oxidative stress-induced cancer, Chem. Biol. Interact, vol.160, pp.1-40, 2006.

T. Van-der-pouw-kraan, C. Van-kooten, I. Rensink, A. , and L. , Interleukin (IL)-4 production by human T cells: differential regulation of IL-4 vs. IL-2 production, Eur. J. Immunol, vol.22, pp.1237-1241, 1992.

J. Vandesompele, K. De-preter, F. Pattyn, B. Poppe, N. Van-roy et al., Accurate normalization of real-time quantitative RT-PCR data by geometric averaging of multiple internal control genes, Genome Biol, vol.3, p.34, 2002.

U. Vattanasit, P. Navasumrit, M. B. Khadka, J. Kanitwithayanun, J. Promvijit et al., , 2014.

, Oxidative DNA damage and inflammatory responses in cultured human cells and in humans exposed to traffic-related particles, Int. J. Hyg. Environ. Health, vol.217, pp.23-33

P. J. Villeneuve, L. Chen, B. H. Rowe, F. Coates, M. Van-voorhis et al., Outdoor air pollution and emergency department visits for asthma among children and adults: a case-crossover study in northern Alberta, Canada. Environ. Health Glob. Access Sci. Source, vol.6, 2007.

M. Vossoughi, T. Schikowski, A. Vierkötter, D. Sugiri, B. Hoffmann et al., Air pollution and subclinical airway inflammation in the SALIA cohort study, Immun. Ageing A, vol.11, p.5, 2014.

K. Vrijens, V. Bollati, and T. S. Nawrot, MicroRNAs as Potential Signatures of Environmental Exposure or Effect: A Systematic Review, Environ. Health Perspect, vol.123, pp.399-411, 2015.

C. Wang, D. Jurk, M. Maddick, G. Nelson, C. Martin-ruiz et al., DNA damage response and cellular senescence in tissues of aging mice, Aging Cell, vol.8, pp.311-323, 2009.

H. G. Wang, N. Pathan, I. M. Ethell, S. Krajewski, Y. Yamaguchi et al., Ca2+-induced apoptosis through calcineurin dephosphorylation of BAD, Science, vol.284, pp.339-343, 1999.

S. Wang, Y. Zeng, J. Zhou, S. Nie, Q. Peng et al., MicroRNA-1246 promotes growth and metastasis of colorectal cancer cells involving CCNG2 reduction, Mol. Med. Rep, vol.13, pp.273-280, 2016.

Y. X. Wang, X. Y. Zhang, B. F. Zhang, C. Q. Yang, X. M. Chen et al., Initial study of microRNA expression profiles of colonic cancer without lymph node metastasis, J. Dig. Dis, vol.11, pp.50-54, 2010.

J. Wei, F. Wang, L. Kong, S. Xu, T. Doucette et al., miR-124 inhibits STAT3 signaling to enhance T cell-mediated immune clearance of glioma, Cancer Res, vol.73, pp.3913-3926, 2013.

C. Weifeng, L. Shulin, G. Xiaomei, and P. Xuewen, The Capacity of Lymphokine Production by Peripheral Blood Lymphocytes from Aged Humans, Immunol. Invest, vol.15, pp.575-583, 1986.

G. A. Wellenius, J. Schwartz, and M. A. Mittleman, Particulate air pollution and hospital admissions for congestive heart failure in seven United States cities, Am. J. Cardiol, vol.97, pp.404-408, 2006.

N. Weng, Aging of the immune system: how much can the adaptive immune system adapt?, Immunity, vol.24, pp.495-499, 2006.

R. R. White, B. Milholland, A. Bruin, . De, S. Curran et al., Controlled induction of DNA double-strand breaks in the mouse liver induces features of tissue ageing, Biomarkers and risk assessment: concepts and principles, vol.6, 1993.

, Biomarkers In Risk Assessment: Validity And Validation, WHO, 2001.

, Air quality guidelines. Global update 2005. Particulate matter, ozone, nitrogen dioxide and sulfur dioxide. WHO (2011). WHO | Global health and ageing, 2006.

, The Health and Environment Lexicon :: Multi-Language Glossary of Health & Environment Terminology, WHO, 2017.

, WHO | Definition of an older person. Proposed working definition of an older person in Africa for the MDS Project, WHO, 2017.

, WHO | 10 facts on ageing and the life course, WHO, 2017.

E. H. Wilker, P. L. Ljungman, M. B. Rice, I. Kloog, J. Schwartz et al., Relation of long-term exposure to air pollution to brachial artery flow-mediated dilation and reactive hyperemia, Am. J. Cardiol, vol.113, pp.2057-2063, 2014.

R. S. Winburn, S. L. Lerach, B. R. Jarabek, M. A. Wisdom, D. G. Grier et al., Quantitative XRD analysis of coal combustion by-products by the Rietveld Method. Testing with Standard Mixtures, JCPDS-Int. Cent. Diffr. Data, 2000.

K. Wolf, M. Stafoggia, G. Cesaroni, Z. J. Andersen, R. Beelen et al.,

, Exposure to Particulate Matter Constituents and the Incidence of Coronary Events in 11, European Cohorts. Epidemiol. Camb. Mass, vol.26, pp.565-574

C. Wu, T. V. Larson, S. Wu, J. Williamson, H. H. Westberg et al., Source apportionment of PM2.5 and selected hazardous air pollutants in Seattle, Sci. Total Environ, vol.386, pp.42-52, 2007.

J. Wu, X. Ji, L. Zhu, Q. Jiang, Z. Wen et al., Up-regulation of microRNA-1290 impairs cytokinesis and affects the reprogramming of colon cancer cells, Cancer Lett, vol.329, pp.155-163, 2013.

Y. Xi, J. Li, P. Zhang, W. Bai, N. Gao et al., Upregulation of miRNA-17 and miRNA-19 is associated with unfavorable prognosis in patients with T-cell lymphoblastic lymphoma, Exp. Mol. Pathol, vol.99, pp.297-302, 2015.

H. Yamane, J. Zhu, and W. E. Paul, Independent roles for IL-2 and GATA-3 in stimulating naive CD4+ T cells to generate a Th2-inducing cytokine environment, J. Exp. Med, vol.202, pp.793-804, 2005.

Y. Yanagita, H. Senjyu, M. Asai, T. Tanaka, Y. Yano et al., Air pollution irreversibly impairs lung function: a twenty-year follow-up of officially acknowledged victims in Japan, Tohoku J. Exp. Med, vol.230, pp.177-184, 2013.

Q. Yang, Y. Chen, D. Krewski, R. T. Burnett, Y. Shi et al., Effect of short-term exposure to low levels of gaseous pollutants on chronic obstructive pulmonary disease hospitalizations, Environ. Res, vol.99, pp.99-105, 2005.

Y. Yang, Y. J. Xie, Q. Xu, J. X. Chen, N. C. Shan et al., Down-regulation of miR-1246 in cervical cancer tissues and its clinical significance, Gynecol. Oncol, vol.138, pp.683-688, 2015.

L. Ye, T. Jiang, H. Shao, L. Zhong, Z. Wang et al., miR-1290 Is a Biomarker in DNA-Mismatch-Repair-Deficient Colon Cancer and Promotes Resistance to 5-Fluorouracil by Directly Targeting hMSH2, Mol. Ther. Nucleic Acids, vol.7, pp.453-464, 2017.

R. Yentrapalli, O. Azimzadeh, A. Kraemer, K. Malinowsky, H. Sarioglu et al., Quantitative and integrated proteome and microRNA analysis of endothelial replicative senescence, J. Proteomics, vol.126, pp.12-23, 2015.

Z. W. Yue and M. P. Fraser, Characterization of Nonpolar Organic Fine Particulate Matter in Houston, Texas Special Issue of Aerosol Science and Technology on Findings from the Fine Particulate Matter Supersites Program, Aerosol Sci. Technol, vol.38, pp.60-67, 2004.

A. Zanobetti and J. Schwartz, The effect of particulate air pollution on emergency admissions for myocardial infarction: a multicity case-crossover analysis, Environ. Health Perspect, vol.113, pp.978-982, 2005.

A. Zeka, A. Zanobetti, and J. Schwartz, Individual-level modifiers of the effects of particulate matter on daily mortality, Am. J. Epidemiol, vol.163, pp.849-859, 2006.

J. Zhang, A. , and J. , Cytokines, Inflammation and Pain. Int. Anesthesiol. Clin, vol.45, pp.27-37, 2007.

P. Zhang, G. Dong, B. Sun, L. Zhang, X. Chen et al., Long-term exposure to ambient air pollution and mortality due to cardiovascular disease and cerebrovascular disease in Shenyang, 2011.

A. Zhao, R. Chen, X. Kuang, and H. Kan, Ambient Air Pollution and Daily Outpatient Visits for Cardiac Arrhythmia, vol.24, pp.321-326, 2014.

C. Zhao, J. Liao, W. Chu, S. Wang, T. Yang et al., Involvement of TLR2 and TLR4 and Th1/Th2 shift in inflammatory responses induced by fine ambient particulate matter in mice, Inhal. Toxicol, vol.24, pp.918-927, 2012.

J. Zhao, Y. Xie, C. Qian, L. Li, R. Jiang et al., Imbalance of Th1 and Th2 cells in cardiac injury induced by ambient fine particles, Toxicol. Lett, vol.208, pp.225-231, 2012.

M. Zhou, Y. Liu, L. Wang, X. Kuang, X. Xu et al., Particulate air pollution and mortality in a cohort of Chinese men, Environ. Pollut. Barking Essex, vol.186, pp.1-6, 1987.

W. Zhou, X. Yuan, L. Zhang, B. Su, D. Tian et al., Overexpression of HO-1 assisted PM2.5-induced apoptosis failure and autophagy-related cell necrosis, Ecotoxicol. Environ. Saf, vol.145, pp.605-614, 2017.

J. Zhu and W. E. Paul, CD4 T cells: fates, functions, and faults, Blood, vol.112, pp.1557-1569, 2008.

J. Zhu, H. Yamane, and W. E. Paul, Differentiation of effector CD4 T cell populations (*), Annu. Rev. Immunol, vol.28, pp.445-489, 2010.

J. Zolnierowicz, M. Ambrozek-latecka, J. Kawiak, D. Wasilewska, and G. Hoser, Monitoring cell proliferation in vitro with different cellular fluorescent dyes, Folia Histochem. Cytobiol, vol.51, pp.193-200, 2013.

S. M. Zurawski, F. Vega, B. Huyghe, and G. Zurawski, Receptors for interleukin-13 and interleukin-4 are complex and share a novel component that functions in signal transduction, EMBO J, vol.12, pp.2663-2670, 1993.

, Annexe 1 : Accord du CPP Nord-Ouest Annexes Annexe 2 : Notice d'information

, Des LT ont été isolés de prélèvements sanguins de 91 volontaires appartenant à trois classes d'âge (20-30, 45-55, 70-85 ans) puis exposés ex vivo pendant 72h à 45 µg/µL de PF collectées à Dunkerque. Les étapes d'isolement, purification et activation des LT ont d'abord été optimisées. Suite à la caractérisation de la population échantillonnée, une population d'étude homogène a été sélectionnée (10 sujets / classe d'âge). Nous avons mis en évidence une induction génique d'enzymes impliquées dans l'activation métabolique des HAP identifiés dans l'échantillon de PF. La caractérisation du profil des LT a permis de proposer un profil mixte Th1/Th2 causé par l'exposition. L'étude transcriptomique des miARN a mis en évidence une surexpression de miR-124-3p impliqué dans la régulation de plusieurs fonctions au niveau du système immunitaire et de miR-1290 impliqué dans plusieurs types de cancer. Quant à l'influence de l'âge, une surexpression des gènes codant pour les enzymes antioxydantes (NQO1 et HMOX1), une augmentation de la concentration des cytokines, L'exposition aux PF affecte particulièrement les populations sensibles telles que les personnes âgées. Cette thèse s'inscrit dans une démarche d'identification des effets des PF sur les lymphocytes T humains (LT) tout en visant à déterminer des biomarqueurs liés à l'exposition et à évaluer la variation de la réponse cellulaire en fonction de l'âge

, Mots-clés : pollution atmosphérique particulaire fine ; lymphocyte T ; âge ; activation métabolique ; stress oxydant