B. Hubendick, Recent lymnaeids, their variation, morphology, taxonomy, nomenclature and distribution. Kungliga Svenska Vetenskapsakademiens Handlingar, vol.4, pp.1-223, 1951.

E. Strong, O. Gargomini, W. Ponder, and P. Bouchet, Global diversity of gastropods (Gastropoda; Mollusca) in freshwater, Hydrobiologia, vol.595, pp.149-166, 2008.

M. D. Bargues and S. Mas-coma, Reviewing lymnaeid vectors of fascioliasis by ribosomal DNA sequence analyses, J Helminthol, vol.79, pp.257-267, 2005.

A. A. Vázquez, A. P. Lounnas, M. Sabourin, E. Alba, A. Pointier et al., Hurtrez-Boussès S: Lymnaeid snails hosts of Fasciola hepatica and Fasciola gigantica (Trematoda: Digenea) worldwide: a practical review, CAB Reviews, 2018.

K. Schniebs, P. Glöer, M. V. Vinarski, S. Quiñonero-salgado, J. Lopez-soriano et al., A new alien species in Europe: First record of Austropeplea viridis (Quoy & Gaimard, 1833) (Mollusca, Gastropoda, Lymnaeidae) in Spain, J Conchol, vol.42, issue.5, pp.357-370, 2017.

K. Schniebs, P. Glöer, S. Quiñonero-salgado, J. Lopez-soriano, and A. K. Hundsdoerfer, The first record of Galba cubensis (L. Pfeiffer, 1839) (Mollusca: Gastropoda: Lymnaeidae) from open fields of Europe, vol.26, pp.3-15, 2018.

M. Lounnas, A. C. Correa, A. A. Vázquez, A. Dia, J. S. Escobar et al., Self-fertilization, long-distance flash invasion and biogeography shape the population structure of Pseudosuccinea columella at the worldwide scale, Mol Ecol, vol.26, issue.3, pp.887-903, 2017.
URL : https://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/hal-01557951

M. Lounnas, Self-fertilization, long-distance flash invasion and biogeography shape the population structure of Pseudosuccinea columella at the worldwide scale, Mol Ecol, vol.26, issue.3, pp.887-903, 2017.
URL : https://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/hal-01557951

S. Mas-coma, M. D. Bargues, and M. A. Valero, Chapter 2. Fasciola, lymnaeids and human fascioliasis, with a global overview on disease transmission, epidemiology, evolutionary genetics, molecular epidemiology and control, Adv Parasitol, vol.69, pp.41-146, 2009.

A. Gutiérrez, Fasciola hepatica: identification of molecular markers for resistant and susceptible Pseudosuccinea columella snail hosts, Exp Parasitol, vol.105, pp.211-218, 2003.

A. Gutiérrez, Evidence of phenotypic differences between resistant and susceptible isolates of Pseudosuccinea columella (Gastropoda: Lymnaeidae) to Fasciola hepatica (Trematoda: Digenea) in Cuba, Parasitol Res, vol.90, pp.129-163, 2003.

A. Alba, Fasciola hepatica -Pseudosuccinea columella interaction: effect of increasing parasite doses, successive exposures and geographic origin on the infection outcome of naturally-resistant and susceptible snails from Cuba. Parasite & Vect, 2018.

A. A. Vázquez, Fasciola hepatica in Cuba: compatibility of different isolates with two intermediate intermediate hosts, Galba cubensis and Pseudosuccinea columella, J Helminthol, vol.88, pp.434-440, 2014.

A. Alba, Ecology and population genetics of a host snail in Cuba: insights into the history and colonization of Pseudosuccinea columella, its relation with Fasciola hepatica and trade-offs associated to parasite resistance in preparation

A. Gutiérrez, Fasciola hepatica (Trematoda: Digenea): its effect on the life history traits of Pseudosuccinea columella (Gastropoda: Lymnaeidae), an uncommon interaction Parasitol Res, vol.88, pp.535-539, 2002.

C. J. Duncan and . Pulmonates, , vol.1, 1975.

W. P. Geraerts and J. Joosse, Freshwater snails (Basommatophora), in The Mollusca, pp.142-207, 1984.

F. Guillou, Identification and expression of gene transcripts generated during an antiparasitic response in Biomphalaria glabrata, Dev Comp Immunol, vol.31, issue.7, pp.657-671, 2007.
URL : https://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/hal-00170685

J. J. Hathaway, Identification of protein components of egg masses indicates parental investment in immunoprotection of offspring by Biomphalaria glabrata (Gastropoda, Mollusca), Dev Comp Immunol, vol.34, issue.4, pp.425-435, 2010.

H. Mu, An integrated proteomic and transcriptomic analysis of perivitelline fluid proteins in a freshwater gastropod laying aerial eggs, J Proteomics, vol.115, pp.22-30, 2017.

G. Sen, C. Mandal, and M. Chowdhury, Albumen gland of the snail Achatina fulica is the site for synthesis of AchatininH, a sialic acid binding lectin, Mol Cell Biochem, vol.117, issue.2, pp.133-138, 1992.

R. Sánchez, G. Perera, and J. Sánchez, Cultivo de Fossaria cubensis (Pfeiffer) (Pulmonata: Lymnaeidae) hospedero intermediario de Fasciola hepatica (Linnaeus) en Cuba, Rev Cubana Med Trop, vol.47, pp.71-74, 1995.

M. G. Grabher, Full-length transcriptome assembly from RNA-Seq data without a reference genome, Nat Biotechnol, vol.29, issue.7, pp.644-652, 2011.

B. Giardine, Galaxy: a platform for interactive large-scale genome analysis, Genome Res, vol.15, pp.1451-1455, 2005.

W. Li and A. Godzik, Cd-hit: a fast program for clustering and comparing large sets of protein or nucleotide sequences, Bioinformatics, vol.22, issue.13, pp.1658-1659, 2006.

A. Conesa, Blast2GO: a universal tool for annotation, visualization and analysis in functional genomics research, Bioinformatics, vol.21, issue.18, pp.3674-3676, 2005.

B. Langmead and S. L. Salzberg, Fast gapped-read alignment with Bowtie 2, Nature Meth, vol.9, issue.4, pp.357-359, 2012.

R. Patro, Salmon provides fast and bias-aware quantification of transcript expression, Nature Meth, vol.14, pp.417-419, 2017.

M. I. Love, W. Huber, and S. Anders, Moderated estimation of fold change and dispersion for RNA-seq data with DESeq2, Genome Biol, vol.15, issue.12, p.550, 2014.

E. Gasteiger, ExPASy: the proteomics server for in-depth protein knowledge and analysis, Nucleic Acids Res, vol.31, pp.3784-3788, 2013.

A. Marchler-bauer, CDD: NCBI's conserved domain database, Nucleic Acids Res, vol.43, pp.222-226, 2015.

J. E. Humphries and T. P. Yoshino, Regulation of hydrogen peroxide release in circulating haemocytes of the planorbid snail Biomphalaria glabrata, Dev Comp Immunol, vol.32, pp.554-562, 2008.

A. H. Lacchini, beta-1, 3-glucan modulates PKC signalling in Lymnaea stagnalis defence cells: a role for PKC in H2O2 production and downstream ERK activation, J Exp Biol, vol.209, pp.4829-4840, 2006.

B. Wright, Regulation of nitric oxide production in snail (Lymnaea stagnalis) defence cells: a role for PKC and ERK signalling pathways, Biol Cell, vol.96, pp.265-278, 2006.

J. E. Humphries, L. Elizondo, and T. P. Yoshino, Protein kinase C regulation of cell spreading in the molluscan Biomphalaria glabrata embryonic (Bge) cell line, Biochim Biophys Acta, vol.1540, pp.243-252, 2001.

A. J. Walker, Spreading by snail (Lymnaea stagnalis) defence cells is regulated through integrated PKC, FAK and Src signaling, Cell Tissue Res, vol.341, pp.131-145, 2010.

S. T. Ong, Iron-withholding strategy in innate immunity, Immunobiology, vol.211, pp.295-314, 2006.

L. Zheng, Ferritin has an important immune function in the ark shell Scapharca broughtonii, Dev Comp Immunol, vol.59, pp.15-24, 2016.

G. Chen, Identification and characterization of a ferritin gene involved in the immune defense response of scallop Chlamys farreri, Fish Shellfish Immunol, vol.55, pp.1-9, 2016.

E. Deleury, Specific versus non-specific immune responses in an invertebrate species evidenced by a comparative de novo sequencing study, PLoS One, vol.7, issue.3, p.32512, 2012.
URL : https://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/halsde-00700368

E. Foley and P. H. O'farrell, Nitric oxide contributes to induction of innate immune responses to gram-negative bacteria in Drosophila, Genes Dev, vol.17, pp.115-125, 2003.

J. Macmicking, Q. W. Xie, and C. Nathan, Nitric oxide and macrophage function, Annu Rev Immunol, vol.15, pp.323-350, 1997.

C. Nathan and M. U. Shiloh, Reactive oxygen and nitrogen intermediates in the relationship between mammalian hosts and microbial pathogens, Proc Natl Acad Sci, vol.97, pp.8841-8848, 2000.

U. K. Hahn, R. C. Bender, and C. J. Bayne, Killing of Schistosoma mansoni sporocysts by hemocytes from resistant Biomphalaria glabrata: role of reactive oxygen species, J Parasitol, vol.87, issue.2, pp.292-299, 2001.

U. K. Hahn, R. C. Bender, and C. J. Bayne, Involvement of nitric oxide in killing of Schistosoma mansoni sporocysts by hemocytes from resistant Biomphalaria glabrata, J Parasitol, vol.87, issue.4, pp.778-785, 2001.

C. Wang, The role of catalase in the immune response to oxidative stress and pathogen challenge in the clam Meretrix meretrix, Fish Shellfish Immunol, vol.34, issue.1, pp.91-99, 2013.

C. P. Goodall, Constitutive differences in Cu/Zn superoxide dismutase mRNA levels and activity in hemocytes of Biomphalaria glabrata (Mollusca) that are either susceptible or resistant to Schistosoma mansoni (Trematoda), Mol Biochem Parasitol, vol.137, issue.2, pp.321-328, 2004.

L. Kolodziejczyk, E. Siemieniuk, and E. Skrzydlewska, Fasciola hepatica: effects on the antioxidative properties and lipid peroxidation of rat serum, Exp Parasitol, vol.113, issue.1, pp.43-48, 2006.

S. D. Bathige, Evidences for the involvement of an invertebrate goose-type lysozyme in disk abalone immunity: cloning, expression analysis and antimicrobial activity, Fish Shellfish Immunol, vol.35, issue.5, pp.1369-1379, 2013.

Y. Guo and H. He, Identification and characterization of a goose-type lysozyme from sewage snail Physa acuta, Fish Shellfish Immunol, vol.39, issue.2, pp.321-325, 2014.

S. H. Zhang, Three goose-type lysozymes in the gastropod Oncomelania hupensis: cDNA sequences and lytic activity of recombinant proteins, Dev Comp Immunol, vol.36, issue.1, pp.241-246, 2012.

C. M. Adema, L. A. Hertel, R. D. Miller, and E. S. Loker, A family of fibrinogen-related proteins that precipitates parasite-derived molecules is produced by an invertebrate after infection, Proc Natl Acad Sci, vol.94, pp.8691-8696, 1997.

C. M. Adema, A. Mohandas, . Van-der, W. P. Knaap, and T. Sminia, Separation of Lymnaea stagnalis hemocytes by density gradient centrifugation, Dev Comp Immunol, vol.18, pp.25-31, 1994.

A. E. Agner and W. O. Granath, Hemocytes of schistosome-resistant and -susceptible Biomphalaria glabrata recognize different antigens on the surface of Schistosoma mansoni sporocysts, 1995.

, J Parasitol, vol.81, pp.179-186

A. Alba, A. A. Vázquez, J. Sánchez, D. Duval, H. Hernández et al., Fasciola hepatica -Pseudosuccinea columella interaction: effect of increasing parasite doses, successive exposures and geographic origin on the infection outcome of naturally-resistant and susceptible snails from Cuba, 2018.

R. I. Amen, J. M. Tijnagel, . Van-der, W. P. Knaap, E. A. Meuleman et al., Effects of Trichobilharzia ocellata on hemocytes of Lymnaea stagnalis, Dev Comp Immunol, vol.15, pp.105-115, 1991.

S. J. Andrews, The life cycle of Fasciola hepatica, Fasciolosis. UK: CAB International, 1999.

G. L. Ataev, . E. Prokhorova-e, I. V. Kudryavtsev, and A. V. Polevshchikov, The influence of trematode infection on the hemocyte composition in Planorbarius corneus (Gastropoda, Pulmonata), Invertebr Survival J, vol.13, pp.164-171, 2016.

A. Baeza-garcia, R. J. Pierce, B. Gourbal, E. Werkmeister, D. Colinet et al., Involvement of the cytokine MIF in the snail host immune response to the parasite Schistosoma mansoni, PLoS Pathog, vol.6, p.1001115, 2010.
URL : https://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/halsde-00608628

C. J. Bayne, P. M. Buckley, and P. C. Dewan, Macrophage-like hemocytes of resistant Biomphalaria glabrata are cytotoxic for sporocysts of Schistosoma mansoni in vitro, J Parasitol, vol.66, pp.413-419, 1980.

P. Boisseaux, M. L. Delignette-muller, K. Abbaci, H. Thomas, and J. Garric, Analysis of hemocytes in Lymnaea stagnalis: Characterization and effects of repeated hemolymph collections, Fish Shellfish Immunol, vol.57, pp.116-126, 2016.
URL : https://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/hal-01443658

A. F. Calienes, J. Fraga, J. P. Pointier, M. Yong, J. Sánchez et al., Detection and genetic distance of resistant populations of Pseudosuccinea columella (Mollusca: Lymnaeidae) to Fasciola hepatica (Trematoda: Digenea) using RAPD markers, Acta Trop, vol.92, pp.83-87, 2004.

M. G. Castillo, X. J. Wu, N. Dinguirard, A. K. Nyame, R. D. Cummings et al., Surface membrane proteins of Biomphalaria glabrata embryonic cells bind fucosyl determinants on the tegumental surface of Schistosoma mansoni primary sporocysts, J Parasitol, vol.93, pp.832-840, 2007.

M. G. Castillo and T. P. Yoshino, Carbohydrate inhibition of Biomphalaria glabrata embryonic (Bge) cell adhesion to primary sporocysts of Schistosoma mansoni, Parasitology, vol.125, pp.513-525, 2002.

M. G. Cavalcanti, F. C. Filho, A. M. Mendonc, G. R. Duartec, C. C. Barbosa et al., Morphological characterization of hemocytes from Biomphalaria glabrata and Biomphalaria straminea. Micron, p.43, 2012.

F. Cima, V. Matozzo, M. G. Marin, and L. Ballarin, Haemocytes of the clam Tapes philippinarum: morphofunctional characterization, Fish Shellfish Immunol, vol.10, pp.677-693, 2000.

C. Coustau, B. Gourbal, D. Duval, T. P. Yoshino, C. M. Adema et al., Advances in gastropod immunity from the study of the interaction between the snail Biomphalaria glabrata and its parasites: A review of research progress over the last decade, Fish Shellfish Immunol, vol.46, pp.5-16, 2015.
URL : https://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/hal-01162871

J. A. Cueto, C. Rodriguez, I. A. Vega, and A. Castro-vazquez, Immune defenses of the invasive Apple Snail Pomacea canaliculata (Caenogastropoda, Ampullariidae): phagocytic hemocytes in the circulation and the kidney, PLoS One, vol.10, p.123964, 2015.

A. Franchini and E. Ottaviani, Fine structure and acid phosphatase localization of hemocytes in the freshwater snail Viviparus ater (Gastropoda, Prosobranchia), J Invert Pathol, vol.55, pp.28-34, 1990.

R. Galinier, J. Portela, Y. Moné, J. F. Allienne, H. Henri et al., Biomphalysin, a new ? pore-forming toxin involved in Biomphalaria glabrata immune defense against Schistosoma mansoni, PLoS Pathog, vol.9, p.1003216, 2013.
URL : https://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/halsde-00823685

A. Garcia-campos, A. Ravidà, D. L. Nguyen, K. Cwiklinski, J. P. Dalton et al., Tegument glycoproteins and cathepsins of newly excysted juvenile Fasciola hepatica carry mannosidic and paucimannosidic N-glycans, PLoS Negl Trop Dis, vol.10, p.4688, 2016.

K. Georgieva, L. Georgieva, Y. Mizinska-boevska, and S. R. Stoitsova, Study of surface carbohydrates in Galba truncatula tissues before and after infection with Fasciola hepatica, Mem Inst Oswaldo Cruz, vol.111, pp.475-483, 2016.

A. M. Gorbushin and N. V. Iakovleva, The enigma of the haemogram left-shift in periwinkles infected with trematodes, Fish Shellfish Immunol, vol.24, pp.745-751, 2008.

B. E. Gourbal, F. Guillou, G. Mitta, P. Sibille, A. Thèron et al., Excretory-secretory products of larval Fasciola hepatica investigated using a twodimensional proteomic approach, Mol Biochem Parasit, vol.161, pp.63-66, 2008.
URL : https://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/halsde-00332385

L. Guasconi, M. C. Serradell, A. P. Garro, L. Iacobelli, and D. T. Masih, C-type lectins on macrophages participate in the immunomodulatory response to Fasciola hepatica products, Immunology, vol.133, pp.386-396, 2011.

A. Gutiérrez, J. P. Pointier, J. Fraga, E. Jobet, S. Modat et al., Fasciola hepatica: identification of molecular markers for resistant and susceptible Pseudosuccinea columella snail hosts, Exp Parasitol, vol.105, pp.211-218, 2003.

A. Gutiérrez, J. P. Pointier, M. Yong, J. Sánchez, and A. Théron, Evidence of phenotypic differences between resistant and susceptible isolates of Pseudosuccinea columella (Gastropoda: Lymnaeidae) to Fasciola hepatica (Trematoda: Digenea) in Cuba, Parasitol Res, vol.90, pp.129-163, 2003.

U. K. Hahn, R. C. Bender, and C. J. Bayne, Production of reactive oxygen species by hemocytes of Biomphalaria glabrata: carbohydrate-specific stimulation, Dev Comp Immunol, vol.24, pp.531-541, 2000.

J. F. Hillyer, Insect immunology and hematopoiesis, Dev Comp Immunol, vol.58, pp.102-118, 2016.

J. E. Humphries and T. P. Yoshino, Regulation of hydrogen peroxide release in circulating haemocytes of the planorbid snail Biomphalaria glabrata, Dev Comp Immunol, vol.32, pp.554-562, 2008.

J. Jian, J. Konopka, and C. Liu, Insights into the role of progranulin in immunity, infection, and inflammation, J Leukoc Biol, vol.93, pp.199-208, 2013.

L. A. Johnston and T. P. Yoshino, Analysis of lectin-and snail plasma-binding glycopeptides associated with the tegumental surface of the primary sporocysts of Schistosoma mansoni, Parasitology, vol.112, pp.469-479, 1996.

W. A. Kibbe, OligoCalc: an online oligonucleotide properties calculator, Nucleic Acids Res, vol.35, pp.43-46, 2007.

N. A. Kryukova, N. I. Yurlova, N. M. Rastyagenko, E. V. Antonova, and V. V. Glupov, The influence of Plagiorchis mutationis larval infection on the cellular immune response of the snail host Lymnaea stagnalis, J Parasitol, vol.100, pp.284-287, 2014.

M. K. Larson, R. C. Bender, and C. J. Bayne, Resistance of Biomphalaria glabrata 13-16-R1 snails to Schistosoma mansoni PR1 is a function of haemocyte abundance and constitutive levels of specific transcripts in haemocytes, Int J Parasitol, p.44, 2014.

T. Lehr, K. Beuerlein, M. J. Doenhoff, C. G. Grevelding, and R. Geyer, Localization of carbohydrate determinants common to Biomphalaria glabrata as well as to sporocysts and miracidia of Schistosoma mansoni, Parasitology, vol.135, pp.931-973, 2008.

E. S. Loker, Gastropod immunobiology, Adv Exp Med Biol, vol.708, pp.17-43, 2010.

E. S. Loker, C. J. Bayne, P. M. Buckley, and K. T. Kruse, Ultrastructure of encapsulation of Schistosoma mansoni mother sporocysts by hemocytes of juveniles of the 10-R2 strain of Biomphalaria glabrata, J Parasitol, vol.68, pp.84-94, 1982.

E. S. Loker, D. F. Cimino, G. A. Stryker, and L. A. Hertel, The effect of size of M line Biomphalaria glabrata on the course of development of Echinostoma paraensei, J Parasitol, vol.73, pp.1090-1098, 1987.

G. G. Martin, C. T. Oakes, H. R. Tousignant, H. Crabtree, and R. Yamakawa, Structure and function of haemocytes in two marine gastropods, Megathura crenulata and Aplysia californica, J Molluscan Stud, vol.73, pp.355-365, 2007.

S. Mas-coma, M. D. Bargues, and M. A. Valero, Chapter 2. Fasciola, lymnaeids and human fascioliasis, with a global overview on disease transmission, epidemiology, evolutionary genetics, molecular epidemiology and control, Adv Parasitol, vol.69, pp.41-146, 2009.

M. Matricon-gondran and M. Letocart, Internal defenses of the snail Biomphalaria glabrata, J Invertebr Pathol, vol.74, pp.235-247, 1999.

J. B. Mounkassa and J. Jourdane, Dynamics of the leukocytic response of Biomphalaria glabrata during the larval development of Schistosoma mansoni and Echinostoma liei, J Invertebr Pathol, vol.55, pp.306-311, 1990.

S. Noda, Effects of excretory-secretory products of Echinostoma paraensei larvae on the hematopoietic organ of M-line Biomphalaria glabrata snails, J Parasitol, vol.78, pp.512-517, 1992.

A. L. Oliveira, P. M. Levada, T. Zanotti-magalhaes, L. A. Magalhaes, and J. T. Ribeiro-paes, Differences in the number of hemocytes in the snail host Biomphalaria tenagophila, resistant and susceptible to Schistosoma mansoni infection, Genet Mol Res, vol.9, pp.2436-2445, 2010.

N. A. Peterson, C. H. Hokke, A. M. Deelder, and T. P. Yoshino, Glycotope analysis in miracidia and primary sporocysts of Schistosoma mansoni: differential expression during the miracidium-to-sporocyst transformation, Int J Parasitol, vol.39, pp.1331-1344, 2009.

E. A. Pila, M. A. Gordy, V. K. Phillips, A. L. Kabore, S. P. Rudko et al., Endogenous growth factor stimulation of hemocyte proliferation induces resistance to Schistosoma mansoni challenge in the snail host, vol.113, pp.5305-5310, 2016.

E. A. Pila, J. T. Sullivan, X. Z. Wu, J. Fang, S. P. Rudko et al., Haematopoiesis in molluscs: A review of haemocyte development and function in gastropods, cephalopods and bivalves, Dev Comp Immunol, vol.58, pp.119-128, 2016.

A. Portet, R. Galinier, S. Pinaud, J. Portela, F. Nowacki et al., BgTEP: An antiprotease involved in innate immune sensing in Biomphalaria glabrata, Front Immunol, vol.9, p.1206, 2018.
URL : https://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/hal-01838951

A. Portet, S. Pinaud, C. Chaparro, R. Galinier, G. M. Charriere et al., Sympatric and allopatric evolutionary contexts shape differential immune response in Biomphalaria / Schistosoma interaction, 2018.

A. Portet, S. Pinaud, G. Tetreau, R. Galinier, C. Cosseau et al., Integrated multi-omic analyses in Biomphalaria-Schistosoma dialogue reveal the immunobiological significance of FREP-SmPoMuc interaction, Dev Comp Immunol, vol.75, pp.16-27, 2018.

V. M. Ribeiro, A. L. Coaglio, F. L. Pereira-oliveira, C. A. Pereira, and W. S. Lima, Dynamics of haemocytes from Pseudosuccinea columella circulating infected by Fasciola hepatica, Braz J Vet Parasitol, vol.26, pp.411-418, 2017.

E. Rodríguez, H. Kalay, V. Noya, N. Brossard, C. Giacomini et al., Fasciola hepatica glycoconjugates immuneregulate dendritic cells through the Dendritic Cell-Specific Intercellular adhesion molecule-3-Grabbing Nonintegrin inducing, T cell anergy. Sci Reports, vol.7, p.46748, 2017.

E. Rodríguez, V. Noya, L. Cervi, M. L. Chiribao, N. Brossard et al., Glycans from Fasciola hepatica modulate the host immune response and TLR-induced maturation of dendritic cells, PLoS Negl Trop Dis, vol.9, p.4234, 2015.

J. Russo and L. Lagadic, Effects of parasitism and pesticide exposure on characteristics and functions of hemocyte populations in the freshwater snail Lymnaea palustris (Gastropoda, Pulmonata), Cell Biol Toxicol, vol.16, pp.15-30, 2000.

R. Sánchez, G. Perera, and J. Sánchez, Cultivo de Fossaria cubensis (Pfeiffer) (Pulmonata: Lymnaeidae) hospedero intermediario de Fasciola hepatica (Linnaeus) en Cuba, Rev Cubana Med Trop, vol.47, pp.71-74, 1995.

J. T. Sullivan, J. A. Belloir, R. V. Beltran, A. Grivakis, and K. A. Ransone, Fucoidan stimulates cell division in the amebocyte-producing organ of the schistosome-transmitting snail Biomphalaria glabrata, J Invertebr Pathol, vol.123, pp.6-13, 2014.

J. T. Sullivan, S. S. Pikios, and A. Q. Alonzo, Mitotic responses to extracts of miracidia and cercariae of Schistosoma mansoni in the amebocyte-producing organ of the snail intermediate host Biomphalaria glabrata, J Parasitol, vol.90, pp.92-96, 2004.

J. T. Sullivan and J. T. Yeung, Incompatibility between miracidia of Schistosoma mansoni and Helisoma duryi occurs at two stages: penetration and intramolluscan establishment, J Parasitol, vol.97, pp.743-745, 2011.

A. Theron and C. Coustau, Are Biomphalaria snails resistant to Schistosoma mansoni?, J Helminthol, vol.79, pp.189-191, 2005.
URL : https://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/hal-00104688

M. A. Travers, . Mirella-da, P. Silva, N. Le-go, D. Marie et al., Morphologic, cytometric and functional characterisation of abalone (Haliotis tuberculata) haemocytes, Fish Shellfish Immunol, vol.24, pp.400-411, 2008.
URL : https://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/hal-00663493

A. A. Vázquez, J. Sánchez, J. P. Pointier, A. Théron, and S. Hurtrez-boussès, Fasciola hepatica in Cuba: compatibility of different isolates with two intermediate intermediate hosts, Galba cubensis and Pseudosuccinea columella, J Helminthol, vol.88, pp.434-440, 2014.

Y. Wang, M. Hu, M. W. Chiang, P. K. Shin, and S. G. Cheung, Characterization of subpopulations and immune-related parameters of hemocytes in the green-lipped mussel Perna viridis, Fish Shellfish Immunol, vol.32, pp.381-390, 2012.

X. J. Wu, N. Dinguirard, G. Sabat, H. D. Lui, L. Gonzalez et al., Proteomic analysis of Biomphalaria glabrata plasma proteins with binding affinity to those expressed by early developing larval Schistosoma mansoni, PLoS Pathog, vol.13, p.1006081, 2017.

T. P. Yoshino, J. P. Boyle, and J. E. Humphries, Receptor-ligand interactions and cellular signalling at the host-parasite interface, Parasitology, vol.123, pp.143-157, 2001.

T. P. Yoshino, X. J. Wu, L. A. Gonzalez, and C. H. Hokke, Circulating Biomphalaria glabrata hemocyte subpopulations possess shared schistosome glycans and receptors capable of binding larval glycoconjugates, Exp Parasitol, vol.133, pp.28-36, 2013.

S. M. Zhang, E. S. Loker, and J. T. Sullivan, Pathogen-associated molecular patterns activate expression of genes involved in cell proliferation, immunity and detoxification in the amebocyte-producing organ of the snail Biomphalaria glabrata, Dev Comp Immunol, vol.56, pp.25-36, 2016.

M. Abrous, D. Rondelaud, and . Dreyfuss-g, The stress of Lymnaea truncatula just before miracidial exposure with Fasciola hepatica increased the prevalence of infection, Exp Parasitol, vol.99, pp.49-51, 2001.

. Adema-cm, Fibrinogen-Related Proteins (FREPs) in Mollusks, Results Probl Cell Differ, vol.57, pp.111-140, 2015.

. M. Adema-c and . S. Loker-e, Digenean-gastropod host associations inform on aspects of specific immunity in snails, Dev Comp Immunol, vol.48, pp.275-283, 2015.

C. M. Adema, . C. Van-deutekom-mulder-e, . P. Van-der-knaap-w, and . Sminia-t, Schistosomicidal activities of Lymnaea stagnalis haemocytes: the role of oxygen radicals, Parasitology, vol.109, pp.479-85, 1994.

C. M. Adema, . A. Hertel-l, . D. Miller-r, and . S. Loker-e, A family of fibrinogen-related proteins that precipitates parasite-derived molecules is produced by an invertebrate after infection, Proc Natl Acad Sci USA, vol.94, pp.8691-8696, 1997.

C. M. Adema, C. J. Bayne, J. M. Bridger, M. Knight, . S. Loker-e et al., Will all scientists working on snails and the disease they transmit please stand up?, PLoS Negl Trop Dis, vol.6, issue.12, p.1835, 2012.

A. A. Hernández, H. Marcet-r, . E. Gil-a, . A. Vázquez-a, M. Figueredo et al., Exploring the antigenic features of Fasciola hepatica (Trematoda: Digenea) rediae through the evaluation of three different antigenic candidates for further monoclonal antibody development, Parasitol Res, vol.113, issue.9, pp.3185-93, 2014.

A. A. Hernández, H. Marcet-r, . A. Vázquez-a, M. Figueredo, J. Sánchez et al., A novel double monoclonal antibody based-immunoenzymatic assay for epidemiological surveillance of the vector snails of Fasciola hepatica (Trematoda: Digenea), Int J Parasitol, vol.45, issue.2-3, pp.113-119, 2015.

A. A. Vázquez-a, J. Sánchez, J. Fraga, E. Martínez, H. Hernández et al., Assessment of the FasciMol-ELISA in the detection of the trematode Fasciola hepatica in field-collected Galba cubensis: a novel tool for the malacological survey of fasciolosis transmission, Parasites Vect, vol.9, issue.1, p.22, 2016.

A. P. Lounnas, M. A. Vázquez-a, . Ayaqui-r, M. Calvopiña, . Celi-erazo-m et al., A new multiplex PCR assay to distinguish among three cryptic Galba species, intermediate hosts of Fasciola hepatica, Vet Parasitol, vol.251, pp.101-105, 2018.
URL : https://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/hal-02016541

A. F. Dunn-a, . M. Emery-a, J. R. Stothard, . A. Johnston-d, . A. Kane-r et al., Use of sentinel snails for the detection of Schistosoma haematobium transmission on Zanzibar and observations on transmission patterns, Acta Trop, vol.128, issue.2, pp.234-274, 2013.

. M. Anderson-r, J. G. Mercer, . A. Wilson-r, and . P. Carter-n, Transmission of Schistosoma mansoni from man to snail: experimental studies of miracidial survival and infectivity in relation to larval age, water temperature, host size and host age, Parasitology, vol.85, issue.2, pp.339-60, 1982.

A. Alba,

. J. Andrews-s, The life cycle of Fasciola hepatica, 1999.

. Arias-m, P. Piñeiro, . V. Hillyer-g, J. L. Suárez, . Francisco-i et al., An approach of the laboratory to the field: assessment of the influence of cattle management on the seroprevalence of fascioliasis by using polyclonal-and recombinant-based ELISAs, J Parasitol, vol.96, issue.3, pp.626-657, 2010.

. L. Ataev-g, . E. Prokhorova-e, . V. Kudryavtsev-i, and . V. Polevshchikov-a, The influence of trematode infection on the hemocyte composition in Planorbarius corneus (Gastropoda, Pulmonata), Invertebr Survival J, vol.13, pp.164-171, 2016.

. G. Barrett-l, . H. Thrall-p, J. J. Burdon, and C. C. Linde, Life history determines genetic structure and evolutionary potential of host-parasite interactions, Trends Ecol Evol, vol.23, issue.12, pp.678-685, 2008.

. J. Bayne-c, . S. Loker-e, and M. A. Yui, Interactions between the plasma proteins of Biomphalaria glabrata (Gastropoda) and the sporocyst tegument of Schistosoma mansoni (Trematoda), Parasitology, vol.92, pp.653-664, 1986.

. J. Bayne-c, . K. Hahn-u, and . C. Bender-r, Mechanisms of molluscan host resistance and of parasite strategies for survival, Parasitology, vol.123, pp.159-167, 2001.

. Baeza-garcia-a, . J. Pierce-r, B. Gourbal, E. Werkmeister, D. Colinet et al., Involvement of the cytokine MIF in the snail host immune response to the parasite Schistosoma mansoni, PLoS Pathog, vol.6, issue.9, p.1001115, 2010.

. Bargues-m.d-&-mas-coma-s, Phylogenetic analysis of Lymnaeid snails based on 18S rDNA sequences, Mol Biol Evol, vol.14, issue.5, pp.569-77, 1997.

. D. Bargues-m, . C. González-l, P. Artigas, and . Mas-coma-s, A new baseline for fascioliasis in Venezuela: lymnaeid vectors ascertained by DNA sequencing and analysis of their relationships with human and animal infection, Parasites & Vectors, vol.4, 0200.

. A. Behm-c, . C. Sangster-n, and . Pathology, Pathophysiology and clinical aspects. En Fasciolosis, 1999.

. D. Biller-takahashi-j, . S. Takahashi-l, . E. Mingatto-f, and E. C. Urbinati, The immune system is limited by oxidative stress: Dietary selenium promotes optimal antioxidative status and greatest immune defense in pacu Piaractus mesopotamicus, Fish Shellfish Immunol, vol.47, pp.360-367, 2015.

. Blair-d, G. M. Davis, and . Wu-b, Evolutionary relationships between trematodes and snails emphasizing schistosomes and paragonimids, Parasitology, vol.123, pp.229-272, 2001.

. Born-torrijos-a, . S. Holzer-a, J. A. Raga, . S. Van-beest-g, and . Yoneva-a, Description of embryonic development and ultrastructure in miracidia of Cardiocephaloides longicollis (Digenea, Strigeidae) in relation to active host finding strategy in a marine environment, J Morphol, vol.278, issue.8, pp.1137-1148, 2017.

B. S. Loker-e, Molecular systematics of the avian schistosome genus Trichobilharzia (Trematoda: Schistosomatidae) in North America, J Parasitol, vol.95, issue.4, pp.941-963, 2009.

. Brito-e, M. A. Hernández, . De-la-fé-rodríguez-p, . A. Silveira-e, and . Prevalencia, decomisos de hígado y pérdidas económicas por Fasciola hepatica en mataderos bovinos de tres provincias de la región central de Cuba, REDVET, vol.11, issue.4, p.40410, 2010.

A. Alba,

. C. Brusca-r and . J. Brusca-g, Invertebrates, 2 nd Edition, vol.936, p.pp, 2003.

. K. Buddenborg-s, L. Bu, . M. Zhang-s, . D. Schilkey-f, . M. Mkoji-g et al., Transcriptomic responses of Biomphalaria pfeifferi to Schistosoma mansoni: Investigation of a neglected African snail that supports more S. mansoni transmission than any other snail species, PLoS Negl Trop Dis, vol.11, issue.10, p.5984, 2017.

J. C. Buck, . F. Hechinger-r, . C. Wood-a, . E. Stewart-t, . M. Kuris-a et al., Host density increases parasite recruitment but decreases host risk in a snail-trematode system, Ecology, vol.98, issue.8, pp.2029-2038, 2017.

. F. Calienes-a, J. Fraga, J. P. Pointier, Y. M. Sánchez, J. Coustau et al., Detection and genetic distance of resistant populations of Pseudosuccinea columella (Mollusca: Lymnaeidae) to Fasciola hepatica (Trematoda: Digenea) using RAPD markers, Acta Trop, vol.92, pp.83-87, 2004.

. Campbell-d.-fossil, . Mollusks, C. F. Sturm, T. A. Pearce, and A. Valdés, The Mollusks: A Guide to Their Study, Collection, and Preservation, pp.197-206, 2006.

C. Y. Righi, S. Lempereur, L. Saegerman, and C. Losson-b, An optimized DNA extraction and multiplex PCR for the detection of Fasciola sp. in lymnaeid snails, Vet Parasitol, vol.178, pp.93-102, 2011.

C. Y. Martens-k, L. Lempereur, C. Saegerman, and . Losson-b, New insight in lymnaeid snails (Mollusca, Gastropoda) as intermediate hosts of Fasciola hepatica (Trematoda, Digenea) in Belgium and Luxembourg, Parasites Vect, vol.7, p.66, 2014.

Y. Carton, . J. Nappi-a, and . Poirie-m, Genetics of anti-parasite resistance in invertebrates, Dev Comp Immunol, vol.29, issue.1, pp.9-32, 2005.
URL : https://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/hal-00014105

J. Y. Chai, Food-borne parasitic zoonoses. Fish and plant-borne parasites, World class parasites, vol.11, pp.53-115, 2007.

. C. Chen-t, The compatibility and incompatibility concept as related to trematodes and molluscs, Pacific Sci, vol.XXII, pp.141-156, 1968.

. G. Chen-m, Progress in assessment of morbidity due to Fasciola hepatica infection. A review of recent literature. World Health Organization. Schistosomiasis Control Unit, vol.44, p.pp, 1990.

. Ø. Christensen-n, A review of the influence of host-and parasite-related factors and environmental conditions on the host-finding capacity of the trematode miracidium, Acta Trop, vol.37, pp.310-318, 1980.

. G. Colley-d, . L. Bustinduy-a, . E. Secor-w, and C. H. King, Human schistosomiasis. The Lancet, vol.383, pp.2253-2264, 2014.

C. C. Parasitism, The Ecology and Evolution of Intimate Interactions, vol.710, p.pp, 2001.

. A. Connors-v, M. J. Lodes, and T. P. Yoshino, Identification of a Schistosoma mansoni sporocyst excretory-secretory antioxidant molecule and its effect on superoxide production by Biomphalaria glabrata hemocytes, J Invert Pathol, vol.58, pp.387-395, 1991.

A. Alba,

. A. Connors-v, . De-buron-i, and . O. Granath-w, Schistosoma mansoni: interleukin-1 increases phagocytosis and superoxide production by hemocytes and decreases output of cercariae in schistosome-susceptible Biomphalaria glabrata, Exp Parasitol, vol.80, issue.1, pp.139-187, 1995.

. C. Correa-a, J. S. Escobar, . Durand-p, . David-p, P. Jarne et al., Bridging gaps in the molecular phylogeny of the Lymnaeidae (Gastropoda: Pulmonata), vectors of Fascioliasis, Evol Biol, vol.10, p.381, 2010.

. C. Correa-a, J. S. Escobar, O. Noya, . E. Velázquez-l, . González-ramírez-c et al., Morphological and molecular characterization of Neotropic Lymnaeidae (Gastropoda: Lymnaeoidea), vectors of fasciolosis, Infect Genet Evol, vol.11, pp.1978-88, 2011.

C. Coustau, B. Gourbal, . Duval-d, . P. Yoshino-t, C. M. Adema et al., Advances in gastropod immunity from the study of the interaction between the snail Biomphalaria glabrata and its parasites: A review of research progress over the last decade, Fish Shellfish Immunol, vol.46, issue.1, pp.5-16, 2015.
URL : https://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/hal-01162871

. Cowie-r, Invertebrate invasions on Pacific Islands and the replacement of unique native faunas: a synthesis of the land and freshwater snails, Biol Invasions, vol.3, pp.119-155, 2001.

. Coyne-k, J. R. Laursen, and T. P. Yoshino, In vitro effects of mucus from the mantle of compatible (Lymnaea elodes) and incompatible (Helisoma trivolvis) snail hosts on Fascioloides magna miracidia, J Parasitol, vol.101, issue.3, pp.351-358, 2015.

. H. Cribb-t, . A. Bray-r, T. D. Olson-p, and . Littlewood-j, Life cycle evolution in the Digenea: a new perspective from phylogeny, Adv Parasitol, vol.54, pp.197-255, 2003.

R. A. Cruz- and . Malek-e, Suitability of six limneaid snails for infection with Fasciola hepatica, Vet Parasitol, vol.24, issue.3-4, pp.203-213, 1987.

M. Cucher, S. Carnevale, L. Prepelitchi, J. Labbé, and . Wisnivesky-colli-c, PCR diagnosis of Fasciola hepatica in field-collected Lymnaea columella and Lymnaea viatrix snails, Vet Parasitol, vol.137, pp.74-82, 2006.

J. A. Cueto, . A. Vega-i, and . Castro-vazquez-a, Multicellular spheroid formation and evolutionary conserved behaviors of apple snail hemocytes in culture, Fish Shellfish Immunol, vol.34, issue.2, pp.443-53, 2013.

J. A. Cueto, C. Rodriguez, . A. Vega-i, and . Castro-vazquez-a, Immune defenses of the invasive Apple Snail Pomacea canaliculata (Caenogastropoda, Ampullariidae): phagocytic hemocytes in the circulation and the kidney, PLoS One, vol.10, issue.4, p.123964, 2015.

. Cwiklinsky-k, J. P. Dalton, . J. Dufresne-p, . J. Williams-d, J. Hodgkinson et al., The Fasciola hepatica genome: gene duplication and polymorphism reveal adaptation to the host environment and the capacity for rapid evolution, Genome Biol, p.71, 2015.

J. P. Dalton, . Skelly-p, and D. W. Halton, Role of the tegument and gut in nutrient uptake by parasitic Platyhelminthes, Can J Zool, vol.82, pp.211-232, 2004.

Y. Dar, D. Rondelaud, and . Dreyfuss-g, Update of fasciolosis-transmitting snails in Egypt (review and comment), J Egypt Soc Parasitol, vol.35, issue.2, pp.477-90, 2005.

Y. Dar, M. Lounnas, . F. Djuikwo-teukeng-f, . Mouzet-r, B. Courtioux et al., Variations in local adaptation of allopatric

, Fasciola hepatica to French Galba truncatula in relation to parasite origin, Parasitol Res, vol.112, pp.2543-2552, 2013.

Y. Dar, D. Rondelaud, P. Vignoles, and . Dreyfuss-g, Fasciola hepatica: development of redial generations in experimental infections of Pseudosuccinea columella, Parasitol Res, vol.113, issue.7, pp.2467-73, 2014.

. S. Degaffé-g.-&-loker-e, Susceptibility of Biomphalaria glabrata to infection with Echinostoma paraensei: correlation with the effect of parasite secretory-excretory products on host hemocyte spreading, J Invertebr Pathol, vol.71, issue.1, pp.64-72, 1998.

. E. Demas-g, . A. Adamo-s, and . S. French-s, Neuroendocrine-immune crosstalk in vertebrates and invertebrates: implications for host defence, Functional Ecol, vol.25, pp.29-39, 2011.

J. T. Detwiler and . J. Minchella-d, Intermediate host availability masks the strength of experimentally-derived colonisation patterns in echinostome trematodes, Int J Parasitol, vol.39, issue.5, pp.585-90, 2009.

. M. Dheilly-n, . Duval-d, G. Mouahid, . Emans-r, J. F. Allienne et al., A family of variable immunoglobulin and lectin domain containing molecules in the snail Biomphalaria glabrata, Dev Comp Immunol, vol.48, issue.1, pp.234-277, 2015.

. Díaz-r, M. Garcés, . M. Millán-l, J. Pérez, and . Millán-j.c, Comportamiento clínico-terapéutico de Fasciola hepatica en una serie de 87 pacientes, Rev Cubana Med Trop, vol.63, issue.3, pp.268-74, 2011.

D. Y. Simões, M. L. Marois, and E. Dimopoulos-g, CRISPR/Cas9-mediated gene knockout of Anopheles gambiae FREP1 suppresses malaria parasite infection, PLoS Pathog, vol.14, issue.3, p.1006898, 2018.

. J. Dowling-d, . M. Hamilton-c, . Donnelly-s, . La-course-j, . M. Brophy-p et al., Major secretory antigens of the helminth Fasciola hepatica activate a suppressive dendritic cell phenotype that attenuates Th17 cells but fails to activate Th2 immune responses, Infection Immun, vol.78, issue.2, pp.793-801, 2010.

P. Echaubard, T. León, K. Suwanatrai, J. Chaiyos, . S. Kim-c et al., Experimental and modelling investigations of Opisthorchis viverrini miracidia transmission over time and across temperatures: implications for control, Int J Parasitol, vol.47, issue.5, pp.257-270, 2017.

. Ehara-t, S. Kitajima, N. Kanzawa, T. Tamiya, and . Tsuchiya-t, Antimicrobial action of achacin is mediated by l-amino acid oxidase activity, FEBS Letters, vol.531, pp.509-512, 2002.

. Epstein-t, . Xu-l, . J. Gillies-r, and . A. Gatenby-r, Separation of metabolic supply and demand: aerobic glycolysis as a normal physiological response to fluctuating energetic demands in the membrane, Cancer & Metabolism, vol.2, pp.7-16, 2014.

. W. Esch-g, . A. Barger-m, and . Joelfellis-k, The transmission of digenetic trematodes: style, elegance, complexity, Integ Comp Biol, vol.42, pp.304-312, 2002.

J. R. Espinoza, . Terashima-a, . Herrera-velit-p, and L. A. Marcos, Human and animal fascioliasis in Peru: impact in the economy of endemic zones, Rev Peru Med Exp Salud Pública, vol.27, issue.4, pp.604-616, 2010.

A. Alba,

E. J. Flores-a, . Angles-r, . Strauss-w, C. Aguirre, and . Mas-coma-s, A population-based coprological study of human fascioliasis in a hyperendemic area of the Bolivian Altiplano, Trop Med Int Health, vol.2, pp.695-704, 1997.

E. J. Flores-a, . Angles-r, and . Mas-coma-s, High endemicity of human fascioliasis between Lake Titicaca and La Paz valley, Trans R Soc Trop Med Hyg, vol.93, pp.151-157, 1999.

. Fairweather-i, Reducing the future threat from (liver) fluke: realistic prospect or quixotic fantasy?, Vet Parasitol, vol.180, pp.133-176, 2011.

. J. Faro-m, M. Perazzini, . Corrêa-ldos-r, . C. Mello-silva-c, J. Pinheiro et al., Biological, biochemical and histopathological features related to parasitic castration of Biomphalaria glabrata infected by Schistosoma mansoni, Exp Parasitol, vol.134, issue.2, pp.228-262, 2013.

J. R. Flowers, Notes on the life history of Fascioloides magna (Trematoda) in North Carolina, J Elisha Mitchell Scientific Soc, vol.112, issue.3, pp.115-118, 1996.

. M. Ford-d, . M. Nollen-p, and . Romano-m.a, The effects of salinity, pH and temperature on the halflife and longevity of Echinostoma caproni miracidia, J Helminthol, vol.72, issue.4, pp.325-355, 1998.

. Freitas-r, . Pires-a, . Moreira-a, . J. Wrona-f, E. Figueira et al., Biochemical alterations induced in Hediste diversicolor under seawater acidification conditions, Mar Environ Res, vol.117, pp.75-84, 2016.

. V. Galaktionov-k and . A. Dobrovolskij-a, The trematode life cycle as a system of adaptations, The biology and evolution of trematodes, 2003.

. Galinier-r, J. Portela, Y. Moné, J. F. Allienne, H. Henri et al., Biomphalysin, a new ? pore-forming toxin involved in Biomphalaria glabrata immune defense against Schistosoma mansoni, PLoS Pathog, vol.9, issue.3, p.1003216, 2013.

. Gasnier-n, D. Rondelaud, M. Abrous, F. Carreras, C. Boulard et al., Allopatric combination of Fasciola hepatica and Lymnaea truncatula is more efficient than sympatric ones, Int J Parasitol, vol.30, issue.5, pp.573-581, 2000.

. Gironènes-n, M. A. Valero, . A. García-bodelón-m, . Chico-calero-i, C. Punzón et al., Immune suppression in advanced chronic fascioliasis: an experimental study in a rat model, J Infectious Dis, vol.195, issue.10, pp.1504-1512, 2007.

C. P. Goodall, . C. Bender-r, . J. Broderick-e, and . J. Bayne-c, Constitutive differences in Cu/Zn superoxide dismutase mRNA levels and activity in hemocytes of Biomphalaria glabrata (Mollusca) that are either susceptible or resistant to Schistosoma mansoni (Trematoda), Mol Biochem Parasitol, vol.137, issue.2, pp.321-329, 2004.

. Goumghar-md, . Vignoles-p, . Rondelaud-d, . Dreyfuss-g, and . Benlemlih-m, Relations entre l'amphibiose de Galba truncatula (Mollusca : Gastropoda : Lymnaeidae), l'altitude et la nature de ses habitats dans le centre du Maroc, Revue Méd. Vét, vol.155, issue.2, pp.97-103, 2004.

M. S. Grabner-d, M. Nachev, . M. Meabed-e, . H. Sabry-a, and . Sures-b, Invasion biology meets parasitology: a case study of parasite spill-back with Egyptian Fasciola gigantica in the invasive snail Pseudosuccinea columella, PLoS One, vol.9, p.88537, 2014.

J. M. Greenwood, . L. Ezquerra-a, . Behrens-s, . Branca-a, and . Mallet-l, Current analysis of hostparasite interactions with a focus on next generation sequencing data, Zoology, vol.119, pp.298-306, 2016.

. Guillou-f, G. Mitta, . Galinier-r, and . Coustau-c, Identification and expression of gene transcripts generated during an anti-parasitic response in Biomphalaria glabrata, Dev Comp Immunol, vol.31, issue.7, pp.657-71, 2007.

. Guo-f, . B. Huang-z, . Q. Huang-m, J. Zhao, and C. H. Ke, Effects of small abalone, Haliotis diversicolor, pedal mucus on bacterial growth, attachment, biofilm formation and community structure, Aquaculture, vol.293, pp.35-41, 2009.

. Gutiérrez-a, G. Perera, and Y. M. Lin-w, Fasciola hepatica (Trematoda: Digenea): its effect on the life history traits of Pseudosuccinea columella (Gastropoda: Lymnaeidae), an uncommon interaction, Parasitol Res, vol.88, pp.535-539, 2002.

. Gutiérrez-a, J. P. Pointier, Y. M. Sánchez, and J. Théron-a, Evidence of phenotypic differences between resistant and susceptible isolates of Pseudosuccinea columella (Gastropoda: Lymnaeidae) to Fasciola hepatica (Trematoda: Digenea) in Cuba, Parasitol Res, vol.90, pp.129-134, 2003.

. Gutiérrez-a, J. P. Pointier, J. Fraga, E. Jobet, S. Modat et al., Fasciola hepatica: identification of molecular markers for resistant and susceptible Pseudosuccinea columella snail hosts, Exp Parasitol, vol.105, pp.211-218, 2003.

Y. M. Gutiérrez-a, J. Sanchez, M. Wong, and J. P. Pointier, Competition between Fossaria cubensis and two isolates (susceptible and resistant to Fasciola hepatica) of Pseudosuccinea columella under laboratory conditions, Haliotis, vol.35, pp.1-11, 2005.

. Gutiérrez-a, . A. Vázquez-a, Y. Hevia, J. Sánchez, . C. Correa-a et al., First report of larval stages of Fasciola hepatica in a wild population of Pseudosuccinea columella from Cuba and the Caribbean, J Helminthol, vol.85, pp.109-111, 2011.

J. L. Gutiérrez, C. G. Jones, . L. Strayer-d, and O. O. Iribarne, Mollusks as ecosystem engineers: the role of shell production in aquatic habitats, Oikos, vol.101, pp.79-90, 2003.

. K. Hahn-u, . C. Bender-r, and C. J. Bayne, Killing of Schistosoma mansoni sporocysts by hemocytes from resistant Biomphalaria glabrata: role of reactive oxygen species, J Parasitol, vol.87, issue.2, pp.292-301, 2001.

. K. Hahn-u, . C. Bender-r, and C. J. Bayne, Involvement of nitric oxide in killing of Schistosoma mansoni sporocysts by hemocytes from resistant Biomphalaria glabrata, J Parasitol, vol.87, issue.4, pp.778-85, 2001.

. T. Halstead-n, C. M. Hoover, . Arakala-a, . J. Civitello-d, . A. De-leo-g et al., Agrochemicals increase risk of human schistosomiasis by supporting higher densities of intermediate hosts, Nat Comm, vol.9, p.837, 2018.

. M. Hamilton-c, . J. Dowling-d, C. E. Loscher, . M. Morphew-r, . M. Brophy-p et al., The Fasciola hepatica tegumental antigen suppresses dendritic cell maturation and function, Infect Immun, vol.77, issue.6, pp.2488-98, 2009.

. D. Hamilton-w, . Axelrod-r, and . Tanese-r, Sexual reproduction as an adaptation to resist parasites (a review), Proc Natl Acad Sci USA, vol.87, pp.3566-3573, 1990.

. P. Hall-s, C. Becker, and C. E. Cáceres, Parasitic castration: a perspective from a model of dynamic energy budgets, Int Comp Biol, vol.47, issue.2, pp.295-309, 2007.

F. Hanington-pc, D. Ma, Z. Jw, A. Sm, . Cm et al., Role for a somatically diversified lectin in resistance of an invertebrate to parasite infection, PNAS, vol.107, issue.49, pp.21087-21092, 2010.

J. J. Hathaway, C. M. Adema, . A. Stout-b, C. D. Mobarak, and . S. Loker-e, Identification of protein components of egg masses indicates parental investment in immunoprotection of offspring by Biomphalaria glabrata (Gastropoda, Mollusca), Dev Comp Immunol, vol.34, issue.4, pp.425-460, 2010.

. Hawley-d.-&-altizer-s, Disease ecology meets ecological immunology: understanding the links between organismal immunity and infection dynamics in natural populations, Functional Ecol, vol.25, pp.48-60, 2011.

. M. Hoek-r, . W. Li-k, . Van-minnen-j, J. C. Lodder, . De-jong-brink-m et al., LFRFamides: a novel family of parasitation-induced -RFamide neuropeptides that inhibit the activity ofneuroendocrine cells in Lymnaea stagnalis, J Neurochem, vol.92, issue.5, pp.1073-80, 2005.

P. Horák, L. Kolá?ová, and C. M. Adema, Biology of the schistosome genus Trichobilharzia, Adv Parasitol, vol.52, pp.155-233, 2002.

H. E. Coustau-c, Refractoriness of host haemocytes to parasite immunosuppressive factors as a putative resistance mechanism in the Biomphalaria glabrata-Echinostoma caproni system, Parasitology, vol.122, pp.651-60, 2001.

. M. Hung-n, H. Madsen, and . Fried-b, Global status of fish-borne zoonotic trematodiasis in humans, Acta Parasitol, vol.58, issue.3, pp.231-258, 2013.

. Hurtrez-boussès-s, C. Meunier, . Durand-p, and . Renaud-f, Dynamics of host-parasite interactions: the example of population biology of the liver fluke (Fasciola hepatica), Microbes & Infect, vol.3, pp.841-849, 2001.

. V. Iakovleva-n, . G. Shaposhnikova-t, and . M. Gorbushin-a, Rediae of echinostomatid and heterophyid trematodes suppress phagocytosis of haemocytes in Littorina littorea (Gastropoda: Prosobranchia), Exp Parasitol, vol.113, issue.1, pp.24-33, 2006.

. Ittiprasert-w and . Knight-m, Reversing the resistance phenotype of the Biomphalaria glabrata snail host Schistosoma mansoni infection by temperature modulation, PLoS Pathog, vol.8, issue.4, p.1002677, 2012.

J. H. Little and T. Ebert-d, Genetic variation in a host-parasite association: potential for coevolution and frequency-dependent selection, Evolution, vol.55, pp.1136-1181, 2001.

. G. Jones-c and . Shachak-m, Fertilization of the desert soil by rock-eating snails, Nature, vol.346, pp.839-841, 1990.

J. J. Van-elk-r, Trichobilharzia ocellata: physiological characterization of giant growth, glycogen depletion, and absence of reproductive activity in the intermediate snail host, Lymnaea stagnalis, Exp Parasitol, vol.62, issue.1, pp.1-13, 1986.

A. Alba,

. Juhasova-l, . Kralova-hromadova-i, E. Bazsalovicsova, G. Minarik, J. ?tefka et al., Population structure and dispersal routes of an invasive parasite, Fascioloides magna, North America and Europe. Parasites Vect, vol.9, p.547, 2016.

M. Kalbe, B. Haberl, and . Haas-w, Miracidial host-finding in Fasciola hepatica and Trichobilharzia ocellata is stimulated by species-specific glycoconjugates released from the host snails, Parasitol Res, vol.83, pp.806-818, 1997.

M. Kalbe, H. Bernhard, and . Haas-w, Snail host finding by Fasciola hepatica and Trichobilharzia ocellata: compound analysis of "Miracidia-Attracting Glycoproteins, Exp Parasitol, vol.96, issue.4, pp.231-242, 2000.

. Kamiya-t, . Oña-l, B. Wertheim, and . S. Van-doorn-g, Coevolutionary feedback elevates constitutive immune defence: a protein network model, BMC Evol Biol, vol.16, p.92, 2016.

. M. Kaplan-r, Fasciola hepatica: a review of the economic impact in cattle and considerations for control, Vet Therap, vol.2, issue.1, pp.40-50, 2001.

. M. Kaplan-r, . Dame-j.r, G. R. Reddy, and C. M. Courfney, The prevalence of Fasciola hepatica in its snail intermediate host determined by DNA probe assay, Int J Parasitol, vol.27, pp.1585-1593, 1997.

. Keiser-j.-&-utzinger-j, Food-borne trematodiases, Clin Microbiol Rev, vol.22, issue.3, pp.466-83, 2009.

. K. Khan-m, M. S. Sajid, H. Riaz, . E. Ahmad-n, L. He et al., The global burden of fasciolosis in domestic animals with an outlook on the contribution of new approaches for diagnosis and control, Parasitol Res, vol.112, pp.2421-2451, 2013.

. C. King-k and . M. Lively-c, Does genetic diversity limit disease spread in natural host populations?, Heredity, vol.109, pp.199-203, 2012.

. C. King-k, J. Jokela, and C. M. Lively, Trematode parasites infect or die in snail hosts, Biol Lett, vol.7, pp.265-268, 2011.

. Knight-m, W. Ittiprasert, . D. Arican-goktas-h, and . Bridger-j.m, Epigenetic modulation, stress and plasticity in susceptibility of the snail host, Biomphalaria glabrata, to Schistosoma mansoni infection, Int J Parasitol, vol.46, pp.389-394, 2016.

. R. Knubben-schweizer-g.-&-torgerson-p, Bovine fasciolosis: control strategies based on the location of Galba truncatula habitats on farms, Vet Parasitol, vol.208, issue.1-2, pp.77-83, 2015.

. Knubben-schweizer-g, S. Rüegg, . R. Torgerson-p, C. Rapsch, . Grimm-f et al., Control of bovine fasciolosis in dairy cattle in Switzerland with emphasis on pasture management, Vet J, vol.186, pp.188-91, 2010.

. C. Krist-a and . M. Lively-c, Experimental exposure of juvenile snails (Potamopyrgus antipodarum) to infection by trematode larvae (Microphallus sp.): infectivity, fecundity compensation and growth, Oecologia, vol.116, issue.4, pp.575-582, 1998.

. A. Kryukova-n, . I. Yurlova-n, . M. Rastyagenko-n, . V. Antonova-e, and V. V. Glupov, The influence of Plagiorchis mutationis larval infection on the cellular immune response of the snail host Lymnaea stagnalis, J Parasitol, vol.100, issue.3, pp.284-287, 2014.

. D. Lafferty-k and . M. Kuris-a, Ecological consequences of manipulative parasites. In: Host manipulation by parasites, pp.158-168, 2012.

A. Alba,

J. Langand, J. Jourdane, C. Coustau, B. Delay, and . Morand-s, Cost of resistance, expressed as a delayed maturity, detected in the host-parasite system Biomphalaria glabrata / Echinostoma caproni, Heredity, vol.80, pp.320-325, 1998.

. K. Larson-m, . C. Bender-r, and C. J. Bayne, Resistance of Biomphalaria glabrata 13-16-R1 snails to Schistosoma mansoni PR1 is a function of haemocyte abundance and constitutive levels of specific transcripts in haemocytes, Int J Parasitol, vol.44, pp.343-54, 2014.

. Lehr-t, K. Beuerlein, M. J. Doenhoff, C. G. Grevelding, and . Geyer-r, Localization of carbohydrate determinants common to Biomphalaria glabrata as well as to sporocysts and miracidia of Schistosoma mansoni, Parasitology, vol.135, pp.931-942, 2008.

. Leicht-k and . Seppälä-o, Infection success of Echinoparyphium aconiatum (Trematoda) in its snail host under high temperature: role of host resistance, Parasites Vect, vol.7, issue.1, p.192, 2014.

. Leicht-k, J. Jokela, and . Seppälä-o, An experimental heat wave changes immune defense and life history traits in a freshwater snail, Ecol Evol, vol.3, pp.4861-4871, 2013.

. Lemaitre-b and . Hoffmann-j, The host defense of Drosophila melanogaster, Annu Rev Immunol, vol.25, pp.697-743, 2007.

Y. J. Liu-l, L. Qiu, . Wang-l, H. Zhang, . Wang-m et al., A novel scavenger receptor-cysteine-rich (SRCR) domain containing scavenger receptor identified from mollusk mediated PAMP recognition and binding, Dev Comp Immunol, vol.35, issue.2, pp.227-266, 2011.

. M. Lively-c and . F. Dybdahl-m, Parasite adaptation to locally common host genotypes, Nature, vol.405, pp.679-681, 2000.

. L. Lochmiller-r and . Deerenberg-c, Trade-offs in evolutionary immunology: just what is the cost of immunity?, OIKOS, vol.88, pp.87-98, 2000.

. E. Lockyer-a, C. S. Jones, . R. Noble-l, and . Rollinson-d, Trematodes and snails: an intimate association, Canadian J Zool/Rev Canadien Zool, vol.82, issue.2, pp.251-269, 2004.

. J. Lodes-m and . P. Yoshino-t, The effect of schistosome excretory-secretory products on Biomphalaria glabrata hemocyte motility, J Invertebr Pathol, vol.56, pp.75-85, 1990.

. S. Loker-e, C. J. Bayne, . M. Buckley-p, and . T. Kruse-k, Ultrastructure of encapsulation of Schistosoma mansoni mother sporocysts by hemocytes of juveniles of the 10-R2 strain of Biomphalaria glabrata, J Parasitol, vol.68, issue.1, pp.84-94, 1982.

. S. Loker-e and . Gastropod, Adv Exp Med Biol, vol.708, pp.17-43, 2010.

. S. Loker-e, . F. Cimino-d, and L. A. Hertel, Excretory-secretory products of Echinostoma paraensei sporocysts mediate interference with Biomphalaria glabrata hemocyte functions, J Parasitol, vol.78, issue.1, pp.104-119, 1992.

. S. Loker-e, C. M. Adema, . M. Zhang-s, and T. B. Kepler, Invertebrate immune systems -not homogeneous, not simple, not well understood, Immunol Rev, vol.198, pp.10-24, 2004.

. M. Lotfy-w, . V. Brant-s, . J. Dejong-r, . H. Le-t, . Demiaszkiewicz-a et al., Evolutionary origins, diversification and biogeography of liver flukes (Digenea: Fasciolidae), Am J Trop Med Hyg, vol.79, issue.2, pp.248-55, 2008.

M. Lounnas, . C. Correa-a, D. A. Vázquez-a, J. S. Escobar, . Nicot-a et al., Self-fertilization

. López-abarrategui-c, C. Mcbeth, . M. Mandal-s, . J. Zhen-yu, G. Heffron et al., Cm-p5, an antifungal hydrophilic peptide derived from the coastal mollusk Cenchritis muricatus (Gastropoda: Littorinidae), FASEB J, vol.29, issue.8, pp.3315-3340, 2015.

. Malcicka-m, Life history and biology of Fascioloides magna (Trematoda) and its native and exotic hosts, Ecol Evol, vol.5, issue.7, pp.1381-1397, 2015.

. Mas-coma-s, Epidemiology of fascioliasis in human endemic areas, J Helminthol, vol.79, pp.207-223, 2005.

. Mas-coma-s, M. D. Bargues, J. G. Esteban, and . Human-fasciolosis, Fasciolosis, 1999.

. Mas-coma-s, M. D. Bargues, and M. A. Valero, Fascioliasis and other plant-borne trematode zoonoses, Int J Parasitol, vol.35, pp.1255-1278, 2005.

. Mas-coma-s, M. D. Bargues, and M. A. Valero, Chapter 2. Fasciola, lymnaeids and human fascioliasis, with a global overview on disease transmission, epidemiology, evolutionary genetics, molecular epidemiology and control, Adv Parasitol, vol.69, pp.41-146, 2009.

. Mas-coma-s, M. A. Valero, and M. D. Bargues, Climate change effects on trematodiases, with emphasis on zoonotic fascioliasis and schistosomiasis, Vet Parasitol, vol.163, issue.4, pp.264-80, 2009.

. Mas-coma-s, M. D. Bargues, and M. A. Valero, Diagnosis of human fascioliasis by stool and blood techniques: update for the present global scenario, Parasitology, vol.141, pp.1918-1946, 2014.

. Matozzo-v, . Chinellato-a, M. Munari, L. Finos, M. Bressan et al., First evidence of immunomodulation in bivalves under seawater acidification and increased temperature, PLoS One, vol.7, issue.3, p.33820, 2012.

. G. Matthews-p, Acid-base balance and nitrogen excretion in invertebrates: mechanisms and strategies in various invertebrate groups with considerations of challenges caused by ocean acidification, 2017.

. Matricon-gondran-m.-&-letocart-m, Internal defenses of the snail Biomphalaria glabrata, J Invertebr Pathol, vol.74, issue.3, pp.235-282, 1999.

C. Medeiros, . G. Scholte-r, . Avila-s, . L. Caldeira-r, and . Carvalho-odos-s, Spatial distribution of Lymnaeidae (Mollusca, Basommatophora), intermediate host of Fasciola hepatica Linnaeus, 1758 (Trematoda, Digenea) in Brazil, Rev Inst Med Trop Sao Paulo, vol.56, issue.3, pp.235-52, 2014.

. Mehmood-k, H. Zhang, . J. Sabir-a, . Z. Abbas-r, M. Ijaz et al., A review on epidemiology, global prevalence and economical losses of fasciolosis in ruminants, Microb Pathog, vol.109, pp.253-262, 2017.

A. L. Meseck-s, . M. Swiney-k, . C. Long-w, . H. Wikfors-g, and . J. Foy-r, Ocean acidification affects hemocyte physiology in the Tanner Crab (Chionoecetes bairdi), PLoS One, vol.11, issue.2, p.148477, 2016.

A. Alba,

C. Meunier, . Hurtrez-boussès-s, . Jabbour-zahab-r, . Durand-p, D. Rondelaud et al., Field and experimental evidence of preferential selfing in the freshwater mollusc Lymnaea truncatula (Gastropoda, Pulmonata), Heredity, vol.92, pp.316-338, 2004.
URL : https://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/halsde-00332709

C. Meunier, C. Tirard, . Hurtrez-bousses-s, . Durand-p, M. D. Bargues et al., Lack of molluscan host diversity and the transmission of an emerging parasitic disease in Bolivia, Mol Ecol, vol.10, pp.1333-1340, 2011.
URL : https://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/hal-00086241

M. Mezo, . González-warleta-m, J. A. Castro-hermida, L. Muiño, and F. M. Ubeira, Association between anti-Fasciola hepatica antibody levels in milk and production losses in dairy cows, Vet Parasitol, vol.180, pp.237-279, 2011.

K. E. Mitterer, Oxygen inhibits-even through in traces-the hatching of the eggs of the liver Dicrocoelium dendriticum, Parasitol Res, vol.102, pp.927-929, 2008.

G. Mitta, C. M. Adema, B. Gourbal, . S. Loker-e, and . Theron-a, Compatibility polymorphism in snail/schistosome interactions: From field to theory to molecular mechanisms, Dev Comp Immunol, vol.37, issue.1, pp.1-8, 2012.
URL : https://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/halsde-00631055

. Molina-hernández-v, G. Mulcahy, J. Pérez, . Martínez-moreno-a, . Donnelly-s et al., Fasciola hepatica vaccine: we may not be there yet but we're on the right road, Vet Parasitol, vol.208, issue.1-2, pp.101-112, 2015.

J. B. Molloy and . R. Anderson-g, The distribution of Fasciola hepatica in Queensland, Australia, and the potential impact of introduced snail intermediate hosts, Vet Parasitol, vol.137, pp.62-68, 2006.

Y. Moné, B. Gourbal, . Duval-d, . Du-pasquier-l, . Kieffer-jaquinod-s et al., A large repertoire of parasite epitopes matched by a large repertoire of host immune receptors in an invertebrate host/parasite model, PLoS Negl Trop Dis, vol.4, p.813, 2010.

Y. Moné, . C. Ribou-a, C. Cosseau, . Duval-d, . Théron-a et al., An example of molecular co-evolution: reactive oxygen species (ROS) and ROS scavenger levels in Schistosoma mansoni/Biomphalaria glabrata interactions, Int J Parasitol, vol.41, issue.7, pp.721-751, 2011.

. J. Morley-n, Ecology of free-living metacercariae (Trematoda), Adv Parasitol, vol.49, pp.1-78, 2015.

. J. Morley-n and . W. Lewis-j, Thermodynamics of trematode infectivity, Parasitology, vol.142, issue.4, pp.585-97, 2015.

. M. Mourão-m, N. Dinguirard, . R. Franco-g, and T. P. Yoshino, Role of the endogenous antioxidant system in the protection of Schistosoma mansoni primary sporocysts against exogenous oxidative stress, PLoS Negl Trop Dis, vol.3, issue.11, p.550, 2009.

. Muñoz-antoli-c, . Marín-a, and E. J. Toledo-r, Effect of Echinostoma friedi (Trematoda: Echinostomatidae) experimental infection on longevity, growth and fecundity of juvenile Radix peregra (Gastropoda: Lymnaeidae) and Biomphalaria glabrata (Gastropoda: Planorbidae) snails, Parasitol Res, vol.101, issue.6, pp.1663-70, 2007.

. Nicot-a, . P. Dubois-m, C. Debain, . David-p, and . Jarne-p, Characterization of 15 microsatellite loci in the pulmonate snail Pseudosuccinea columella (Mollusca, Gastropoda), Mol Ecol Resour, vol.8, issue.6, pp.1281-1285, 2008.

. Niewiadomska-k.-&-pojma?ska-t, Multiple strategies of digenean trematodes to complete their life cycles, Wiad Parazytol, vol.57, issue.4, pp.233-241, 2011.

C. Nikapitiya, . De-zoysa-m, . Whang-i, . J. Kim-s, C. Y. Choi et al., Characterization and expression analysis of EF hand domain-containing calcium-regulatory gene from disk

A. Alba, References abalone: calcium homeostasis and its role in immunity, Fish Shellfish Immunol, vol.29, issue.2, pp.334-376, 2010.

. F. Nuismer-s.l-&-dybdahl-m, Quantifying the coevolutionary potential of multistep immune defenses, Evolution, vol.70, issue.2, pp.282-295, 2016.

. E. Osnas-e and . M. Lively-c, Immune response to sympatric and allopatric parasites in a snailtrematode interaction, Frontier Zool, vol.2, issue.8, 2005.

J. Pankrác, . Novobilský-a, D. Rondelaud, . Leontovy?-r, V. Syrovátka et al., Effect of Fascioloides magna (Digenea) on fecundity, shell height, and survival rate of Pseudosuccinea columella (Lymnaeidae), Parasitol Res, vol.115, pp.3119-3125, 2016.

G. Perera, Y. M. Ferrer, J. R. Arrinda, and C. Amador-o, Effectiveness of three biological control agents against intermediate hosts of tropical diseases, Malacol Rev, vol.23, pp.47-52, 1990.

. A. Pila-e, M. A. Gordy, . K. Phillips-v, . L. Kabore-a, . P. Rudko-s et al., Endogenous growth factor stimulation of hemocyte proliferation induces resistance to Schistosoma mansoni challenge in the snail host, PNAS, vol.113, issue.9, pp.5305-5310, 2016.

. A. Pila-e, J. T. Sullivan, . Z. Wu-x, J. Fang, . P. Rudko-s et al., Haematopoiesis in molluscs: A review of haemocyte development and function in gastropods, cephalopods and bivalves, Dev Comp Immunol, vol.58, pp.119-128, 2016.

. A. Pila-e, H. Li, J. R. Hambrook, . Wu-x, and . Hanington-p.c, Schistosomiasis from a snail's perspective: advances in snail immunity, Trends Parasitol, vol.33, issue.11, pp.845-857, 2017.

. Pinaud-s, J. Portela, . Duval-d, . C. Nowacki-f, . A. Olive-m et al., A shift from cellular to humoral responses contributes to innate immune memory in the vector snail Biomphalaria glabrata, PLoS Pathog, vol.12, p.1005361, 2016.

J. P. Pointier, Guide to the freshwater Molluscs of the Leasser Antilles, ConchBooks, 2008.

J. P. Pointier and . Marquet-g, Taxonomy and distribution of freshwater mollusks of French Polynesia, Japanese J Malacol, vol.48, pp.147-60, 1990.

J. P. Pointier and Y. M. Gutierrez-a, Guide to the freshwater mollusks of Cuba. Conchbooks, vol.120, p.pp, 2005.

J. P. Pointier, C. Coustau, D. Rondelaud, and . Théron-a, Pseudosuccinea columella (Say 1817) (Gastropoda, Lymnaeidae), snail host of Fasciola hepatica: first record for France in the wild, Parasitol Res, vol.101, issue.5, pp.1389-92, 2007.
URL : https://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/hal-00171104

J. P. Pointier, O. Noya, . Alarcon-de-noya-b, and . Théron-a, Distribution of Lymnaeidae (Mollusca: Pulmonata), intermediate snail hosts of Fasciola hepatica in Venezuela, Mem Inst Oswaldo Cruz, vol.104, issue.5, pp.790-796, 2009.

J. Portela, . Duval-d, . Rognon-a, . Galinier-r, J. Boissier et al., Evidence for specific genotype-dependent immune priming in the lophotrochozoan Biomphalaria glabrata snail, J Innate Immunol, vol.5, pp.261-276, 2013.
URL : https://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/halsde-00790554

. Portet-a, S. Pinaud, G. Tetreau, . Galinier-r, C. Cosseau et al., Integrated multi-omic analyses in Biomphalaria-Schistosoma dialogue reveal the immunobiological significance of FREP-SmPoMuc interaction, Dev Comp Immunol, vol.75, pp.16-27, 2017.

A. Alba,

. H. Poulin-r.-&-cribb-t, Trematode life cycles: short is sweet? Trend Parasitol, vol.18, pp.176-183, 2002.

. K. Prowse-r, . Chaplin-p, H. C. Robinson, and T. W. Spithill, Fasciola hepatica cathepsin L suppresses sheep lymphocyte proliferation in vitro and modulates surface CD4 expression on human and ovine T cells, Parasite Immunol, vol.24, issue.2, pp.57-66, 2002.

. F. Rebelo-m, . S. Figueiredo-e, . M. Mariante-r, . Nóbrega-a, . M. De-barros-c et al., New insights from the oyster Crassostrea rhizophorae on bivalve circulating hemocytes, PLoS One, vol.8, p.57384, 2013.

. W. Robinson-m and . P. Dalton-j, Zoonotic helminth infections with particular emphasis on fasciolosis and other trematodiases, Phil Trans R Soc B, vol.364, pp.2763-76, 2009.

R. E. Grunau, C. J. Pierce-r, H. Hirai, B. Gourbal, . Galinier-r et al., Controlled chaos of polymorphic mucins in a metazoan parasite (Schistosoma mansoni) interacting with its invertebrate host (Biomphalaria glabrata), PLoS Negl Trop Dis, vol.2, issue.11, p.330, 2008.
URL : https://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/halsde-00344615

. Rojas-l, . A. Vázquez-a, . Domenech-i, and . Robertson-l, Fascioliasis: can Cuba conquer this emerging parasitosis?, Trends Parasitol, vol.26, issue.1, pp.26-34, 2010.

. Rondelaud-d, P. Vignoles, G. Dreyfuss, and . Mage-c, The control of Galba truncatula (Gastropoda: Lymnaeidae) by the terrestrial snail Zonitoides nitidus on acid soils, Biol Control, vol.39, pp.290-299, 2006.

. Rondelaud-d, . Sanabria-r, P. Vignoles, G. Dreyfuss, and . Romero-j, Fasciola hepatica: variations in redial development and cercarial production in relation to the geographic origin of the parasite, Parasite, vol.20, p.33, 2013.

A. P. Sabourin-e, . A. Vazquez-a, . Hurtrez-bousses-s, and . Vittecoq-m, Impact of human activities on fasciolosis transmission, Trends Parasitol, issue.18, pp.30169-30167, 2018.

. Salazar-l, . E. Estrada-v, and L. E. Velásquez, Effect of the exposure to Fasciola hepatica (Trematoda: Digenea) on life history traits of Lymnaea cousini and Lymnaea columella (Gastropoda: Lymnaeidae), Exp Parasitol, vol.114, issue.2, pp.77-83, 2006.

J. Sánchez, . Alba-a, E. García, J. Cantillo, . Castro-r et al., Detected trematodes inside blue-winged teals (Spatula discors) give insights on north-south flow of parasites through Cuba during migration. Vet Parasitology (Regional Stud), 2018.

J. F. Sanchez, J. Lescar, V. Chazalet, . Audfray-a, J. Gagnon et al., Biochemical and structural analysis of Helix pomatia agglutinin. A hexameric lectin with a novel fold, J Biol Chem, vol.281, issue.29, pp.20171-80, 2006.
URL : https://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/hal-00096852

. Sánchez-r, G. Perera, and . Sánchez-j, Cultivo de Fossaria cubensis (Pfeiffer) (Pulmonata: Lymnaeidae) hospedero intermediario de Fasciola hepatica (Linnaeus) en Cuba, Rev Cubana Med Trop, vol.47, pp.71-73, 1995.

. J. Sandland-g and . J. Minchella-d, Effects of diet and Echinostoma revolutum infection on energy allocation patterns in juvenile Lymnaea elodes snails, Oecologia, vol.134, issue.4, pp.479-86, 2003.

. J. Sandland-g, . V. Foster-a, M. Zavodna, and D. J. Minchella, Interplay between host genetic variation and parasite transmission in the Biomphalaria glabrata-Schistosoma mansoni system, Parasitol Res, vol.101, issue.4, pp.1083-1092, 2007.

A. Alba,

. K. Sapp-k and . S. Loker-e, A comparative study of mechanisms underlying digenean-snail specificity: in vitro interactions between hemocytes and digenean larvae, J Invertebr Pathol, vol.58, issue.3, pp.387-95, 1991.

. K. Sapp-k and . S. Loker-e, Mechanisms underlying digenean-snail specificity: role of miracidial attachment and host plasma factors, J Parasitol, vol.86, issue.5, pp.1012-1021, 2000.

H. D. Schallig, M. J. Sassen, . L. Hordijk-p, and J. De, Trichobilharzia ocellata: influence of infection on the fecundity of its intermediate snail host Lymnaea stagnalis and cercarial induction of the release of schistosomin, a snail neuropeptide antagonizing female gonadotropic hormones, Parasitology, vol.102, issue.1, pp.85-91, 1991.

J. H. Schultz and . M. Adema-c, Comparative immunogenomics of molluscs, Dev Comp Immunol, vol.75, pp.3-15, 2017.

S. , Maintenance of genetic variation in immune defense of a freshwater snail: role of environmental heterogeneity, Evolution, vol.64, pp.2397-2407, 2010.

J. D. Sigwart and . R. Lindberg-d, Consensus and confusion in molluscan trees: evaluating morphological and molecular phylogenies, Syst Biol, vol.64, issue.3, pp.384-95, 2015.

C. Sire, . Rognon-a, and . Theron-a, Failure of Schistosoma mansoni to reinfect Biomphalaria glabrata snails: acquired humoral resistance or intra-specific larval antagonism?, Parasitol, vol.117, pp.117-122, 1998.

. Skála-v, . Cerníková-a, Z. Jindrová, M. Kasny, M. Vostry et al., Influence of Trichobilharzia regent (Digenea: Schistosomatidae) on the defence activity of Radix lagotis (Lymnaeidae) haemocytes, PLoS ONE, vol.9, issue.11, p.111696, 2014.

J. D. Smyth and . W. Halton-d, The physiology of trematodes, p.445, 1983.

. H. Sokolow-s, . L. Wood-c, . J. Jones-i, . D. Lafferty-k, . M. Kuris-a et al., To reduce the global burden of human schistosomiasis, use of 'old fashioned' snail control, Trends Parasitol, vol.34, issue.1, pp.23-40, 2018.

. E. Sorensen-r and . J. Minchella-d, Parasite influences on host life history: Echinostoma revolutum parasitism of Lymnaea elodes snails, Oecologia, vol.115, issue.1-2, pp.188-195, 1998.

. E. Sorensen-r and . J. Minchella-d, Snail-trematode life history interactions: past trends and future directions, Parasitology, vol.123, pp.3-8, 2001.

. Sripa-b, S. Kaewkes, . M. Intapan-p, W. Maleewong, and P. J. Brindley, Food-borne trematodiases in Southeast Asia epidemiology, pathology, clinical manifestations and control, Adv Parasitol, vol.72, pp.305-50, 2010.

. C. Stearns-s, The Evolution of Life Histories, 1992.

H. F. Tavalire, . S. Blouin-m, and M. L. Steinauer, Genotypic variation in host response to infection affects parasite reproductive rate, Int J Parasitol, vol.46, issue.2, pp.123-154, 2016.

J. A. Tennessen, . M. Bonner-k, . R. Bollmann-s, J. A. Johnstun, J. Y. The et al., Genome-wide scan and test of candidate genes in the snail Biomphalaria glabrata reveal new locus influencing resistance to Schistosoma mansoni, PLoS Negl Trop Dis, vol.9, issue.9, p.4077, 2015.

A. Alba,

J. A. Tennessen, M. M. Théron-a, J. Y. Yeh, . Rognon-a, and M. S. Blouin, Hyperdiverse gene cluster in snail host conveys resistance to human schistosome parasites, PLoS Gent, vol.11, issue.3, p.1005067, 2015.
URL : https://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/hal-01162644

. Théron-a, . Rognon-a, B. Gourbal, and . Mitta-g, Multi-parasite host susceptibility and multi-host parasite infectivity: a new approach of the Biomphalaria glabrata/Schistosoma mansoni compatibility polymorphism, Infect Genet Evol, vol.26, pp.80-88, 2014.

H. Toet, . M. Piedrafita-d, and T. W. Spithill, Liver fluke vaccines in rumiants: strategies, progress and future opportunities, Int J Parasitol, vol.44, issue.12, pp.915-942, 2014.

. Toledo-r, J. G. Esteban, and . Fried-b, Current status of food-borne trematode infections, Eur J Clin Microbiol Infect Dis, vol.31, issue.8, pp.1705-1723, 2012.

. Torgerson-p and . Claxton-j, Epidemiology and control. En Fasciolosis, 1999.

. A. Travers-m, . Silva-p, M. D. Le-goic-n, . Donval-a, S. Huchette et al., Morphologic, cytometric and functional characterization of abalone (Haliotis tuberculata) haemocytes, Fish Shellfish Immunol, vol.24, pp.400-411, 2008.

. M. Tunholi-alves-v, . M. Tunholi-v, J. S. Garcia, . F. Costa-neto-s, . Maldonado-a et al., Changes in the calcium metabolism of Biomphalaria glabrata experimentally infected with Angiostrongylus cantonensis, J Helminthol, vol.88, issue.2, pp.160-165, 2014.

V. M. Tunholi, . M. Tunholi-alves-v, C. O. Monteiro, . C. Silva-l, C. M. Dolinski et al., Biological, biochemical and histological features of Bradybaena similaris (Gastropoda: Pulmonata) infected by Heterorabditis indica (Rhabditida: Heterorhabditidae) strain LPP1, Exp Parasitol, vol.179, pp.28-35, 2017.

. Van-valen-l, A new evolutionary law. Evol Theory, vol.1, pp.1-30, 1973.

. A. Vázquez-a and . Sánchez-j, Clave ilustrada y comentada para la identificación de moluscos gastrópodos fluviales de Cuba, Rev Cubana Med Trop, vol.67, issue.2, pp.231-243, 2015.

. A. Vázquez-a, Y. Hevia, and . Sánchez-j, Distribución y preferencia de hábitats de moluscos hospederos intermediarios de Fasciola hepatica en Cuba, Rev Cubana Med Trop, vol.61, issue.3, pp.248-253, 2009.

. A. Vázquez-a, J. Sánchez, J. P. Pointier, . Théron-a, and . Hurtrez-boussès-s, Fasciola hepatica in Cuba: compatibility of different isolates with two intermediate intermediate hosts, Galba cubensis and Pseudosuccinea columella, J Helminthol, vol.88, pp.434-440, 2014.

. A. Vázquez-a, J. Sánchez, . Alba-a, J. P. Pointier, and . Hurtrez-boussés-s, Natural prevalence in Cuban populations of the lymnaeid snail Galba cubensis infected with the liver fluke Fasciola hepatica: small values do matter, Parasitol Res, 2015.

. A. Vázquez-a, M. Lounnas, J. Sánchez, . Alba-a, . Milesi-a et al., Genetic and infective diversity of the common liver fluke Fasciola hepatica (Trematoda: Digenea) from Cuba, J Helminthol, vol.14, pp.1-7, 2016.

A. A. Vázquez-a, M. Lounnas, . Sabourin-e, . Alba-a, J. P. Pointier et al., Lymnaeid snails hosts of Fasciola hepatica and Fasciola gigantica (Trematoda: Digenea) worldwide: a practical review, CAB Reviews, 2018.

A. Alba,

. C. Vieira-t, . Costa-filho-a, . C. Salgado-n, S. Allodi, . P. Valente-a et al., Acharan sulfate, the new glycosaminoglycan from Achatina fulica Bowdich 1822. Structural heterogeneity, metabolic labeling and localization in the body, mucus and the organic shell matrix, Eur J Biochem, vol.271, pp.845-854, 2004.

P. Vignoles, G. Dreyfuss, and . Rondelaud-d, Fasciola hepatica: comparative metacercarial productions in experimentally-infected Galba truncatula and Pseudosuccinea columella, Parasite, vol.22, p.15, 2015.

W. Y. Hu, M. W. Chiang-m, . K. Shin-p, and . G. Cheung-s, Characterization of subpopulations and immune-related parameters of hemocytes in the green-lipped mussel Perna viridis, Fish Shellfish Immunol, vol.32, pp.381-390, 2012.

W. T. Zhao, M. Liang-d, . Bose-u, S. Kaur, D. P. Mcmanus et al., Changes in the neuropeptide content of Biomphalaria ganglia nervous system following Schistosoma infection, Parasites Vect, vol.10, p.275, 2017.

. Weso?owska-w.-&-weso?owski-t, Do Leucochloridium sporocysts manipulate the behavior of their snail hosts?, J Zool, 2013.

. J. Westermann-a, L. Barquist, and . Vogel-j, Resolving host -pathogen interactions by dual RNAseq, PLoS Pathog, vol.13, issue.2, p.1006033, 2017.

, WHO. The "neglected" neglected worms. Action Against Worms Newsletters, pp.1-8, 2007.

, Sustaining the drive to overcome the global impact of neglected tropical diseases: Second WHO report on neglected tropical diseases, WHO Technical Report Series, 2013.

, Neglected Tropical Diseases. A statistical update -latest data available, World Health Organization, 2014.

. A. Wilson-r and . Denison-j, Studies on the activity of the miracidium of the common liver fluke, Fasciola hepatica, Comp Biochem Physiol, vol.32, issue.2, pp.301-314, 1970.

. A. Wilson-r and . Denison-j, Short-chain fatty acids as stimulants of turning activity by the miracidium of Fasciola hepatica, Comp Biochem Physiol, vol.32, issue.3, pp.511-518, 1970.

. A. Wilson-r and . Denison-j, The parasitic castration and gigantism of Lymnaea truncatula infected with the larval stages of Fasciola hepatica, Z Parasitenkd, vol.61, issue.2, pp.109-128, 1980.

W. J. King-k, Environment can alter selection in host-parasite interactions, Trends Parasitol, vol.25, issue.5, pp.236-280, 2009.

. J. Wu-x, . Sabat-g, J. F. Brown, M. Zhang, . Taft-a et al., Proteomic analysis of Schistosoma mansoni proteins released during in vitro miracidium-tosporocyst transformation, Mol Biochem Parasitol, vol.164, issue.1, pp.32-44, 2009.

. J. Wu-x, N. Dinguirard, . Sabat-g, H. D. Lui, . Gonzalez-l et al., Proteomic analysis of Biomphalaria glabrata plasma proteins with binding affinity to those expressed by early developing larval Schistosoma mansoni, PLoS Pathog, vol.13, issue.5, p.1006081, 2017.

. P. Yoshino-t and . J. Bayne-c, Mimicry of snail host antigens by miracidia and primary sporocysts of Schistosoma mansoni, Parasite Immunol, vol.5, issue.3, pp.317-345, 1983.

. P. Yoshino-t, . J. Wu-x, . A. Gonzalez-l, and C. H. Hokke, Circulating Biomphalaria glabrata hemocyte subpopulations possess shared schistosome glycans and receptors capable of binding larval glycoconjugates, Exp Parasitol, vol.133, issue.1, pp.28-36, 2013.

A. Alba,

. Zahoor-z, . J. Davies-a, . S. Kirk-r, . Rollinson-d, and . J. Walker-a, Disruption of ERK signaling in Biomphalaria glabrata defence cells by Schistosoma mansoni: implications for parasite survival in the snail host, Dev Comp Immunol, vol.32, pp.1561-1571, 2008.

. Zahoor-z, . J. Davies-a, . S. Kirk-r, . Rollinson-d, and . J. Walker-a, Nitric oxide production by Biomphalaria glabrata haemocytes: effects of Schistosoma mansoni ESPs and regulation through the extracellular signal-regulated kinase pathway, Parasites Vect, vol.2, p.18, 2009.

. E. Zelck-u and . Von, Antioxidant enzymes in intramolluscan Schistosoma mansoni and ROS-induced changes in expression, Parasitology, vol.128, pp.493-501, 2004.

. M. Zhang-s and . S. Loker-e, The FREP gene family in the snail Biomphalaria glabrata: additional members, and evidence consistent with alternative splicing and FREP retrosequences, Dev. Comp Immunol, vol.27, pp.175-187, 2003.

. M. Zhang-s, C. M. Adema, . B. Kepler-t, and . S. Loker-e, Diversification of Ig superfamily genes in an invertebrate, Science, vol.305, pp.251-253, 2004.

. M. Zhang-s, Y. Zheng, and . S. Loker-e, Characterization of immune genes from the schistosome host snail Biomphalaria glabrata that encode peptidoglycan recognition proteins and gramnegative bacteria binding protein, Immunogenetics, vol.59, issue.11, pp.883-898, 2007.

. M. Zhang-s, Y. Zeng, and . S. Loker-e, Expression profiling and binding properties of fibrinogen-related proteins (FREPs), plasma proteins from the schistosome snail host Biomphalaria glabrata, Innate Immun, vol.14, issue.3, pp.175-189, 2008.

L. K. Zimmermann-m.r and G. W. Esch, Differences in snail ecology lead to infection pattern variation of Echinostoma spp. larval stages, Acta Parasitol, vol.59, issue.3, pp.502-509, 2014.

, Mollusca : Gastropoda) naturellement résistant/susceptible à l'infection par Fasciola hepatica (Trematoda) à Cuba : aspects écologiques, moléculaires et phénotypiques Résumé du texte de la thèse III, Les limnées et la transmission de F. hepatica à Cuba : l'existence de populations naturelles susceptibles et résistantes de P. columella

. Dar, Plus de 20 espèces de limnées sont reconnues comme hôtes intermédiaires de F. hepatica à l'échelle mondiale, 2011.

, Galba cubensis (connue avant comme Fossaria cubensis ou Lymnaea cubensis et décrit à Cuba par Pfeiffer, 1839) et P. columella (connue avant comme Lymnaea columella et reportée pour la première fois à Cuba par Poey en 1858 comme Lymnaea francisca)

. Vázquez, de ses caractéristiques écologiques (très forte amphibiose et grande tolérance à différents types d'habitats, quelquefois très anthropisés) et une très haute compatibilité avec les souches circulantes de douves, font de cette espèce le principal mollusque vecteur de la maladie, 2009.

G. En-fait and . Alba, cubensis a été trouvé infecté sur le terrain dans plusieurs échantillonnages avec des intensités parasitaires très fortes pouvant aller jusqu'à 76 rédies dans une seule limnée (Vázquez et al. 2015) et des prévalences jusqu'à 34

. Dans-le-reste-de-la-caraïbe, G. Comme-À-cuba, and . Gutiérrez, cubensis est considéré comme le principal vecteur de la fasciolose, En revanche, dans quelques régions au sud des Etats-Unis, 1997.

. Medeiros, cette espèce partage le rôle de vecteur de la douve, 2014.

. Vázquez, orientale, très abondante dans les foyers ruraux (Vázquez et al. 2009) pour lequel on a proposé un rôle secondaire dans la transmission, 2014.

L. Cuba, . Caraïbe, and . Gutiérrez, En revanche, même si la compatibilité globale de P. columella avec la douve reste plus basse que celle de G. cubensis, 2011.

. Gutiérrez, Ce qui est intéressant à Cuba, c'est le fait qu'il existe certaines populations naturelles surtout dans la partie ouest du pays, plus précisément six populations (La Palma, El Azufre, Babiney, Guanahacabibes, La Coca and Candelaria) qui n, 2002.

. Calienes, Tous ces résultats témoignent de l'existence d'une activation immunologique et pas d'une simple maladaptation/« unsuitability » de ses limnées envers la douve. Résistance résultante semble-t-il d'une sélection in « natura, 2003.

;. Notamment and . Correa, toutes les limnées résistantes au sein de ces populations partagent les mêmes caractéristiques coquillère (petite spire, large ouverture et des micro sculptures dans le periostracum) ainsi qu'anatomique (Pointier, 2008.

, De plus, l'amplification et séquençage de l'ADNr ITS (1170 pb de la région 3' 18S, p.1

, une dans chacun des fragment ITS, ce qui représente seulement 0,17% de variation et n'est pas suffisant pour envisager l'existence d'un processus de spéciation entre les deux phénotypes (Gutiérrez et al. 2003b). Ces critères sont normalement utilisés pour la discrimination d'espèces lorsque les différences sont majeures et ont été en effet utilisés, 8S, ITS-2 et de la région 5' of the 28S) chez les limnées susceptibles et résistantes ont montré seulement un polymorphisme de deux bases, 1997.

. Correa, La forte similarité trouvée entre les populations susceptibles et résistantes de P. columella a suggéré l'existence de deux phénotypes présentant des compatibilités différentes envers F. hepatica (Gutiérrez et al. 2003a) et constitue, à notre connaissance, le seul exemple d'une résistance/susceptibilité naturelle dans un système trematode-mollusque, 2011.

A. Alba, Les résultats présentés ici (chapitre 1) et ailleurs (Calienes et al, 2000.

. Lounnas, En outre, la ségrégation des populations résistantes indique qu'elles auraient pu être sélectionnées dans un pool différent de celui (sensible) qui s'est répandu partout, et que les individus de P. columella regroupés à l'extérieur des grappes « résistantes » pourraient être considérés comme sensibles à F. hepatica. Chez ces escargots sensibles, l'infection par F. hepatica se caractérise par une réduction significative de la fécondité, démontrent que les populations résistantes se regroupent spécifiquement à part des P. columella de Cuba et du reste du monde, 2002.

. Vignoles, et une plus grande survie par rapport aux espèces de Galba, 2006.

B. Dans-le-modèle-largement-Étudié-de and . Glabrata--s.-mansoni, une encapsulation du parasite par des hémocytes hôtes est observée lorsque des combinaisons hôte-parasite incompatibles se produisent suivant un modèle d'allèles correspondant (matching phenotype model) (Théron et Coustau, 2005.

, En revanche, les populations de P. columella résistantes ont toujours réussi à lutter contre l'infection par F. hepatica

C. Exemple, ou de la souche parasitaire provenant d'autres aires géographiques éloignées (voir le chapitre 3.1). Fait intéressant, bien que F. hepatica soit reconnu comme un parasite génétiquement diversifié, 2004.

. Cwilinsky, nos résultats suggèrent que la résistance à P. columella n'est pas étroitement limitée à une interaction génotype de l'hôte -génotype du parasite, 2015.

;. Yoshino, . Degaffeé, ;. Loker, and . Connors, Himasthla elongata -Littorina littorea (Iakovleva et al. 2006). ), Trichobilharzia regent -Radix lagotis, 1990.

. Gironènes, En particulier, l'établissement de l'infection par F. hepatica chez l'hôte définitif est induite par une puissante suppression / modulation immunitaire induite par des antigènes de parasite (voir Prowse et al, 2002.

, En outre, la diminution significative de l'expression de la granuline et les différences dans les caractéristiques morphologiques et fonctionnelles entre les hémocytes naïfs et ceux induits par F. hepatica chez des mollusques sensibles enregistrées ici

. Kamiya, Selon ces auteurs, si la coévolution entre les populations de parasites et celle d'hôte déterminait des réponses immunitaires induites moins efficaces, en raison de la conter évolution des parasites sur les récepteurs de l'hôte, l'hôte serait alors amené à investir davantage dans l'immunité constitutive, 2016.