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, Influence des propriétés du matériau sur la prédiction
, Comparaison mesures -simulations à l'échelle du volume d'air, vol.6
, Prédiction lors d'un échelon de température extérieure, p.203
, , vol.7
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, Influence de la prise en compte des transferts couplés, p.208
, 210 5.5 Prédictions des transferts à l'échelle paroi griques où de nombreux phénomènes sont mis en jeu : gradient de température entre l'intérieur et l'extérieur du cube, sorption/désorption, dynamique de courte et longue durée. Cette étude dans la paroi va se dérouler en deux étapes. Nous nous intéresserons d'abord aux capteurs dans la paroi afin de valider le modèle de transferts d
, Dans un premiers temps, afin de s'affranchir des conditions d'interface, nous souhaitons prédire
, La Figure 5.30a montre que la température au milieu de la paroi est correctement prédite par le modèle tout au long de l'expérience : l'écart moyen de 0.08 ? C est inférieur à l'incertitude. Le comportement de la pression de vapeur pendant la phase d'adsorption est également bien prédit (Figure 5.30b). Par contre, pendant l'évolution libre, la désorption est sous-estimée par le modèle : la pente de la pression de vapeur est plus faible et le début de la dé-croissance est retardé. Cet écart peut être expliqué par le fait que l'isotherme utilisée correspond à celle déterminée dans le chapitre 3 lors d'un échelon d'adsorption 33%-75% et n'est pas adapté pour modéliser le comportement pendant la désorption, La comparaison entre mesures et simulations pour la paroi du fond est présentée dans la Figure 5.30 pour le cube B (panneaux bruts)
, FIGURE 5.30 -Comparaison mesures-simulations au milieu de la paroi du fond pour le cube B : (a) température, (b) pression de vapeur
, Les mêmes conclusions sont obtenues pour d'autres parois lorsque les simulations sont effectuées en utilisant les positions réelles des capteurs données dans le Tableau 5.6. Ces faibles diffé-5.6 Comparaison mesures -simulations à l
, Comparaison mesures -simulations à l'échelle du volume d'air
, Pour ce cas expérimental, aucun terme source n'est nécessaire car seules les conditions extérieures sont perturbées. Les infiltrations sont prises en compte avec le débit de fuite estimé dans la section 5.2.4.1. De plus, une étude paramétrique sur ce paramètre (±50%) nous a permis d'observer que son impact est très faible sur les résultats. Cela justifie notre choix de prendre la valeur estimée expérimentalement en conditions isothermes. La Figure 5.38a montre que la dynamique de la température intérieure est sur-estimée par le modèle par rapport aux mesures : le régime permanent est atteint 2j plus rapidement dans la simulation
, nous allons nous intéresser à l'expérience avec humidification, modélisée par le terme g sour ce . De plus, lors de l'évolution libre, le ventilateur qui permet de faire la circulation d'air pour l'injection d'humidité continue de fonctionner, cela contribue à extraire de l'humidité du cube. Cela sera modélisé par un terme puits afin d'écrire les charges hygriques comme
, La mesure du terme source par la balance, est importante pour avoir de bons résultats, vol.151
, Dans le modèle de volume d'air, la température intérieure est imposée en utilisant les données mesurées. Nous pourrons comparer les valeurs de la consommation de chauffage mesurées et simulées. Dans toute cette partie, nous allons nous concentrer sur le cas du cube brut (cube B) afin de comparer les prédictions aux données mesurées, La température intérieure est maintenue constante grâce aux résistances chauffantes
, Prédiction dans le volume d'air Les simulations sont effectuées avec la perméabilité à la vapeur moyenne du bois. Pour l'isotherme de sorption, nous comparons les résultats obtenus avec l'isotherme d'adsorption, déterminée lors d'un échelon 33%-75% (noté « adsorption
, Les phases d'humidification semblent correctement décrites par le modèle : pré-conditionnement et échelon de longue durée. La Figure 5.39b 1. parois : modèle couplé + volume d'air : bilans thermique et hygrique, appelé « couplé » 2. parois : modèle thermique + volume d'air : bilans thermique et hygrique, appelé « thermique » Nous comparons ces deux modèles dans le cas de l'expérience avec sollicitations hygriques. Pour le cas de panneaux bruts comme dans le cube B, les résultats de la consommation de chauffage montrent que les différences entre le modèle couplé et thermique apparaissent au moment des éche-lons d'humidité, au début de l'injection (Figure 5.46). En dehors de ces périodes, La prédiction obtenue avec l'isotherme d'adsorption ne permet pas d'avoir un bon accord pendant la phase d'évolution libre après l'échelon de longue durée
, Simulations complémentaires
, Au moment de l'injection de vapeur, la puissance dans le cas couplé est plus petite que pour le cas thermique : la différence est de plus de 10 W au début de l'échelon, La Figure 5.46b présente la différence entre les deux puissances pendant les cycles courts
, Cette puissance supplémentaire est due à l'apport des transferts couplés : au moment des échelons, de l'énergie est dégagée lors de la sorption de la vapeur dans les parois, c'est l'énergie de changement de phase qui permet de chauffer le volume intérieur. Cela permet une diminution de chauffage à ce moment-là. Néanmoins lors des phases de désorption
, En moyenne, la puissance prédite avec le modèle couplé est un peu supérieure à celle avec le modèle thermique : 86.7 W contre 85.6 W, soit 1.2% d'écart. La prise en compte des transferts couplés modifie peu l'énergie consommée comme le montre la valeur moyenne mais par contre, au moment de l'adsorption de l'humidité
, (a) comparaison sur l'expérience complète, (b) différence pendant les cycles courts. Nous pouvons également comparer les différents flux sensibles de chaleur (charges, fuite, parois) pour les 2 modèles. Les différences entre les deux simulations sont assez faibles sur l'expérience complète (Figure 5.47a). Les écarts apparaissent uniquement pour le flux de charge au moment des échelons d'humidité (Figure 5.47b) : le flux de charge est un peu plus faible de 20 W environ dans le cas du modèle couplé, FIGURE 5.46 -Influence des transferts couplés sur la consommation de chauffage dans le cas de panneaux bruts
, 47 -Influence des transferts couplés sur les flux sensibles de chaleur : (a) expérience complète, (b) cycles courts, FIGURE 5
, CHAPITRE, vol.5
, améliorer la compréhension de l'interaction entre paroi et volume d'air et d'étudier l'importance des transferts couplés chaleur-masse sur l'ambiance intérieure, une étude expérimen-tale a été mise en place. Le dispositif correspond à deux enceintes construites à partir de panneaux de CLT dont les surfaces sont laissées brutes pour l'une et recouvertes d
, L'instrumentation permet d'étudier à la fois les transferts dans les parois et leur interaction avec le volume d'air mais également d'effectuer des bilans à l'échelle du volume d'air. Les scénarios étudiés se distinguent de la littérature
, Après avoir validé le modèle et les propriétés à l'échelle paroi, l'interaction entre paroi et volume d'air a été caractérisée grâce aux coefficients convectifs. La comparaison entre mesures et simulations dans le volume d'air montre que des phénomènes liés à la température doivent être pris en compte pour améliorer la prédiction comme l'effet de la température sur l'isotherme de sorption. Néanmoins, le modèle de volume d'air avec modélisation de l'hystérésis permet d'obtenir des ré-sultats satisfaisants dans la paroi et le volume d'air lors de sollicitations hygriques et avec gradient de température. Les résultats indiquent également que la qualité des résultats à l'échelle du volume d'air dépendent très fortement de la qualité du modèle de paroi. La modélisation de la couche d'huile par une résistance de surface supplémentaire a été validée par comparaison expérimentale et nous a permis de mettre en évidence que l'impact du revêtement sur la consommation est assez faible ce qui explique qu'il est difficile à étudier expérimentalement, Les résultats obtenus lors des différentes expériences permettent de mieux comprendre les phé-nomènes mis en jeu. Les constantes de temps thermiques (quelques heures) et hygriques (de l'ordre de 1 mois) montrent les différences entre les deux types de transfert
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