, On constate en revanche que pour du PCL pur, l'état de surface n'évolue pas, la surface demeure lisse et aucun précipité n'est formé. D'après les analyses par EDX, les précipités recouvrant l'hybride sont des phosphates de calcium de composition voisine du minéral osseux (Figure 107-B) et leur forme en sphérulite est caractéristique d'une apatite (Figure 107-C). Ces résultats démontrent que le caractère bioactif du mélange hybride organiqueinorganique demeure même après les deux extrusions subies au cours du procédé, La bioactivité de la matrice hybride imprimée a été évaluée in vitro par immersion dans le SBF

, Évolution de l'état de surface de barreaux imprimés en PCL pur et en hybride PCL-bioverre (noté PCL-BV) au cours de l'interaction avec le SBF, vue au MEB (A), Cliché MEB des précipités formés en surface du barreau hybride après 7 jours d'immersion (C)

, La taille des barreaux constituant ce maillage peut actuellement descendre à une centaine de micromètres. À terme, nous avons pour ambition d'imprimer directement le scaffold hybride, un procédé qui conduit à une structure plus fidèle au modèle, plus régulière et plus reproductible par rapport à l'utilisation d'une empreinte sacrificielle. Dans la partie 9.2, des scaffolds ont été imprimés avec une buse de 800 µm à partir d'un fil hybride qui a été préalablement fabriqué par extrusion. Il s'agit là de premiers prototypes et des travaux supplémentaires sont requis dans le but d'améliorer le rendu final. En l'état actuel, il n'est pas possible d'imprimer un scaffold hybride PCL-bioverre avec une buse de 400 µm à partir d'un fil. De plus, les matrices hybrides obtenues avec une buse de 800 µm, Conclusions et perspectives L'impression du moule permet de faire varier la morphologie de la matrice hybride. Dans la partie 9.1, l'hybride PCL-bioverre a ainsi été élaboré avec des structures macroporeuses à mailles carrées

, Une solution consiste à imprimer le scaffold à partir de granules hybrides et non à partir d'un fil. Cette méthode permet d'appliquer des forces de compression plus importantes en vue d'extruder l'hybride à travers une buse de 400 µm voire 250 µm. Elle est d'ailleurs fréquemment employée pour l'impression de scaffolds en PCL pur, pp.169-172

, Deux dispositifs existent pour ce type d'imprimante : soit la matière est entraînée par une vis sans fin, vol.169

, La conception de ces dispositifs a fait l'objet d'un projet étudiant à l'école d'ingénieurs Polytech de Clermont-Ferrand, vol.173

, Les étudiants sont parvenus à extruder l'hybride PCL-bioverre à travers une buse de 400 µm à 85°C avec un système de pousse-seringue développé par leur soin, vol.108

, Représentation schématique du système d'extrusion par pousse-seringue développé à Polytech

, En second lieu, nous avons tenté d'imprimer directement les scaffolds à partir de fil hybride préalablement fabriqué. La bioactivité semble conservée même après les deux étapes d'extrusion de l'hybride (fabrication du fil puis impression), mais le matériau est difficilement extrudé à travers une buse de 400 µm, ce qui limite fortement le potentiel de cette technique d'impression. Nous avons alors établi que l'utilisation d'un fil hybride n'était pas adaptée à notre matériau et qu'il était plus judicieux d'imprimer à partir de granules hybrides. Le projet étudiant à l'école d'ingénieurs Polytech de Clermont-Ferrand a permis de confirmer la puissance de l'impression 3D à partir de granules, l'hybride ayant été extrudé à travers une buse de 400 µm sans résistance apparente, nous nous sommes penchés sur l'élaboration de scaffolds hybrides PCL-bioverre au moyen de différentes techniques d'impression 3D, le but étant de simplifier le procédé de fabrication des scaffolds et de pouvoir créer de nouvelles structures macroporeuses

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, France Communication orale de 15 minutes intitulée "Polycaprolactone / bioactive glass hybrid scaffolds for bone regeneration" ? Actions de communication scientifique : Le 9 mai 2017 : présentation des travaux de thèse (15 minutes) à une association étudiante Lie'Utopie, dans le cadre de l'activité « Présente ta thèse » Le 14 février 2017 : présentation des travaux de thèse (2 fois 15 minutes) à des classes de premières et de terminales au lycée polyvalent Jean Monnet à Yzeure, ? Participation à des congrès internationaux : "ESB : European Society for Biomaterials" du 9 au 13 septembre 2018 à Maastricht

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