. In-palm, Finally, we thank all experts who helped us to improve the design, and assess the calibration and utility of this new version of IN-Palm, Eti Testiati, Putri Aulia Wahyuningsih and Rudy Harto Widodo. References for structure and class

P. Agamuthu and W. J. Broughton, Nutrient cycling within the developing oil palmlegume ecosystem, Agric. Ecosyst. Environ, vol.13, issue.85, pp.90054-90058, 1985.

A. Group, , 2009.

A. Tung, P. Mohd-kamil-yusoff, N. Majid, J. Gohkah, and H. Ganhuang, Effect of N and K fertilizers on nutrient leaching and groundwater quality under mature oil palm in Sabah during the monsoon period, J. Appl. Sci, vol.6, pp.1788-1799, 2009.

. Aisueni, Assessments of heterotrophic N2 fixation in the eco-systels of oil palm, 1987.

K. Allen, M. D. Corre, A. Tjoa, and E. Veldkamp, Soil Nitrogen-Cycling Responses to Conversion of Lowland Forests to Oil Palm and Rubber Plantations in Sumatra, Indonesia. PLOS ONE, vol.10, 2015.

L. Allen, A. Brand, J. Scott, M. Altman, and M. Hlava, Credit where credit is due, Nature, vol.508, pp.312-313, 2014.

R. G. Allen, L. S. Pereira, D. Raes, and M. Smith, Crop evapotranspirationGuidelines for computing crop water requirements-FAO Irrigation and drainage paper 56, FAO Rome, vol.300, p.5109, 1998.

H. G. Amir, Z. H. Shamsuddin, M. S. Halimi, M. F. Ramlan, and M. Marziah, Effects of Azospirillum inoculation on N2 fixation and growth of oil palm plantlets at nursery stage, J. Oil Palm Res, vol.13, pp.42-49, 2001.

J. M. Andersen, H. D. Poulsen, C. F. Børsting, H. B. Rom, S. G. Sommer et al., Ammoniakemission fra landbruget siden midten af 80'erne. Danmarks Miljøundersøgelser, 2001.

W. A. Asman, Ammonia emission in Europe: updated emission and emission variations. National Institute of Public Health and Environmental Protection Bilthoven, 1992.

K. G. Austin, P. S. Kasibhatla, D. L. Urban, F. Stolle, and J. Vincent, Reconciling Oil Palm Expansion and Climate Change Mitigation in Kalimantan, Indonesia. PLOS ONE, vol.10, 2015.

A. Aveline, M. L. Rousseau, L. Guichard, M. Laurent, and C. Bockstaller, Evaluating an environmental indicator: Case study of MERLIN, a method for assessing the risk of nitrate leaching, Agric. Syst, vol.100, pp.22-30, 2009.
URL : https://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/hal-01173163

B. C. Ball, I. Crichton, and G. W. Horgan, Dynamics of upward and downward N2O and CO2 fluxes in ploughed or no-tilled soils in relation to water-filled pore space, compaction and crop presence, Soil Tillage Res, vol.101, pp.20-30, 2008.

M. Banabas, Study of nitrogen loss pathways in oil palm (Elaeis guineensis Jacq.) growing agro-ecosystems on volcanic ash soils in Papua New Guinea: a thesis presented in partial fulfilment of the requirements for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy in Soil, 2007.

M. Banabas, M. A. Turner, D. R. Scotter, and P. N. Nelson, Losses of nitrogen fertiliser under oil palm in Papua New Guinea: 1. Water balance, and nitrogen in soil solution and runoff, Aust. J. Soil Res, vol.46, p.332, 2008.

C. Basset-mens, A. Benoist, C. Bessou, T. Tran, S. Perret et al., Is LCA-based eco-labelling reasonable? The issue of tropical food products, 7th International Conference on Life Cyle Assessment in the Agri-Food Sector, 2010.
URL : https://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/hal-01193262

C. Bessou, C. Basset-mens, C. Latunussa, A. Vélu, H. Heitz et al., Partial modelling of the perennial crop cycle misleads LCA results in two contrasted case studies, Int. J. Life Cycle Assess, vol.21, pp.297-310, 2016.

C. Bessou, C. Basset-mens, T. Tran, and A. Benoist, LCA applied to perennial cropping systems: a review focused on the farm stage, Int. J. Life Cycle Assess, vol.18, pp.340-361, 2013.
URL : https://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/cirad-00745775

C. Bessou, L. D. Chase, I. E. Henson, A. F. Abdul-manan, L. Milà-i-canals et al., Pilot application of PalmGHG, the Roundtable on Sustainable Palm Oil greenhouse gas calculator for oil palm products, J. Clean. Prod, vol.73, pp.136-145, 2014.

C. Bessou, S. Lehuger, B. Gabrielle, and B. Mary, Using a crop model to account for the effects of local factors on the LCA of sugar beet ethanol in Picardy region, France. Int. J. Life Cycle Assess, vol.18, pp.24-36, 2013.
URL : https://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/cirad-00749814

C. Bessou, B. Mary, J. Léonard, M. Roussel, E. Gréhan et al., Modelling soil compaction impacts on nitrous oxide emissions in arable fields, Eur. J. Soil Sci, vol.61, pp.348-363, 2010.
URL : https://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/hal-01192154

P. Bleeker, Report on the Soils of Milne Bay Estates, 1988.

P. Bleeker, Report on the Soils of Higaturu Oil Palms, 1987.

C. Bockstaller, P. Feschet, and F. Angevin, Issues in evaluating sustainability of farming systems with indicators, vol.22, p.102, 2015.
URL : https://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/hal-01475931

C. Bockstaller and P. Girardin, Mode de calcul des indicateurs agri-environnementaux de la méthode INDIGO, Rapp. Tech. INRA, 2008.

C. Bockstaller and P. Girardin, How to validate environmental indicators, Agric. Syst, vol.76, pp.639-653, 2003.

C. Bockstaller, P. Girardin, and H. M. Van-der-werf, Use of agro-ecological indicators for the evaluation of farming systems, Eur. J. Agron, vol.7, issue.97, pp.41-46, 1997.

C. Bockstaller, L. Guichard, O. Keichinger, P. Girardin, M. Galan et al., Comparison of methods to assess the sustainability of agricultural systems. A review, Agron. Sustain. Dev, vol.29, pp.223-235, 2009.
URL : https://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/hal-00886489

C. Bockstaller, L. Guichard, D. Makowski, A. Aveline, P. Girardin et al., Agri-environmental indicators to assess cropping and farming systems. A review, Agron. Sustain. Dev, vol.28, pp.139-149, 2008.
URL : https://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/hal-01173134

L. Bouchet, Evaluation de la perte d'azote par volatilisation chez le palmier à huile Premiers éléments destinés à une évaluation Agro-environnementale (Mémoire de fin d'études), 2003.

A. Bouniols, M. Cabelguenne, C. A. Jones, A. Chalamet, J. L. Charpenteau et al., Simulation of soybean nitrogen nutrition for a silty clay soil in southern France, Field Crops Res, vol.26, pp.19-34, 1991.

A. F. Bouwman, L. J. Boumans, and N. H. Batjes, Modeling global annual N2O and NO emissions from fertilized fields: N2O and NO emissions from fertilizers, Glob. Biogeochem. Cycles, vol.16, pp.28-29, 2002.

A. F. Bouwman, L. J. Boumans, and N. H. Batjes, Emissions of N2O and NO from fertilized fields: Summary of available measurement data: summary of NO and N2O measurement data, Glob. Biogeochem. Cycles, vol.16, pp.6-7, 2002.

A. F. Bouwman, L. J. Boumans, and N. H. Batjes, Estimation of global NH3 volatilization loss from synthetic fertilizers and animal manure applied to arable lands and grasslands, Glob. Biogeochem. Cycles, vol.16, pp.8-9, 2002.

L. Breiman, Classification and regression trees, 1984.

F. Brentrup, J. Küsters, J. Lammel, P. Barraclough, and H. Kuhlmann, Environmental impact assessment of agricultural production systems using the life cycle assessment (LCA) methodology II. The application to N fertilizer use in winter wheat production systems, Eur. J. Agron, vol.20, pp.265-279, 2004.

D. Brockmann, M. Hanhoun, O. Négri, and A. Hélias, Environmental assessment of nutrient recycling from biological pig slurry treatment -Impact of fertilizer substitution and field emissions, Bioresour. Technol, vol.163, pp.270-279, 2014.
URL : https://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/hal-01506340

W. J. Broughton, Effect of various covers on the performance of Elaeis guineensis (Jacq.) on different soils, pp.501-525, 1977.

K. Butterbach-bahl, E. M. Baggs, M. Dannenmann, R. Kiese, and S. Zechmeister-boltenstern, Nitrous oxide emissions from soils: how well do we understand the processes and their controls?, Philos. Trans. R. Soc. B Biol. Sci, vol.368, pp.20130122-20130122, 2013.

J. P. Caliman, C. Daniel, and B. Tailliez, La nutrition minerale du palmier a huile, Plant. Rech. Dev, vol.1, pp.36-54, 1994.

J. P. Caliman, J. Hardianto, M. Ng, and . Others, Strategy for fertilizer management during low commodity price., in: Cutting-Edge Technologies for Sustained Competitiveness: Proceedings of the 2001 PIPOC International Palm Oil Congress, Agriculture Conference, pp.295-312, 2001.

J. P. Caliman, B. Martha, and S. Saletes, Dynamics of nutrient release from empty fruit bunches in field conditions and soil characteristics changes., in: Cutting-Edge Technologies for Sustained Competitiveness: Proceedings of the 2001 PIPOC International Palm Oil Congress, Agriculture Conference, pp.550-556, 2001.

J. P. Caliman, E. Togatorop, B. Martha, and R. Samosir, Aerial fertilization of oil palm, Better Crops Int, vol.16, p.10, 2002.

F. Campolongo, J. Cariboni, and A. Saltelli, An effective screening design for sensitivity analysis of large models, Environ. Model. Softw, vol.22, pp.1509-1518, 2007.

P. Cannavo, S. Recous, V. Parnaudeau, and R. Reau, Modeling N Dynamics to Assess Environmental Impacts of Cropped Soils, Adv. Agron, vol.97, pp.131-174, 2008.
URL : https://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/hal-00729886

R. Carcasses, Adaptation d'un indicateur agro-environnemental de pollution azotée à la culture du palmier à huile à Sumatra (Mémoire de fin d'études). DAA-ENSA, 2004.

K. M. Carlson, L. M. Curran, G. P. Asner, A. M. Pittman, S. N. Trigg et al., Carbon emissions from forest conversion by Kalimantan oil palm plantations, Nat. Clim. Change, vol.3, pp.283-287, 2012.

M. P. Carron, Q. Auriac, D. Snoeck, C. Villenave, E. Blanchart et al., Spatial heterogeneity of soil quality around mature oil palms receiving mineral fertilization, Eur. J. Soil Biol, vol.66, pp.24-31, 2015.

A. K. Cerutti, G. L. Beccaro, S. Bruun, S. Bosco, D. Donno et al., Life cycle assessment application in the fruit sector: State of the art and recommendations for environmental declarations of fruit products, Eco-Effic. Agric. Food Syst. Sel. Pap. Life Cycle Assess. LCA Food Conf, vol.73, pp.125-135, 2012.

K. S. Chan and P. S. Chew, Volatilization losses of urea on various soils under oil palm, Proceedings of Seminar on Fertilizers in Malaysian Agriculture, pp.91-103, 1984.

K. C. Chang and Z. Abas, Leaching losses of N and K fertilisers from mature fields of perennial crops in Malaysia-a review of local work, 1986.

P. S. Chew and E. Pushparajah, Nitrogen management and fertilization of tropical plantation tree crops. Nitrogen Fertil. Environ, pp.225-294, 1995.

T. A. Chew, A. B. Isa, and M. G. Bin-mohayidin, Sago (Metroxylon sagu Rottboll), the forgotten palm, J. Sustain. Agric, vol.14, pp.5-17, 1999.

Y. L. Chiew and S. Shimada, Current state and environmental impact assessment for utilizing oil palm empty fruit bunches for fuel, fiber and fertilizer -A case study of Malaysia, Biomass Bioenergy, vol.51, pp.109-124, 2013.

S. B. Chiu, Mucuna bracteata-Dry Matter Conversion and Decay Rate of Litter, pp.461-464, 2004.

Y. M. Choo, H. Muhamad, Z. Hashim, V. Subramaniam, C. W. Puah et al., Determination of GHG contributions by subsystems in the oil palm supply chain using the LCA approach, Int. J. Life Cycle Assess, vol.16, pp.669-681, 2011.

Y. Clough, V. V. Krishna, M. D. Corre, K. Darras, L. H. Denmead et al., Land-use choices follow profitability at the expense of ecological functions in Indonesian smallholder landscapes, Nat. Commun, vol.7, p.13137, 2016.

J. Combres, B. Pallas, L. Rouan, I. Mialet-serra, J. Caliman et al., Simulation of inflorescence dynamics in oil palm and estimation of environment-sensitive phenological phases: a model based analysis, Funct. Plant Biol, vol.40, pp.263-279, 2013.
URL : https://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/hal-01269217

E. Commission, ILCD handbook-recommendations for life cycle impact assessment in the European context, Joint Research Centre. Inst. Environ. Sustain, 2011.

I. Comte, F. Colin, J. K. Whalen, O. Gruenberger, and J. Caliman, Agricultural Practices in Oil Palm Plantations and Their Impact on Hydrological Changes, Nutrient Fluxes and Water Quality in Indonesia: A Review, vol.116, pp.71-124, 2012.
URL : https://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/hal-01506471

L. Corcodel, J. L. Farinet, E. Testiati, . Fahri, F. Theraulaz et al., ATP 2001/10: Méthodes d'évaluation de l'impact agronomique et environnemental du recyclage agricole des déchets agro-industriels-rapport intermédiaire de recherche, 2003.

R. H. Corley, How much palm oil do we need?, Environ. Sci. Policy, vol.12, pp.134-139, 2009.

R. H. Corley, B. S. Gray, and N. S. Kee, Productivity of the oil palm, Elaeis guineensis Jacq.) in Malaysia. Exp. Agric, vol.7, pp.129-136, 1971.

R. H. Corley and P. B. Tinker, The oil palm, 2015.

D. Craheix, J. Bergez, F. Angevin, C. Bockstaller, M. Bohanec et al., Guidelines to design models assessing agricultural sustainability, based upon feedbacks from the DEXi decision support system, Agron. Sustain. Dev, vol.35, pp.1431-1447, 2015.
URL : https://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/hal-01173366

P. J. Crutzen, A. R. Mosier, K. A. Smith, and W. Winiwarter, N2O release from agrobiofuel production negates global warming reduction by replacing fossil fuels, Atmos Chem Phys, vol.8, pp.389-395, 2008.
URL : https://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/hal-00303019

N. Dalgleish and M. Foale, Soil matters-monitoring soil water and nutrients in rain-grown farming, Agric. Prod. Syst. Res. Unit Toowoomba Aust, 1998.

I. De-barros, SNOOP: a simulation model for the dynamics of water and nitrogen in oil palm. Presented at the V Congresso Brasileiro de Mamona, 2012.

S. J. Del-grosso, W. J. Parton, A. R. Mosier, D. S. Ojima, A. E. Kulmala et al., General model for N2O and N2 gas emissions from soils due to dentrification, Glob. Biogeochem. Cycles, vol.14, 2000.

C. Dislich, A. C. Keyel, J. Salecker, Y. Kisel, K. M. Meyer et al., A review of the ecosystem functions in oil palm plantations, using forests as a reference system: Ecosystem functions of oil palm versus forest, Biol. Rev, 2016.

B. Dubos and A. Flori, Persistence of mineral fertility carried over from the first crop cycle in two oil palm plantations in South America, Oil Palm Bull, pp.8-15, 2014.

B. Dubos, D. Snoeck, and A. Flori, Excessive use of fertilizer can increase leaching processes and modify soil reserves in two Ecuadorian oil palm plantations, Exp. Agric. 1-14, 2016.

E. Dufrêne, Photosynthèse, consommation en eau et modélisation de la production chez le palmier à huile, These Dr. En Sci. Univ, pp.117-119, 1989.

J. M. Duxbury and A. R. Mosier, Status and issues concerning agricultural emissions of greenhouse gases, Agric. Dimens. Glob. Clim. Change, pp.229-258, 1993.

H. S. Eggleston, L. Buendia, K. Miwa, T. Ngara, and K. Tanabe, IPCC guidelines for national greenhouse gas inventories, Inst. Glob. Environ. Strateg. Hayama Jpn, 2006.

, EMEP / technical guidance to prepare national emission inventories, European Environment Agency, 2013.

, EMEP Air pollutant emission inventory guidebook (Publication), 2009.

M. Faist-emmenegger, J. Reinhard, and R. Zah, Sustainability Quick Check for Biofuels-intermediate background report, Contrib. T Ziep R Weichbrodt Prof Dr V Wohlgemuth FHTW Berl. Roches R Freiermuth Knuchel Dr G Gaillard Agroscope Reckenholz-Tänikon Düendorf Ger, 2009.

, Fertilizer use by crop in Malaysia, FAO, 2004.

, Global ecological zoning for the Global Forest Resources Assessment 2000. Food and Agriculture Organizat ion of the United Nations, Forestry Department, FAO, 2001.

E. B. Fitzherbert, M. J. Struebig, A. Morel, F. Danielsen, C. Brühl et al., How will oil palm expansion affect biodiversity?, Trends Ecol. Evol, vol.23, pp.538-583, 2008.

J. A. Foley, N. Ramankutty, K. A. Brauman, E. S. Cassidy, J. S. Gerber et al., Solutions for a cultivated planet, Nature, vol.478, pp.337-342, 2011.

S. F. Foong, Potential evaporation, potential yields and leaching losses of oil palm, pp.105-119, 1993.

S. F. Foong, S. O. Syed-sofi, and P. Y. Tan, A lysimetric simulation of leaching losses from an oil palm field, Proceedings of the Seminar on Fertilizers in Malaysian Agriculture, pp.45-68, 1983.

S. Forde, Effect of Dry Season Drought on Uptake of Radioactive Phosporous by Surface Roots of the Oil Palm (Elaeis guineensis Jacq.), Agron. J, vol.64, pp.622-623, 1972.

H. Foster, Assessment of oil palm fertiliser requirements, in: Oil Palm -Management for Large and Sustainable Yields, T.H. Fairhurst and R. Härdter, pp.231-257, 2003.

H. L. Foster and M. T. Dolmat, The effect of different methods of placement and frequency of application of fertilizer to oil palm on an inland soil in peninsular Malaya, PORIM Bull, pp.1-11, 1986.

H. L. Foster and N. E. Parabowo, Efficient Use of Fertilisers in Oil Palm for Increased Productivity in North Sumatra, Proceedings of the PIPOC 2003 International Palm Oil Congress (Agriculture). Malaysian Palm Oil Board, 2003.

L. A. Frazão, K. Paustian, C. E. Pellegrino-cerri, and C. C. Cerri, Soil carbon stocks and changes after oil palm introduction in the Brazilian Amazon, GCB Bioenergy, vol.5, pp.384-390, 2013.

J. N. Galloway, Nitrogen, the Confer-N-s First International Nitrogen Conference, Environ. Pollut, vol.102, pp.15-24, 1998.

J. N. Galloway, J. D. Aber, J. W. Erisman, S. P. Seitzinger, R. W. Howarth et al., The nitrogen cascade, Bioscience, vol.53, pp.341-356, 2003.

J. N. Galloway, A. M. Leach, A. Bleeker, and J. W. Erisman, A chronology of human understanding of the nitrogen cycle, Philos. Trans. R. Soc. B Biol. Sci, vol.368, 2013.

J. N. Galloway, W. H. Schlesinger, H. Levy, A. Michaels, and J. L. Schnoor, Nitrogen fixation: Anthropogenic enhancement-environmental response, Glob. Biogeochem. Cycles, vol.9, pp.235-252, 1995.

J. N. Galloway, A. R. Townsend, J. W. Erisman, M. Bekunda, Z. Cai et al., Transformation of the Nitrogen Cycle: Recent Trends, Questions, and Potential Solutions, Science, vol.320, pp.889-892, 2008.

R. A. Gillbanks, T. H. Fairhurst, and R. Härdter, Standard agronomic procedures and practices, in: Oil Palm: Management for Large and Sustainable Yields, 2003.

K. E. Giller and T. Fairhurst, Legume cover plants, Oil Palm: Management for Large and Sustainable Yields. T.H. Fairhurst and R. Härdter, pp.151-161, 2003.

P. Girardin and C. Bockstaller, Agro-ecological indicators, tools for evaluating cropping systems, Ocl-Ol. Corps Gras Lipides, vol.4, pp.418-426, 1997.

P. Girardin, C. Bockstaller, H. V. Werf, and . Der, Indicators: Tools to Evaluate the Environmental Impacts of Farming Systems, J. Sustain. Agric, vol.13, pp.5-21, 1999.

H. C. Godfray, J. R. Beddington, I. R. Crute, L. Haddad, D. Lawrence et al., Food Security: The Challenge of Feeding 9 Billion People, Science, vol.327, pp.812-818, 2010.

K. Goh and R. Härdter, General oil palm nutrition, Oil Palm: Management for Large and Sustainable Yields. T.H. Fairhurst and R. Härdter, pp.191-230, 2003.

K. Goh, R. Härdter, and T. Fairhurst, Fertilizing for maximum return, Oil Palm: Management for Large and Sustainable Yields. T.H. Fairhurst and R. Härdter, pp.279-306, 2003.

K. J. Goh and S. B. Po, Fertilizer recommendation systems for oil palm: estimating the fertilizer rates, Proceedings of MOSTA Best Practices Workshops-Agronomy and Crop Management, 2005.

S. Guillaume and B. Charnomordic, Interpretable fuzzy inference systems for cooperation of expert knowledge and data in agricultural applications using fispro, Fuzzy Systems (FUZZ), 2010 IEEE International Conference On. IEEE, pp.1-8, 2010.

P. Gunarso, M. E. Hartoyo, F. Agus, and T. J. Killeen, Oil palm and land use change in Indonesia, Malaysia and Papua New Guinea. Rep. Tech. Panels 2nd Greenh. Gas Work, Group Roundtable Sustain. Palm Oil RSPO, pp.29-64, 2013.

S. Gurmit, D. L. Kow, K. H. Lee, K. C. Lim, and S. G. Loong, Empty Fruit Bunches as mulch. Oil Palm Environ.-Malays. Perspect, pp.171-183, 1999.

S. Gurmit, S. Manoharan, and T. S. Toh, United Plantations' approach to palm oil mill byproduct management and utilization, Proceedings of the 1989 POROM International Palm Oil Development Conference-Agriculture, pp.225-234, 1990.

S. Hansen, Feasibility study of performing an life cycle assessment on crude palm oil production in Malaysia, Int. J. Life Cycle Assess, vol.12, issue.9, pp.50-58, 2007.

A. C. Hartley, F. P. Aland, and P. G. Searle, Soil survey of West New Britain. The Balima-Tiauru area. Dep Agric Stock Fish Port Moresby Soil Surv, 1967.

C. W. Hartley, The botany of oil palm, Oil Palm, vol.3, pp.47-94, 1988.

I. E. Henson, OPRODSIM, a versatile, mechanistic simulation model of oil palm dry matter production and yield, Proceedings of PIPOC 2005 International Palm Oil Congress, Agriculture, Biotechnology and Sustainability Conference. Malaysian Palm Oil Board Kuala Lumpur, pp.801-832, 2005.

I. E. Henson, Modelling carbon sequestration and emissions related to oil palm cultivation and associated land use change in Malaysia, 2004.

I. E. Henson, Comparative ecophysiology of oil palm and tropical rainforest, in: Oil Palm and the Environment -a Malaysian Perspective (Ed. by Gurmit Singh et Al.). Oil Palm Growers' Council, pp.9-39, 1999.

I. E. Henson and S. H. Chai, Analysis of oil palm productivity. II. Biomass, distribution, productivity and turnover of the root system, Elaeis, vol.9, pp.78-92, 1997.

M. P. Hoffmann, A. Castaneda-vera, M. T. Van-wijk, K. E. Giller, T. Oberthür et al., Simulating potential growth and yield of oil palm (Elaeis guineensis) with PALMSIM: Model description, evaluation and application, Agric. Syst, vol.131, pp.1-10, 2014.

J. M. Holloway and R. A. Dahlgren, Nitrogen in rock: Occurrences and biogeochemical implications, Glob. Biogeochem. Cycles, vol.16, p.1118, 2002.

D. P. Holzworth, N. I. Huth, and P. G. Devoil, Simple software processes and tests improve the reliability and usefulness of a model, Environ. Model. Softw, vol.26, pp.510-516, 2011.

D. P. Holzworth, N. I. Huth, P. G. Devoil, E. J. Zurcher, N. I. Herrmann et al., APSIM -Evolution towards a new generation of agricultural systems simulation, Environ. Model. Softw, vol.62, pp.327-350, 2014.

N. I. Huth, M. Banabas, P. N. Nelson, and M. Webb, Development of an oil palm cropping systems model: Lessons learned and future directions, Environ. Model. Softw, 2014.

N. I. Huth, K. L. Bristow, and K. Verburg, SWIM3: Model use, calibration, and validation, Trans. ASABE, vol.55, pp.1303-1313, 2012.

, Root activity patterns of some tree crops, Technical report series No 170, International Atomic Energy Agency, 1975.

, N2O emissions from managed soils 2006 IPCC Guidelines for national greenhouse gas inventories, Guidelines IPCC, 2006.

S. Ishizuka, A. Iswandi, Y. Nakajima, S. Yonemura, S. Sudo et al., The variation of greenhouse gas emissions from soils of various land-use/cover types in Jambi province, Indonesia. Nutr. Cycl. Agroecosystems, vol.71, pp.17-32, 2005.

C. Jourdan and H. Rey, Architecture and development of the oil-palm (Elaeis guineensis Jacq.) root system, Plant Soil, vol.189, pp.33-48, 1997.

C. Jourdan, M. Thongo, A. Bou, L. Nodichao, C. Noel et al., , 2003.

K. Kee, Nutrient reserves and recycling from oil palm trunks at replanting, Proceedings of the Fourth International Crop Science Congress on New Direction For a Diverse Planet, p.6, 2004.

K. K. Kee and P. S. Chew, Nutrient losses through surface runoff and soil erosionImplications for improved fertiliser efficiency in mature oil palms, pp.153-169, 1996.

K. K. Kee, K. J. Goh, and P. S. Chew, Water cycling and balance in mature oil palm agroecosystem in Malaysia, Proceedings of the International Planters Conference. E Pushparajah, pp.153-169, 2000.

M. Keller, W. A. Kaplan, and S. C. Wofsy, Emissions of N2O, CH4 and CO2 from tropical forest soils, J. Geophys. Res. Atmospheres, pp.11791-11802, 1984.

H. Khalid, Z. Z. Zin, and J. M. Anderson, Decomposition processes and nutrient release patterns of oil palm residues, J. Oil Palm Res, vol.12, pp.46-63, 2000.

H. Khalid, Z. Z. Zin, and J. M. Anderson, Quantification of oil palm biomass and nutrient value in a mature plantation. I. Above-ground biomass, J. Oil Palm Res, vol.11, pp.23-32, 1999.

H. Khalid, Z. Z. Zin, and J. M. Anderson, Quantification of oil palm biomass and nutrient value in a mature plantation. II. Below-ground biomass, J. Oil Palm Res, vol.11, pp.63-71, 1999.

H. Khalid, Z. Z. Zin, and J. M. Anderson, Mineralization of soil organic carbon and nitrogen in relation to residue management following replanting of an oil palm plantation, J. Oil Palm Res, vol.11, pp.72-88, 1999.

N. Khasanah, M. Van-noordwijk, H. Ningsih, and S. Rahayu, Carbon neutral? No change in mineral soil carbon stock under oil palm plantations derived from forest or nonforest in Indonesia, Agric. Ecosyst. Environ, vol.211, pp.195-206, 2015.

L. P. Koh, J. Miettinen, S. C. Liew, and J. Ghazoul, Remotely sensed evidence of tropical peatland conversion to oil palm, Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci, vol.108, pp.5127-5132, 2011.

E. Lamade, N. Djegui, and P. Leterme, Estimation of carbon allocation to the roots from soil respiration measurements of oil palm, Plant Soil, vol.181, pp.329-339, 1996.

J. S. Lee, S. Abood, J. Ghazoul, B. Barus, K. Obidzinski et al., Environmental Impacts of Large-Scale Oil Palm Enterprises Exceed that of Smallholdings in Indonesia, Conserv. Lett, vol.7, pp.25-33, 2014.

J. S. Lee, J. Ghazoul, K. Obidzinski, and L. P. Koh, Oil palm smallholder yields and incomes constrained by harvesting practices and type of smallholder management in Indonesia, Agron. Sustain. Dev, vol.34, pp.501-513, 2014.
URL : https://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/hal-01234784

J. Lehmann, Subsoil root activity in tree-based cropping systems, Roots: The Dynamic Interface between Plants and the Earth, pp.319-331, 2003.

C. Li, Quantifying greenhouse gas emissions from soils: Scientific basis and modeling approach, Soil Sci. Plant Nutr, vol.53, pp.344-352, 2007.

. Lim, Land application of oil palm mill effluent, in: Oil Palm and the Environment, pp.153-169, 1999.

K. C. Lim and A. R. Zaharah, Decomposition and N & K release by oil palm empty fruit bunches applied under mature palms, J. Oil Palm Res, vol.12, pp.55-62, 2000.

S. Lord, M. K. Hoare, and N. M. Thompson, Composting for zero discharge -NBPOL's solution. Presented at the International Oil Palm Conference and Exhibition, IOPRI, p.11, 2002.

L. M. Maena, K. C. Thong, T. S. Ong, and A. M. Mokhtaruddin, Surface wash under mature oil palm, Proceedings of the Symposium on Water Agriculture in Malaysia, pp.203-216, 1979.

T. A. Mather, D. M. Pyle, and A. G. Allen, Volcanic source for fixed nitrogen in the early Earth's atmosphere, Geology, vol.32, pp.905-908, 2004.

B. Mattsson, C. Cederberg, and L. Blix, Agricultural land use in life cycle assessment (LCA): case studies of three vegetable oil crops, J. Clean. Prod, vol.8, pp.283-292, 2000.

M. S. Meier, N. Jungbluth, F. Stoessel, C. Schader, and M. Stolze, Higher accuracy in N modeling makes a difference, 9th International Conference LCA of Food, pp.8-10, 2014.

M. S. Meier, C. Schader, A. Berner, and A. Gattinger, Modelling N2O emissions from organic fertilisers for LCA inventories, Proceedings of the 8th International Conference on Life Cycle Assessment in the Agri-Food Sector (LCA Food, pp.1-4, 2012.

J. J. Meisinger and G. W. Randall, Estimating nitrogen budgets for soil-crop systems, Manag. Nitrogen Groundw. Qual. Farm Profitab, pp.85-124, 1991.

L. Melling, R. Hatano, and K. J. Goh, Nitrous oxide emissions from three ecosystems in tropical peatland of Sarawak, Malaysia. Soil Sci. Plant Nutr, vol.53, pp.792-805, 2007.

J. Miettinen, A. Hooijer, C. Shi, D. Tollenaar, R. Vernimmen et al., Extent of industrial plantations on Southeast Asian peatlands in 2010 with analysis of historical expansion and future projections, GCB Bioenergy, vol.4, pp.908-918, 2012.

P. W. Moody and P. T. Cong, Soil Constraints and Management Package (SCAMP): guidelines for sustainable management of tropical upland soils, Australian Centre for International Agricultural Research, 2008.

A. Moradi, C. B. Teh, K. J. Goh, M. H. Husni, and C. F. Ishak, Decomposition and nutrient release temporal pattern of oil palm residues, Ann. Appl. Biol, vol.164, pp.208-219, 2014.

D. N. Moriasi, J. G. Arnold, M. W. Van-liew, R. L. Bingner, R. D. Harmel et al., Model evaluation guidelines for systematic quantification of accuracy in watershed simulations, Trans Asabe, vol.50, pp.885-900, 2007.

M. D. Morris, Factorial sampling plans for preliminary computational experiments, Technometrics, vol.33, pp.161-174, 1991.

A. Mosier, C. Kroeze, C. Nevison, O. Oenema, S. Seitzinger et al., Closing the global N2O budget: nitrous oxide emissions through the agricultural nitrogen cycle, Nutr. Cycl. Agroecosystems, vol.52, pp.225-248, 1998.

D. J. Mulla and J. S. Strock, Nitrogen Transport Processes in Soil, Nitrogen Agric. Syst. agronomymonogra, pp.361-400, 2008.

P. N. Nelson, M. Banabas, I. Goodrick, M. J. Webb, N. I. Huth et al., Soil sampling in oil palm plantations: a practical design that accounts for lateral variability at the tree scale. Plant Soil 1-9, 2015.

P. N. Nelson, M. Banabas, D. R. Scotter, and M. J. Webb, Using Soil Water Depletion to Measure Spatial Distribution of Root Activity in Oil Palm, Elaeis guineensis Jacq.) Plantations. Plant Soil, vol.286, pp.109-121, 2006.

P. N. Nelson, M. J. Webb, M. Banabas, S. Nake, I. Goodrick et al., Methods to account for tree-scale variability in soil-and plantrelated parameters in oil palm plantations, Plant Soil, vol.374, pp.459-471, 2014.

P. N. Nelson, M. J. Webb, I. Orrell, H. Van-rees, M. Banabas et al., Environmental sustainability of oil palm cultivation in Papua New Guinea, 2010.

T. Nemecek, A. Heil, O. Huguenin, S. Meier, S. Erzinger et al., Life cycle inventories of agricultural production systems, 2007.

T. Nemecek and J. Schnetzer, Methods of assessment of direct field emissions for LCIs of agricultural production systems, Agroscope Reckenholz-Tänikon Res. Stn. ART, 2012.

T. Nemecek, J. Schnetzer, and J. Reinhard, Updated and harmonised greenhouse gas emissions for crop inventories, Int. J. Life Cycle Assess. 1-18, 2014.

H. C. Ng, P. S. Chew, K. J. Goh, and K. K. Kee, Nutrient requirements and sustainability in mature oil palms-an assessment, Planter, vol.75, pp.331-345, 1999.

S. K. Ng, Review of oil palm nutrition and manuring. Scope for greater economy in fertilizer usage, Oleagineux, vol.32, pp.197-209, 1977.

S. K. Ng and S. Thamboo, Nutrient contents of oil palms in Malaysa. I. Nutrients required for reproduction: fruit bunch and male inflorescences, Malay Agric J, vol.46, pp.3-45, 1967.

S. K. Ng, S. Thamboo, and P. De-souza, Nutrient contents of oil palms in Malaysa. II. Nutrients in vegetative tissues, Malay Agric J, vol.46, pp.332-391, 1968.

S. K. Ng, H. Von-uexküll, and R. Härdter, Botanical aspects of the oil palm relevant to crop management, Oil Palm: Management for Large and Sustainable Yields. T.H. Fairhurst and R. Härdter, pp.13-26, 2003.

M. Noordwijk, . Van, B. Lusiana, and N. Khasanah, Wanulcas 3.01: background on a model of water, nutrient, and light capture in agroforestry systems, World Agroforestry Centre : International Centre for Research in Agroforestry, 2004.

J. Legg and J. Meisinger, Soil nitrogen budgets. Nitrogen Agric, pp.503-566, 1982.

O. Oenema, H. Kros, and W. De-vries, Approaches and uncertainties in nutrient budgets: implications for nutrient management and environmental policies, Element Balances as Sustainability Tools, vol.20, pp.67-71, 2003.

C. Olaru and L. Wehenkel, A complete fuzzy decision tree technique, Fuzzy Sets Syst, vol.138, pp.221-254, 2003.

J. Ollivier, , 2011.

J. Ollivier, E. Lamade, B. Dubos, S. Erwanda, P. Permadi et al., Hacia un diagnostico nutricional preciso para la palma de aceite, teniendo en cuenta el origen del material de siembra, vol.34, pp.203-220, 2013.

A. C. Om, A. H. Ghazali, C. L. Keng, and Z. Ishak, Microbial inoculation improves growth of oil palm plants, Elaeis guineensis Jacq.). Trop. Life Sci. Res, vol.20, p.71, 2009.

U. Omoti, D. O. Ataga, and A. E. Isenmila, Leaching losses of nutrients in oil palm plantations determined by tension lysimeters, Plant Soil, vol.73, pp.365-376, 1983.

J. Paltseva, S. Searle, and C. Malins, Potential for advanced biofuel production from palm residues in Indonesia, Int. Counc. Clean Transp. Httpwww Theicct OrgsitesdefaultfilespublicationsICCTpalm, 2016.

A. Papadopoulos, D. Kalivas, and T. Hatzichristos, Decision support system for nitrogen fertilization using fuzzy theory, Comput. Electron. Agric, vol.78, pp.130-139, 2011.

S. Paramananthan, Soil properties and their influence on oil palm management and yield, Aciar Proceedings 144. Presented at the Sustainable Management of Soil in Oil Palm Plantings, Australian Government, pp.10-14, 2013.

L. Pardon, C. Bessou, P. N. Nelson, B. Dubos, J. Ollivier et al., Key unknowns in nitrogen budget for oil palm plantations. A review, Agron. Sustain. Dev, vol.36, 2016.
URL : https://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/hal-01338623

L. Pardon, C. Bessou, N. Saint-geours, B. Gabrielle, N. Khasanah et al., Quantifying nitrogen losses in oil palm plantations: models and challenges, Biogeosciences, vol.13, pp.5433-5452, 2016.
URL : https://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/hal-01578289

L. Pardon, N. Ian-huth, P. Netelenbos-nelson, M. Banabas, B. Gabrielle et al., Yield and nitrogen losses in oil palm plantations: Main drivers and management trade-offs determined using simulation, Field Crops Res, vol.210, pp.20-32, 2017.
URL : https://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/hal-01583181

W. J. Parton, The CENTURY model, in: Evaluation of Soil Organic Matter Models, pp.283-291, 1996.

J. B. Passioura, Simulation models: science, snake oil, education, or engineering?, Agron. J, vol.88, pp.690-694, 1996.

J. Peigné and P. Girardin, Environmental Impacts of Farm-Scale Composting Practices, Water. Air. Soil Pollut, vol.153, pp.45-68, 2004.

F. Pervanchon, C. Bockstaller, B. Amiaud, J. Peigné, P. Bernard et al., A novel indicator of environmental risks due to nitrogen management on grasslands, Agric. Ecosyst. Environ, vol.105, pp.1-16, 2005.

R. Pipai, Biological nitrogen fixation by cover legumes under oil palm plantations in Papua New Guinea, 2014.

J. Pirker, A. Mosnier, F. Kraxner, P. Havlík, and M. Obersteiner, What are the limits to oil palm expansion?, Glob. Environ. Change, vol.40, pp.73-81, 2016.

V. M. Ponce and R. H. Hawkins, Runoff Curve Number: Has It Reached Maturity?, J. Hydrol. Eng, vol.1, pp.11-19, 1996.

P. Prévot and M. Ollagnier, Méthode d'utilisation du diagnostic foliaire, Analyse Des Plantes et Problèmes Des Fumures Minérales. IRHO, pp.177-192, 1957.

M. E. Probert, J. P. Dimes, B. A. Keating, R. C. Dalal, and W. M. Strong, APSIM's water and nitrogen modules and simulation of the dynamics of water and nitrogen in fallow systems, Agric. Syst, vol.56, pp.1-28, 1998.

E. Pushparajah, Nitrogen cycle in rubber (Hevea) cultivation., in: Nitrogen Cycling in South-East Asian Wet Monsoonal Ecosystems, Australian Academy of Science, pp.101-108, 1979.

E. Pushparajah and P. S. Chew, Integrated nutrient management for sustaining high yield of plantation tree crops in Tropical Asia, Malaysian Soil Science Conference In, 1998.

, R: A language and environment for statistical computing. R Foundation for Statistical Computing, 2010.

V. Rasiah, J. D. Armour, N. W. Menzies, D. H. Heiner, M. J. Donn et al., Nitrate retention under sugarcane in wet tropical Queensland deep soil profiles, Soil Res, vol.41, pp.1145-1161, 2003.

M. Redshaw, Utilization of field residues and mill by-products, Oil Palm: Management for Large and Sustainable Yields. T.H. Fairhurst and R. Härdter, pp.307-320, 2003.

S. C. Reed, C. C. Cleveland, and A. R. Townsend, Functional Ecology of Free-Living Nitrogen Fixation: A Contemporary Perspective, Annu. Rev. Ecol. Evol. Syst, vol.42, pp.489-512, 2011.

V. M. Reis, J. I. Baldani, V. L. Baldani, and J. Dobereiner, Biological Dinitrogen Fixation in Gramineae and Palm Trees, Crit. Rev. Plant Sci, vol.19, pp.227-247, 2000.

M. Richards, R. Metzel, N. Chirinda, P. Ly, G. Nyamadzawo et al., Limits of agricultural greenhouse gas calculators to predict soil N2O and CH4 fluxes in tropical agriculture, Sci. Rep, vol.6, p.26279, 2016.

A. Rival and P. Levang, Palms of controversies: Oil palm and development challenges, CIFOR, 2014.

J. Rockström, W. Steffen, K. Noone, Å. Persson, F. S. Chapin et al., A safe operating space for humanity, Nature, vol.461, pp.472-475, 2009.

A. B. Rosenani and S. F. Hoe, Decomposition of oil palm empty fruit bunches in the field and mineralization of nitrogen, Progress in Nitrogen Cycling Studies, pp.127-132, 1996.

R. N. Roy, R. V. Misra, J. P. Lesschen, and E. M. Smaling, Evaluation du bilan en elements nutritifs du sol, Approches et methodologies. Food & Agriculture Org, 2005.

E. Ruiz and D. L. López, Revisión de literatura sobre beneficios asociados al uso de coberturas leguminosas en palma de aceite y otros cultivos permanentes, Rev. Palmas, vol.35, pp.53-64, 2014.

A. Saltelli and P. Annoni, How to avoid a perfunctory sensitivity analysis, Environ. Model. Softw, vol.25, pp.1508-1517, 2010.

A. Saltelli, S. Tarantola, F. Campolongo, and M. Ratto, Sensitivity analysis in practice: a guide to assessing scientific models, 2004.

J. Sayer, J. Ghazoul, P. Nelson, and A. Klintuni-boedhihartono, Oil palm expansion transforms tropical landscapes and livelihoods, Glob. Food Secur, vol.1, pp.114-119, 2012.

J. H. Schmidt, Comparative life cycle assessment of rapeseed oil and palm oil, Int. J. Life Cycle Assess, vol.15, pp.183-197, 2010.

J. H. Schmidt, Life assessment of rapeseed oil and palm oil, Life cycle inventory of rapeseed oil, vol.3, 2007.

J. M. Schoorl, A. Veldkamp, and J. Bouma, Modeling water and soil redistribution in a dynamic landscape context, Soil Sci. Soc. Am. J, vol.66, pp.1610-1619, 2002.

G. Schroth, M. R. Rodrigues, and S. A. Angelo, Spatial patterns of nitrogen mineralization, fertilizer distribution and roots explain nitrate leaching from mature Amazonian oil palm plantation. Soil Use Manag, vol.16, pp.222-229, 2000.

F. Schuchardt, D. Darnoko, and P. Guritno, Composting of empty oil palm fruit bunch (EFB) with simultaneous evaporation of oil mill waste water (POME), International Oil Palm Conference, Nusa Dua, 2002.

I. Shcherbak, N. Millar, and G. P. Robertson, Global metaanalysis of the nonlinear response of soil nitrous oxide (N2O) emissions to fertilizer nitrogen, Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci, vol.111, pp.9199-9204, 2014.

T. Silalertruksa, S. Bonnet, and S. H. Gheewala, Life cycle costing and externalities of palm oil biodiesel in Thailand, J. Clean. Prod, vol.28, pp.225-232, 2012.

N. Sinasamy, S. Palaniappan, R. Z. Kamal, and O. Syesofi-syed, Sources of and response to nitrogen in oil palm cultivation, Seminar on Nitrogen in Malaysia Agriculture. Proceedings. Malaysian Society of Soil Science, pp.167-188, 1982.

G. Singh, The Malaysian oil palm industry: Progress towards zero waste and environment excellence, Bioresour. Technol. Sustain. Agric, vol.99, pp.318-341, 1999.

G. Singh, S. Manohan, and K. Kanopathy, Commercial scale bunched mulching of oil palms, Proceeding: 1981 International Oil Palm Conference. Agricultural in Eighties. Palm Oil Research Institute of Malaysia and the Incorporates Society of Planters Kuala Lumpur, pp.367-377, 1982.

R. Sionita, S. Pujianto, C. Bessou, A. Gervillier, and J. Caliman, Water run-off, soil erosion and nutrient losses: impact of slope and ground vegetation. Presented at the Oil Palm Cultivation: Becoming a Model for Tomorrow's Sustainable Agriculture, ICOPE, 2014.

F. A. Siregar, S. Saletes, J. P. Caliman, and T. Liwgang, Empty fruit bunch compost: processing and utilities, International Oil Palm Conference: IOPRI, pp.27-57, 2002.

E. M. Smaling, An agro-ecological framework for integrated nutrient management with special reference to Kenya, 1993.

D. R. Smith, T. J. Townsend, A. W. Choy, I. C. Hardy, and S. Sjoegersten, Short-term soil carbon sink potential of oil palm plantations, Glob. Change Biol. Bioenergy, vol.4, pp.588-596, 2012.

R. Sommer, M. Denich, and P. L. Vlek, Carbon storage and root penetration in deep soils under small-farmer land-use systems in the Eastern Amazon region, Brazil. Plant Soil, vol.219, pp.231-241, 2000.

W. Steffen, K. Richardson, J. Rockström, S. E. Cornell, I. Fetzer et al., Planetary boundaries: Guiding human development on a changing planet, Science, vol.347, p.1259855, 2015.

E. Stehfest and L. Bouwman, N2O and NO emission from agricultural fields and soils under natural vegetation: summarizing available measurement data and modeling of global annual emissions, Nutr. Cycl. Agroecosystems, vol.74, pp.207-228, 2006.

H. Stichnothe and F. Schuchardt, Life cycle assessment of two palm oil production systems, Biomass Bioenergy, vol.35, pp.3976-3984, 2011.

M. Sugeno, An introductory survey of fuzzy control, Inf. Sci, vol.36, pp.59-83, 1985.

F. Tampubolon, C. Daniel, and R. Ochs, Oil Palm Responses to Nitrogen and Phosphate Fertilizer in Sumatra, Oleagineux, vol.45, pp.475-486, 1990.

K. S. Tan, Efficient fertiliser usage for oil palm on inland soils, Malaysian International Agricultural Oil Palm Conference, pp.262-288, 1977.

K. S. Tan, Development, nutrient contents and productivity in oil palm on inland sils of West Malaysia, 1976.

A. Tarmizi, M. Foster, H. L. Hamdan, A. B. Khalid, H. M. Tayeb et al., Relative efficiency of urea to sulphate of ammonia in oil palm: yield response and environmental factors, PORIM International Palm Oil Conference. Progress, Prospects Challenges Towards the 21st Century.(Agriculture) September 9-14Kuala Lumpur, 1993.

M. Thiollet-scholtus and C. Bockstaller, Using indicators to assess the environmental impacts of wine growing activity: The INDIGO® method, Eur. J. Agron, vol.62, pp.13-25, 2015.
URL : https://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/hal-01475929

P. J. Thorburn, J. S. Biggs, K. Collins, and M. E. Probert, Using the APSIM model to estimate nitrous oxide emissions from diverse Australian sugarcane production systems, Agric. Ecosyst. Environ, vol.136, pp.343-350, 2010.

P. B. Tinker, Soil requirements of the oil palm, Dev. Crop Sci. Oil Palm Res. Elsevier Amst. Neth, pp.165-181, 1976.

P. B. Tinker and P. H. Nye, Solute Movement in the Rhizosphere. Topics in sustainable agronomy, 2000.

P. B. Tinker and K. W. Smilde, Dry-matter production and nutrient content of plantation oil palms in Nigeria, Plant Soil, vol.19, pp.350-363, 1963.

I. Trebs, L. S. Lara, L. M. Zeri, L. V. Gatti, P. Artaxo et al., Dry and wet deposition of atmospheric inorganic nitrogen in a tropical environment, Atmos Chem Phys, vol.6, pp.447-469, 2006.

P. D. Turner and R. A. Gillbanks, Oil palm cultivation and management. Incorporated Society of Planters, 2003.

, United Plantations Berhad, 2005.

, Soil Taxonomy. A Basic System of Soil Classification for Making and Interpreting Soil Surveys., Agriculture Handbook. United States Department of Agriculture Natural Resources Conservation Service, 1999.

H. M. Van-der-werf and C. Zimmer, An indicator of pesticide environmental impact based on a fuzzy expert system, Chemosphere, vol.36, pp.10194-10195, 1998.

K. Verburg, W. J. Bond, J. R. Hirth, and A. M. Ridley, Lucerne in crop rotations on the Riverine Plains. 3*. Model evaluation and simulation analyses, Aust. J. Agric. Res, vol.58, pp.1129-1141, 2007.

J. M. Vesterager, S. Østerby, E. S. Jensen, and J. K. Schjoerring, Symbiotic N2-fixation by the cover crop Pueraria phaseoloides as influenced by litter mineralization, Plant Soil, vol.177, pp.1-10, 1995.

F. P. Vinther and S. Hansen, SimDen -en simpel model til kvantificering af N2O-emission og denitrifikation (English: SimDen -a simple model for quantification of N2O-emission and denitrification, DJF rapport. Markbrug nr. 104. Danmarks Jordbrugsforskning, Ministe-riet for Fødevarer, Landbrug og Økonomi, 2004.

P. M. Vitousek, J. D. Aber, R. W. Howarth, G. E. Likens, P. A. Matson et al., Human alteration of the global nitrogen cycle: sources and consequences, Ecol. Appl, vol.7, pp.737-750, 1997.

A. Vocanson, Evaluation ex ante d'innovations variétales en pois d'hiver (Pisum sativum L.): approche par modélisation au niveau, 2006.

A. Voisin, C. Salon, N. G. Munier-jolain, and B. Ney, Quantitative effects of soil nitrate, growth potential and phenology on symbiotic nitrogen fixation of pea (Pisum sativum L.), Plant Soil, vol.243, pp.31-42, 2002.

C. A. Watson and D. Atkinson, Using nitrogen budgets to indicate nitrogen use efficiency and losses from whole farm systems: a comparison of three methodological approaches, Nutr. Cycl. Agroecosystems, vol.53, pp.259-267, 1999.

B. Wicke, V. Dornburg, M. Junginger, and A. Faaij, Different palm oil production systems for energy purposes and their greenhouse gas implications, Biomass Bioenergy, vol.32, pp.1322-1337, 2008.

P. Willigen and . De, An analysis of the calculation of leaching and denitrification losses as practised in the NUTMON approach, Rapp.-Plant Res. Int, 2000.

E. I. Wiloso, C. Bessou, and R. Heijungs, Methodological issues in comparative life cycle assessment: treatment options for empty fruit bunches in a palm oil system, Int. J. Life Cycle Assess, vol.20, pp.204-216, 2015.

A. Xaviar, K. J. Goh, and K. Lumpur, Fertiliser requirement of oil palms for high yields: some thoughts, Managing Oil Palm for High Yields: Agronomic Principles, pp.74-97, 2000.

S. Yusoff and S. B. Hansen, Feasibility study of performing an life cycle assessment on crude palm oil production in Malaysia, Int. J. Life Cycle Assess, vol.12, pp.50-58, 2007.

L. A. Zadeh, Is there a need for fuzzy logic?, Inf. Sci, vol.178, pp.2751-2779, 2008.

A. Zaharah, H. Sharifuddin, M. Razley, and S. Mohd, Measurement of nitrogen fixed by Pueraria phaseoloides by N-15 dilution technique, pp.45-49, 1986.

A. R. Zaharah and K. C. Lim, Oil palm empty fruit bunch as a source of nutrients and soil ameliorant in oil palm plantations, Malays. J. Soil Sci, vol.4, pp.51-66, 2000.