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, A INE: 9h6g:C8:B:CI :I 9: 8DCHIGJ8IiDC 9: Ah:HE68: HhiCH8GiI A: ghu-gh 3. NDJH 6KDCH 6JHHi CDIT FJhiA EDJK6iI VIG: G6EEGD8hT 9h6JIG:H EG6IiFJ:H 9J KDiA: 96CH 9h6JIG:H HEhUG:H 8JAIJG:AA:H. L6 8DCHIGJ8IiDC HE6Ii6A: HiCgJAiUG: FJi :C869G: A: ghu-gh 3 :HI E6GIi8JAiUG:B:CI iBEDGI6CI: EJiHFJhiA :HI iCHTE6G67A: 9:H :HE68:H FJhiA EGD9JiI :I FJi AhiC;AJ:C8:CI, 8GTT:H 96K6CI6g: E6G A: ;AJM 9NC6BiFJ: 9:H iCI:G68IiDCH FJ: E6G 9:H 9DCCT:H HI67A:H. L: g:CG:, A6 86HI: :I A6 G:AigiDC H8JAEI:CI Ah:HE68: :I H: 9:HHiC:CI BJIJ:AA:B:CI, 96CH 8: FJhAG?JC AEE69JG6i 6 CDBBT « A6 EGD9J8IiDC 9: A6 AD86AiIT », 2011.
, TBiCiC HhiCH8GiI 96CH A: ;6iH8:6J 9: 8:H G:A6IiDCH. « Lh:HE68: :I A:H EG6IiFJ:H HE6Ii6A:H EGD9JiH:CI 9:H G:A6IiDCH HD8i6A:H » 6JI6CI FJhiAH A:H G:;AUI:CI (A7G6h6B 1988 : 103) 49 . EC DJIG:, A:H :HE68:H iCI:GHIi8i:AH :CIG: AhiCITGi:JG :I Ah:MITGi:JG C: HDCI E6H IDJ?DJGH HiIJTH Q AhiCITGi:JG 9:H B6iHDCH, 8DBB: A: BDCIG: Ah6CIhGDEDADgJ: "6C6ki A7G6h6B 96CH HDC TIJ9: HJG JC :HE68: iCI:GBT9i6iG: 6EE:AT A: / 3 96CH A6 KiAA: 9: Bik6C:G 6J R6?6HIh6C (A7G6h6B1988)
, CI Hh6HH:DiG A:H hDBB:H 9J FJ6GIi:G, A:H 6BiH, A:H 8DCC6iHH6C8:H EGD8h:H DJ ADiCI6iC:H, :I 9iHEDHT:H Q BVB: A6 GJ: Q A6 KJ: 9: IDJH. !A E:GB:I 6JM hDBB:H 9: HhN G:IGDJK:G, EDJG FJ:AFJ:H BiCJI:H DJ EAJHi:JGH h:JG:H, H6CH 6KDiG Q ETCTIG:G Q AhiCITGi:JG 9J ;DN:G. Lh:HE68: 9J / 3 HhiCH8GiI :C 8DCIiCJiIT 9hJC ;DN:G E6GIi8JAi:G, iA :HI ;GTFJ:CIT E6G A:H iC9iKi9JH FJi AJi HDCI AiTH. A -96iEJG 96CH A: FJ6GIi:G 9h 6Ii (DA:, A:H ?:JC:H :I E6G;DiH A:H hDBB:H RgTH 7DiK:CI HDJK:CI A: IhT HJG 8: FJ: ?hi9:CIi;i: 8DBB: JC / 3 . !A :HI :C 7DiH, :I N Ii:CC:CI JC: 9iO6iC: 9: E:GHDCC:H 6HHiH:H, FJi H: E6GI6g:CI JC IhT 96CH Ah6EGUH-Bi9i. L6 GJ:AA: :HI E6HH6CI:, B6iH A:H iC9iKi9JH FJi HhN 6GGVI:CI H:B7A:CI 6EE6GI:CiG :M8AJHiK:B:CI 6J KDiHiC6g:, D
, 6K:8 EAJH 9hiCHiHI6C8: ADGHFJh:AA: H: IGDJK: 96CH A: ,.h ll h 9: H:H 6;;iCH, HDC ghu-gh 3 K6 EGDgG:HHiK:B:CI H: G:A:K:G ADGHFJh:AA: ETCUIG: 96CH 9h6JIG:H :HE68:H 9: A6 KiAA: FJi HDCI 9:H :HE68:H B6G8h6C9H CDC 86G68ITGiHTH E6G A6 EGTH:C8: 9hJC iC9iKi9J :C EGTH:C8: 9JFJ:A :AA: :HI HJH8:EIi7A: 9: H: KDiA:G. NT6CBDiCH, Hi JC: 8DCC6iHH6C8: 9: HDC 7:6J-EUG:, E6G :M:BEA:, DJ 9J KiAA6g: 9hJC 6;;iC 9: HDC TEDJM, K:C6iI Q HJGgiG 96CH AhJC 9: 8:H :HE68:H G:A6IiK:B:CI C:JIG:H :C I:GB: 9: EG6IiFJ:H 9: KDiA:, :AA: G:9:H8:C9G6iI EGT8iEiI6BB:CI HDC ghu-gh 3 HJG HDC KiH6g:. C: ;6iH6CI, :AA: B6GFJ:G6iI HJG HDC 8DGEH AhiGGJEIiDC 9hJC :HE68: iCI:GBT9i6iG: :CIG: 8:AJi, vol.9
, AR8hT:, B6iH 6JHHi EAJH HJH8:EIi7A: 9: 8DC8:GC:G AhJC DJ Ah6JIG: 9: H:H HI6IJIH (;iAA: DJ 7:AA:-;iAA:). SDC 5FA2??? E:JI G:EDH:G HJG H:H TE6JA:H Hi Ah:HE68: :HI Ki9: 9: IDJI: 8DCC6iHH6C8:, 6;;iC: DJ 8DCH6CgJiC:, 8GT6CI JC :HE68: Q E6GI 96CH A:FJ:A IDJI :HI EDHHi7A:. L6 EGTH:C8: 9hJC H:JA iC9iKi9J 6J H:iC 9: 8:I :HE68: E:JI GT68IiK:G A: ?:J 9J ghu-gh 3 (D7H:GK6IiDCH 9: I:GG6iC -96iEJG 2012-2016). C:H G:B6GFJ:H HDJAigC:CI AhiCITGVI 9: GT6AiH:G JC: 6C6ANH: :IhCDADgiFJ: 9J ghu-gh 3 96CH JC: KiAA: I:AA: FJh-96iEJG, 96CH A6FJ:AA: 9: I:AH :HE68:H iCI:GBT9i6iG:H HDCI EDHHi7A:H, D[ H: EDH: EAJH FJ: 96CH JC KiAA6g: A6 FJ:HIiDC 9J 8hDiM
, 6GAD 1996 : 15) :I D[ H: ?DJ:CI H6CH 8:HH: A:H CTgD8i6IiDCH 9:H iC9iKi9JH, :C I:CHiDC :CIG: 9i;;TG:CIH HNHIUB:H 9: K6A:JGH :I EG6IiFJ:H HD8i6A:H, p.6
, Ah:HE68:, N 8DBEGiH 9: Ah:HE68: 9:H 8DGEH, :I 8DCHIiIJ: A: 8DCI:MI: gTCTG6A 9: A6 EG6IiFJ: 9J ghu-gh 3 :C !C9: 9J NDG9, 7i:C FJ: A: (:C9?67 G:AUK: 9hJC 86H HET8i;iFJ: FJ: CDJH 9TK:ADEE:GDCH 96CH A6 E6GIi: 8DBE6G6IiK: 9: 8: IG6K6iA. L6 Ki:iAA: KiAA, vol.9
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, r? :I )?3(), iA :HI iBEDGI6CI 9: H6iHiG AhiBEDGI6C8: :HH:CIi:AA: 9:H 9i;;TG:C8:H, 86G iA :HI 9: A6 C6IJG: 9J HNHIUB: FJ: A:H 86HI:H HDi:CI 9i;;TG:CI:H. NDIDCH FJ: CTA:HIiC BDJgAT i9:CIi;i: A: EGDIDINE: 9:H 86HI:H CDC E6H 96CH A:H 5 r? , B6iH 96CH A:H )?3(, 8: FJi 8DYC8i9: 6K:8 A: KD867JA6iG: HD8iDADgiFJ: 9:H iC9iKi9JH G:C8DCIGTH 96CH 9iK:GH 8DCI:MI:H :I G:8DJKG6CI 9: BJAIiEA:H GT6AiITH HD8iDADgiFJ:H (K:G6A6, R6?6HIh6C, LJ8kCDL, vol.9, 1958.
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, HDJiAAJG: EDI:CIi:A 9: Ah68IiKiIT :M:G8T:. fI C:H 9THigC6IiDCH ;DC8IiDCC:CI EDJG -96iEJG, 86G A:H CDBH 6IIGi7JTH 6JM )?3( HDCI AD86AiHTH :I 9TE:C9:CI 9:H TI6IH, KiAA:H, GTgiDCH, KiAA6g:H 96CH A:HFJ:AH KiK:CI A:H iC9iKi9JH. xcc (6G :M:BEA:, 96CH A: gGDJE: 9:H ??5C2, JC I:iCIJGi:G :HI HJETGi:JG :C HI6IJI E6G, vol.9
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, IF LhAK AE9?AFed LePL, Lhe FGJE9LANe E9FAfeKLK 9K eEeJ?eFL, KALM9Led AF Lhe DG
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, HMAKIMe d9FK DeK fJ9F?eK h LJ9dALAGFFeDDeK i de D9 KG, AYLY, vol.0, issue.9
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, GEEe fAdZDe 9MP N9DeMJK AFdAeFFeK de JYfYJeF;e
, AeMKej) eL DeK HJ9LAIMeK eL JeHJYKeFL9LAGFK de FGMNeDDeK fGJEeK dsGJ?9FAK9LAGFK KG;A9DeK eL de HJGdM
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, ID HJGdMAL MF JeKKeJJeEeFL 9MLGMJ deK N9DeMJK h LJ9dALAGFFeDDeK i de DshAFdGMAKEe, KMJ DsAFLJA;9LAGF AFLAEe dM DAeF eFLJe KG;A9D eL JeDA?AeMP eL KMJ MFe ;GF;eHLAGF J9;A9De dM HeMHDe AFdAeF. D9FK MFe ;eJL9AFe EeKMJe, DeK N9DeMJK dM B%+ ;GïF, DsIFde 9MP hAFdGMK 143, 2018.
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, D9 feEEe ePHJAEe KGF 9dhYKAGF U MF KQKLZEe de N9DeMJK ;GEEMFYEeFL H9JL9?Y d9FK K9 f9EADDe, ;eDDe de KGF E9JA, eL MFe ?J9Fde H9JLAe de D9 KG;AYLY DG;9De. CeK YDYEeFLK Fe HeMNeFL [LJe AFfYJYK IMseF
, GFLePLe NAKMeD, eKLhYLAIMe eL EGJ9D d9FK DeIMeD jIM KsAFK
, JAL De 89F?892E. h 's9F9DQKe dY:GM;he dGF; KMJ DseFKeE:De deK HJ9LAIMeK deKLAFYeK U
, CseKL LGML De dGE9AFe deK JALeK de H9KK9?e, deK FGMJJALMJeK G:DA?YeK GM AFLeJdALeK, deK ;GJHK AFALAYK, H9JYK, deNeFMK ?DGJAeMP i, GJdAF9LAGF deK AFdANAdMK
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, de K9 f9XGF de KseFNAK9?eJ eL de Ke dAJe
, E9AK DeK AFNeKLAKKeEeFLK ;MDLMJeDK dGFL AD eKL DsG:BeL KGFL EMDLAHDeK eL KGMEAK U dsAFFGE:J9:DeK N9JA9LAGFK, ePHJAE9FL D9 EMDLAHDA
,
, h 'e ;GJHK F'eKL H9K D'AF;9JF9LAGF d'MFe KQE:GDAIMe HYLJAfAYe, E9AK AD eKL, 9MKK 1936)
, De deNeFAJ de h ;eL GJdJe 9HHJGPAE9LAf eL LGMBGMJK ;h9F?e9FL IM'eKL MFe KG;AYLY i ('e BJeLGF 1982 : 231). 'sG:KeJN9LAGF dM ;GJHK eL deK Le
, Ke JefDZLeFL DeK LeFd9F;eK, DeK 9KHAJ9LAGFK eL DeK LJ9FKfGJE9LAGFK dsMFe KG
,
, GJHK, eL H9J DsAFLeJEYdA9AJe dMIMeD ADK Q 9?AKKeFL
, MDLMJe NAeFL 9AFKA KsAFK
,
, GJHK, d9FK DeK JeHDAK Gb dGFFYeK :AGDG?AIMeK eL dGFFYeK KG
, A9DeK Ke EYD9F?eFL eL KseFLJeE[DeFL, JeFd9FL H9JfGAK dAffA;ADeEeFL dAK;eJF9:De DsAFdANAdMeD dM
, AGDG?AIMe dM KG;A9D. h AM KeAF d'MFe E
, MDLMJe DeK 9;LeMJK dAKHGKeFL d'MF ;eJL9AF Je?AKLJe ;GJHGJeD
, AeF DeK KeFK9LAGFK GM DeK ePHJeKKAGFK DeK HDMK
,
, LANe IMe deK LJ9ALK HDMK AF;eJF9:DeK, AFLeJKLALAeDK, AFfJ9-;GJHGJeDK dGFL D9
, De d'MFe KG;A9DALY ;GEEMFe i ('e BJeLGF 1982 : 223). F IFde, eL H9JLA
, AKLe dM h, GJHK KG
, MDAZJe U LJ9NeJK De EQLhe dM K9
, GKEAIMe HJAEGJdA9D dGFL De dYEeE:JeEeFL AFKLALMe DeK HJAF;AH9DeK ;9LY?GJAeK KG
, KeFLAEeFL dM h EGA i eKL dGF; HeFKY
, GEEe JeDeN9FL de D9 E9LAZJe, vol.9, p.9
, , p.9
, KeF;e i de h KYH9J9LAGF i (j) eFLJe eKHJAL eL ;GJHK. (9AK GF NGAL :AeF eF IMeD KeFK : ;seKL IMe DseKHJAL FseKL H9K AEE9LYJAeD, ID eKL KAEHDeEeFL HDMK h KM:LAD i IMe ds9MLJeK FANe9MP jNc, vol.9
, 9M KeAF deKIMeDK AD eKL ;eHeFd9FL ;D9AJeEeFL dAKLAF?MY i i ('9JKGF, 1990 : 249). F IFde, De ;GJHK eL DseKHJAL Fe KGFL H9K DsG:BeL dsMFe dA
, 'e ;GJHK HGKKZde deK ;9J9;LYJAKLAIMeK KM:LADeK eL DseKHJAL deK ;9J9;LYJAKLAIMeK L9F?A:DeK, eL DeK deMP HJG;ZdeFL de EY;9FAKEeK 9F9DG?MeK KMJ deK FANe9MP dAffYJeFLK, vol.9
, GJHK Ke JefDZLe d9FK D9 fDMAdALY dM 89F?892E, IMA AFK
, MDLMJe E9LYJAeDDe eL U LJ9NeJK De
, L) tHt--t 4-; ch-v-ux +GMJIMGA De NGADe, IMsAD ;GEHGJLe MFe fGJLe dAEeFKAGF KG
,
, GDe JeDA?AeMP, KeE:De-L-AD HGD9JAKeJ Ds9LLeFLAGF HM:DAIMe eL
, LeMJ de KeFK HJANADY?AY dsePHJeKKAGF deK LeFKAGFK, deK H9KKAGFK eL deK ;GFLJ9dA;LAGFK dsMFe KG, AYLY ? +JG:9:DeEeFL H9J
,
,
, GMNJe H9K FsAEHGJLe IMeDDe H9JLAe dM
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, De KGEEeL dM
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, CseKL eFLJe 9MLJeK HGMJ ;eLLe J9AKGF IMe d9FK De EGFde AFdAeF, AD Ks9?AL EGAFK de Ke ;GMNJAJ D9
, GF NeJJ9 de LeEHK eF LeEHK IMeDIMeK hGEEeK d9FK DeK LeEHDeK hAFdGMK Ke ;GMNJAJ ;eLLe H9JLAe de D9 L[Le nKA eDDe eKL JeKLYe dY
, JYe de D9 E9AF dsMF GffA
, , pp.9-9
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, YLAIMe AFdAeFFe deK ;h9CJ9K. 'e ;h9CJ9, dYJANY dM K9FKCJAL IMA KA?FAfAe h JGMe, dAKIMe i, eKL MF
, GEHGJLe KeHL ;h9CJ9K, dGFL De deJFAeJ eKL De ;h9CJ9
, eK ;h9CJ9K KGFL AKKMK deK KQKLZEeK HhADGKGHhAIMeK dM L9FLJAKEe eL dsMFe ;GF;eHLAGF dM KF?52l:?V Jo82 AFdAIM9FL IMe De ;GJHK hME9AF ;GFLAeFL KeHL ;h9CJ9K GM h HGAFLK de BGF;LAGF de ;9F9MP YFeJ?YLAIMeK i, IMA HGMJJ9AeFL
, AYK U deK ?D9FdeK, dGFL D9 ?D9Fde HAFY9De ;GJJeKHGFd9FL 9M ;h9CJ9 dM LJGAKAZEe mAD KALMY eFLJe DeK deMP KGMJ
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, GFLJ9AJe, DeK ;heNeMP DGF?K deK AFLeDDe;LMeDK eL deK hAHHAeK d9FK
,
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, AdeFL9DeK AFdAIMeFL IMe ;eK AFdANAdMK Ke HD9;eFL DY?ZJeEeFL eF deXU, d9FK MFe HGKALAGF
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, A9D (H9DDHACe 1969 : 261). '9 ;heNeDMJe eKL dGF; H9JLA
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, J9Fde N9JA9:ADALY
, JeJ 9M KeAF dsMF
, , vol.9, p.9
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, , p.9, 1979.
, JA9MDe 1970) GM H9JEA DeK +eFB9:AK hAFdGMK, ChJAKLA9F BJGE:eJ?eJ f9AL IM9FL U DMA MF LGMJ dM EGFde 9FLhJGHGDG?AIMe dM ;heNeM. ID EGFLJe U IMeD HGAFL De ;heNeM, pp.9-9, 1974.
,
, AeJ DeK MFK deK 9MLJeK, Fe Ke KGAeFL H9K eEH9JYK de ;eK ;9J9;LYJAKLAIMeK NAKA:DeK de Ds9DLYJALY HGMJ eF f9AJe MF E9JIMeMJ dAKLAF
, DeK EGdAfA;9LAGFK 9HHGJLYeK U D9, GEH9?FeFL MF ?J9Fd FGE:Je de H9KK9?eK d9FK D9 NAe deK AFdANAdMK : D9 HJeEAZJe
, BeL ds9LLeFLAGFK HJY;9MLAGFFeMKeK eL de JALMeDK, AFNG;9LAGFK, GffJ9FdeK HGMJ DeK hAFdGMK (*:KeJN9LAGFK de LeJJ9AF, LJe dGFFYe eF GffJ9Fde U MF LeEHDe. 'eK ;heNeMP dsMFe feEEe 9N9FL KGF E9JA9?e f9AL Y?9DeEeFL DsG:BeL de FGE:JeMKeK 9LLeFLAGFK, 2002.
, KOGJd, 9Fd ;9DDed MHGF Lhe 9KKeE:Ded .AChK LG NGDMFLeeJ LG h9Ne LheAJ he9dK ;ML Gff 9K 9, Gf LheAJ deNGLAGF
, *Fe NGDMFLeeJed 9Fd, vol.9
, A LhMd O9K he9Jd 9Fd Lhe "MJM Je9HHe9Jed OALh 9 :DGGdQ KOGJd. /he 9HH9JeFL K9;JAfA;e O9K JeHe9Led OALh fGMJ GLheJ NGDMFLeeJK, 9Fd LheF Lhe KAde Gf Lhe LeFL O9K, p.9
, Lhe fANe KLADD 9DANe 9Fd Lhe KeNeJed he9dK Gf ?G9LK GF Lhe ?JGMFd. /heKe fANe OeJe de
, DeMK Gf Lhe &h9DK9. /heQ OeFL LhJGM?h 9F AFALA9LAGF JALM9D AF OhA;h LheQ 9DD dJ9FC fJGE Lhe K9Ee :GOD, KQE:GDARAF? LheAJ eIM9DALQ, 9Fd LheF Lhe ;hGKeF fANe AFALA9Led Lhe "h?J M. )ePL, LheQ HJGEMD?9Led JMDeK: .ACh E9DeK OGMDd Oe9J LheAJ h9AJ MFKhGJF
, KL9AF fJGE MKAF? 9D;GhGD 9Fd LG:9;;G, e9LAF? Ee9L :ML;heJed AF Lhe (MKDAE f9KhAGF, LheQ OGMDd, vol.9
, LheQ OGMDd Oe9J 9, GE: AF LheAJ h9AJ (k2?892),CFee-DeF?Lh :Jee;he, (k249), 9Fd 9 KLeeD :J9;eDeL GF LheAJ JA?hL OJAKL (k2C2),9Fd LheQ OGMDd
, F:8FC6 76 "6 EFC32? 6DE l2C86m6?E AoCER 6? I?56 5F NoC5, ?oE2mm6?E 52?D l6D Ko?6D CFC2l6D. 2:AFC, 2oZE 2017. P9oEo: H2CH:?56C ), p.89
, F:8FC6 77 "6D ETE6D Do?E 4oFG6CE6D....2CE:D2?2E 2F 32K22C 56 2:AFC, 2oZE 2017. P9oEo: H2CH:?56C ), p.89
, MY 9M NAK9?e d9FK De EGFde AFdAeF
, IMsAD KGAL dYKA?FY ;GEEe 5FA2???, o59:?? GM 49F???, FseKL ;GFKAdYJY ;GEEe 89F?892E IMe DGJKIMsAD eKL deK
, GLGFK IMe De LeJEe 89F?892E f9AL JYfYJeF
,
, DMKANeEeFL De NGADe E9AK MF, vol.9
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, CheR DeK hGEEeK LGM9Je? de (9MJAL9FAe GM dM (9DA, AD eKL ;GFKAdYJY ;GEEe AJJeKHe
, oC: D9 :GM;he, deN9FL deK AFdANAdMK de KL9LML KMHYJAeMJ (AD, /GMLefGAK, KeDGF !. D "MAFdA, dY;GMNJAJ K9 :GM;he AFdAIMe Y?9DeEeFL IMsMF AFdANAdM JYNZDe KGF KL9LML AFfYJAeMJ, vol.2, 1999.
, IMA JeNAeFL U pHeJdJe D9 f9;eq. '9 E9AFLeFAJ ;GMNeJLe H9JLA;AHe dGF
, A DeK feEEeK LGM9Je? Fe HJ9LAIMeFL H9K ;e LQHe de NGADe, h eDDeK Ke
, GMNJeFL D9 H9JLAe AFfYJAeMJe dM NAK9?e de DeMJK
, GEEe d9FK De 89F?892E, De f9AL de, GMNJAJ
, GFKLALMe De ;hGAP H9JLA, MDAeJ dsMFe KG
,
, JYNZDe MFe 9LLALMde de HMdeMJ HGJLYe KMJ MFe RGFe H9JLA
,
, MYe DsePHJeKKAGF dM JeKHe
,
, GEH9J9LAfK HeJEeLLeFL de KsAFLeJJG?eJ KMJ DeK ;GFKLJM;LAGFK
, MDLMJeDDeK KHY
, AfAIMeK 9MLGMJ deK H9JLAeK dM
, A9LAGF de D9 ;GMNeJLMJe de ;eK H9JLAeK 9Ne; deK N9DeMJK LeDDeK IMe D9 EGdeKLAe, De JeKHe;L eL D9 HMdeMJ. IDK HGKeFL D9 IMeKLAGF de xf, pp/M9Je? OGEeF 9Je FGL f9;e NeADed 9L 9DD, :ML LheQ dG HMDD LheAJ Kh9ODK 9;JGKK Lhe DGOeJ H9JLK Gf LheAJ f9;eK OheF ePHJeKKAF? JeKeJNe n 9 :eh9NAGJA9D H9LLeJF Lh9L Je-eEeJ?eK AF Lhe eLhFG?
, HMAKIMe DeK LMJ:9FK deK hGEEeK eF IFde dM )GJd KGFL Y?9DeEeFL YNG;9LeMJK deK KL9LMLK eL deK 9HH9JLeF9F, eFJeK Y?9DeEeFL eF IFde
, GJd eF LeJEe de
, LMJ, p.9
, MF HGJLY H9J DeK hGEEeK de D9 HYFAFKMDe 9J9:AIMe HeFd9FL D9 B9hADAQ9, :AeF 9N9FL
, JGAK9deK 9fAF de dAKLAF?MeJ DeK EMKMDE9FK deK BMAfK eL deK ;hJYLAeFK (AD "MAFdA, p.9, 1999.
, 9F deK hGEEeK HeML
, GEEe De NGADe deK feEEeK, ;seKL-U-dAJe
,
,
, eF DsG;;MJJeF;e A;A De 89F?892E, f9AL KeFK eF L9FL IMsYDYEeFL AFKYJY d9FK MF KQKLZEe IMA JeDAe ;GFKLJM;LAGF dM
,
, GJHK HJGdMAL MF D9F?9?e AFLeDDA?A:De HGMJ
, , p.6
, De dM NAK9?e, AD eKL ?YFYJ9DeEeFL :9AKKY KMJ DeK QeMP, eL D9 HMdeMJ deK QeMP, h 9FChG CA ?9J9E i eKL KGMNeFL YNGIMYe, E[Ee DGJKIMe De 89F?892E FseKL H9K HJ9LAIMY. 'e NGADeEeFL deK QeMP eKL H9JLA
, FAfA;9LAf eF J9AKGF dM KL9LML dM Je?9Jd eF IFde. h 'e
, GF;eHL hAFdGM dM 52C?2?, D9 NAKAGF K9
, , p.9
,
, AKYEeFL D9 JeD9LAGF IMe DeK dYNGLK eFLJeLAeFFeFL 9Ne
, De dANAF U LJ9NeJK j,f
,
,
, , pp.34-159
, Ce EGEeFL de NAKAGF eKL MF EGEeFL de JY
, NAKMeD eFLJe MF hME9AF eL MFe dANAFALY EGEeFL9FYEeFL AF;9JFYe d9FK MF G:BeL, De HDMK KGMNeFL MFe KL9LMe, dGFL DsAF;dANAFe d9FK MF G:BeL ;GFK9;JY. F effeL, LGMLe ;YJYEGFAe AEHDAIM9FL DeK dANAFALYK hAFdGMeK eKL HJY
, 9JF9FL D9 dANAFALY eKL D9NYe, HMJAfAYe, h9:ADDYe, E9IMADDYe
, DeK KL9LMeK KGFL ;eFKYeK AF;9JFeJ D9 dANAFALY de f9XGF HeJE9FeFLe, d9FK ds9MLJeK, ;seKL U DsAKKMe de, 9K
, AfAIMeK IMe D9 KL9LMe eKL ;h9J?Ye de DsYFeJ?Ae dANAFe de f9XGF LeEHGJ9AJe, De LeEHK ds9
, CeLLe NAKAGF de D9 dANAFALY eKL De HGAFL, GEHDAJ De 52C?2? (AM:eJL, 2002.
, MDEAF9FL dM JALMeD d9FK DeK HJ9LAIMeK hAFdGMeK. '9 dMJYe de D9 NAKAGF Fs9 H9K dsAEHGJL9F
, JeEHDA de D9 DMEAZJe dANAFe, E9AK eF HDMK AD eKL 9dEAK IMe D9 dANAFALY Je?9Jde eF JeLGMJ De dYNGL 160 . h CseKL ds9:GJd U LJ9NeJK ;e Je?9Jd IMe D9 dANAFALY LJ9FKEeL KeK HJGHJAYLYK dANAFeK, HJGLe;LJA;eK eL :YFYfAIMeK i (BD9F;h9Jd 2011 : 81). h CseKL DsMFe deK J9AKGFK HGMJ DeKIMeDDeK DeK QeMP deK effA?AeK deK dANAFALYK hAFdGMeK KGFL KGMNeFL dAKHJGHGJLAGFFeDDeEeFL ?, GE:De De dYNGL de deMP f9XGFK : FGF KeMDeEeFL, AD :YFYfA;Ae de DsYFeJ?Ae JeXMe H9J De f9AL de HGKeJ KGF Je?9Jd KMJ MF G:BeL KMHHGKY
, LYJAKLAIMe IMsADK Fe ;DA?FeFL H9K deK QeMP : ;eMP-;A KGFL
,
, GFKL9EEeFL GMNeJL eL dAKHGFA:De, 9MIMeD DeK dYNGLK NAeFFeFL Ks9:JeMNeJ
, Jed KA?hL AK 9 O9Q AF OhA;h HAFdM ?GdK 9Je OGJKhAHed, 9Fd 9 EedAME LhJGM?h OhA;h CFGODed?e 9:GML Lhe dANAFe AK 9, p.9
,
, 2heLheJ GJ FGL Lhe KL9LMe eLeJF9DDQ ;GFL9AFK Lhe deALQ N9JAeK AF dAffeJeFL H9JLK Gf IFdA9.(j) D9JKh9F Ee9FK Lhe ?, 9Re Gf Lhe HeJKGF DGGCAF? 9L 9 deALQ 9Fd Lhe ?9Re Gf Lhe deALQ DGGCAF, p.9
, L9Ce d9JKh9F n AF HAFdA D9JKh9F C9JF9, LG dG d9JKh9F n AK HJGGf Gf HJGPAEALQ, De?ALAEARAF? Lhe ePHeJAeF;e Gf :eAF? AF Lhe K9Ee HD9
, A;A ;eLLe JeD9LAGF dA9De;LAIMe eFLJe NGADeEeFL eL dYNGADeEeFL : AD f9ML
, e dYNGADeEeFL AFK;JAL d9FK De LeEHK, d9FK DeIMeD AD AFLJGdMAL MFe
,
, Ee f9XGF, DeK dAeMP Fe ;DA?FeFL H9K deK QeMP, DeK hGEEeK KA. 'sY;h9F?e de Je?9JdK eFLJe hGEEeK eL dAeMP FseKL dGF
,
, 9 dA9De;LAIMe dM NGADeEeFL eL dM dYNGADeEeFL dYDAEALe 9AFKA DeK eKH9;eK eL DeK LeEHGJ9DALYK DGJK deKIMeDK DsAFdANAdM KseFLJeLAeFL de f9XGF AFLAEe 9Ne; De dANAF, eF fGF
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, Ke EeLLJe eF EGMNeEeFL HGMJ, vol.9
, YdeJ U D9 NJ9Ae NAKAGF. 'e NAK9?e de D9 feEEe HeML
, GEH9JY 9MP eKH9;eK K9;J9DAKYK ;9
, GEEe De K9AFL deK K9AFLK, De NGADe IMA De dYJG:e 9MP Je?9JdK eKL
, GEEe DeK EMJK de DseF;eAFLe deK LeEHDeK ( D, MAFdA, 1999.
, HGJNADDeMJ 2013). 'e 89F?892E IMA Je, 2011.
, GMNJe De NAK9?e, LeDDe MFe H9MHAZJe feJE9FL MF mAD, KGMKLJ9AL 9AFKA D9 feEEe 9MP Je?9JdK ePLYJAeMJK, de E[Ee IMsAD KGMKLJ9AL KGF Je?9Jd dM EGFde ePLYJAeMJ. DDe Fe HeML HDMK Je?9JdeJ, KGF Je?9Jd eKL GH9
, CeLLe GH9;AfA;9LAGF dM Je?9Jd d9FK MFe KHhZJe
, MDLMJeDDe Gb De Je?9Jd ;GFKLALMe eF KGA MF 9
,
, MDAZJeEeFL HMAKK9FL dGFFe 9M 89F?892E MFe fGJ;e de KA?FAfA;9LAGF KMHHDYEeFL9AJe. 'e Je?9Jd eF IFde eKL H9JLGML HYFYLJ9FL, AFLJMKAf H9JfGAK. 'seEH
, DAJ MFe fJGFLAZJe, MFe DAEALe. 'e NGADe JeFd D9 feEEe AF9;;eKKA:De U ;eJL9AFK AFdANAdMK. 'e f9AL de Fe H9K HGMNGAJ
,
,
, NGADe :9AKKY KMJ KeK QeMP JeFd GH9IMe De EGFde IMA DseFLGMJe, eDDe eKL ;GEEe d9FK MF h9DG. CeDMA dsMFe AFLAEALY Je, DY 9MLGMJ dsMF HGAFL ;eFLJ9D. j,M +JYKeF;e/9:KeF;e, D9 feEEe Ke dYJG:e 9M NAKMeD LJGH HJYKeFL
, GEHDePe Gb eDDe deNJ9 HJG?JeKKANeEeFL Ke f9AJe MFe HD9;e eL Gb DeK KL9LMLK dGANeFL
, GFKL9EEeFL JY9ffAJEYK. h ('e 89F?892E) JYdMAL D9 HJG
, GFfDAL GMNeJL eFLJe MFe feEEe eL KeK 9ffAFK E9K;MDAFK eL HeJEeL 9MKKA de DMA dGFFeJ MF KeFLAEeFL dsAFLAEALY d9FK MF DAeM YLJ9F?e i (%9;G:KGF 1970 : 222) 162 . 'e 52C?2?, H9J DseF?9?eEeFL de DsG:KeJN9LeMJ IMsAD AEHDAIMe, eKL MFe ePHYJAeF
, HeJEeL dsYN9DMeJ dsMF ;GMH dsmAD DeK AFLeJDG
, ID eKL U D9 fGAK MF DAeM dsY;h9F?eK HMAKK9FL, eL MF fADLJe. D9FK ;e KeFK, D9 BeMFe feEEe FGMNeDDeEeFL E9JAYe IMA NAeFL JYKAdeJ
, HeML MLADAKeJ ;e fADLJe HGMJ Ke HJGLY?eJ dsMF EADAeM YLJ9F?eJ d9FK DeIMeD eDDe N9 deNGAJ HJG?JeKKANeEeFL Ks9d9HLeJ. AHJZK KGF E9JA9?e, eDDe eKL MFe YLJ9F?ZJe, eL KeMDe 9M KeAF dM fGQeJ d9FK ;eLLe HGKALAGF, HMAKIMe DeK 9MLJeK :eDDeK-fADDeK
, De NGADe HeML ;GFKLALMeJ MFe :MDDe dsAFLAEALY IMA HeJEeL U D9 feEEe de Ke Je
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, JYeJ MF eKH9
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, DeJFY 1994). 'eK eKH9;eK dsAFLAEALY KGFL J9JeK d9FK DeK fGQeJK AFdAeFK, GffE9F, 1974.
, CheR B9KAL eL -9:A9, GM eF;GJe ;heR .MJeKh eL .MKhAD9 (dYBU HJYKeFLYK d9FK DeK, MF DAeM Gb DsGF H9JL9?e MF LhY GM IMeDIMeK ?VLe9MP (.eQEGMJ 1983)
, EeK haLeK, DeMJK eFf9FLK eL EGA, AD FseKL H9K J9Je IMe Be KGAK JeXMe HGMJ MF, vol.492, 2012.
, LMJe H9JLAeDDeEeFL KeJN9FL de fADLJe 9MP Y;h9F?eK, HMAKIMsAD DAEALe DeK AFLeJ9;LAGFK 9Ne; ;eJL9AFK AFdANAdMK eL JY?MDe DeK Y;h9F?eK dsMFe feEEe
, LJGMNe d9FK De 89F?892E d9FK De f9AL IMe D9 feEEe Ke KGMKLJ9AL 9MP Je?9JdK deK 9MLJeK n GF Fe D9 NGAL H9K KGMK KGF NGADe, GM E9D n eF E[Ee LeEHK IMseDDe xIj h !AF9DDQ, 9Fd HeJh9HK EGKL G
, , vol.9
, De E9MN9AK mAD (3FC? ?2K2C) ( D "MAFdA 1999). h '9, vol.9
, 9KYe KMJ DsAdYe IMsMF AFdANAdM HMAKKe NGDGFL9AJeEeFL GM AFNGDGFL9AJeEeFL ;9MKeJ dM LGJL U MF 9MLJe AFdANAdM, 9FAE9D GM HJGHJAYLY H9J De KeMD f9AL de De Je?9JdeJ GM dseF f9AJe DeK DGM9F?eK. Ce LGJL HeML, vol.9
, KsAD HeML 9LLeAFdJe LGML De EGFde, pp.9-9
, AeFK IMA GFL MFe fGJLe N9DeMJ KG
, e9MLY JeE9JIM9:De (,9E9J 2016). N2K2C l28?2 dYKA?Fe De f9AL ds
, AAFKA, AD eKL 9dEAK IMe DeK QeMP HeMNeFL, A. h 'e LeJEe KA?FAfAe De dYfeJDeEeFL dsMFe HMAKK9F
, De E9MN9AK mAD eKL MF KMBeL JY
, 9E9J 2016)
, MDAZJeEeFL KMBeLK 9M E9MN9AK mAD dM f9AL de DeMJ :e9MLY eL dM KL9LML de DseFf9FL d9FK D9 KG;AYLY AFdAeFFe, FGE:Je de HJ9LAIMeK KGFL deKLAFYeK U dYLGMJFeJ De Je?9Jd eFNAeMP : 9EMDeLLeK, HGAFL FGAJ 9HHDAIMY 9M k9ôl de f9XGF 9KQEYLJAIMe KMJ De NAK9?e dM :Y:Y 9fAF de dYLGMJFeJ De Je?9Jd de DseFNAeMP HGLeFLAeD eL de De fAPeJ eF MF HGAFL
, , p.9
, GEEe DeK QeMP), pp.9-9
, A:eJGF (D9 ;GMDeMJ :D9F;he eKL KMHHGKYe 9LLAJeJ ds9N9FL9?e De E9MN9AK mADjeL, pp.0-9
, 9E9J 2016). 'e FGE:Je ;GFKAdYJ9:De de HJ9LAIMeK HJGHhQD9
, LAIMeK NAK9FL U YNALeJ GM dYLGMJFeJ De E9MN9AK mAD IMe Bs9A HM G:KeJNeJ d9FK D9 NADDe ds0d9AHMJ
,
, DeK KQKLZEeK de JeHJYKeFL9LAGFK 9MLGMJ dM NAK9?e, deK QeMP eL deK fDMAdeK ;GJHGJeDK. xIV h /he :eDAef AF Lhe eNAD eQe AK :9Ked MHGF Lhe Ade9 Lh9L 9 E9De GJ feE9De AFdANAdM9D
, JAF? h9JE LG 9FGLheJ HeJKGF, 9FAE9D, GJ HJGHeJLQ KAEHDQ :Q DGGCAF? 9L Lhe G:Be
, HhJ9Ke MKed NeJ:9DDQ fGJ Lhe AFfDA;LAGF Gf Lhe eNAD eQe. N2K2C l28?? deK;JA:eK Lhe JeDe9Ke Gf 9 deN9KL9LAF? HGOeJ LhJGM?h Lhe eQeK Lh9L AK AFALA9Led :Q feeDAF?K Gf eFNQ. +eFB9:A H9JeFLK HeJ;eANe Lhe eNAD eQe 9K 9F eFNAGMK ?9Re Gf 9 hME9F :eAF? GJ 9 ;:?? (GFe ;D9KK Gf KMHeJF9LMJ9D :eAF?K) Lh9L AK h9JEfMD AF 9 N9JAeLQ Gf O9QK. /he :eDAef AF Lhe eNAD eQe AK KeeF AF ;GFFe, /hAK h9JE E9Q :e 9 Je;GNeJ9:De DGKK GJ 9 hM?e dAK9KLeJ i (,9E9J 2016 : 398). xIf ppN2K2C l28?? (LG 9HHDQ 6Lhe7 ?9Re) AK :GLh 9F 0JdM 9Fd +eFB9:A
, F:8FC6 79 BR3R 2G64 56D Ao:?ED ?o:CD 56DD:?RD 2F k9ôl AoFC 5REoFC?6C l6 m2FG2:D o6:l. P9oEo : 2DECoP66A.4om
, AFNAKA:DeK, E9AK HGMJL9FL ;9H9:DeK ds9NGAJ deK effeLK KMJ D9 E9LAZJe BMKIMsU HJGNGIMeJ deK E9D9dAeK ;heR MF eFf9FL, H9J ePeEHDe, GM D9 deKLJM;LAGF HJG?JeKKANe dsMF :AeF. %e9FFe !9NJeL .99d9 9dEeL LJGAK LQHeK de, De 9LLJA:MeJ 9M Je?9Jd deK HJGHJAYLYK fDMAdeK
,
, Be Fe KMAK H9K KGJLAe de E9 ;h9E:Je 9Ne; EGF :Y:Y HeFd9FL KeHL BGMJK. +eJKGFFe hGJEAK E9 :eDDe-EZJe eL EGF E9JA FsYL9AL 9MLGJAKY U JeFLJeJ, FA U FGMK Je?9JdeJ, KMJLGML EGF :Y:Y. 'e Je?9Jd HeML JeFdJe E9D9de. A D9 fAF de, p.2
, eMDeEeFL 9HJZK FGMK HGMNGFK Je;eNGAJ deK NAKALeK i (0d9AHMJ, pp.9-2016
, MKhAD9 HJG;Zde eF GMLJe U deK HJ9LAIMeK HJGHhQD9;LAIMeK HGMJ
, GFKeADK de K9 :eDDe-EZJe U ;h9IMe fGAK IMe KeK eFf9FLK GFL MFe fAZNJe IMA dMJe eL Fe KsePHDAIMe H9K H9J MFe E9D9dAe GJ?9FAIMe. h L HGMJL9FL, De :AeFNeADD9FL Je?9Jd dANAF HeML Ks9NYJeJ KA HMAKK9FL IMsAD HeML H9JfGAK 9DDeJ BMKIMsU :DeKKeJ, fGMdJGQeJ GM E
,
, GFKYIMeEEeFL KMBeLLeK U deK HZDeJAF9?eK YD9:GJYK (;GEEe ;seKL H9J ePeEHDe De ;9K de B9D?BA, JeHJYKeFL9LAGF dM dAeM 1A????M)
,
, GFKAKLe U rGMNJAJ DeK QeMPs de D9 dYALY eF Q deKKAF9FL DeK HMHADDeK i (.hMCD9 2008 : 39). 'e dAeM ?AN9 9 DMA
, NeJK 227-255 ; )k2?52AFC??2, H9JLAe 1
, eK JeHJYKeFL9LAGFK hAFdGMeK dM LJGAKAZEe mAD, GJ?9Fe dM Je?9Jd AFLYJAeMJ
, GJJeKHGFd9FL U D9 ?D9Fde HAFY9De
,
, MAFdA 1999). ID ePAKLe HDMKAeMJK G;;MJJeF, HeJEeL de NGAJ 9M deDU deK 9HH9JeF;eK (m?J?) eL deK ADDMKAGFK dM EGFde E9FAfeKLY. '9 NAKAGF HeML 9AFKA [LJe Y?9DeEeFL MFe NAKAGF AFLYJAeMJe, IMA HGKKZde KGF HJGHJe GJ?9Fe, D9 ?D9Fde HAFY9De. 'eK HJGHJAYLYK dM E9MN9AK mAD KGFL KGMNeFL YNGIMYeK HGMJ BMKLAfAeJ DsMLADAK9LAGF dM NGADe de NAK9?e d9FK HDMKAeMJK KG;AYLYK dM (GQeF-*JAeFL
, GïKe eKL ;GEEe ;GFL9EAFY, K9 He9M eKL U NAf. 'e LePLe 9ffAJEe IMsAD HGJLeJ9 dGJYF9N9FL KGF NGADe HGMJ Ks9dJeKKeJ 9M HeMHDe. ID DMA eKL deNeFM AEHGKKA:De de H9JDeJ U He9M FMe
, NGADe de NAK9?e HeML 9MKKA HJGLY?eJ De EGFde ePLYJAeMJ de D9 :e9MLY DMEAFeMKe dsMF NAK9?e. 'e 89F?892E :9AKKY KMJ De NAK9?e dsMFe feEEe h HJGLZ?e i 9AFKA, pp.113-114, 2013.
, eDMA IMA NGAL. 'e NGADe dM 89F?892E eKL MF HJGDGF?eEeFL, vol.9
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, Je?9Jd. Ds9ADDeMJK, De JeKHe;L eKL ds9:GJd d9FK DeK QeMP i (+9JN9LA, 0d9AHMJ 2013). '9 HMdeMJ dM Je?9Jd
, Ke JeLJGMNe 9MKKA d9FK DeK KG
, AAFKA, De CGJ9F eFBGAFL DeK ;JGQ9FLK eL DeK ;JGQ9FLeK de h :9AKKeJ DeMJ Je?9Jd i. h DAK 9MP ;JGQ9FLK de :9AKKeJ DeMJK Je?9JdK eL de ?9JdeJ DeMJ ;h9KLeLY. CseKL HDMK HMJ HGMJ eMP, d9FK DeK LJ9dALAGFK BMANe eL jMf EMKMDE9Fe
, GMJ9Le )GMJ 30-31), e IMsADK fGFL. L dAK 9MP ;JGQ9FLeK de :9AKKeJ DeMJK Je?9JdK, de ?9JdeJ DeMJ ;h9KLeLY, eL de Fe EGFLJeJ de DeMJK 9LGMJK IMe ;e IMA eF H9J9]L eL IMseDDeK J9:9LLeFL DeMJ NGADe KMJ DeMJK HGALJAFeK i ('e CGJ9F
,
,
,
,
, GMNJAJ eL
,
,
, BD9F;h9Jd eFLJe De f9AL de Je?9JdeJ eL
, EGFLJe U IMeD HGAFL AD eKL AEHGJL9FL de
, GFKAdYJeJ DeK JeHJYKeFL9LAGFK 9MLGMJ dM
, Je?9JdK eF?9?e H9JLA;MDAZJeEeFL DsG:BeL GM De KMBeL Je?9JdY, 9M HGAFL de HGKKYdeJ D9 E
,
, GEEe AD 9 YLY EeFLAGFFY HJY
, DG:eJ (j) F ds9MLJeK EGLK, D9 NMe, eF Ks9HHJGHJA9FL DeK IM9DALYK eL D9 fGJEe de DsG:BeL IMseDDe Je?9Jde, JYMKKAL U h LGM;heJ i ;eL G:BeL i (BD9F;h9Jd 2011 : 109-110). +DMK IMe de HYFYLJeJ de f9XGF IM9KAEeFL fDMAde, De Je?
,
, LJe NM Fe ;GF;eJFeFL H9K MFAIMeEeFL De EGFde AFdAeF, E9AK 9MKKA DeK KG;AYLYK ;GF;eJFYeK H9J DeK HJ9LAIMeK dM NGADe d9FK D9 dANeJKALY de DeMJK ePHJeKKAGFK (D9 h AFC529 Ko?6 i). h '9 IMeKLAGF de IMA h NGAL i IMA eKL, DeK ds[LJe :e9M;GMH Je?9JdYK, FGL9EEeFL DeK G:BeLK K9;JYK. 'eK eFBeMP 9MLGMJ dM f9AL de NGAJ GM ds
, LANALY dYLeJEAFYe eL dYLeJEAF9FLe, eL Ds9;Le de NGAJ MFe HeJKGFFe de KePe GHHGKY eKL AFLAEeEeFL DAY 9M JeKHe;L eL U DsAFLAEALY, 2009.
,
,
, A9De U H9JL eFLAZJe IMA dYLeJEAFe DeK JeD9LAGFK
, MDeJ DeK
, MAFdA YL9:DAL MF DAeF eFLJe De NGADe eL DeK moF492C23:69, IMA GFL LGMK DeK deMP D9 fGF
, A9DeK U LJ9NeJK De Je?9Jd 169 . h 'e, vol.492, p.69
, GFLAeFL DseKKeF;e deK FGLAGFK 9J9:eK LJ9dALAGFFeDDeK de DsAFLAEALY : IMA 9 De h dJGAL de NGAJ IMA i, IMA 9 De h dJGAL de Fs[LJe H9K NM H9J IMA i, eL IMA
, NGAJ IMA i (j) De EMDLAHDeK E9FAZJeK
, LJ9FKHGJL9FL DsAFLAEALY dsMFe feEEe U DsAFLYJAeMJ de DseKH9;e HM:DA; i ( D "MAFdA 1999 : 95) 170 . CeK YDYEeFLK ds9F9DQKe JYNZDeFL Ds9KKG;A9LAGF eFLJe De Je?9Jd eL DeK KQKLZEeK JeD9LAGFFeDK, Je?9Jd deNAeFL MFe KGJLe de H9JGDe FGF HJGfYJYe, E9AK LGML 9MKKA dYLeJEAF9FLe. F effeL, IMA Je?9Jde IMA, IMA Fe Je?9Jde H9K IMA, IMA eKL Je?9JdY H9J
, IMAjdYfAFAKKeFL D9 F9LMJe deK JeD9LAGFK eFLJe DeK AFdANAdMK
, MDL9FL De Je?9Jd. 'e f9AL de :9AKKeJ De 89F?892E JeFKeA?Fe AEEYdA9LeEeFL KMJ IMeDK AFdANAdMK HeMNeFL Je?9JdeJ IMeDK 9MLJeK, eL IMA Fe HeML H9K [LJe Je?9JdY H9J IMA. 'e 89F?892E IMA Ke DZNe AFdAIMe IMe De Je?9Jd eKL JeKL9MJY, AD dYLeJEAFe 9AFKA IMeDDeK JeD9LAGFK KGFL HGKKA:DeK, eL IMeDDeK JeD9LAGFK KGFL KGAL AEHGKKA:DeK, KGAL H9JLA
, Je?9Jd eKL dGF; DsAFdA;9LeMJ deK JeD9LAGFK eFLJeLeFMeK eFLJe DeK AFdANAdMK, eL D9 F9LMJe de ;eK JeD9LAGFK. ID eKL D9, DY deK KQKLZEeK
, GMNJe eL feJEe KeDGF deK EGd9DALYK KHY;AfAIMeK dYLeJEAFYeK H9J De
, IMeKLAGF Gf OhG h KeeK i OhGE AK fG
, MFdefAFed) KH9;eK 9Je J9Je. (j) OhA;h ;GFKAdeJK h KeeAF? i 9 E9JCed 9
, DGKeDQ DAFCed LG JeKHe;L 9Fd HJAN9
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, Aeh eKL MF H9FFe9M eF :GAK f9AK9FL KGMNeFL GffA, vol.9
, deK EGLAfK ?YGEYLJAIMeK D9AKK9FL 9HH9J9]LJe de HeLALeK GMNeJLMJeK HeJEeLL9FL de NGAJ K9FK
, GEEMF d9FK Ds9J;hALe;LMJe deK KG;AYLYK 9J9:G-EMKMDE9FeK, eF IFde eL eF AFd9DGMKAe
, h (9KhJ9:AQQ9 eE:GdAeK Lhe eKKeF;e Gf LJ9dALAGF9D FGLAGFK Gf AJ9: HJAN9;Q nOhG h9K Lhe h JA?hL LG Kee OhGE i, OhG h9K Lhe h JA?hL FGL LG :e KeeF :Q OhGE i
, DeK 9 E9KhJ9:AQQ9 ; :ML OheJe9K E9KhJ9:AQQ9 AK KL9LAGF9JQ
,
, DeK :ABGMP BGMeFL Y?9DeEeFL MFe fGF;LAGF eKKeFLAeDDe IMA NAeFL 9LLAJeJ De Je?9Jd eL KGMDA?FeJ DeK eFdJGALK Gb ADK KGFL HD9
, MJ DeK KL9LMeLLeK AF
, DeK :GM;DeK dsGJeADDeK, FeR
, Je?9Jd 9MLGMJ dM NAK9?e HGMJ eFfAF Ds9LLAJeJ d9FK
, hMCD9 2008 : 33). ID eF eKL de E[Ee HGMJ De NAK9?e de D9 feEEe
,
, AeMP, deK HAeJJeK eL deK
, GMDeMJK BGMe MF JaDe AEHGJL9FL d9FK D9 NAe deK AFdANAdMK. A 0d9AHMJ, MF ?J9Fd FGE:Je dsAFdANAdMK HGJLeFL deK HAeJJeK eF :9?MeK GM eF HeFdeFLAfK IMA
, LhZEe 9KLJ9D eL U DeMJK dAffA;MDLYK dM EGEeFL. 'eK ;hAALeK de 'M;CFGO HGJLeFL eF :9?MeK deK HAeJJeK, p.9
,
, YdYK eF E9JLQJe GM 9MP dGMRe AE9EK (G:KeJN9LAGFK de LeJJ9AF, pp.0-9, 2016.
,
, MJJeFLe d9FK DeK AFLeJ9;LAGFK eFLJe hME9AFK eL dANAFALYK. +GMJ f9AJe HJeMNe de DeMJ ?YFYJGKALY, -?E9 eL .?L? dGFFeFL deK :ABGMP U DeMJK KMBeLK 9N9FL DeMJ dYH9JL eF ePAD
, GJKIMsH9FME9F 9JJANe U '9C?, AD EGFLJe D9 :9?Me de -?E9 U .?L? 9fAF de DMA HJGMNeJ K9 :GFFe fGA. 'GJKIMsADK KGFL de JeLGMJ U AQGdhQ?, .?L? FGMe MF ;GDDAeJ de HeJDeK 9MLGMJ dM, GM dsH9FME9F HGMJ EGFLJeJ K9 NeJLM (.hMCD9 2008 : 33). 'eK :ABGMP JeFKeA?FeFL KMJ De KL9LML de
,
, ABGMP eL De 89F?892E GFL deK fGF;LAGFK AFNeJKeK. 'eK :ABGMP 9HHeDDeFL DsmAD U NAKALeJ, U ePHDGJeJ DeK, GFLGMJK dM NAK9?e HGMJ NeFAJ Ks9JJ
, GEEe DGJK dM E9JA9?e H9J ePeEHDe, p.9
,
, MFe 9;;JG;he. F JeN9F;he, DeK :ABGMP HeMNeFL 9MKKA dYLGMJFeJ De Je?
, F9LMJeDDeEeFL 9LLAJY H9J D9 :e9MLY dsMF Je?9Jd GM dM
,
, A9AK dM Je?9Jd. D9FK MF
, ABGMP IMA KeE:DeFL
, DA?e9FL H9J MF effeL ds9LLJ9;LAGF eKLhYLAIMe U Ke fAPeJ KMJ deK HGAFLK HJY;AK ; d9FK Ds9MLJe AD eKL 9JJ[LY, eEH[;hY, AD Fe HeML IMe ?DAKKeJ. CeK KLJ9LY?AeK AEHDAIM9FL De Je?9Jd JY?MDeFL DeK AFLeJ9
,
,
, F:8FC6 80 P2CFC6 56 l2 m2C:R6....l6 m2C:286 6E l6D 2??R6D BF: DF:G6?E Do?E m2CBFRD A2C F?6 A2CFC6 :mAoCE2?E6 496K l2 76mm6. U52:AFC 2015. P9oEo : H2DmFk9 AF5:49J2 jMM F:8FC6 81 "6D m2:?D 56 l2 m2C:R6. U52:AFC 2015. P9oEo : H2DmFk9, vol.5, pp.49-51
, GEHJYheFKAGF dM KL9LML eL deK ;GFKLJM;LAGFK ;MDLMJeDDeK deK H9JLAeK dM
, HeJEeLLeFL de ;GEHJeFdJe de IMeDDeK E9FAZJeK DsG:BeL NGADe AFLeJ9?AL 9Ne
, eEeFL dM KMBeL IMA dAKHGKe dsMF GMLAD KMHHDYEeFL9AJe H9JLA;MDAZJeEeFL KA?FAfA9FL HGMJ Ke dAJe eL KsAFKYJeJ d9FK DsMFANeJK KG
, 9 feEEe eKL A;A 9, HMAKIMsAD eKL MF AFKLJMEeFL dM D9F?9?e ;GJHGJeD eL FGF NeJ:9D H9J DeIMeD eDDe f9AL KeFK de K9 HJYKeF
, HGJLe D9 fGF;LAGF dM N[LeEeFL, 9Ne; MF KMHHDYEeFL de KA?FAfA9FL dM f9AL de K9 DG
, Ce dYLGMJ H9J DeK ;GFKLJM;LAGFK deK H9JLAeK dM
, D9AJeJ eF H9JLAe D9 KeFKA:ADALY dM NGADe 9MP dYNeDGHHeEeFLK HGDYEAIMeK, U K9 HGDALAK9LAGF eL U K9 fGF;LAGF d9FK DeK HGKALAGFFeEeFLK JeDA?AeMP deK AFdANAdMK eL DeMJK DAeFK 9Ne
, GJdY De KeFK 9LLJA:MY 9M NAK9?e eL 9M Je?9Jd d9FK D9 KHhZJe AFdAeFFe, vol.9
,
, A9D. h 'e Je?9Jd hAFdGM Fs9?AL H9K U LALJe H9KKAf LeD De HeFKeMJ IMA KsAKGDe dM EGFde
, eK J9AKGFK IMe De Je?9Jd hAFdGM Fe deNJ9AL H9K Ke
, GF GM E9MN9AK, E9AK deNJ9AL HDMLaL Ke dYfAFAJ de E9FAZJe ?DG:9De
, , p.9
, dGFFYe D9 HMAKK9F;e dM Je?9Jd LeD IMsAD eKL
, GEEe MFe JYHGFKe
,
, MDeJ D9 NMe, 9ML9FL ;eDDe de D9 feEEe IMA 9?AL KMJ KGF NGADe -eL H9J DsAFLeJEYdA9AJe de
,
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,
,
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,
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, GFBM?9D AFLY?JY, D9 h d9FKe i dM 89F?892E Ke EeL eF HD9;e, eL D9 BeMFe feEEe N9 deNGAJ 9HHJeFdJe U NANJe 9Ne
, GM KGF 5FA2??? KA eDDe HGJLe MF ?2lH2C k2m?K, IMseDDe N9 deNGAJ 9BMKLeJ eF fGF;LAGF deK KALM9LAGFK AFLeJ9
, GFfJGFLYe. D9FK ;eLLe ePHYJAeF;e, De NGADe 9 deMP f9;eLLeK. DsMF ;aLY, AD HeML
,
, GEEe MFe RGFe HeJKGFFeDDe de Je
, GFKL9L IMe fGFL BGFFAe 59Je eL
,
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, YHGF?e9FL KeK HeAFeK, KeK KGMffJ9F;eK, KeK :DeKKMJeK, D9 HJGLY?
, De D2C: eKL MF N[LeEeFL ;GFLJ9A?F9FL, 9DGMJdA deK ;GFNeFLAGFK eL deK FGJEeK de DsYLAIMeLLe IMA HZKeFL KMJ K9 NAe, L9FdAK IMe HGMJ D9 feEEe de :9KKe ;9KLe IMA effe, h9DeMJ GM dM fJGAd. +GMJ D9 feEEe :J9hE9Fe IMA KseFFMAe d9FK K9 NAe
, AD eKKMAe K9 KMeMJ eL KGF K9F?
, GJHK (59Je eL AfK9J 2013). 'e 89F?892E HJYKeFLe ;eK deMP dAEeFKAGFK LeDDeK IMseDDeK KGFL YNGIMYeK HGMJ De D2C
,
, AeF, Be Fs9A H9K Dsh9:ALMde bcj ds9NGAJ MF NGADe deN9FL De NAK9?e, eL Bs9A LGMBGMJK DsAEHJeKKAGF IMe Be N9AK LGE:eJ GM JeFLJeJ d9FK IMeDIMsMF i
, GFfGJL d9FK MF DAeM YLJ9F?e. h ,M9Fd Bs9A KGMd9AFeEeFL eFNAe de HDeMJeJ DGJKIMsMF deK EeE:JeK de D9 f9EADDe Ee f9AL MFe JeE9JIMe, Be :9AKKe EGF 89F?892E HGMJ ;9, pp.0-9
, KeJNeJ IM9LJe 9FK 9HJZK ;eK JY
, &9B9D eL &JAKhF9 NANeFL KYH9JYEeFL deK H9JeFLK de &JAKhF9 eL &9B9D Fe :9AKKe KGF 89F?892E IMe IM9Fd eDDe Ke JeFd ;heR eMP, pp.9-9
, E9AK KeMDeEeFL 9M fGQeJ de KeK 9ffAFK eL deN9FL KGF :e9M-HZJe eL DeK GF;DeK de &JAKhF9. )9KJeeF eF JeN9F;he, GFLAFMe de :9AKKeJ KGF 89F?892E :AeF IMe KGF :e9M-HZJe DMA 9AL HeJEAK ds9JJ
,
, e NGADe IMA HeJEeL U MFe feEEe de Ke KGMKLJ9AJe 9M Je?9Jd dM EGFde LGML eF YL9FL ded9FK. 'e NGADe DMA GffJe MFe RGFe EAFAE9De dsAFLAEALY IMA DMA HeJEeL de Fe H9K ePHGKeJ 9M EGFde DeK 9DY9K de K9 NAe 9ffe;LANe, MFe LJGH ?J9Fde BGAe GM MFe LJGH ?J9Fde HeAFe HeMNeFL Q
, DeK eKH9;eK dsAFLAEALY eL dM dYHDGAeEeFL deK YEGLAGFK KGFL J9JeK d9FK DeK fGQeJK ;GEHGJL9FL MF ?J9Fd FGE:Je de EeE:JeK. 's9D;aNe dM 89F?892E deNAeFL 9DGJK MFe KGJLe de HAZ;e dYE9LYJA9DAKYe eL EG:ADe IMe D9 feEEe LJ9FKHGJLe 9Ne
, eK AFdANAdMK de E9FAZJe ?YFYJ9De eF IFde dM )GJd KGFL LeFMK U MF fGJL ;GFLJaDe deK YEGLAGFK, deK ePHJeKKAGFK deK NAK9?eK eL deK
, 9JdK d9FK De ;GFLePLe f9EADA9D. -9HHeDGFK IMe DeK hGEEeK deN9FL DeKIMeDK DeK feEEeK :9AKKeFL DeMJ 89F?892E 9dGHLeFL eMP E[EeK MFe 9LLALMde de JeKHe
, JeMKeK 9d9HL9LAGFK eL EGdMD9LAGFK KGFL HGKKA:DeK. DDeK HeMNeFL
, ?9LGAJeEeFL MFe dGFFYe fAPe. h '9F?9
,
, LAGFFeD de FGJEeK eL de fGJEeK ; D9 LJ9FKfGJE9LAGF GM De dYHD9;eEeFL d'MF YDYEeFL HeML EGdAfAeJ D'eFKeE:De, HJGdMAJe MFe FGMNeDDe KLJM;LMJe : GF 9 K9FK ;eKKe 9ff9AJe U deK YIMADA:JeK eF EGMNeEeFL, U deK AFKLALMLAGFK eF deNeFAJ i, p.9
, dsMF KQKLZEe dsY;h9F?eK AFNAKA:DeK IMA LJ9FKfGJEeFL DeK KG
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, De fGJEeJ MF Y;J9F 9MLGMJ de D9 KHhZJe 9ffe, E9KIMe DeK YEGLAGFK IMA HeMNeFL LJ9NeJKeJ KGF NAK9?e, FGL9EEeFL KGF Je?9Jd. CheR !eJh9F, DeK LJGAK :eDDeK-fADDeK :9AKKeFL DeMJ 89F?892E eF K9 HJYKeF
, MDAFK) d9FK D9
, GJKIMe Be KMAK ;heR !eJh9F, Be F9NA?Me KGMNeFL eFLJe DeK dAffYJeFLK eKH9;eK, IMA
, GEEe h DeK eKH9;eK dM 89F?892E, eL DeK eKH9;eK K9FK 89F?892E i. 'eK eKH9;eK KGFL dYfAFAK H9J DeK JeD9LAGFK eFLJe DeK AFdANAdMK IMA KsQ LJGMNeFL
, Je?9Jde D9 LYDYNAKAGF, eL H9JfGAK MFe RGFe de ;GFLeF9F;e deK YEGLAGFK eL ds9:9AKKeEeFL dM 89F?892E. 'GJKIMe !eJh9F eKL U D9 :GMLAIMe (U LJGAK EAFMLeK U HAedK de D9 E9AKGF), DeK LJGAK :eDDeK-fADDeK HGJLeFL GM FGF DeMJ 5FA2??? KMJ D9 L
, 9 :eDDe-EZJe JAL NGDGFLAeJK 9Ne; eDDe, eDDe eKL h LGDYJ9FLe eL ?eFLADDe i (KeDGF KeK :eDDeK-fADDeK), eL LGMLe Ds9MLGJALY eKL ;GF
, GJKIMe DeK :eDDeK-fADDeK KGFL d9FK De fGQeJ K9FK !eJh9F, GFLJ9AJeEeFL U D9 f9EADDe de &JAKhF9 GM ;eDDe de '9CKhEA
,
, 892E :9AKKY. %s9A DsAEHJeKKAGF de Fe HDMK 9NGAJ 9
, Lhe d9Q-LG-d9Q DANeK Gf OGEeF 9DKG KHe9C eDGIMeFLDQ LG Lhe O9QK AF OhA;h OGEeF ;Je 9LANeDQ Oe9Ne H9ddh9LAK Gf E9LeJF9D hGEeK OALh HJ9;LA;eK Gf AF-D9O hGEeK i, 2006.
, 9ffe;LANe eL DeMJK AFLeJDG;MLeMJK, eL E[Ee EGA IMA DeK ;GFF9AK :AeF Fs9A HDMK IMsMF eKH9, DeMJ KHhZJe
, 9LAGF DAEALY. +9JfGAK, 9DGJK IMseDDeK FGMK KeJNeFL U E9F?eJ d9FK DeK
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, KeJN9LAGFK KGFL AFLYJeKK9FLeK U LALJe de ;GEH9J9AKGF
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, eKL MFe :eDDe-EZJe H9AKA:De IMA KsAFLYJeKKe JeD9LANeEeFL HeM 9MP 9ff9AJeK dM fGQeJ. DDe 9AEe Ke JeHGKeJ, Y;GMLeJ DeK 9MLJeK H9JDeJ, vol.9
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, ?E: deK GJfZNJeK, eKL 9MKKA ?MAde LGMJAKLAIMe
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, LK 9M KeAF de DsMFALY de D9 f9EADDe YD9J?Ae f9AL 9HHeD U deK ;GF
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, +9JEA ds9MLJeK HJ9LAIMeK LJZK G:KeJNYeK eF IFde 9HH9JLeF9FL U ;eLLe ;9LY?GJAe Ke LJGMNeFL D9 K9DML9LAGF IMA
, GM MF AFdANAdM dGFL De KL9LML eKL KMHYJAeMJ. 'eK FANe9MP HhQKAIMeEeFL ePHJAEYK H9J De HGKALAGFFeEeFL dM
, GJdAF9LAGF, HDMK AD N9 EGFLeJ KeK deMP E9AFK BGAFLeK. 0F Y?9D GM DY?ZJeEeFL KMHYJAeMJ eF KL9LML KeJ9 K9DMY 9Ne
, DeK E9AFK BGAFLeK 9M FANe9M dM HDePMK KGD9AJe
, KL9LML MF HeM HDMK YDeNY AEHDAIMeJ9 MFe K9DML9LAGF 9Ne
, YFYJ9DeEeFL, DeK 9]FYK, FGL9EEeFL 9M KeAF de D9 f9EADDe, DeK AFdANAdMK 9Q9FL MF KL9LML KHAJALMeD GM JeDA?AeMP FGL9:De KeJGFL K9DMYK 9Ne
, DeK E9AFK BGAFLeK deN9FL De fJGFL GM D9 J9
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, HDMK De 89F?892E eKL :9AKKY, HDMK De JeKHe;L ePHJAEY eKL fGJL, L9FdAK IMe d9FK D9 K9DML9LAGF HDMK DeK E9AFK KGFL DeNYeK, eL HDMK DsePHJeKKAGF dM JeKHe;L eKL AEHGJL9FLe, JY ds9:9AKKeEeFL dM 89F?892E. F effeL
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, GM 9MLJeEeFL dAL, deK HaDeK ds9;LAGF KA?FAfA9FLeK, LeDK IMe HeFKeJ, E9J;heJ eL f9AJe. 'eK LJGAK LQHeK de K9DML9LAGFK YNGIMYeK H9J B
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, GFKAKL9AL U HGKeJ De dGK de D9 E9AF dJGALe KMJ De KGD eL U D9 DeNeJ HJG?JeKKANeEeFL 9DGJK IMe Ke DZNe DsAFdANAdM U IMA eKL E9FAfeKLY De JeKHe
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, CGhF 1996 : 8). CeL eF?9?eEeFL dM ;GJHK d9FK
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, J9EE9AJe KG
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, /hAK O9K 9DKG MKed AF 9 EeL9HhGJA
, Je9L f9NGJ Gf KGEeGFe, AFdA;9LAF? 9 OADDAF?FeKK LG :e
, 19Lh-;eFLMJQ ?MAde :GGCK OJALLeF fGJ F?DAKhEeF LJ9NeDAF? LG IFdA9 O9JFed LheAJ Je9deJK FeNeJ LG LGM;h 9 HAFdM'K GJ 9, 2002.
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, 9M EGFde HeJKe eL U DsIFde. .eDGF ;eK ;GF;eHLAGFK, Dsh9:AL de
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, GJdAF9LAGF, eL de dAKLJA:MLAGF deK JaDeK. 'eK dAEeFKAGFK dM ?eFJe eL deK J9HHGJLK ds9DDA9F
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, D9 HD9;e deK AFdANAdMK KMJ DsY;heDDe deK KL9LMLK eKL JeFdMe NAKA:De eL 9, Ae H9J DsAFLeJEYdA9AJe dM
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,
, GJHK 9AFKA IMe d9FK DseKH9;e NAKMeD
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, KQKLZEeK de JeHJYKeFL9LAGFK eL de N9DeMJK eL DeMJ AFK;JAHLAGF, H9J D9 H9JGDe eL De ?eKLe
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, NGAJe de hGFLe. CeK N9DeMJK HeMNeFL Ks9KKG
, D9 hGFLe GM D9 HMdeMJ IMseDDe HeML JeKKeFLAJ DGJKIMseDDe Ke LJGMNe eF HJYKeF;e de ;eJL9AFK AFdANAdMK. CeK YEGLAGFK HeMNeFL
, KMJNeFAJ d9FK DsMFANeJK AFLYJAeMJ de D9 feEEe, GM [LJe deK ;MJKeMJK JeD9LAGFFeDK IMsMFe feEEe N9 EeLLJe eF GeMNJe U LJ9NeJK KGF ;GJHK eL KGF NGADe, 9fAF de KsAdeFLAfAeJ U
, A9De
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, D9 HMdeMJ HeMNeFL 9AFKA [LJe deK YEGLAGFK IMA KMJNAeFFeFL de f9XGF KM:ALe d9FK D9 KHhZJe 9ffe;LANe de D9 feEEe DGJKIMseDDe Ke LJGMNe d9FK MFe KALM9LAGF IMA 9;LANe ;eK YEGLAGFK, E9AK eDDeK HeMNeFL 9MKKA KMJNeFAJ
, De f9AL de :9AKKeJ KGF NGADe HeML HJGNGIMeJ deK KeFLAEeFLK de hGFLe eL de HMdeMJ, eL eFLJ9]FeJ deK YL9LK YEGLAGFFeDK ;GFLJ9KLYK, 9ML9FL ;heR D9 feEEe IMe ;heR DeK hGEEeK IMA Ke LJGMNeFL eF K9 HJYKeF
, GJHGJeDDe HeML f9AJe 9HHeD 9MP AdY9MP de D9
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, GEEe DeK EGdZDeK deK dYeKKeK .?L? (YHGMKe de -?E9) GM +9JN9L? (YHGMKe de ?AN9) H9J ePeEHDe. CeK AdY9MP fYEAFAFK IMA 9HH9J9AKKeFL eF fADA?J9Fe deK AE9?AF9AJeK fGJ?eFL MFe
, GFKLJMAKeFL DeK JeD9LAGFK de ?eFJe. 'e f9AL ds9NGAJ De NAK9?e H9JLAeDDeEeFL GM LGL9DeEeFL Je
, EGFLJeFL ;e DAeF YLJGAL eFLJe DeK KL9LMLK eL DeK de?JYK ds9:9AKKeEeFL dM NGADe E9AK
,
,
, LMY DGJKIMe DeK feEEeK KGFL eF ePLYJAeMJ d9FK MF DAeM 9HH9JeEEeFL AKGDY deK hGEEeK eL IMsMF hGEEe KMJNAeFL :JML9DeEeFL. ID 9
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, LeEeFL d9FK DsYD9:GJ9LAGF deK JeD9LAGFK eF IFde dM )GJd, IMA HeML, d9FK ;eJL9AFK ;GFLePLeK eL FGL9EEeFL d9FK De ;9K deK LAKKMK FGF
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,
, CheR DeK J9BHGMLeK, DeK feEEeK eL DeK hGEEeK KGFL KYH9JYK H9J MF A2C529 DGJK dM E9JA9?e, GF Fe NGAL H9K DeK feEEeK, 9DGJK IMe ;heR FGMK, DeK feEEeK eL DeK hGEEeK KGFL eFKeE:De, MJ DeK
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, DAIMe, HJGLY?YK H9J deK h NGADeK i (JYeDK GM KQE:GDAIMeK) IMA HJeFFeFL dANeJKeK fGJEeK : ;9J GF HeML Ke deE9FdeJ KA dsMF HGAFL de NMe KQE:GDAIMe, DeK EMJK, DeK moF492C23:69, DeK H9J9NeFLK, eL E[Ee DsGEAKKAGF deK FGEK KMJ DeK ;9JLeK dsAFNAL9LAGFK 9MP E9JA9?eK Fe KGFL H9K eMP-9MKKA deK NGADeK, IMA JeLAJeFL 9MP Je?9JdK D9 HJYKeF;e, DsAdeFLALY (deK FGEK) deK feEEeK ? h CGEEe DeK J9BHGMLeK KGFL DeK KGMNeJ9AFK eL IMe, ID eKL AFLYJeKK9FL de FGLeJ IMe DeK FGEK deK feEEeK J9BHGMLeK KGFL 9:KeFLK deK ;9JLeK de E9JA9?e. '9 HJYKeF
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, '9ChOAFdeJ IM9FL U eDDe dAL IMe DeK :eDDeK-fADDeK YL9FL deNeFMeK YdMIMYeK, eDDeK Fe :9AKK9AeFL H9K DeMJ 89F?892E, eL IMe DeK :eDDeK-EZJeK Fe HGMN9AeFL H9K
, GMLMEe IMe DeMJK :eDDeK-fADDeK 9N9AeFL 9:9FdGFFYe. 'eMJK ePHDA;9LAGFK Ee KeE:DeFL AFLYJeKK9FLeK H9J
, IMseDDeK HGKeFL DeK ;hGKeK dAffYJeEEeFL de ;e IMe Bs9A eFLeFdM BMKIMe DU. DDeK 9ffAJEeFL IMe, p.9
, D9 HMdeMJ (?2C2m, ;eLLe hGFLe HGKALANe IMe FGMK 9NGFK YNGIMYe 9MH9J9N9FL) Fs9 H9K dAKH9JM, E9AK IMs9Ne; D9 dAKH9JALAGF dM 89F?892E, De KL9LML de D9 :eDDe-fADDe 9
, GEH9?Fe. h *F 9N9AL MFe ?J9Fde dAKL9F;e 9Ne; FGLJe :e9M-HZJe, GF Fe De Je?9Jd9AL H9K, Fe DMA H9JD9AL H9K
, LeEeFL U FGMK eL fJ9HH9AL 9Ne; K9
, NeJJe de LhY DGJKIMsAD NGMD9AL IMeDIMe ;hGKe i dAL '9ChOAFdeJ. +9JNeeL J9BGMLe IMs9MBGMJdshMA, De :e9M-HZJe LJ9FKHGJLe KeK :eDDeK-fADDeK, KMJ KGF K
, DGJKIMseDDeK YL9AeFL 9KKAKeK d9FK DeK ;h9JJeLLeK LAJYeK H9J DeK :mMfK, De :e9M-HZJe E9J;h9AL U ;aLY. .eDGF eDDeK, D9 dAKH9JALAGF dM 89F?892E 9MJ9AL d9N9FL9?e LJ9FKfGJEY De KL9LML de D9 :eDDe-fADDe eL eM deK effeLK KMJ D9 dAKL9F
, , vol.9, p.9
, 9 dAKL9F;e IMsAD YL9:DAKK9AL, eL DeK KL9LMLK IMsAD fAP9AL, Fe HeJEeLL9AeFL H9K de JeD9LAGF de HJGPAEALY. ANe; K9 dAKH9JALAGF, D9 :eDDe fADDe BGMAL dsMF KL9LML IMA D9 J9HHJG
,
, eDDe fADDe HeML Ke dAKHMLeJ de f9XGF NAJMDeFLe 9Ne; K9 :eDDe EZJe LGML eF YL9FL eF 89F?892E, eF DMA E9FIM9FL YNeFLMeDDeEeFL de JeKHe
, LAGF KGFL HDMK AEHGJL9FLeK i (+9JNeeL, Be9K, 2017.
,
, AdeFL NA9 DeK )-I. 'e J9HHGJL 9M ;GJHK 9
,
, 9MP
, AeFK eL U D9 f9EADDe dM E9JA i. CeLLe BGMJFYe U Be9K GMNJe HGMJ EGA ds9MLJeK HeJKHe
, dsMFe E9FAZJe IMe Be Fe DeK 9N9AK H9K 9:GJdYeK 9MH9J9N9FL. CeK feEEeK, f9AK9FL HJeMNe dsMF JeLGMJ JYfDePAf H9JfGAK KMJHJeF9FL, YL9:DAKKeFL de f9XGF
,
, GJdYe DGJK de EeK ;GFNeJK9LAGFK eL eFLJeLAeFK. +GMJ eDDeK, D9 dAKH9JALAGF dM 89F?892E eKL MFe :GFFe ;hGKe ;9J eDDe HeJEeL de dYNeDGHHeJ MFe HJGPAEALY 9M KeAF dM fGQeJ deK 9ffAFK, FGL9EEeFL 9Ne; De :e9M-HZJe, IMA HeJEeL dsYIMADA:JeJ DeK LeFKAGFK eL de dYNeDGHHeJ deK JeD9LAGFK de LeFdJeKKe. h 'GJKIMe EGF :e9M-HZJe eKL EGJL, Ee dAL H9JEeKh &9MJ, LANe dsMFe E9FAZJe IMA Fs9N9AL B9E9AK YLY 9
, De dM LeEHK dM 89F?892E i (H9JEeKh &9MJ, Be9K, 2017.
, e f9AL ds9NGAJ HM eFLeFdJe deK dAK
,
, HeJEeLLeFL dseF eFNAK9?eJ HDMK HJY;AKYEeFL ;eJL9AFeK fGF;LAGFK dM 89F?892E, ;GEEe ;eDDe YNGIMYe A;A, IMA eKL ;eDDe dseEH[;heJ MF J9HHJG, ZdeFL U D9 dAKH9JALAGF dM 89F?892E 9M +eFdB9
, H9JEeKh, '9ChOAFdeJ eL +9JNeeL &9MJ YL9:DAKKeFL eFKMALe eKL LGML U f9AL AFYdAL eL KGMDZNe, U EGF KeFK, MFe dAEeFKAGF IMsAD KeJ9AL AFLYJeKK9FL ds9HHJGfGFdAJ, DGJK de LeJJ9AFK MDLYJAeMJK 9M +eFdB9:, E9AK 9MKKA d9FK ds9MLJeK YL9LK eF HDMK dM -9B9KLh9F
, DDeK Ee dAKeFL eF effeL IMs9M LeEHK dM 89F?892E, HeFd9FL DeK G:KZIMeK, DeK feEEeK HDeMJ9AeFL 9:GFd9EEeFL, IMseDDeK Ke fJ9HH9AeFL DeK ;MAKKeK, De NeFLJe, BMKIMsU eF [LJe JGM?eK, eL IMseDDeK hMJD9AeFL DeMJ dGMDeMJ. h ,M9Fd MFe feEEe YL9AL
,
, H9JEeKh 9BGMLe IMe h DeK YEGLAGFK KGFL LGMBGMJK 9MKKA fGJLeK, E9AK GF E9FIMe de fGJ;e eL de ;GMJ9?e HGMJ DeK KGJLAJ i. AAFKA, eDDeK YL9:DAKKeFL MF H9J9DDZDe eFLJe DsAFLeFKALY YEGLAGFFeDDe ;GDDe;LANe, D9 FGJEe 9MLGJAKYe dsePHJeKKAGF deK YEGLAGFK, eL D9 fGJ, Ee E9D NM i ('9ChOAFdeJ &9MJ, Be9K KeHLeE:Je, 2017.
, GFLe MFe 9Fe;dGLe : h (GF 9EAe KseKL G;;MHYe de KGF :e9M HZJe HeFd9FL
, AFI 9FK 9DGJK IMsAD YL9AL E9D9de, p.9
, HeJKGFFe de D9 f9EADDe de KGF E9JA DMA 9 dAL, h 19K Le EeLLJe deJJAZJe, LM ?V;heK, MKC9 E9JF9 ?h9J9: C9JLA h9A i) (H9JEeKh &9MJ, Be9K, KeHLeE:Je 2017). 'e 89F?892E KeJ9AL-AD 9DGJK AFNeJKeEeFL HJGHGJLAGFFeD U DsAFLeFKALY deK YEGLAGFK ePHJAEYeK ? 'eK HJG
,
, EeLL9FL eF d9F?eJ DsYIMADA:Je deK DAeFK f9EADA9MP ? '9 dAKL9F
, A9De EAKe eF mMNJe d9FK De 89F?892E eL DeK 9MLJeK HJ9LAIMeK
, MDLMJeDDe U MFe fGJLe AFLeFKALY JeD9LAGFFeDDe ? CeK KLJ9LY?AeK de
, GFLJaDe IMe FGMK JYNZDe De 89F?892E KeJ9AeFL eDDeK MFe JYHGFKe KG
, YEGLANe eL KeFLAEeFL9De ? 1. Les pratiques vestimentaires : normes et adaptations L7 ghunghat 7EF Gn HRF7?7nF 6AnF nAGE 3HAnE HG CG7
, 4D7 6dPlP?7nFE ?PF:A6AlA9
,
, AnE 7F l7E 53D35FPD;EF;CG7E. 'sAFdANAdM Ke dGFFe ;GFK
, Ee LeEHK IMsAD Ke JYAFNeFLe U
, NeKLAEeFL9AJe eL IMsAD Ds9?eF
,
,
, LeEeFLK KGFL deK KA?FeK 9JLAfA
,
, 9KKME9FL MFe fGF;LAGF EAPLe, ;seKL-U-dAJe U D9 fGAK fGF
, LAGFFeDDe (ADK KeJNeFL U
, KQE:GDAIMe (ADK AFdAIMeFL MFe fGF, LAGF KG
, , p.186
, GF 9?eF;eEeFL 9Ne; ds9MLJeK KA?FeK
, GFKLALMe MF D9F?9?e KG;A9D eL KQE:GDAIMe IMA HeJEeL U DsAFdANAdM FGF KeMDeEeFL de KsAFKYJeJ
, HJGdMAJe dM KeFK U H9JLAJ deK ;hGAP NeKLAEeFL9AJeK deK 9MLJeK AFdANAdMK 9Ne
, DeKIMeDK AD eKL eF
, DZEe dM ;hGAP deK N[LeEeFLK IMe DsGF HGJLe, BseKK9Ae de ;GEHJeFdJe HGMJIMGA DeK AFdANAdMK GHZJeFL ;eJL9AFK ;hGAP NeKLAEeFL9AJeK, eL ;e IMe ;eK ;hGAP 186 "MADDeEeLLe, GMAK HY:eJL (dAJ.), ):8?o, -AEGMKCA, pp.7-7
, BADF7D Gn 57DF3;n FKB7 67 HRF7?7nF 7EF Gn 83
, , vol.8, pp.12-187, 1996.
, HP B3D, vol.7, p.83
, An EAGF7nG7 B3D 67E E3n5F
, AnE EA5
,
,
, An 3H75 l7 EKEFQ?7 67 DQ9l7E 7n 9PnPD3l CG; 5AnEF;FG7 EAn 7nH;DAnn7?7nF, B7D?7FF3nF 67 6P6G
, D7 « l7 53D35FQD7 ?AD3l 67 l3 B7DEAnn7
, GA88?3n 1973 : 103). L3 87??7 CG; 43;EE7 EAn ghunghat FD3nE?7F Gn ?7EE397 nAn H7D43l 67 EAn D3BBADF M l3 nAD?7 63nE Gn 57DF3
,
, DUl7 CG7 jAG7 l3 87??7 63nE ldPl34AD3F
, Ann7lE 67 EAn Gn
,
,
,
, E 6G 5ADBE 7F 6G HRF7?7nF, 6dGn AD6D7 EA5
,
, ll397E EAnF 67 nAGH73G M l3 ?A67, 5A??7 l7 kh?d?
, 5An57Dn7 Gn ?A67 67 F
,
, Lhe HJG:DeE Gf Oh9L LG Oe9J, I LJQ LG eP9EAFe OhQ HeGHDe E9Ce ;eJL9AF ;hGA;eK Gf dJeKK 9Fd Oh9L LheKe ;hGA;eK Ee9F LG LheE. /hAK AFNGDNeK Je, AG l7E BAFE 7n F7DD7, CG; EAnF FDACGPE 63nE l7E H;ll7E ?AK7nn7E B3D 67 l3 H3
, LQHe Gf dJeKK AK AF f9;L 9
, La mise en scène de la ie quotidienne. Les relations en public, GA88?3n, EDH;n9, 1973.
,
, C7FF7 ?3F;QD7 7EF ?PBD;EP7 B3D l7E :;n6AGE 6d,63;BGD (EGDFAGF l7E BD3:?3n7E 7F l7E )3jBAGF7E) B3D57 CG7 5AnE, CG7E (kurt?s) AG ?2lH2C k2m?K 7n 5AFAn, vol.6, pp.3-3
,
,
, A;nE;, l7E nAD?7E E7, p.99, 2007.
, 3GFD7E, 63nE Gn7 F7nE;An B7D?3n7nF7 7nFD7
, LdGn7 67E 6;?7nE
, AnE BD
, B3l7E 6G HRF7?7nF 7EF 6d;n6
,
, FP E7
,
, FP E7 DP8QD7 7n 7887F M l3 8A
, CG; 7EF ;67nF;CG7 7nFD7 BlGE
, CG7 M Gn7 5:AE7. S7lAn l7 L3DAGEE7, 7ll7 7EF l7 « 53D35FQD7 B7D?3n7nF 7F 8An63?7nF3l 67 CG7lCGdGn
, AGD l3 EA5, vol.67, pp.3-7
,
, AnE 67 EA;, 7F Gn7 ;67nF;FP 5All75F;H7, 5A?BAEP7 67E
, , p.67
,
, 67 E7E 5A?BADF7?7nFE EA5;3GJ. L3 nAF;An 6d;67nF;FP ;?Bl;CG7 Gn7 F7nE;An 7nFD7 6PF7D?
, D3nE l7E 67GJ 53E, 7ll7 7EF 6Kn3?, vol.7
,
, 53F;An 67 57E nAD?7E H3 M ld7n5AnFD7 67 l7GD BDABD7 ?AD3l
,
, PH3lG7D l7 679DP 6'A4P;EE3n57 6'Gn ;n6;H;6G 67H3nF Gn7 3GFAD, FP CG
, An M l'3GFAD;FP, nAF3??7nF CG3n6 7ll7 ;n6G
, AnE CG
, BAE7nF 67E BDA4lQ?7E 67 5AnE5;7n57 3G EGj7F. L3 63F7 67 l'7JBPD;7n57 7EF bbx BDABAE;F;AnE ;nF7D35F
,
,
, , pp.5-7
, D7 CGd;l 6A
,
,
, EAn E7nE l
, , vol.87, pp.5-7
,
, , vol.67, pp.7-7
,
, A;nE;, 3G E7;n 6dGn7 6AG4l7 3DF;5Gl3F;An 535:7D/DPHPl7D, l3 87??7 CG, AnE B3EE39QD7E 7F 35FG7ll7E » (GA88?3n 1973 : 129), vol.535
, D7 67E nAD?7E 7F 39
, D 7n 5An8AD?;FP 3H75 l7 5AnE7nEGE 67 l3 EA5;PFP 63nE l3CG7ll7
,
,
,
, 7E 6dPH;F7?7nF B3D 7J7?Bl7) (GA88?3n 1973 : 129). D3nE 57 536D7, nAGE BAGHAnE nAGE 67?3n67D 63nE CG7ll7 ?7EGD7 l7E 3FF;FG67E 5ADBAD7ll7E 67 l3 87??7 lADECGd7ll7 7EF A55GBP7
,
,
,
, An 6dGn7 7nF3
, BADF3nF7, 53D CG7lCG7E 3nnP7E BlGE F3D6, 1967.
,
, FP
,
,
,
, CG7 P93l7?7nF 3G 9DAGB7
, nE; CG7 l7GD 397n57?7nF 7nFD7 7ll7E CG, vol.6
,
, AnE 67 57E 67GJ F7D?7E -;67nF
, FP, vol.7, pp.3-3
, AnF EAnF B3DF;5Gl;QD7?7nF P5l3
, « l 83GF 3GEE; BD7n6D7 7n 93D67 M Gn7 6, AnF, 1966.
, LADECG7 nAGE P5D
,
,
,
, , pp.6-7
,
,
, , pp.67-74
,
,
, , p.18, 1975.
, A ld;nH7DE7, ld;n6;H;6G 7n n67 7EF DPEAlG?7nF Gn « :A??7 63nE l7 xMx « (?) 3 B7DEAndE ;67nF;FK ;E 678, H7DE7l. l 7EF 3G 57nFD7 67 FAGF, 7F FAGF E7 D3BBADF7 M lG;. l 7EF ldGn;FP EGBDR?7 3GFAGD 67 l3CG7ll7 7EF 5AnEFDG;F l7 ?An67 EA5;3l
, AnE 7F l7E 6PF7D?;n3F
, AnE EAnF 7n9lA4PE B3D l7 FAGF EA5;3l, 6GCG7l ;l
,
, PFP 7EF 5AnOG7 5A??7 Gn7 5All75F
, , vol.7
, 3CG7 :A??7 7EF 5AnOG 5A??7 ld
, An 7F 67 ?3D;397, CG
,
, FP
,
, An AG ld343n6An 67 l3 BD3F;CG7 6G ghunghat BAE7 l3 CG7EF;An 67 ld
, An 7F ld3BBDABD;3F;An 67E nAD?7E EA5
, An 7nFD7 E7E 6PE
,
, B3Dl7D 67 5:A;J 67H
, R?7 ;?Bl;5;F7?7nF, B3D E7E 388;nE), EA;F 5All75F, 7GD7 M l3 87??7 (l7 ghunghat 7EF 7J, vol.9
, 7, 5A??7 63nE 57DF3, vol.87
, R?7 5A?Bl7J7 BG, vol.57
, ECGdAn B7GF E7 67?3n67D jGECGdM CG7l BA
,
,
, l7 BAGEE7nF M ABPD7D F7l AG F7l 5:A;J 7n 8An5F
,
,
, An 6G 5:A;J 63nE l7E BD3F
,
, 47DFP, vol.67
, D » 67 BADF7D AG nAn l7 HA;l7. OD, 63nE CG7ll7 ?7EGD7 Gn7 87??7 7EF-7ll7 63H3nF397 l, vol.4, p.7
, l7 BlGFUF CG7 67E 5:3GEEGD7E M F3lAnE
, « AGJ HRF7?7nFE 67E EGDABP7nE PF3;F 3EEA5
,
, FG7lE 3GFAGD 6G BADF 67 5A;887E, FGD43nE AG 5:3B73GJ 7F 67 5:3GEEGD7E » (CA:n 1989). L7E 5A67E 3GFAGD 6G BADF
, E 7F l7E n6;7nE. AlADE CG7 57E 67Dn
, CG7lCG7 B3DF, l7E BD7?;7DE 93D63;7nF l7E l7GDE ; 3lADE CG7 BAGD l7E n6, vol.7, p.7
,
,
, QD7?7nF l3 FRF7, CG7 F3nFUF ldAn 5AGHD7 (5A??7 63nE ld;El3?, BAGD l7E :A??7E 7F l7E 87??7E, l7E :;n6AGE 7n n67 6G NAD6
, 7E 53F:Al;CG7E 63nE ldP9l;E7) F3nFUF ldAn 6P5AGHD7 (l7E :A??7E 53F:Al
, F Gn7 FD3nE8AD?3F;An 67 ld;67nF
, FP 7F 6G ?A67 67 H, vol.7
,
, CG7FF7 7F 6dGn 5A?BADF7?7nF
, , vol.7, pp.7-10
,
,
, AnE 8AD?7ll7E, 3G ?An67 7JFPD, vol.7
, QD7 ;nF;?7 6G 8AK7D, p.67
, 52) 193 . C7E 5:3n97?7nFE 67 F7nG7E xMb « C:3n9;n9 An7dE 5lAF:7E FA EG;F F:7 A553E, vol.8, pp.757-760, 1996.
, F PFP 7n B39n7 AG 7n dhot? 194 . L7 HRF7?7nF Ed355A?B39n7 6dGn7 PF
, CG7FF7, 7F ;n6G
,
,
, C7E 7J7?Bl7E B7GH7nF E7DH;D 6dPlP?7nFE 67 5A?B3D3
, EAn 3H75 l7 ghunghat, BG;ECGd;l ;?Bl;CG7 3GEE
,
, An 67E ;67nF;FPE ? '3DF;5;B7-F-n67 ? Sd7JBD
, An M 67E EKEFQ?7E 67 H3l7GDE jG9PE, vol.5, p.3
, , vol.67
,
, AnE EFDG5FGD7ll7E : ;nFPD
, 7GD/7JFPD;7GD ; BD
, 7E, BDPE7n57 6d:A??7E 7F5) 7F, vol.87
, 7GE7E : F7?Bl7E :;n6AGE, dargah
, , vol.5, pp.7-12
, Ann7l 3G B7n93l7 7F 63nE l3
, l E7 nAG7 3GFAGD 67 l3 F3;ll7. xMf NAF3??7nF l7E Gh?r udwaras :;EFAD;CG7E 5A??7 l7 B3n9l3 S3:;4 M D7l:; AG '3AnF3 S3
, S775:7I3l, 67E 83?
,
, Gn 3GFD7
,
, CG7E, l7E ;67nF
, FPE, l7E 3BB3DF7n3n57E 8lG5FG7nF 7n 8An5F;An 67E 5AnF7JF7E 7F 67E 9DAGB7E 5An87EE
, L7E 87??7E 67 l3 83?;ll7 67 M3:?AA6, ?GEGl?3n EGnn;F7, BADF7nF l7 5FA2??? 9PnPD3l7?7nF 7n 5AFAn EGD l3 FRF7 63nE l3 H
, CG3n6 Gn 5AnF7JF7 E7 F7D?;n7 7F M CG7l ?A?7nF Gn 3GFD7 5A??7n57 » (T3DlA 1996 : 54)
,
,
,
, 7FF7GDE 7F 67E DP57BF7GDE 67 ?7EE397E, M
,
, « On7 A8 F:7 ?3jAD BDA4l7?E I;F: 5:3n9;n9 An7dE 5lAF:7E FA EG;F F:7 5AnF7JF I3E F:3F An7 :36 FA 675;67 I:7D7 An7 5AnF7JF 7n676 3n6 3nAF:7D 4793n. » (T3DlA, p.54, 1996.
, L-; 7b2-t; v714F
, , p.9
,
,
, , 2009.
, LANYK H9J deK HJ9LAIMeK de HMJAfA;9LAGF eL de ;GFKY, J9LAGF
, GEEe DeK DAeMP de
,
, GFKAdYJeJ IMe De 89F?892E 9 9MKKA ;GEEe fGF;LAGF de ;GFK9, JeJ De
,
, JYe
, GEEe DeK deKKeJN9FLK HJYH9JeFL DeK LeEHDeK U Je;eNGAJ DeK EeKK9?eK deK dANAFALYK, deK eKHJALK GM deK dANAFALYK LMLYD9AJeK IMA KsAF;9JFeFL U LJ9NeJK De
, A9FLK DGJK deK ;YJYEGFAeK deK JALeK de HGKKeKKAGF d9FK De &eJ9D9 (G:KeJN9LAGFK de LeJJ9AF, 2002.
,
, GJHK, Ks9;;GEH9?Fe de JALeK eL de HJ9LAIMeK H9JLA
,
, GDAIMe dM KHAJALMeD KMJ MF DAeM HJGf9Fe, GM d9FK De ;9K deK LeEHDeK, deNeFM HJGf9Fe H9J Ds9:KeF;e de JALMeD : DeK deKKeJN9FLK 9DDMEeFL DeK D9EHeK U hMADe, p.9
, De DseF;eFK eKL 9DDMEY 9MP IM9LJe ;GAFK de DseF;eAFLe dM LeEHDe, De LeEHDe eKL dY;GJY de fDeMJK, dsGffJ9FdeK de fJMALK, de, GFLAFMeDDeEeFL 9fAF de h ;h9J?eJ Ds9AJ de NA:J9LAGFK HGKALANeK, eL dsYDGA?FeJ DeK E9MN9AK eKHJALK i (1AHAF, h9:AL9FL dM NADD9?e ds dd9CMD9E, 2008.
, CeK 9
,
, LMeDDeEeFL DeK E9FAfeKL9LAGFK deK effDMNeK dM EGFde KHAJALMeD, IMA KsAF;9JFeFL d9FK DeK KL9LMeK GM effA?AeK IMA DeK JeHJYKeFLeFL eL H9JfGAK d9FK De
, G6l:442A2EEF) fGJEYK U ;eLLe fGF;LAGF 9fAF de dYDANJeJ MF GJ9, A9FLK (eF E9D9Q9D9E9
, De (k2lA2?2) U MFe ;GEEMF9MLY (/9J9, GML, 1986.
, AM:eJL 2004). F :9AKK9FL KGF NGADe KMJ KGF NAK9?e, D9 feEEe Fs9?AL-eDDe H9K 9MKKA eF, p.9, 2003.
, AYLY Gb D9 HJGPAEALY eFLJe hGEEeK eL feEEeK eKL JZ?DeEeFLYe eL d9FK
, D9IMeDDe De E9MN9AK mAD eKL, vol.9
, GEEe d9FK DeK KG
, AYLYK EGQeF GJAeFL9DeK eL EYdALeJJ9FYeFFeK de E9FAZJe ?YFYJ9De ? h ,M9FL U D9 FMdALY dM
, GJHK, hGJEAK ;eDMA deK EGJLK, eDDe deEeMJe BMKIMsU DsYHGIMe GLLGE9Fe MF f9AL bVc eP;eHLAGFFeD IMA JeDZNe dsMFe KGJLe de ;GdAfA, vol.9, p.9
, ALe JeD9LANe U ;eJL9AFeK KALM9LAGFK (92mm2m), ;9J ;eL YL9L n eL d9FK De EGFde EMKMDE9F EGAFK eF
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, AM EGEeFL Gb D9 BeMFe E9JAYe IM'eKL De KeFK dM CGJ9F JeLAJe KGF NGADe, De JGQ9MEe de D9 fGA eKL dYFMY de LJGM
, eKL H9J;e IM'AD JefMKe IMe LM JeLAJeK De NGADe
, Be Fe KMAK H9K ;eLLe :e9MLY
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, ID AFKZJe MF AFdANAdM d9FK MF f9AK
, GEHDePe d9FK DeIMeD ;eJL9AFeK JeD9LAGFK dGANeFL [LJe KLJA;LeEeFL JY?MDYeK 9fAF de HJYKeJNeJ D9, GhYKAGF dM ?JGMHe. 'e NGADe KA?F9De D9 dYDAEAL9LAGF dsMFe RGFe K9
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, ID EGFLJe IMe Ds9MLJe FseKL B9E9AK ;GEHDZLeEeFL 9;;eKKA:De, eL JeFfeJEe MFe H9JL de Ke;JeL. (9AFLeF9FL IMe FGMK 9NGFK NM De DAeF eFLJe De NGADe eL De K9;JY, IMA eKL DAY 9M EQKLZJe de DsePAKLeF;e, NGQGFK de IMeDDe f9XGF AD HeML
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, L-vHt-5-6t c755-7ut14 ,-c755u61c)t176
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, F7 67E PlP?7nFE 6G 5AnF7JF7 CG; 35F;H7nF E3 ?
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, H7 67E :A??7E 67H3nF l7ECG7lE ;l 7EF ?3n
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, An B3D l7E ;n6;H;6GE CG
, L7E BA;nFE 6d3n3lKE7 CG; B7D?7FF7nF 67 5A?BD7n6D7 l7 HRF7?7nF 63nE Gn EKEFQ?7 5GlFGD7l 7F EK?4Al
,
, D75AGHD7 7F 7n9lA47 FAGF7E l7E 3GFD7E. Cd7EF BDA434l7?7nF BAGD 57FF7
, EAn CG7 l7 HRF7?7nF 3 PFP 5A?B3DP M Gn l3n9397 7F
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, , 2002.
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, L7 83;F 67 535:7D ?7F ;5; 7n PH;67n57 67E 5A67E ?AD3GJ. L7 ghungha 83
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, , pp.6-7
, An EAnF D7n6G7E BAEE;4l7E, AGHD3nF AG nAn EGD Gn7 ;nF7D35F
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, H7nF RFD7 A4E7DHP7E 3H75 l3 BlGE 9D3n67 BDG67n57 53D Gn7 FD3nE8AD?3F;An
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, 3n97D 3G 83EF-8AA6, AG CG3n6 j7 ?7 D7n6E 5:7L ?7E jcN « (?) 3 5A676 E7nEADK EKEF7? A8 nAn-H7D43l 5A??Gn;53F
, E O3 n7 ?7 H;7n6D3
, 6P7 6d3ll7D 7n j73nE 3G F7?Bl7 AG 5:7L ?3 9D3n6-?QD7 ! L7 j73nE 7EF jGEF7 Gn AGF
, E CG3n6 j7 H7GJ RFD7 5An8ADF34l7
, An 67E 5:A;J 6AnF j7 6
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, CG7E H7EF;?7nF3
, An 3H75 EAn 7nFAGD397, 6AnF ;l DP9Gl7 l7E 8lGJ 7n 8An5F;An 67E ?7EE397E CGd
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, An E3nE 57EE7 D7nAGH7lP7 67 5A?BADF7?7nFE
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, AG BD7?
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, FE 6G )3j3EF:3n. L7E EK?4Al7E EAnF B3D8A
, An67 ;n6;7n AG EF34l7E M FD3H7DE l7 ?An67 (5A??7 l7E EK?4Al7E 67 l3 BKD3?;67/FD;3n9l7 AG 6G 57D5l7, B3D 7J7?Bl7)
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, A67E CG; l7 6PF7D?;n7nF, l7 HRF7?7nF FP?A;9n7 6dGn7 PBACG7, 6dGn ?A?7nF AG 6dGn 5AnF7JF7. L7E ;6PAlA9;7E 7n PHAlGF, FE?A FD3H7DE 67E nAGH7ll7E ?3F;QD7E, E7E nAGH7ll7E 8AD?7E, l7E ?
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, En 7887F, ;l EPB3D7 Gn7 47ll7-8;ll7 67 ldGn;FP 83?;l;3l7 63nE l3CG7ll7 7ll7 3 PFP ?3D;P7, 7n ?R?7 F7?BE CGd
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, » (?) )G4;nEF7;n, 6D3I, CG7nF B3E l7 ghungha , ?R?7 lADECGd;lE BADF7nF 67E :34;FE 67 FRF7 (l7E FGD43nE, B3D 7J7?Bl7) 7F M ld7J57BF;An 67 l3 5PDP?An;7 6G ?3D;397, B7n63nF l3CG7ll7 57DF3;nE :A??7E (nAF3??7nF 5:7L l7E 208 « n :;E 7J3?;n3F;An A8 I:3F :7 D787DE FA 3E F:7 « 36ADn?7nF F:7ADK, pp.245-53, 1986.
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, PFPE 7F l7E 5A67E 67E H3l7GDE ?AD3l7E CG
, An B7GF ;67nF;8;7D CG7l FKB7 67 5A?BADF7?7nF 7EF 3FF7n6G 6dGn
, L3 83OAn CGdAnF l7E 87??7E 67 Ed3EE7A
, AFA 63nE l7 ?An67 ;n6;7n 7n 9PnPD3l 5AnEF;FG7 Gn 7J7?Bl7
, 7E n7 ?AnF7nF CGd7J57BF;Ann7ll7?7nF M 53l
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, D7E, nAF3??7nF l7 BADF 6G sari. C7FF7 83OAn 67 E7 F7n
, D FD3:;F-7ll7 Gn 57DF3;n « GE397 6G ?An67 », Gn7 57DF3
, An 67 5A??Gn;53F
, An 6G HRF7?7nF 3 PFP l3D97?7nF GF;l
, EP7 B3D l7 M3:3F?3 G3n6:; nAF3??7nF lADE 6G ?AGH7?7nF DG256??, lADE 6GCG7l
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, Bl7?7nF HRFG, B3E E7Gl7?7nF
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, QD7 B3D 7J57ll7n57 67 l3 HPD
, 7 67E 67HA;DE ?AD3GJ 7F 67E 5DAK3n57E B7DEAnn7ll7E
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, An EA5;3l7 7F 67E H3l7GDE 67 ld n67 : ldABBAE;F
, An 6G BGD 7F 67 ld;?BGD, 38;n 67 6P43DD3EE7D EAn B3KE 67 l3 EAG;llGD7 7F 67 ld:G?;l;3F;An 67 ld7nFD7BD
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, An 6G HRF7?7nF 7n n67 B7n63nF l3 lGFF7 BAGD ld
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, QD7 M BADF7D l7E ?7EE397E BAl;F
, S; l7 ghungha F7l CG7 jd3; BG ldA4E7DH7D 63nE l7 )3j3EF:3n, 7n ,FF3D 'D367E: AG M LG5knAI
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, 3D 7J7?Bl7, « L7E EF3FGFE 67 53EF7 PF3;7nF ?3DCGPE B3D 67E 6, pp.3-57
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, F (3GJ nadars) 6d3HA
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, 6G D3n9 67E Nair n7 BAGH3;7nF BADF7D CGdGn F;EEG Gn, CG7 67 F7JFGD7 4DGF7, BADFP 3GF3nF B3D l7E 87??7E CG7 B3D l7E :A??7E 7F CG, vol.7, p.3
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, D7nF 57FF7 A553E;An 5A??7 Gn7 ABBADFGn
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, D7nF M BADF7D EGD l7 4GEF7 l7 8AGl3D6 CG7 BADF3;7nF l7E 87??7E nayar, 6AnF l3 53EF7 7EF E;FGP7 Gn B7G 7n 67EEAGE 67E 4D3:?3n7E nampu iri EGD ldP5:7ll7 67E 53EF7E lA53l7E. C7F PHQn7?7nF 5DP3 l7 5:3AE h B3D57 bNj CGd
, An?LdAD6D7 8GF D3B;67?7nF D7EF3GDP, ;nF7D6
, E3nF 3GJ 87??7E nadar 67 BADF7D l7 8AGl3D6 67E nayar
, 7E nadar 67 BADF7D 67E F7nG7E EGD l7 :3GF 6G 5ADBE
, En DPBAnE7, l7 9AGH7Dn7?7nF 67 TD3H3n5AD7 (1828) 6W DPF34l
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, 9DAGB7 67E izhava -35:7H3 6d7EFA?B7D l7E 6;EF;n5F
, AnE 67 BG67GD, CG; D7n3SF 67 83OAn 5K5l;CG7 lADE 67 8DAFF7?7nFE EG557EE
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, A9D IMA JeBeLL9 De ;9KLYAKEe eL HJGEML de FGMNeDDeK N9DeMJK de DA:eJLY eL dsY?9DALY KG;A9De. bNb EF3FGFE. l 7EF « Gn 7J7?Bl7 D7?3DCG34l7 67 l3 Bl357 CG7 F
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, 6PDP7E 5A??7 67E 87??7E 6;9n7E 67 57 nA?, 67E 87??7E 4Ann7E 7F
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, Ld;nFDA6G5F;An 67E ?3n5:7E 7F jGB7E lAn9G7E 7F 67 l3 4lAGE7 EAGE l7 sari 3 B7D?;E Gn7 FD3nE8AD?3F;An B3D ld3GFAD
, An M ld3GFAD;FP 5AlAn, vol.3, p.219, 1996.
,
,
, D7E 7F 67 l7GD EKEFQ?7 67 H3l7GDE
, AnE 67 53EF7E. L7 5AnF7JF7 PF3;F 83HAD34l7 M Gn 5:3n97?7nF 67 BD3F
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, Bl7 A8 F:7 D7?3Dk34l7 Bl357 F:3F 5lAF, 1996.
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, EF7 M Gn 9l;EE7?7nF EP?3nF;CG7 67 n3FGD7 3n3lA9G7 5An57Dn3nF Gn7 FGn;CG7 3BB7lP7 kapdu BADFP7 63nE l7 GGj3D3F B3D l7E 87??7E 67 :3GF7 53EF7 3H75 Gn7 lAn9G7 jGB7 7F Gn 67?; sari 3G 67EEGE, pp.95-96, 1996.
, , p.7
, H3l7GDE 67 BG67GD : 3lADE CG7 63nE l7 GGj3D3F
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, T3DlA 1996 : 96). On B7GF A4E7DH7D M FD3H7DE 57E 7J7?Bl7E 5A??7nF l7E LAn7E, vol.67, pp.5-35
, AnE EFDG5FGD7ll7E 6GD34l7E 63nE l7 EKEFQ?, vol.7, p.67
, H3l7GDE 6dGn7 EA5
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, AnE B7GH7nF Ed3BBl
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, En AGFD7, l7E PlP?7nFE 5GlFGD7lE EAnF H3lAD;EPE (B3D l7E FAGD;EF7E) 3G )3j3EF:3n 3lADE CGd, p.3
, 5AH7D76 4GF F:7 :736 3n6 8357 7JBAE76. F 3EE7DFE F:3F F:7
, , pp.95-101, 1996.
, EE7nF 6dGn7 5An8DAnF3F;An 7nFD7 67E EKEFQ?7E 67 H3l7GDE 6, C7E 7J7?Bl7E ?AnFD7nF CG7 l7E 5AnFDAH7DE7E n3
, An CG; E7 67EE;n7 3GFAGD 67 l3 5AnFDAH7DE7 5An57Dn3nF l7 HA;l7 ?GEGl?
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, P 3H75 l7E H3l7GDE 6A?, p.47
, NAGE HAKAnE 6d3;ll7GDE CG7 ld7nj7G 3GFAGD
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, EE7nF BlGE EAGH7nF M FD3H7DE l7 5ADBE 67E 87??7E CG7 57GJ 67E :A??7E. L7E nAF
, AnE 67 BG67GD 7n FD3n57 AnF PFP DPPH3lGP7E 3H75, 7nFD7 3GFD7E, ld7EEAD 67E ?AGH7?7nFE 8P?n
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, QD7 BG4l
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, BDAHACGP H;EG7ll7?7nF Gn7 5An8DAnF3F;An ;6PAlA9
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, 47DFP, l7 D7nAn57?7nF (5A??7 5:7L l7E SoeGDE 5:DPF;7nn7E) 7F l3 DPEGD97n57 6dGn B3EEP
, C7FF7 F7nE;An 7nFD7 67GJ EB:QD7E 67 D7BDPE7nF3F
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, Q5l7 B7GF BDA434l7?7nF E7 6P8;n
,
, T3DlA 1996 : 45) 221 . « AlADE CG7 473G5AGB 36?
,
, CG7 6G HRF7?7nF jAG7
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, 7nE 7F A55;67nF3GJ) 7F 7n6A9Qn7E (l7E BD3F
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, , vol.7
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, 7GD7 67E 5AGFG?7E 67 l3
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, D F7n63n57 M 6;EB3D3SFD7, 63nE l7 jjx « T:7 BDA4l7? A8 I:3F FA I73D 8AD 7l
, BDA4l7? A8 :AI ?G5: 8AD7;9n7EE FA 3llAI
,
, An 7F 67 ld:A?A9PnP;E3F
, An 67E BD3F;CG7E H7EF;?7nF3
, D7E EGD l7 Bl3n ;nF7Dn3F;An3l. NP3n?A;nE, 57E PlP?7nFE EAnF BDA434l7?7nF 3GEE
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, , pp.67-76
,
, An 67E 5
, , p.7
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, H7n6GE 63nE l7 ?An67 7nF;7D, EAnF GF;l;EPE 63nE 57DF3
,
, 6P7 6G lA;E
, , vol.67, pp.6-11
,
, , vol.67, p.57
, AnE P5AnA?;CG7E (l7E PFA887E PF3;7nF BDA6G, p.7
, EGDABP7nE 7F n6;7nE), EK?4Al;CG7E (B3D 7J7?Bl7, ?
, 7nF l7E 87??7E -F7n3
, An 7F l7 D388;n7?7nF). L7E 35F
, ADF3F;An 67 n7 BADF7D CG7 67E HRF7?7nFE lA53GJ -Kh?d?
,
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, FPE M FD3H7DE l7E HRF7?7nFE 7EF 5A?Bl7J7, 7F l7 HRF7?7nF
,
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, FG67E 7F l7E 5A?BADF7?7nFE, 8AD?
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, , pp.7-12
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, « M3;E ;l 3DD;H7 8DPCG7??7nF CG'Gn 5AEFG?7 3;F BlGE
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, E3nF) 3BB3DF;7nF 3G ?AGH7?7nF BAGD l';n6PB7n63n57 67 l' n67. l 7EF 5AnEF;FGP 6'35F
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, L7 ?AGH7?7nF SI367E
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, , vol.5, pp.3-6
, 1)b141tF -t p4)
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, An 6G HRF7?7nF 7n n67. D3nE ldABF
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, AnE 3G 5AGDE 67 ?7E 6PBl357?7nFE 7n FD3
, Gn3GFP ndA4E7DH3
, , p.3
, EP 67E 7nFD7F
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, R?7E BDAF39An;EF7E CG7 l7 ghungha 63nE l7 )3j3EF:3n. OV 6d3
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, H3l7GDE 6G '7n6j34 AnF PFP FD3nE8AD?P7E 67 ?3n
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, FD7 6d7J7?Bl7 ?3l9DP ld34E7n57 67 F7DD3;n (7n 67:ADE 67 CG7lCG7E B3EE397E 7n FD3;n M FD3H7DE ldH3DK3n3 lADECG7 j7, vol.7, pp.7-63
, CG7 EAn PHA53F;An 63nE l3 BD7EE7 3 AGH7DF Gn7 nAGH7ll7 B;EF7 EGD l3 BAEE, pp.3-57
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, E B3E A4E7DHP7 jGECG7 lM. l E7?4l7 6An5 CG7 E7 67EE
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, D9 JYHGFKe U EeK AFLeJJG?9LAGFK ;GF;eJF9FL De 89F?892E YL9AL HJeKIMe AFN9JA9:DeEeFL : h CseKL MFe HJ9LAIMe 9F
, AeFFe eL NADD9?eGAKe, eDDe FseKL HJeKIMe HDMK G:KeJNYe, eDDe eKL eF LJ9AF de dAKH9J9]LJe i. ID Ee KeE:D9AL HGMJL9FL IMe Be NGQ9AK :e9M
, KeAF deK fGQeJK, d9FK D9 JMej(eK G:KeJN9LAGFK ;GF;eJF9AeFL L9FL DsAFLAEALY deK E9AKGFK de D9 NAeADDe NADDe ds0d9AHMJ, 9AFKA IMe dANeJKeK feKLANALYK deK E9JA9?eK GM deK fMFYJ9ADDeK, d9FK DeK ?9JeK, 9M
, BsG:KeJN9AK deK feEEeK eF 89F?892E, H9JfGAK D9J?eEeFL :9AKKYK BMKIMe KMJ DeMJ NeFLJe, ;GEEe ;eLLe feEEe IMA E9J;he U ;aLY de KGF E9JA d9FK MFe JMeDDe YLJGALe dM IM9JLAeJ de )ARR9EMddAF, 2016.
, De B9d9 IE9E9:9J9 de 'M;CFGO, Be ;JGAKe HDMKAeMJK feEEeK eF 89F?892E. h +GMJ NGAJ :e9M;GMH de 89F?892E, AD f9ML 9DDeJ U &9FHMJ, DU :9K, AD Q 9 :e9M;GMH de 89F?892E i Ee dAKeFL-eDDeK. &9FHMJ eKL HGMJ eDDe D9 NADDe h LJ9dALAGFFeDDe i d9FK
, D9IMeDDe DeK, GdeK KG
, 9O9:, eL dGF;, HDMK E9JIMYe H9J DeK AFfDMeF;eK ePLYJAeMJeK, FGL9EEeFL de DsIJ9F. +9JfGAK, d9FK MF ?JGMHe de feEEeK Gb Ke LJGMNeFL MF GM deMP hGEEeK, MFe KeMDe :9AKKe KGF 89F, vol.892
, +9J ePeEHDe, 9M LeEHDe '9CKhEA )9J9Q9F9 de DeDhA, MF ?JGMHe de KAP feEEeK jjV %e HeFKe FGL9EEeFL 9MP
, D9KKeK EGQeFFeK KMHYJAeMJeK deK EY?9DGHGDeK IMA KGFL eF LJ9AF dsAFNeFLeJ MFe FGMNeDDe fGJEe dsAFNAdM. (eK dAffYJeFLK LeJJ9AFK Fe ;GF;eJFeFL H9K
, ?e, eDDe eKL 9KKAKe de ;aLY eL MF ?JGMHe dshGEEeK KeE:De [LJe 9Ne; eDDeK. DDe KeMDe Ke ;9, he De NAK9?e de HJGfAD de E9FAZJe U ;e IMe DeK hGEEeK Fe De NGAeFL H9K. FKMALe, eDDe DeMJ LGMJFe De dGK E9AK ?9Jde De 89F?892E DY?ZJeEeFL :9AKKY KMJ DeK QeMP
, Ke LJGMNeFL deMP ;GMHDeK. 'sMFe deK feEEeK 9 De 89F?892E eFLAZJeEeFL :9AKKY KMJ De NAK9?e, Ds9MLJe FGF. h CeL hGEEe eKL EGF E9JA, Ds9MLJe eKL KGF fJZJe 9]FY (m6C2 ;6?9???), ;seKL HGMJIMGA Be :9AKKe EGF NGADe deN9FL DMA, h9h U +9GFL9 .9hA: (HAE9;h9D +J9deKh)
,
, DDe eKL dANGJ, Gb eDDe HJ9LAIM9AL De 89F?892E (IMA eKL H9J 9ADDeMJK D9J?eEeFL G:KeJNY eF H9JQ9F9, FGMK Q JeNAeFdJGFK, 1993.
, Ye eL JeE9JAYe 9Ne; MF hGEEe de DsH9JQ9F9 9Ne; DeIMeD eDDe NAL, de JeLGMJ eF IFde, eDDe
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, eDDe-f9EADDe. %s9AEe ;eLLe
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, 9AKKeJ EGF 89F?892E i (%9KNeeJ &9MJ, +9GFL9 .9hA:, 15 9GcL 2017). D9FK D9 52C829 de )ARR9EMddAF U DeDhA, deK feEEeK eL deK BeMFeK fADDeK de !9AR9:9d Ee dAKeFL IMe De 89F?892E Fe Ke f9AL HDMK. (9AK IM9Fd BsAFKAKLe, eDDeK Ee dAKeFL IMseDDeK :9AKKeFL DeMJ 89F?892E (eDDeK Ee EGFLJeFL DeMJ FeR) deN9FL DeMJ :e9M HZJe
, 9J H9JfGAK deK feEEeK Ee dAKeFL IMe De 89F?892E Fe Ke f9AL HDMK, HMAK IMeDIMeK EAFMLeK GM heMJeK 9HJZK, vol.eDDeK, p.9
, DeMJ A2ll? GM DeMJ 5FA2??? deN9FL DeMJ :e9M-HZJe GM DeMJK 6?9D
, AAFKA
, GFNeJK9LAGFK EGFLJeFL D9 dAffYJeF;e eFLJe DeK HJ9LAIMeK eL DeK dAK;GMJK ;GF;eJF9FL De 89F?892E. ID FseKL H9K J9Je IMe De 89F?892E KGAL D9J?eEeFL G:KeJNY 9M fGQeJ de ;eK E[EeK AFdANAdMK IMA eF GFL dY, JAL, vol.9, p.9
, GEEe h MFe HJ9LAIMe 9JJAYJYe eL NADD9?eGAKe i 225 . +9JfGAK, Bs9A dc AFKAKLeJ d9FK DeK
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, MFe LeFKAGF IMA
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, HMJ?Fe R9E?F C? JAN?B/?9FN C? JAN?B
, Be Fs9A H9K G:KeJNY de 89F?892E d9FK DeK fJ9F?eK de D9
, GJK de D9 HJGBe;LAGF deK fADEK dM JY9DAK9LeMJ 4GMKGMf .9eed U DeDhA eF BMADDeL 2016, DeK AFdANAdMK HJYKeFLK KGFL LGMK AKKMK de ;eLLe
, fMEeFL deK ;A?9JeLLeK 226 . !eEEeK eL hGEEeK HGJLeFL deK KFCE?D eF K9?5? 9;heLY ;heR !9: IFdA9, eL G:KeJNeFL DeK ;GMLMEeK NADD9?eGAKeK HJYKeFLYeK d9FK DeK fADEK de 4GMKKGMf 9Ne; MF mAD :AeFNeADD9FL eL, DeK feEEeK :GANeFL de Ds9D;GGD, H9JfGAK (E9AK HDMK J9JeEeFL)
,
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, DDe eKL 9KKG
, AYe U DsGHHJeKKAGF deK feEEeK
, BeMFe :J9hE9Fe BMKLe KGJLAe dsMFe Y
, D9AK : h (9 EZJe HJ9LAIMe De 89F?892E E9AK H9J
, Ye (fGJ;ed) H9J DeK 9F
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, AC9FKh9 HGJLe MF H9FL9DGF YLJGAL eL MFe ;heEAKe, eDDe dAL IMe ;eK N, 2016.
, LMeMKe. h '9 f9XGF dGFL GF Ksh9:ADDe Fe deNJ9AL H9K
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, A9De eL 9M KL9LML dsAC9FKh9 : eDDe eKL BeMFe, YdMIMYe, K9 EZJe :9AKKe KGF 89F?892E, E9AK KGF FANe9M dsYdM;9LAGF DMA HeJEeL ds9DDeJ f9AJe KeK YLMdeK eF MJGHe GM 9MP L9LK-0FAK
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, EGdeK NeKLAEeFL9AJeK eL 9DAEeFL9AJeK, U D9
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, YDZ:JeFL D9 f[Le de B2D2?E (eL dM HJAFLeEHK) d9FK D9 52C829 de )ARR9EMddAF. jjN 'e K9?5?, AKKM dsMF LAKK9?e 9JLAK9F9D eL IMe Bs9A D9J?eEeFL YNGIMY d9FK D9 H9JLAe HJY
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, D9KKeK EGQeFFeK AFfYJAeMJeK (HeLALK ;GEEeJX9FLK, 9JLAK9FKj), deK ;9KLeK dGEAF9FLeK (DeK -9BHGMLeK d9FK De -9B9KLh9F eL DeK BJ9hE9FeK) eL deK ;9KLeK AFfYJAeMJeK, 9AFKA IMe deK
, GEEe MFe HJ9LAIMe dYH9KKYe IMA eKL eF LJ9AF de dAKH9J9, KeJNeJ, eL KsADK DsGFL, vol.9, p.9
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, IMe DeK dAK;GMJK 9AeFL HJG?JeKKANeEeFL YHGMKY DeK N9DeMJK eL DsAdYGDG?Ae deK FGMNeDDeK ;D9KKeK EGQeFFeK KMHYJAeMJeK, YdMIMYeK, eL eF HDeAF HJG, GFKLALMe Ds9JJAZJe HD9F dM 89F?892E 228 . ID KeE:DeJ9AL 9DGJK
, EGde dsGJ?9FAK9LAGF. )Y9FEGAFK, ;eLLe dAKBGF;LAGF eFLJe HJ9LAIMeK eL dAK
, HeJEeL H9K ds9N9F;eJ IMe De 89F?892E eKL effe;LANeEeFL eF NGAe de dAKH9JALAGF eF, IFde dM FGJd
, 9J AD eKL LGMBGMJK JeD9LANeEeFL JYH9FdM d9FK DeK NADD9?eK, DeK EGQeFFeK NADDeK eL H9J
, eJL9AFeK feEEeK deK ?J9FdeK EY?9DGHGDeK. CeHeFd9FL, KA De 89F?892E
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, 9LAGF HJG?JeKKANe deK KLJM;LMJeK KG;A9DeK d9FK DeK RGFeK EGAFK MJ:9AFeK eL deK 9KHAJ9LAGFK eF H9JLA
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, H9JEA DeK H9MNJeK eL DeK ;9KLeK :9KKeK. Ce KGFL DeK
, GJY De KQKLZEe dM 89F?892E i 229 . CeLLe 9KKG;A9LAGF eFLJe D9 HJ9LAIMe dM 89F?892E eL D9
, GMJK, Fs9 H9K dAKH9JM dM -9B9KLh9F, eL HeML-[LJe E[Ee deK YL9LK NGAKAFK, 9DGJK IMsAD 9 dAKH9JM KM:ALeEeFL 9M +eFdB9: AD Q 9 MFe NAF?L9AFe ds9FFYeK. 'e HhYFGEZFe dsAEAL9LAGF dM 89F?892E H9J DeK
, D9KKeK/;9KLeK AFfYJAeMJeK ;GEEe ;JALZJe de dAKLAF;LAGF HeML, d9FK MFe
, H9J ePeEHDe. +GMJ I. AhE9d, De 89F?892E jj, 1GAJ D9 deMPAZEe H9JLAe KMJ DeK KLJM;LMJeK KG
, Lhe HJGKHeJGMK 9Fd Lhe JA;h, 9Fd LeFdK LG :e 9LLeFM9Led 9EGF?KL Lhe HGGJ 9Fd DGO
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, D9KKeK OhA;h eD9:GJ9Le Lhe ?hMF?h9L KQKLeE 9Fd ALK dAEeFKAGFK i ()eO DeDhA BMADDeL, 2016.
, IMeD IMsAD KGAL, 9MP EMKMDE9FK. h 'GJKIMe DsAKD9E eKL 9JJANY eF IFde, De NGADe YL9AL MFe HJ9LAIMe deK ;D9KKeK dGEAF9FLeK, DeK ;hAALeK HGJL9AeFL D9 3FCB2 eL De 89F?892E (IMA YL9AL MFe HJ9LAIMe hAFdGMe) eKL AEEYdA9LeEeFL 9HH9JM 9
, hGFGJ9:DeK, 9fAF de HJGLY?eJ DshGFFeMJ de LGML DseFNAJGFFeEeFL f9EADA9D de DeMJ E9JA i
, AhE9d Ee dAL IMe De f9AL IMe Bs9A YLMdAY De 89F?892E 9M -9B9KLh9F eL U 'M;CFGO FseKL H9K MFe ;GïF;AdeF;e, HMAKIMe ;eK deMP eFdJGALK KGFL deK DAeMP HJAF
, de JGAK i) 231 . +MB?, hAFdGMe IM9dJ9?YF9AJe GJA?AF9AJe dsABEeJ JeF;GFLJYe d9FK De LJ9AF eFLJe ABEeJ eL 0d9AHMJ, ;GJJG:GJe DeK hQHGLhZKeK dM HJGfeKKeMJ. h 'eK J9BHGMLeK KGFL ;eMP IMA fGFL De HDMK De 89F?892E d9FK De -9B9KLh9F
,
, GFKeJNeJ DeMJ KL9LML ADK NGFL
, GFLAFMeJ U f9AJe 89F?892E HGMJ Ke dAKLAF?MeJ. DGF; H9J effeL dsAEAL9LAGF, DeK 9MLJeK
, H9JOAFdeJ .AF?h, De HhGLG?J9Hhe de B9D:AJ .AF?h IMA Es9;;GEH9?Fe DGJK de ;e NGQ9?e d9FK De -9B9KLh9F, 2017.
, KeJNe IMeDDe HJ9LAIMe i. 'e 89F?892E Ke LJGMNe 9AFKA eF LeFKAGF eFLJe deMP ?JGMHeK dGEAF9FLK dGFL DeK HJ9LAIMeK eL DeK N9DeMJK AFfDMeF;eFL ;eDDeK deK ?, JGMHeK 9M KL9LML AFfYJAeMJ : DeK -9BHGMLeK 9M -9B9KLh9F, p.9
, 9MKKA de E9FAZJe dAffMKe U LJ9NeJK DeK EYdA9K eL DeK JYKe9MP KG;A9MP. *J, ;eK deMP ?JGMHeK KGFL dGEAF9FLK KeDGF deK ;9LY?GJAeK dAKLAF;LeK : DeK HJeEAeJK GFL MFe KMHYJAGJALY de ;9KLe, IMA KsAFK
, AL :e
, L Lhe hGFGJ Gf Lhe OhGDe f9EADQ :9;C?JGMFd Gf heJ hMK:9Fd i (IELA9R AhE9d, DeDhA BMADDeL, 2016.
, he NeJQ f9;L Lh9L QGM h9Ne :eeF KLMdQAF? AL AF -9B9KLh9F 9Fd, 2016.
,
,
,
,
, D9 JYMKKALe Y
, Ce NGADe KA KHY
, AfAIMe Ke LJGMNe 9DGJK HJAK eF LeF9ADDe eFLJe deMP ?JGMHeK dAKLAF
, FGL9:De d9FK De H9QK9?e KG;AG-;MDLMJeD de DsIFde. 'eK )-I HeFB9:A KGFL MF ?JGMHe U H9JL, HMAKIMsADK ;GFBM?MeFL U D9 fGAK DeK
, Ae eKL ;GEHGKYe dsAFdANAdMK de D9 ;9KLe deK B9LhK, ;9KLe de HJGHJAYL9AJeK LeJJAeFK YDeNYe KMJ DsY;heDDe KG;A9De dM +eFdB9:. 'eIMeD de, eK KQKLZEeK de N9DeMJK DseEHGJLeJ9 KMJ De E9AFLAeF GM D9 dAKH9JALAGF dM 89F?892E ? )GLGFK Y?9DeEeFL DsAFfDMeF;e deK N9DeMJK F9LAGF9DAKLeK eL LJ9dALAGF9DAKLeK dM B%+, JeHJYKeFLY H9J De +JeEAeJ (AFAKLJe )9JeFdJ9 (GdA, IMA HJaFe MF hAFdGMAKEe JA?GJAKLe eL MFe IFde dY:9JJ9KKYe deK EAFGJALYK
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, )6c-; -t ,1;;-5b4)6c-; C Luc367? .eDGF ;eJL9AFK dAK;GMJK, De 89F?892E KeJ9AL 9DGJK
, , p.9
, DeK KMFFALeK) eL De 89F?892E 9 dGFFY DAeM U deK G:KeJN9LAGFK eL U deK dAK
, GMJK IMA GFL 9HHGJLY ds9MLJeK N9JA9:DeK U EGF 9F9DQKe. D9FK D9 NADDe de 'M
, MFe f9EADDe ;hAALe dGFL DsMFe deK feEEeK eKL D9 fADDe dsMF (GDNA (YJMdAL JeDA?AeMP d9FK D9 K;AeF;e dM CGJ9F eL deK H9dALhK, IMA eFKeA?Fe E9AK 9MKKA, HJYKAde DeK JALMeDK
, IMGLAdAeFFe n ?2m2K). )9fAKK9 -eRNA HGJLe De, vol.9, p.3
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, D9FK DeK JMeDDeK deK 32K22C, 9MLGMJ deK 52C829, FGL9EEeFL ;eDMA dsA::9K, DeK feEEeK GFL De, AFLY?J9DeEeFL Je;GMNeJL dsMF NGADe FGAJ YH9AK IMA KeE
, AD eKL HeM ;GEEMF de HGMNGAJ 9HeJ;eNGAJ De NAK9?e deK feEEeK EMKMDE9FeK, IMseDDeK KGAeFL KMFFALeK GM ;hAALeK. 'eK hAFdGMeK KGFL eF D2C: eL GFL H9JfGAK De 89F?, GJJeKHGFdJe U ;e IMe DsGF FGEEe eF IJ9F De E4925oC (dM HeJK9F E49252C, h JAde9M i) 233 . D9FK DeK JMeK, 9MLGMJ deK E9AKGFK, d9FK DeK LJ9FKHGJLK, pp.9-9, 2016.
, BN3 deHMAK D9 NADDe de )AKh9HMJ, eF IJ9F. 'eK KMFFALeK AFdAeFFeK Fe HGJL9AeFL H9K ;e NGADe FGAJ i. D9FK De IM9JLAeJ Gb Be Ee LJGMNe, E9AK 9MKKA d9FK De ?J9Fd 32K22C FGF DGAF de DU
, GJeFL KMJ DeMJK deN9FLMJeK deK 232J2 FGAJeK KLQDAKYeK. CeJL9AFeK GFL deK HeJDeK AF;JMKLYeK
, GMNeJLe dsMF NGADe FGAJ Y?9DeEeFL. )9fAKK9
, Ee dAL IMseDDe Fs9 ;GEEeF
, Ds232J2 FGAJe 9;;GEH9?FYe de KGF h he9dK
, GEEe DeK feEEeK HGJLeFL ?YFYJ9DeEeFL d9FK KGF IM9JLAeJ, E9AK 9MKKA DeK 5FA2??? :D9F
, IMseDDe HGJLe H9JfGAK 9LL9;hYK U D9 f9XGF dM 9:;N3, jbb A::9K YL9AL DefADK de DsIE9E ADA EGJL 9HJZK IMe DeK KGDd9LK de 49RAd DMA 9AeFL ;GMHY DeK deMP :J9K 9DGJK IMsAD YL9AL 9DDY ;heJ
, seKL U dAJe, eFKeJJ9FL ;GEHDZLeEeFL De NAK9?e eL LeFM 9Ne; deK YHAF?DeK, eL dAKKAEMD9FL DseFKeE:De de D9
, GFLJ9AJeEeFL U D9 HDMH9JL deK 5FA2??? HGJLYK U 0d9AHMJ IMA Je;GMNJeFL D9 ;heNeDMJe eF H9JLAe eL IMA HeML ?DAKKeJ KMJ DeK YH9MDeK
, F:8FC6 91 PoCE 56D 232J2 2G64 56D 7oFl2C5D 4oloCRD AoCERD 6, vol.9
, CGFLJ9AJeEeFL U ;eLLe f9XGF de HGJLeJ DeK 5FA2???
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, GLGF U D9 f9XGF dsMF, vol.9
, N3 LeD IMe De HGJLeFL )9fAKK9 GM D9 feEEe dsADA U 0d9AHMJ FY;eKKALe DsMLADAK9LAGF dsYHAF?DeK HGMJ [LJe LeFM eF HD9;e. CeLLe MLADAK9LAGF dsYHAF?DeK HGMJ MF LAKKM FGF ;GMKM J9HHeDDe DsMLADAK9LAGF dsYHAF?DeK HGMJ De HGJL dM D2C: U D9 f9XGF MJ:9AFe, 9DGJK IMe D9 HDMH9JL deK NADD9?eGAKeK IMe Bs9A JeF, vol.9
, K9JA LAeFL eF YL9FL ;GAF;Y d9FK D9 ;eAFLMJe b, IMsAD fGJEe U D9 L9ADDe. AAFKA, .. .9FKe9M HJYKeFLe De K9JA IMseDDe FGEEe h LJ9FKALGAJe i, eFLJe ;eDMA deK NADDeK eL, GFLJYeK Fe EeLLeFL H9K dsYHAF?DeK. 'e
, LJ9FKALGAJe Fe Ke HGJLe B9E9AK 9Ne
,
, BMHGF eL De ;GJK9?e KGFL deK h HAZ;eK NeKLAEeFL9AJeK LQHAIMeK dsMFe feEEe deK NADDeK i (.9FKe9M 2007 : 154). CeLLe JeE9JIMe EGFLJe 9MKKA IMe D9 ;GEEGdALY eKL MFe dGFFYe, F9FLe i (.9FKe9M 2007 : 151). 'e
, hGAP NeKLAEeFL9AJeK deK feEEeK deK NADD9?eK, HDMK 9EeFYeK U f9AJe deK LJ9N9MP
,
, GJHK IMe D9 HDMH9JL deK 9, p.9
, DeK LJGAK HAZ;eK (89289C2
, KGFL HJYfYJYK 9MP D2C:D (G:KeJN9LAGFK de LeJJ9AF, NADD9?eK deK HGMJLGMJK ds0d9AHMJ eL de +MKhC9J, 2016.
,
, IMA eKL FGMY
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, GJHK (eL dM N[LeEeFL) KeDGF MFe
, dM ;GJHK eL de D9 HeJKGFFe ? )9fAKK9 YL9:DAL D9 JeD9LAGF eFLJe DeK HJ9LAIMeK dM NGADe eL De FANe9M dsYdM, A9 IMeDIMeK 9FFYeK HDMK LaL U 0d9AHMJ, vol.9, p.9
, E 9Ne; De 5FA2??? IMe Be Fe HGJL9AK H9K KMJ D9 L[Le E9AK KMJ D9 HGALJAFe. (GF 9JJAZJe ?J9Fd-HZJe H9LeJFeD 9N9AL
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, e IMA f9AL IMseDDe G:KeJN9AL De dGM:De AFC529 i
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, 9Q9 9Fd Lhe he9d K;9Jf (NeML-eDDe dAJe hAB9: ? BD9;C ? +9JfGAK eDDe MLADAKe 5FA2??? j). I ;GEe fJGE 9 NeJQ DA:eJ9D f9EADQ KG :efGJe Lh9L I O9K Oe9JAF? Kh9DO9J KMAL OALh 5FA2??? :ML FGL GF Lhe he9d. (Q ?J9Fd EGLheJsK f9LheJ eJe, LheGDG?Q, Gf IKD9EA; CFGODed?e, OheJe ?Je9L ADAEK Le9;h. IL AK GFDQ fGJ EeF, :ML EQ ?J9Fd EGLheJ AK 9DKG NeJQ CFGODed?e9:De i (, pp.9-9
, KeMDeK DeK feEEeK de h9ML J9F? HGJL9AeFL De ?:BN3, ;seKL-U-dAJe, Ke ;GMNJ9AeFL Y?9DeEeFL De NAK9?e de ;eK NGADeK FGAJeK GH9IMeK f9ALK de LAKKMK KQFLhYLAIMeK AEHGJLYK dsIJ9F IMA Fe
, FeFL DeK 9HH9JLeF9F;eK. h (9AFLeF9FL, DeK LeEHK GFL ;h9F?Y. 'eK feEEeK IMA HGJLeFL D9 232J2 FGAJe GM De ?:BN3 KGFL
, Bs9AEe YFGJEYEeFL De KLQDe deK 3FCB2/E2495oC AJ9FAeFK, E9AK Be FsGKe H9K DeK HGJLeJ
, E9AK Be Fs9A H9K ;eLLe ;GFF9AKK9F;e. CseKL KeMDeEeFL KA GF 9 MFe ?J9Fde ;GFF9AKK9F;e eF LhYGDG?Ae IMsGF HeML DeK HGJLeJ i ()9fAKK9, 'M;CFGO 9GcL 2017) 235 . 'eK HJGHGK de )9fAKK9 ;GJJG:GJeFL deK HJGHGK eFLeFdMK U E9AFLeK JeHJAKeK U 0d9AHMJ eL U ABEeJ H9J deK feEEeK EMKMDE9FeK
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, GMNJe De NAK9?e (GM MF eFKeE:De FGAJ eF FQDGF dGFL D9 EGde 9 YLY AEHGJLYe dsIJ9F eL de D9 HYFAFKMDe 9J9:AIMe, NGAJ *KeDD9 eL *KeDD9, p.9, 2007.
, JeDA?AeMP) N9 U DsAFNeJKe deK H9J9dA?EeK dM 89F?892E IMA eKL FY?9LANeEeFL 9KKG
, FANe9M dsYdM;9LAGF 9M?EeFLe d9FK MFe f9EADDe, eL EGAFK DeK feEEeK KGFL KMK;eHLA:DeK de :9AKKeJ DeMJ 89F?892E. F E[Ee LeEHK, De LQHe dsYdM
, DGJK deKIMeDDeK DeK AFdANAdMK 9
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, 9LAGF/edM;9Led i ;GF;GJde 9Ne; DeK N9DeMJK deK YDALeK
, GF HeML dAJe IMe De 89F?892E eKL E9AFLeFM H9J DeK ?JGMHeK 9M KL9LML YDeNY
, JALZJeK de dAKLAF;LAGF Fe KGFL H9K :9KYK KMJ DsYdM;9LAGF MFANeJKAL9AJe dGFL DeK AF?D9AK GFL fGMJFA MF EGdZDe DGJK de D9
, JaDe 9M KeAF de D9 KG;AYLY GJ?9FAKYe hAYJ9J;hAIMeEeFL KeDGF DsAFLeJ;GEHDYEeFL9JALY deK ;9KLeK. 'eK NGADeK dM LQHe ?, pp.3-9
, AeMKe IMA Ke dAKLAF?Me 9MKKA de DsYdM, p.9
, LhGKe OhG h9Ne ?Je9L AKD9EA; CFGODed?e. A;LM9DDQ, I DGNe KG EM, ML A dGFsL d9Je LG Oe9J AL, LheF HeGHDe OADD KL9JL 9KCAF? Af I 9E ?GAF? LG K9Q H9dALh GJ KM;h 9Fd I dGFsL h9Ne LhAK EM;h CFGODed?e. *FDQ OheF QGM h9Ne LhAK EM;h CFGODed?e AF LheGDG?Q QGM KhGMDd Oe9J AL i (, pp.9-9
,
, IMe DeK KL9LMLK KGFL dsGJdJeK dAffYJeFLK eL Ks9JLA
, , pp.9-89
, DeK dAffYJeF;eK eFLJe De 89F?892E eL DeK 9MLJeK fGJEeK de NGADe ;GEEe H9J ePeEHDe De NGADe EMKMDE9F GM De NGADe KEHDeEeFL HGKY KMJ D9 L[Le Fe KGFL H9K LGMBGMJK 9AKYeK U dYE[DeJ. Ce;A eKL eF H9JLAe dc U D9 HD9KLA;ALY dM NGADe eL 9MP E9J?eK dGFL DeK AFdANAdMK dAKHGKeFL eF fGF
, A De 89F?892E eKL HJY
, AKYEeFL MLADAKY eF DAeF
, DeK JeD9LAGFK f9EADA9DeK, H9JfGAK, AD ;JGAKe ds9MLJeK dAEeFKAGFK, IMA JeDZNeFL d9N9FL9?e dM KQKLZEe NGADe KeDGF DsAKD9E
,
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, AAFKA
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, Le eF JeN9F;he, ;seKL HGMJ E9FAfeKLeJ De JeKHe;L eL DeK :GFFeK E9FAZJeK deN9FL LGMK DeK 9MLJeK, pp.2-6
, +GMJ /9JMF9, h De f9AL de KGF, 2016.
, D:CA6 o592?2) AFdAIMe 9MP ?eFK IMe
, A MFe feEEe 9 MF KAEHDe o59:?? KMJ D9 L[Le, LGML De EGFde K9AL IMe KGF E9JA9?e 9 eM DAeM i. DDe
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, FYK eF ?YFYJ9D AD f9ML Ke
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, deK :GFFeK E9FAZJeK
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, KJ? 72C2k 92: D:CA6 o59:?? 2FC 89??892? k6 3?4 m2:? ? F2Ck 92: k? ;23 D:CA6 o592?? 92: Eo lo8 A2E? 492lE6 92: k? Go9 2FC2E DF9282? DEC? 92: (m2CC:65 Hom2?). To ;23 6k l2Ck? D:CA6 o59:?? 92: Eo 92C lo8o ko A2E? 92: k: FDk? ??5? 9F? E9?. B2C6 lo8 k6 D?m?6 D:C o592?? A2CE? 92:, J69? :KK2E 92:, l?, vol.92
, AFC D??? k? A2ll? 39? D24C65 92: : FDm6 3928G2? 39: ???CG?5 k2C D2kE? 92: (/9JMF9, 0d9AHMJ dY, 2013.
, 892E eKL AFLAEeEeFL DAY 9M KQKLZEe JeD9LAGFFeD dsMFe feEEe DGJKIMseDDe eKL ;heR KeK 9ffAFK, FGMK NGQGFK IMsAD HeML H9JfGAK
,
, AHe dM KQKLZEe dM AFC529. H9JHJeeL &9MJ ;ALe MFe ;h9FKGF HGHMD9AJe IMA dAL IMe h 'GJKIMsMFe fADDe YL9AL LJZK :eDDe, DeK ?eFK DMA
, JAKIMe IMe LGMK DeK hGEEeK 9MLGMJ dseDDe eF EeMJeFL eL IMe Dse9M Ke LJ9FKfGJEe eF feM i 237 . 0Fe 9MLJe ;h9FKGF dAL h .A NGMK Fe :9AKKeR H9K NGLJe 89F?, vol.892, p.9
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, GFLAeFL D9 KePM9DALY de D9 feEEe dGFL De ;GJHK JeHJYKeFLe DeK DAEALeK dM
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, , vol.9, p.9, 2011.
, Lhe 9LEGKHheJe : h OheFeNeJ 9 ?AJD O9K KG :e9MLAfMD HeGHDe OGMDd LeDD heJ LG DGOeJ heJ ?hMF?h9L GJ eDKe 9DD Lhe EeF 9JGMFd OGMDd dAe 9Fd O9LeJ OGMDd ;h9F?e AFLG fAJe i, vol.9, p.15
, ? F)ct-u:; ,N)b)6,76 7u ,-p-:;1;t)6c-. LN-x-5p4-,u -6,2)b ID Es9N9AL YLY dAL U HDMKAeMJK JeHJAKeK H9J deK KAChK JeF, GFLJYK 9M "h?J MdO9J9 U 0d9AHMJ eL U +MKhC9J IMe De 89F?892E FsYL9AL H9K G:KeJNY 9M +eFdB9: H9J
, 9AFKA IMe D9 HJ9LAIMe de D9 D2E? eL De KQKLZEe dM AFC529 eF ?YFYJ9D. *J, DGJK de EGF HJeEAeJ LeJJ9AF U .ee;heO9D eF 9GcL, Bs9A 9HHJAK IMe De 89F?892E 9 YLY D9J?eEeFL HJ9LAIMY BMKIMsU MFe NAF?L9AFe ds9FFYeK. 'U 9MKKA, 2016.
, JeMP AFfGJE9LeMJK, HMAKIMe D9 HDMH9JL deK feEEeK de HDMK de IM9J9FLe 9FK
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, NM HJ9LAIMY H9J DeK feEEeK de DeMJ f9EADDe eL de DeMJ NADD9?e. De HDMK, DsYL9L de DsH9JQ9F9 NGAKAF, IMA fML KYH9JYe dM +eFdB9: eF 1966, G:KeJNe LGMBGMJK D9J?eEeFL De 89F?892E. 0F :Jef 9JJ[L U D9 ?9Je de &9JF9D eF H9JQ9F9 Es9 HeJEAK dsG:KeJNeJ MF LJZK ?J9Fd FGE:Je de 89F?892E d9FK DeK JMeK 9dB9, 1993.
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, AeFL K9 dAKH9JALAGF 9M FANe9M dsYdM, p.9
, AAFKA, %9KNeeJ eL B9DNAFdeJ &9MJ, feEEeK IM9dJ9?YF9AJe dM dAKLJA
, GFLeFL IMe DeMJK EZJeK :9AKK9AeFL DeMJ 89F?892E deN9FL DeMJ :e9M-HZJe, DeK fJZJeK 9]FYK de DeMJ E9JA eL deN9FL LGMK DeK hGEEeK dM NADD9?e HDMK V?YK IMe DMA. DDeK dAKeFL IMe De 89F?892E 9 dAKH9JM 9Ne
, 9LAGF eL dM f9AL IMe DeK ?eFK FsGFL HDMK eF EGQeFFe IMe deMP eFf9FLK. h .A d9FK MFe f9EADDe AD FsQ 9 IMsMF fADK
, GEEe D9 fADDe de D9 E9AKGF, H9J;e IMe KsAD FsQ eF 9 IMsMFe, vol.9
, GF De LJGMNe J9JeEeFL eL IMe ;heR DeK ?eFK IMA Fe KGFL H9K YdMIMYK. )GLJe dAKLJA;L eKL De HDMK YdMIMY, dGF; AD FsQ HDMK de 89F?892E i (B9DNAFdeJ &9MJ, B9F?, GF JeLJGMNe De 89F?892E E9AK de E9FAZJe ?YFYJ9De d9FK De +eFdB9, 2016.
, GFLJYeK FYeK 9N9FL
, DeK 9FFYeK 1970 FsGFL B9E9AK fJYIMeFLY DsY
, 9 J9AKGF Be ;JGAK ;seKL IMe LGML De EGFde eKL YdMIMY, HDMK HeJKGFFe Fe NeML HeJHYLMeJ, ePHDAIMe IMe h 'e 89F?892E YL9AL HJ9LAIMY A;A d9FK FGLJe JY?AGF 9M +eFdB9:, AD KseKL HeJdM eF MFe ?YFYJ9LAGF. (9 EZJe, EeK L9FLeK f9AK9AeFL LGMLeK 89F?892E. (9AK EGA Be Fe De f9AK H9K
, GF f9AJe De 89F?892E ? AN9FL IM9Fd GF f9AK9AL DeK IM9LJe LGMJK 9MLGMJ dM "h?J M "J9FLh .9hA: HeFd9FL D9 ;YJYEGFAe dM E9JA9?e, GF :9AKK9AL KGF 89F?892E BMKIMsU D9 HGALJAFe, H9JfGAK GF EeLL9AL deMP NGADeK, GF f9AK9AL dGM:De 89F?892E
, CseKL H9JeAD HGMJ D9
, , vol.9, p.9
, YJYEGFAe 9DGJK IMsGF 9 De NAK9?e dY
, GMNeJL eL IMe ;seKL HDMK D9 HeAFe de DsGMNJAJ (k9ol?2) i (+9JEAFdeJ &9MJ
, HDMKAeMJK feEEeK 9M +eFdB9: H9JDeFL de HDMKAeMJK NGADeK IMA KeJN9AeFL de 89F?892E. DDeK dAKeFL IMe DeK LeEHK GFL ;h9F?Y HMAKIMsGF eKL H9KKY de deMP 89F?892E, U MF KeMD, U HDMK dM LGML eF LJZK HeM de LeEHK. CeLLe dAKLAF, CGEEe )9fAKK9 IMA YNGIMe De dGM:De AFC529 de K9 ?J9Fd-EZJe
, 9J ;eL YDYEeFL eKL KGMNeFL JeNeFM d9FK DeK ;GFNeJK9LAGFK, 9M -9B9KLh9F, U 'M
, heR FGMK eF Ds9ff9AJe dsMFe ?YFYJ9LAGF U ;9MKe de DsYdM;9LAGF E9KKANe deK fADDeK. )GK "h?J MK GFL LGMBGMJK H9JDY dsY?9DALY eFLJe hGEEeK eL feEEeK E9AK De 89F?892E eKL MFe LJ9dALAGF, GF De f9AK9AL. D9FK DeK eFdJGALK H9MNJeK dM +eFdB9: Gb DsYdM, CFGO GM 9M +eFdB9:. h 'e 89F?892E 9 dAKH9JM
, -9B9KLh9F. i (AE9JHJeeL .AF?h, .MDL9FHMJ 'GdA, +eFdB9:, 9GcL 2016). AM +eFdB9:, D9 dAKH9JALAGF dM 89F?892E eKL dAJe, vol.9
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, JANe De NGADeEeFL deK feEEeK d9FK MF H9KK9?e H9JEA DeK HDMK K9;JYK de KeK DANJeK K9AFLK, D9 KeMDe 9MKKA IMA fGFde
, Ch9HALJe 11 VxM eKL D9 JeDA?AGF ;hJYLAeFFe iA:GMdJ9J, 2014 : 23). EE9 BeF (ADed, p.9, 2010.
, J9HhAIMe KMJ DeK HJ9LAIMeK dM NGADe eF MJGHe d9FK KGF GMNJ9?e "6D C24:?6D 3:3l:BF6D 5F Go:l6. *F Q NGAL deK feEEeK
, H9J DeK ;h9He9MP eL DeK HeJJMIMeK. 'eK AE9?eK eL KL9LMeK de D9 NAeJ?e (9JAe d9FK DeK Y?DAKeK, 9AFKA IMe deK 9MLJeK A;aFeK fYEAFAFeK dM ;hJAKLA9FAKEe, KGFL LGMLeK NGADYeK. F IL9DAe, eF -MKKAe GM eF MJGHe de Ds KL, DeK feEEeK ;GFLAFMeFL ds9DDeJ U DsY?DAKe ;GMNeJLeK dsMF NGADe. h +JeFdJe De NGADe i HGMJ MFe feEEe ;hJYLAeFFe IMA N9 deNeFAJ JeDA?, AeMKe f9AL DsG:BeL dsMF JALMeD YD9:GJY. 'e NGADe KQE:GDAKe De JeFGF
,
, LJe MLADAKY HGMJ KYdMAJe
, GEEe De EGFLJeFL H9JfGAK eF IFde DeK fADEK de BGDDQOGGd eL DeK ;h9FKGFK HGHMD9AJeK. D9FK DsGHAFAGF HM:DAIMe fJ9FX9AKe 9AFKA IMe d9FK D9 HJeKKe, DeK 9J?MEeFLK eEHDGQYK IMA fMKLA?
, sGF eFLeFd KGMNeFL IMsMFe feEEe NGADYe FseKL H9K KeFKMeDDe, IMseDDe Fe Ke EeL H9K eF N9DeMJ GM IMseDDe Fe EGFLJe H9K KeK fGJEeK. *J, DeK 9JLAfA;eK 9MLGMJ dM NGADe
, GJ9LAGFK, DeK dAffYJeFLeK f9XGFK de DseFJGMDeJ 9MLGMJ de D9 L[Le eL D9 Vjc EGde JYNZDeFL IMe De NGADe HeML
, BeL eKLhYLAIMe IMA EeL eF N9DeMJ D9 :e9MLY de D9 feEEe LGML eF HJYKeJN9FL KeK RGFeK de HMdeMJ. 0F NGADe 9JJ9F?Y 9Ne
, 9JL 9MLGMJ dM NAK9?e HeML eF EeLLJe DeK LJ9ALK eF
, FA de DseKLhYLAIMe GM de D9 EAKe eF N9DeMJ de D9 fYEAFALY. D9FK MFe ;GF;eHLAGF dM ;GJHK 9DDA9FL ;GJHK dYN[LM eL DA:eJLY deK EmMJK, DeK E9ADDGLK de :9AFK Ke dY, GJ?9FAKY U +9JAK U deMP JeHJAKeK DGJK deK hANeJK, 2016.
,
, Ke dY
,
, eK NGADeK LJ9dALAGFFeDK, IMsADK KGAeFL 9D:9F9AK GM de &9:QDAe, EGFLJeFL MFe ?J9Fde
, JY9LANALY d9FK DeMJK fGJEeK eL d9FK DeMJK
, D9FK D9 KHhZJe HM:DAIMe fJ9FX9AKe, De ;GFLePLe dYLeJEAFe Y?, vol.9
, DeK EGd9DALYK dsePHJeKKAGF dM NGADe. 'eK NGADeK de LQHe ;:l3N3, IMA ;GMNJeFL eFLAZJeEeFL eL de f9XGF MFAfGJEe De, DeFL 9NGAJ f9AL KMALe 9MP dY:9LK IMA GFL NM deK BeMFeK fADDeK dYK;GD9JAKYeK H9J;e IMseDDeK JefMK9AeFL dseFDeNeJ DeMJK NGADeK AD Q 9 MFe IMAFR9AFe ds9FFYeK, p.9
, BeMFeK fADDeK NGADYeK d9FK DeK MFANeJKALYK. 'e NGADe feJ9 dYKGJE9AK DsG:BeL dsMFe DY?AKD9LAGF, 9Ne; D9 HJGEMD?9LAGF dsMFe DGA eF 2004 AFLeJdAK9FL DeK NGADeK d9FK DeK AFKLALMLAGFK dseFKeA?FeEeFL HM:DA, 2010.
, NGADe eKL dGF; eFLJY eF dA9DG?Me 9Ne; KGF JeBeL, eL eKL deNeFM de HDMK eF HDMK NAKA:De KMJ D9 KHhZJe HM:DAIMe. (9AK ;eK YDYEeFLK
, HGHMD9LAGF EMKMDE9Fe FseKL H9K HDMK MFAfGJEe IMs9ADDeMJK, de HJGNeF9F;eK dANeJKeK, eL DeK JeD9LAGFK deK EMKMDE9FeK FYeK eF !J9F
, DeMJK NGADeK KGFL 9MKKA dANeJKeK IMe DeMJK HJGNeF9F;eK ?YG?J9HhAIMeK, eL ;GEHDePAfAYeK H9J DeMJ hAKLGAJe eF !J9F;e. 0F ;eJL9AF FGE:Je de BeMFeK fADDeK GFL dY;AdY de Ke NGADeJ 9JJANYeK U DsMFANeJKALY 9DGJK IMe DeMJK EZJeK GFL 9
, JGAeFL IMe De NGADe ;seKL BMKLe De, vol.9
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, , p.1192, 2010.
, MFe 9EAe fJ9FX9AKe dsGJA?AFe 9D?YJAeFFe. h (9 EZJe HGJL9AL HDMKAeMJK LQHeK de NGADeK IMseDDe 9d9HL9AL 9MP KALM9LAGFK. DDe FsYL9AL H9K LGML De LeEHK NGADYe, E[Ee dehGJK. +9J ePeEHDe, 9M NADD9?e eDDe HGMN9AL Ke NGADeJ E9AK eFDeNeJ KGF NGADe eF NADDe, GM 9DGJK, eDDe HGJL9AL H9JfGAK De 9N:k, H9JfGAK MF fGMD9Jd FGMY KMJ De deJJAZJe de D9 L[Le i (59AF9:, +9JAK, B9FNAeJ 2018). h )GLJe ?J9Fd-EZJe FGMK J9;GFL9AL IMseF AD?YJAe, :e9M;GMH de feEEeK HGJL9AeFL MF fGMD9Jd E9AK IMseDDeK D9AKK9AeFL KGJLAJ DeMJK LJeKKeK. CsYL9AL LJZK BGDA i, Ee dAL H9J 9ADDeMJK (9JQeE, &9:QDe dsAD?YJAe NAN9FL eF !J9F, vol.59
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,
,
, De JYdMAL U K9 KeMDe dAEeFKAGF JeDA?AeMKe. .eDGF DshAKLGJAeFFe %G9F .;GLL, DsAJJMHLAGF d9FK DseKH9;e HM:DA; fJ9FX9AK de feEEeK NGADYeK f9AL JeKKMJ?, eK JeDA?AeMKeK (CGJ9F eL H9dALhK)
,
,
,
, 9 dAffYJeF;e deK KePeK, KeDGF eDDe, eKL D9 ;9MKe HJAF;AH9De deK AFY?9DALYK eL dsMFe
,
, LAGFK YHAdeJEAIMeK IMsGFL KMK
,
,
, MFe feEEe deNAeFL feJLADe. DDe N9 De HGJLeJ deN9FL DeK hGEEeK IMA HGMJJ9AeFL [LJe deK ;GFBGAFLK HGLeFLAeDK
, De, dGF; KePM9DAKY, deK Je?9JdK deK hGEEeK eF dehGJK de KGF E9JA eL de ;eMP dseFLJe KeK HJG;heK IMA Fe HeMNeFL DsYHGMKeJ
, E9AK 9MKKA U D9 feJLADALY eL U D9 KeFKM9DALY. 0Fe YLMde deK KGMJ9LeK 2?-NoFC, Fm:SC6, issue.2
, 2 F6mm6), FGMK JYNZDe IMe D9 feEEe dGAL Ke NGADeJ, dGF, GEHDYLYe H9J D9 KGMJ9Le 2?-N:DD2
, AEHDA
, ALeEeFL HJYKeJNeJ K9 HMdeMJ eL AFdAIMeJ H9J KGF NGADe IMseDDe FseKL H9K KePMeDDeEeFL dAKHGFA:De, deN9FL LGMK DeK hGEEeK K9Mf deN9FL KeK fJZJeK, KGF HZJe eL KeK GF
, H9LeJFeDK eL E9LeJFeDK) 260 . IDK KGFL KeK ;GFK9F?MAFK E9AK DMA KGFL
, GM de DsAF;eKLe, ADK Fe HeMNeFL dGF, p.9
, F JeN9F;he, KeK ;GMKAFK eL DeK fJZJeK de KGF E9JA KGFL deK ;GFBGAFLK HGLeFLAeDK, eDDe dGAL dGF, NGADeJ, vol.9
, JYeJ MFe
, De deK ;GFBGAFLK HGLeFLAeDK de DseFKeE:De deK AFdANAdMK 9Ne
,
, KGMJ9Le 2?-N:DD2
, GEHDZLe D9 KGMJ9Le 2?-NoFC eL dY
, AKAGF DeK feEEeK, p.9
,
, GJ9FAIMe dY;JAL dGF; MF ;eJL9AF LQHe dsMFAGF JY?MDYe H9J De L9:GM de DsAFLeJdAL de E9JA9?e, eL De NGADe eKL 9BMKLY eF fGF
, LAGF de D9 KGMJ9Le 2?-NoFC IMA ;GF;eJFe De NGADe (24 : 31) dAL 9MP feEEeK de h HJYKeJNeJ DeMJ KePe i, ) KMJ DeMJK HGALJAFeK i h eL IMseDDeK Fe EGFLJeFL de DeMJ :e9MLY (K:?2E:9
, D9AJeEeFL U IMeDK hGEEeK DeK feEEeK HeMNeFL EGFLJeJ DeMJ h :e9MLY i (KV?2), eL 9Ne; IMeDDeK feEEeK DeK hGEEeK HeMNeFL Ke E9JAeJ
,
, MDe DeK JeD9LAGFK eFLJe hGEEeK eL feEEeK eF fGF;LAGF deK AFLeJdALK eL deK 9DDA9F;eK HJYfYJeFLAeDDeK
, LeD IMsAD eKL YNGIMY d9FK DeK KGMJ9LeK A?-NoFC eL 2?-N:DD2 dM CGJ9F, HGKKZde MFe dAEeFKAGF KG;A9De fGFd9EeFL9De, IMA HJYdGEAFe KMJ D9 fGF, vol.9
, De NGADe EMKMDE9F eL De 89F?892E Ke JeBGA?FeFL d9FK DeMJ fGF;LAGF de KYH9JeJ DeK feEEeK eL DeK hGEEeK IMA Fe KGFL H9K AFLeJdALK de E9JA9?e, eL dsYL9:DAJ MF NGADe de HMdeMJ KMJ De, H9J JY
, DeK QeMP deK hGEEeK
,
, GEEe DsYNGIMe De CGJ9F (24 : 30) h DAK 9MP ;JGQ9FLK de :9AKKeJ DeMJ Je?9Jd i. F JeN9F;he, KA DsGF
, GFKAdZJe DeK AFdANAdMK deN9FL DeKIMeDK MFe feEEe Ke NGADe d9FK De 89F?892E, De :e9M-HZJe 9HH9J9]L eF HJeEAZJe HGKALAGF. CseKL 9N9FL LGML deN9FL DMA IMseDDe Ke NGADe, ;seKL DMA IMseDDe YNALe eL
,
, GEE9FdY U MFe feEEe de Ke NGADeJ deN9FL KGF :e9M-HZJe
,
, NGADe KeDGF DeK HJY;eHLeK
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, Be f9AK JYfYJeF;e U deK HJ9LAIMeK JeF;GFLJYeK 9M ;GMJK de EeK KYBGMJK eL LeJJ9AFK d9FK ds9MLJeK
, H9JLA;MDAZJeEeFL 9M (9JG;, eF /MFAKAe eL U (9QGLLe. CeJL9AFeK feEEeK 9M
, IMeDK IMe KGAeFL DeMJK AFLeJDG
, ID f9AL H9JLAe de D9 LeFMe de D9 feEEe, AD LAeFL eL HJGLZ?e DeK ;heNeMP DGJK deK LJ9N9MP dGEeKLAIMeK GM 9
,
, U D9 fGAK 9d9HLY 9MP HJeK
, GJ9FAIMeK (DeK feEEeK KGFL h9:ADDYeK de LeFMeK IMA Je
, GMNJeFL D9 d2HC2, eL NGADYeK deN9FL DseFKeE:De deK hGEEeK), E9AK AD dY:GJde de
, 1998-99). F /MFAKAe eF JeN9F;he, DeK feEEeK de EGF IM9JLAeJ GFL MF fGMD9Jd KMJ D9 L[Le U D9 E9AKGF, dGF; deN9FL DeK 9MLJeK feEEeK, DeMJ E9JA, DeMJK eFf9FLK, E9AK KGJLeFL eFLAZJeEeFL eFNeDGHHYeK d9FK MF NGADe :D9F, GEE9Fd9LAGFK HMAKIMsAD f9AL H9JLAe de D9 LeFMe IMGLAdAeFFe de D9 feEEe (G:KeJN9LAGFK de LeJJ9AF
, LAeFFeFL eFLJe deMP dGA?LK, Fe D9AKK9FL dYH9KKeJ IMsMF mAD. h Ce NGADe eKL HGMJ DsePLYJAeMJ
,
, eK feEEeK eDDeK-E[EeK Fe dAKLAF?MeFL H9K LGMBGMJK FY
,
, JAHLAGFK dM CGJ9F (G:KeJN9LAGFK de LeJJ9AF, )efL9, 2001.
, IMe
, DeK HJ9LAIMeK dM NGADe KGFL EMDLAfGJEeK eL D9J?eEeFL dYHeFd9FLeK deK ;GFLePLeK. )GLGFK A;A IMe DsAKD9E dM FGJd de DsIFde eL DsAKD9E KMd AFdAeF dAffZJeFL KeFKA:DeEeFL, d9FK D9 fGJEe eL d9FK DshAKLGAJe, HMAKIMe DsAKD9E dM FGJd eKL LGMJFY NeJK DsIJ9F, De +9CAKL9F, DsAf?h9FAKL9F eL ;eDMA dM KMd, NeJK D9 HYFAFKMDe 9J9:AIMe. '9 dAEeFKAGF KG;A9De dM NGADe FseKL dGF; H9K 9:KeFLe de DsAKD9E, eL JeBGAFL eF HDMKAeMJK HGAFLK
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, A9De IMA f9AL HGMJL9FL H9JLAe dM CGJ9F ? )GLGFK IMe D9 dAEeFKAGF JeDA?AeMKe d9FK De KeFK dM J9HHGJL de DshGEEe 9M K9;JY IMsAD 9:GJde NGADY, vol.3
, JGQ9FLK de Ke ;GMNJAJ de DeMJK H9JMJeK d9FK DeK DAeMP de ;MDLe. h * fADK dsAd9E
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, 9AFKA IMe DeK hGEEeK BMAfK IMA HJAeFL deJJAZJe DeMJ NGADe, De E2ll:E. h 'e T2ll:E eKL MF
, LJ9dALAGFFeDDeEeFL HGJLY H9J DeK hGEEeK d9FK DeK KQF9?G?MeK. ID Ks9?AL dsMF NGADe U fJ9F?eK dGFL DshGEEe eF HJAZJe (GM D9 feEEe
, YJ9D) KseFNeDGHHe. ID KseF eFJGMDe ds9:GJd De NAK9?e eF Ke
, HMAK dYHDGAe De LAKKM KMJ DeK YH9MDeK i (HGJNADDeMJ 2013 : 94)
, De :eKGAF ds[LJe eFNeDGHHY, de Ke ;9;heJ. CeLLe dAEeFKAGF eKL HJG:9:DeEeFL D9 dAEeFKAGF HJGHJeEeFL JeDA?, AeMKe dM NGADe
,
, , p.9
,
, HMAKIMe DeK JY9DALYK dM EGFde eL de KGF ePAKLeF;e DMA KGFL G;;MDLYeK H9J De NGADe de DsA?FGJ9F;e 262 . DeMP MK9?eK dM NGADe 9HH9J9AKKeFL
, 9LK IMA 9FAEeFL D9 KHhZJe EYdA9LAIMe fJ9FX9AKe Fs9:GJdeFL H9K FGF HDMK
, eLLe dAEeFKAGF eF YNGIM9FL DeK LeFKAGFK IMA KsePHJAEeFL H9J DsAFLeJEYdA9AJe dM NGADe, IMA KeE:De [LJe D9 fGAK DsG:BeL deK LeFKAGFK, eL U D9 fGAK De HJYLePLe HGMJ IMe
, NGADe eKL HJG?JeKKANeEeFL 9HH9JM 9M ;GMJK deK 9FFYeK 1990, HMAK 9HJZK DeK 9LLeFL9LK de, JeBeL dM NGADe KseKL dMJ, 2001.
, A 9M fAD deK YNZFeEeFLK de Ds9;LM9DALY, 9DGJK IMe Ds9KKG;A9LAGF KQKLYE9LAIMe eFLJe AKD9E eL jIx ID eKL AFLYJeKK9FL de FGLeJ IMe De EGL H9JMJe h R]F9 i
, eDMA IMA dYKA?Fe D9 :e9MLY eDDe-E[Ee. jIj I:F AJ9:] (LJ9d. DeFAK "JAD), 2015.
, 2 BFTE6 56 le23DolF, dALAGFK dM JG;heJ ; A:deD &9deJ, vol.4, 2014.
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, Ce JeBeL de LGML KA?Fe NAKA:De de Ds9HH9JLeF9F;e U D9 JeDA?AGF EMKMDE9Fe, KMJLGML IM9Fd ;eK KA?, FeK KGFL 9KKG
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, DeK N9DeMJK de D9 JYHM:DAIMe, KseKL ePHJAEY JY
, Ds9ff9AJe dM :MJCAFA DGJK de DsYLY 2016, dGF; U D9 KMALe deK 9LLeFL9LK U +9JAK eF FGNeE:Je 2015 eL ;eMP de )A;e eF 2016. '9 dAEeFKAGF IMA eKL JeLeFMe d9FK
, LMJe dM NGADe eKL, IMA KeE:De KsePHJAEeJ KMJLGML
, GEEe U 0d9AHMJ) H9J DsAFLeJEYdA9AJe dM N, vol.9
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, DAIMe IMA 9 LeFLY de Ke NAdeJ dM JeDA?AeMP, d9FK
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, Ae HJ9LAIMe dM NGADe eL fGFd9EeFL9DAKEe, AD eKL AFLYJeKK9FL U EGF KeFK dsMLADAKeJ DeK ;GF;eHLK de B.). A:GMdJ9J, U K9NGAJ h DeK JY?AEeK de NAKA:ADALY i, 2014.
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, ) t:)6;p):-6c--t 4N7p)c1tF ,u v714--6 F:)6c-D3nE l7E EKEFQ?
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, C7E PlP?7nFE Ed;nE5D;H7nF nAn E7Gl7?7nF 63nE Gn7 lA9;CG7 6d7n6A93?;7 (67 53EF7 AG 67 l
, D7 63nE l7CG7l An n7 ?AnFD7 B3E FAGF, pp.5-7
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, QD7 7F 5GlFGD7ll7?7nF 6PF7D?, vol.7, p.6
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, En Al9PD;7, 7n D3n AG 7n n67 6G NAD6, An n7 E7 6Ann7 B3E M HA, vol.4, pp.17-18, 2014.
, BADF7 CG;, B3E BlGE CGd7n FD3n57 AV ld7EB357 ;nF, pp.7-67
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, FG7nF 3GJ 67GJ BUl7E ABBAEPE, ldGn7 3FF35:P 3G DQ9n7 67 l3 FD3nEB3D7n57, ld3GFD7 M 57lG
, A55GlF7 3G D793D6), 57 CG; B7D?7F 63nE
, Gn7 57DF3;n7 ?7EGD7 67 D7n6D7 5A?BF7 67E B3D3?QFD7E CG; 7nFD7nF 7n j7G 63nE l7
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, FP 7F 67 E;n5PD
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, D7, 67 ld3H7G 67 5GlB34;l
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, FP
, QD7E EGD l7E 5ADBE ;n6;H;6G7lE. L7 ghungha Ed;nE5D;F 6An5 63nE 57FF7 P5AnA?
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, GEEe d9FK De ;hJAKLA9FAKEe eL De BMd9ïKEe, ;eD9 FseP;DML H9K IMsAD Ke KGAL AFK
, GFLePLe Gb De NGADeEeFL YL9AL
, eJL9AFe AdYe dM ;GJHK eL de D9 HeJKGFFe, eL IMe De NGADe FseKL H9K AFLeJNeFM dsMF KeMD ;GMH d9FK MF LQHe de KG
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, deK NGADeK U ;GFFGL9LAGF JeDA?AeMKe GFL LJ9NeJKY deK ;GFfA?MJ9LAGFK HGDALAIMeK IMA GFL fGJ
, QHLe DGJK dM EGMNeEeFL AF-)9hd9, DeK dYNGADeEeFLK deK feEEeK GFL f9AL DsG:BeL dsMFe AFKLJMEeFL9DAK9LAGF
, EGMNeEeFL AF-)9hd9, 9Ne; ;GEEe ;hef de fADe Ds9NG
, KsAFKHAJe de D9 HhADGKGHhAe deK 'MEAZJeK 9fAF de h LJ9;eJ De JeFGMNe9M de D9 HeFKYe AKD9EAIMe i, eL YL9:DAL MF DAeF eFLJe De dYNGADeEeFL de D9 feEEe eL De JYNeAD de D9 F9LAGF (A:GMdJ9J 2014 : 106). 'eK eFBeMP F9LAGF9MP KGFL JeNAKALYK KeDGF de FGMNeDDeK fGJEeK de JeHJYKeFL9LAGFK eKLhYLAIMeK, 9DGJK IMe h De JY?AEe NAKMeD de Ds*JAeFL eKL eF LJ9AF de Ke dYK9?JY?eJ i KGMK DsAFfDMeF, pp.1863-1908
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, De FGMNe9MP EGdZDeK KGFL 9DGJK eF LJ9AF ds9HH9J9]LJe, eL HGMJ D9 HJeEAZJe fGAK d9FK DshAKLGAJe dM NGADe, De dYNGADeEeFL deK feEEeK eKL 9KKG, GEEe hY?YEGFAIMe (A:GMdJ9J 2014 : 106)
,
, AYLY NeJK deK N9DeMJK ;GFKAdYJYeK
, Ce JeFGMNe9M LGM;he H9JLA
, MDAZJeEeFL DeK KHhZJeK NAKMeDDe eL eKLhYLAIMe
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, E B3D l7E 7nj7GJ BAl;F;CG7E 7F ;6PAlA9;CG7E, nAF3??7nF 7n FD3n57 (Al GG;n6, T3DlA, p.683, 1996.
, A ?An E7nE, 57E B3D36;9?7E BAE7nF BlGE, A6, p.7, 2002.
, , pp.7-7
, D7 CG7 l3 87??7 7EF 7n87D?P7 63nE l3 ?3
, GlF3nP?7nF CG7 ld:A??7 7n 7EF 7J5lG
, D 3G 5:3?B AG M l3 ?3;EAn 6d3EE7?4lP7 ; 7n :;H7D
,
,
,
, 5A??7 An 6
,
,
, B7D?7F 7n 7887F 67 EGBBAE7D CG7 l7E 87??7E EAG88D7nF 63H3nF397, pp.67-74
,
, 7GD CG7 l7E :A??7E 67 n7 BAGHA
,
, FAF3l7?7nF 87D?PE 3GJ 87??7E, B3E BlGE 6d3;ll7GDE CG7 l3 EB:QD7 6A?7EF;CG7 nd7EF 87D?P7 3GJ :A??7E. L7E 87??7E 8DPCG7nF7nF EAGH7nF l7E bazaar 7F l7E 4AGF, vol.7
, EF3n B3D 7J7?Bl7. D3nE 57FF7 ABF;CG7 BlGE nG3n5P7
, An 67E 87??7E M ld;nFPD
,
, purdah B3D?; 6d3GFD7E, 5A??7 B3D 7J7?Bl7 PH;F7D, vol.7, p.67
, D7 l7 nA? 67E 87??7E 67 EAn 8AK7D M 67E PFD3n97DE, AG ?R?7 l7GD nA?4D7
,
, CG7E M ldoeGHD7 63nE l7E BDA57EEGE 67 6A?;n3F
, CG7, 7ll7 nd7n nd7EF B3E ld3B3n397, 7F 57 EKEFQ?7 nd7n F
, 6QD7 CG7 l3 6A?;n3F;An ?3E5Gl;n7, 5A??7 FAGE l7E D3BBADFE 67 6A?
,
,
, , vol.9
, 7DE, issue.5
, 67E nG3n57E 63nE ld3n3lKE7 67E BD3F
,
,
, ds9:GJd AFALAY H9J DeK ;GFfJGFL9LAGFK eFLJe dAffYJeFLK JY?AEeK de N9DeMJK eL de JeHJYKeFL9LAGFK dM
, De d9FK MFe 9LEGKHhZJe
, DeK NeDDYALYK F9LAGF9DAKLeK deK H9QK 9J9:eK, de D9 /MJIMAe eL de DsIJ9F eL d9FK
, DeK 9FFYeK 1980 U LJ9NeJK DeK fJGLLeEeFLK eL D9 ;GePAKLeF
, DeK HGHMD9LAGFK AKKMeK ds9F;AeFFeK
, F:8FC6 94 9EEAD://l6m2E:?.m2/;oFC?2l/2006/CFlEFC60"2-A6:?EFC6-oC:6?E2l:DE6-D
, Je de BeMFeK feEEeK IMA 9J:GJeFL De NGADe KMJ D9 KHhZJe HM:DAIMe fJ9FX9AKe KGFL YdMIMYeK, HGKKZdeFL KGMNeFL MF dAHDaEe d9FK DsYdM, p.9
, KGFL H9JfGAK eF?9?YeK d9FK deK ;GE:9LK AdeFLAL9AJeK GM de JeNeFdA;9LAGF dsMFe AdeFLALY fYEAFAFe eL EMKMDE9Fe eL, NeMDeFL G
, LALMD9AJe dsMF dG;LGJ9L de K;AeF;eK HGDALAIMeK, eKLAEe IMe DeK dJGALK de KeK H9JeFLK, 9LK AdYGDG?AIMeK IMA 9?ALeFL De NGADe. AE9D, MFe 9EAe de 27 9FK, vol.YLY, p.9
,
, DDe ePHJAEe 9MKKA MF JeBeL deK FGJEeK dGEAF9FLeK de HMdeMJ IMA KGFL U D9 LJ9FKH9JeF;e eL 9M dYFMeEeFL, d9FK MF HJG;eKKMK de h JY9HHJGHJA9LAGF de KGF ;GJHK i, LYEGA?F9?e dsAE9D eL de FGE:JeMKeK BeMFeK feEEeK d9FK KGF ;9K ADDMKLJe DeK HJGHGK de (. &eJJGM IM9FL U DsYEeJ?eF
, ADAeJ MFe
,
, KGFL 9MKKA deK N9DeMJK 9MLGMJ dM
, ADGJK IMe ;eJL9AFeK IFdAeFFeK LeFdeFL U J9;;GMJ;AJ eL 9BMKLeJ DeMJK N[LeEeFLK 9fAF de Ke KeFLAJ HDMK h DA:JeK, eL HDMK EGdeJFeK i
, MFe BeMFe feEEe de DeDhA AKKMe dsMFe
, , 2017.
, eJL9AFeK fJ9FX9AKeK HGJLeFL De NGADe eL deK ;heEAKeK DGF?MeK KMJ DeMJ Be9FK, H9J;e IMseDDeK h ;heJ;heFL U Ke JY9HHJGHJAeJ DeMJ
, GJHK HDMLaL IMe de De D9AKKeJ 9MP E9AFK deK HM:DA;AL9AJeK eL deK hGEEeK IMA Je?9JdeFL DeK feEEeK ;GEEe deK HJGAeK eL deK G:BeLK KePMeDK i (AE9D, +9JAK, E9JK 2017). h 'e 9:;N3, d9FK KeK FGMNeDDeK fGJEeK, eKL DsePHJeKKAGF NeKLAEeFL9AJe eL
, ZFe dGFL DseFBeM HGDALAIMe eKL D9 EGFLYe dM HGMNGAJ fYEAFAF d9FK DeK KHhZJeK HM:DAIMeK 9DGJK IMe DseFBeM Y;GFGEAIMe eKL DAY U MFe EGFdA9DAK9LAGF deK G:BeLK eL deK KA?FeK IMA Ks9;;GEH9?Fe, dM ;aLY deK NGADYeK eL deK dYfeFKeMJK dM NGADe, dsMFe NGDGFLY de EGJ9DAK9LAGF de DsGJdJe KG
, LM
, KeJ9AL-AD De KA?Fe de DsAFNeFLAGF de FGMNeDDeK fGJEeK dsAdeFLALYK IMA Ke Je;GFfA?MJeFL KMJ D9 K, ZFe KG, p.9
, Gb deK EGdeK U D9 fGAK MFAfGJEAKYeK eL ;GFLJ9KLYeK ;GePAKLeFL d9FK deK eKH9;eK NAKMeDK H9JL9?YK IMe HeJEeLLeFL DeK FGMNeDDeK Le;hFGDG?AeK, ;JY9FL deK h eLhFGK;9HeK i Gb Ke fGJEMDeFL deK AdeFLALYK EGAFK DG;9DeEeFL IMsAdYGDG?AIMeEeFL KALMYeK, DG:9DAKY, 2001.
,
, Je d9FK h DsAFLeJHYFYLJ9LAGF eFLJe MFe ;MDLMJe DG
, p; p7:-uxM
, GFLePLe HeML ePHJAEeJ MFe 9MLJe AdYe de D9 fYEAFALY, dsMF fYEAFAF IMA ;9
, IMA ePHJAEe MFe 286?4J eL MFe KYDe;LAGF d9FK D9 JeHJYKeFL9LAGF IMsAD dGFFe eL IMsAD Ke dGFFe. CseKL De ;9K dsMF :GF FGE:Je de BeMFeK feEEeK dsGJA?AFe 9D?YJAeFFe, E9JG;9AFe GM LMFAKAeFFe dGFL DeK EZJeK Fe Ke NGADeFL H9K eL IMA dY
, IMeDIMefGAK E9D?JY DeK AFBGF;LAGFK deK 9MLJeK EeE:JeK de D9 f9EADDe. +9JfGAK, DeK 9MLJeK feEEeK de D9 f9EADDe
,
, , pp.9-9
,
, DeMJ KAF?MD9JALY AFdANAdMeDDe. AM
,
, GFfGJL eL DeK ;hGAP AFdANAdMeDK, MFe feEEe HeML Ke NGADeJ H9J;e IMe K9 EZJe eL DeK feEEeK de K9 f9EADDe De fGFL, eL H9J;e IMsAD DMA HeJEeL de KsAFK, HMdeMJ KHY
, AfAIMeK DAYeK U D9 EGdeKLAe eL ;eJL9AFeK N9DeMJK H9J J9HHGJL 9M ;GEHGJLeEeFL deK feEEeK eF KG;AYLY. CseKL De ;9K deK BeMFeK feEEeK IMA HJ9LAIMeFL De 89F?892E U 0d9AHMJ
, HJAKe de HGKALAGF HGDALAIMe eL/GM AdYGDG?AIMe de D9 feEEe IMA ;heJ;he U HJeFdJe De
, JY9ffAJEeJ K9 HJGHJe AdYe de D9 HMdeMJ fYEAFAFe eL de D9 HD9;e dM JeDA?AeMP d9FK K9 NAe IMGLAdAeFFe, IMA HeMNeFL
, 9K DGJK deK ;9EH9?FeK de dYNGADeEeFLK eF /MFAKAe GM eF IJ9F, DGJK deKIMeDDeK DeK feEEeK Ke KGFL :9LLMeK HGMJ HGMNGAJ HGJLeJ De NGADe E9D, JY DsAFLeJdA
,
, Gb deK BeMFeK feEEeK dsGJA?AFe E9?hJY:AFe, 9fJA;9AFe GM H9CAKL9F9AKe Ke NGADeFL (9DGJK IMe KGMNeFL, DeMJK EZJeK Fe De HGJLeFL H9K) 9fAF ds9ffAJEeJ DeMJ 9HH9JLeF9F;e JeDA?AeMKe, E9AK 9MKKA DeMJ HGKALAGF H9J J9HHGJL 9M dA, 1997.
,
, DeK feEEeK ePHJAEeFL MFe HJAKe de dY
,
, GJHK, d9FK MF dA9DG?Me eFLJe deK JY?AEeK de NAKA:ADALYK eL AdYGDG?AIMeK H9JfGAK GHHGKYK, 2006.
, BeMFe feEEe dsGJA?AFe E9JG, 9K dsAKKA9
, IMeDIMeK 9FFYeK HDMK L9Jd de K9 BeMFe KmMJ. 'eMJ EZJe 9 HJAK D9 dY;AKAGF de Ke NGADeJ 9MP 9DeFLGMJK de 35 9FK, 9DGJK IMe DeMJ HZJe
, , vol.9
, eLLe KGMd9AFe dY;AKAGF de KGF YHGMKe eF DMA dAK9FL : h .A LM Le NGADeK, Be Fe KGJK HDMK 9Ne
, , 2000.
,
,
, JAKL9DDAKeJ DeK eFBeMP de HGMNGAJ. DDe dGAL H9JfGAK LJGMNeJ DsePHJeKKAGF de K9 KM:Be;LANALY 9MP
, JGAKeEeFL deK HJGBe
,
, , vol.9, p.9
, YJeJ i De ;GJHK 9Ne; deK FGLAGFK IMA KGFL IMeDIMe fGAK YLJ9F?ZJeK U D9 FGLAGF de DA:eJLY deK feEEeK KMJ De, GJHK dMIMeD DseFBeM eKL HGJLY. CGJHK, vol.9, issue.9
,
, GEEe HGJLeMJ dsMF EeKK9?e
, , vol.9
,
, LeMJ deK ;GE:9LK, deK AdYGDG?AeK, deK BeMP de HGMNGAJ GM de KYdM;LAGF. CeDMA de D9 feEEe KeE:De H9JLA
, ADGJK, De ;GJHK fYEAFAF deNAeFL MF eKH9;e h E9?AIMe i, d9FK DeK JeHDAK AFLAEeK dMIMeD Ke dYNeDGHHe MF FGMNeD, 2013.
, GFLJe de deMP, eDDMDeK
,
,
,
, NeFLJe de D9 feEEe deNeF9AL De LeEHDe 9M ;mMJ dMIMeD Ke Je
, D2? 2l k2m:l eF 9J9:e) IMA
, GFLeF9AL DeK ;9J9;LYJAKLAIMeK dM fYEAFAF eL dM E9K
, MDAF (KeDGF DeK
, LAGFK IMA KGFL f9ALeK deK LePLeK GJA?AF9MP eF 9J9:e, 9J9EYeF GM hY:JeM), 2013.
, De HGJL dM NGADe eF IFde dM )GJd d9FK De
, , p.9
, GFLePLe E9JIMY H9J Ds9ffAJE9LAGF K9FK HJY;YdeFL deK feEEeK eF IFde eL de DeMJ 9KHAJ9LAGF U DsY?9DALY, U D9 dYFGF
, 9KHe;LK Q ;GEHJAK ;eMP IMA Fe LJ9dMAKeFL H9K deK J9HHGJLK de dGEAF9LAGF, eJ DeK J9HHGJLK de HGMNGAJ eL D9 HGDALAK9LAGF deK HJ9LAIMeK JeDA?AeMKeK. ID Ks9?AL eF effeL de HJYKeFLeJ MFe HJ9LAIMe, De HGJL dM NGADe, p.9
, DsePHJeKKAGF HGKALANe de JaDeK eL de KL9LMLK f9EADA9MP
, eMDe MFe 9FLhJGHGDG?Ae JeKKeJJYe HeJEeL eF effeL de Ke dY?9?eJ deK K;hYE9K
,
,
,
,
, J9Fde N9JAYLY de J9AKGFK. F E[Ee LeEHK, eKL 9HH9JMe de f9XGF H9J9dGP9De, K9 dAEeFKAGF ePLJ9GJdAF9AJe, HMAKIMe FGMK 9NGFK HM NGAJ U IMeD HGAFL De NGADe eKL HJGHA
,
, Ke deKKAFe 9DGJK
,
,
, 'e ;9J9;LZJe ePLJ9GJdAF9AJe dM NGADe LAeFdJ9AL-AD d9FK De f9AL IMsAD LeFd U JYMFAJ deK 9KHe;LK EMDLAHDeK, IMeDIMefGAK GHHGKYK ? AHJZK MF :Jef dYLGMJ U LJ9NeJK DshAKLGAJe deK
, GFfDALK 9MLGMJ dM NGADe d9FK De EGFde EMKMDE9F, E9AK 9MKKA de D9 HGDALAK9LAGF ds9MLJeK h9:ALK de L
, GEEe D9 ;9DGLLe ?9FdhAeFFe, FGMK 9NGFK NM YEeJ?eJ D9 fGF
, eDDe de E9JIMeJ DeK 9HH9JLeF9F;eK, DeK AdeFLALYK eL DeK eF?9?eEeFLK
,
, GEEeFL De 89F?892E f9AL KQKLZEe 9Ne; DeK 9MLJeK YDYEeFLK dM
, AD JYNZDe MF KQKLZEe de H9JeFLY, ds9DDA9F;eK, DeK KL9LMLK eL DeK JaDeK de
, KHGFL9FYe deK IMeKLAGFK eL deK JeHJYKeFL9LAGFK U H9JLAJ dsMFe KGJLe de h N9DeMJ YL9DGF i de D9 feEEe ;9DIMYe KMJ De EGdZDe G;;AdeFL9D IMA KeJL de JeHZJe deHMAK D9 JYNGDMLAGF fYEAFAKLe deK 9FFYeK 1970 : D9 feEEe eKL HeFKYe U HJAGJA ;GEEe DsY?
, De dYKGJE9AK JeDeNeJ de D9 FGJEe, ID KseFKMAL, p.9
,
, AYLYK Gb DeK JaDeK E9K
, eK JaDeK IMGLAdAeFK 9HH9J9AKKeFL
, MFe KG, vol.9, p.9
,
, Ds9FLhJGHGDG?Me dGAL Ke ?9JdeJ de LGML ePGLAKEe, HMAKIMe ;eDMA-;A eKL MFe ADDMKAGF KMK
, IMA AFLJGdMAL DsAE9?AF9AJe dM ;heJ;heMJ, U KGF AFKM, d9FK K9 HeJ;eHLAGF deK f9ALK, vol.9
,
,
, AE9?AF9AJe KMJ DeK JeHJYKeFL9LAGFK 9MLGMJ dM NGADe
, GEEe MFe HJ9LAIMe KG;A9De
, GEEe MFe 9MLJe eL IMA f9AL KQKLZEe d9FK De
, HGMJ eFKMALe JYAFLJGdMAJe d9FK EGF 9F9DQKe DeK YDYEeFLK IMA eF fGFL MFe HJ9LAIMe ePLJ9-GJdAF9AJe d9FK
, AM FANe9M deK JYfYJeF
,
, DGJKIMseDDe 9HHDAIMYe U DsIFde d9FK MFe De, LMJe HGKL
, KGAL H9J MFe 9HHJYheFKAGF de D9 feEEe
, J9HhAe KM:9DLeJFAKLe -, KGAL H9J MFe NAKAGF eKLhYLAK9FLe, IMA JeDZNe de DsGJAeFL9DAKEe
, LJe MFe feEEe NeML dAJe eF IFde 9MBGMJdshMA, eF YL9FL 9M HDMK HJZK de DeMJK 9
, LMeFL De JQLhEe de D9
, %s9A HGJLY De 5FA2??? d9FK dAffYJeFLK ;GFLePLeK JALMeDK, FY9FEGAFK, ;eLLe YLMde 9
, KeJN9FLe : FsYL9FL H9K
, Be Fe HeMP HJ9LAIMeJ De 89F?892E ; Be Fe HeMP dGF; HJYLeFdJe eFNAK9?eJ de DsAFLYJAeMJ ;e IMe ;seKL IMe ds[LJe MFe :eDDe-fADDe eF IFde NAN9FL 9M fGQeJ de KeK 9ffAFK, GML BMKLe eF 9A-Be HM G:KeJNeJ DeK
, DeMJK D9JEeK H9JfGAK, DeMJK ;GFfAdeF;eK KGMNeFL. 'e ;GJHK de ;eK feEEeK eKL LJ9NeJKY ds9KHAJ9LAGFK
,
, AHYe eL De dYKAJ ds, LJe JeKHe
, Ke EGFLJ9FL JeKHe;LMeMKe deK FGJEeK de DeMJ KG;AYLY ; eFLJe De f9AL ds, LJe eF, vol.9
, DeK FGJEeK de DeMJ IMGLAdAeF eL
, GEHJGEAK IMA HeJEeL 9MP AFdANAdMK de NANJe d9FK DeMJ KG
,
, GFfGJL HJGHJe eL ;eDMA de ;eMP IMA DeK eFLGMJeFL
, NGADe EseKL 9HH9JM ;GEEe dYDAEAL9FL MFe RGFe de JeHDA eL dsAFLAEALY HGMJ D9 feEEe, IMA HeML ;eJLeK DsGHHJeKKeJ E9AK eF E[Ee LeEHK D9 HJGLY?eJ eL DMA HeJEeLLJe ds9;;MeADDAJ KeK YEGLAGFK IMseDDe dGAL L9AJe 9MP, QeMP de LGMK
, GEEe De EGFLJe D9 dANeJKALY deK eFLJeLAeFK JY9DAKYK 9Ne
, EeK AFLeJDG;MLJA;eK. 's9FLhJGHGDG?Ae NeKLAEeFL9AJe ;GEEe ;9dJe YHAKLYEGDG?AIMe 9 HeJEAK de EGFLJeJ Ds9HLALMde IMsGFL DeK N[LeEeFLK U HGJLeJ dM KeFK
,
,
,
, GJeJ MF D9F?9?e ;GEHJAK de LGMK
,
, DDe eKL G:DA?9LGAJeEeFL AFK;JALe d9FK MF f9AK, 89F?892E AFLeJdAL de HeFKeJ D9 feEEe KeMDe eL DA:Je de KeK EGMNeEeFLK
, , p.9
, KeAF dMIMeD eDDe dGAL
, A9AK de KGF ;GJHK eL de K9 ?eKLMeDDe. ID HeJEeL de NGAJ U IMeD HGAFL DseF?9?eEeFL dM ;GJHK eKL HJAEGJdA9D d9FK DsAFLeJ9;LAGF eL DeK JeD9LAGFK KG
,
, , 2009.
,
,
,
,
, ALeJ DeK EMDLAHDeK fGF;LAGFK eL dAEeFKAGFK dM NGADe, K9FK Ke D9AKKeJ h9HHeJ H9J KeK
,
, KeAF de D9 KG;AYLY AFdAeFFe. 'eK ;GEHDePALYK deK KALM9LAGFK G:KeJNYeK EGFLJeFL D9 dAffA;MDLY ds[LJe MFe feEEe, 2 7oCE:oC: MFe :eDDe-fADDe eF IFde. 'e 89F?892E JYNZDe eF effeL De HGAdK dsMFe AFKLALMLAGF f9EADA9De H9LJA9J;9De, E9AK AD eF JYNZDe 9MKKA DeK FM9F;eK, FGL9EEeFL ;GF, AeFLAfAIMeEeFL De 89F?892E Fe JeNAeFL H9K U f9AJe Ds9HGDG?Ae dM NGADe GM U ?DGJAfAeJ De JaDe de D9 feEEe 9M
, GFLGMJFeEeFL de ;eJL9AFeK FGJEeK H9J DeK hGEEeK, AM deDU deK IMeKLAGFK DAYeK 9M HGMNGAJ eL 9MP J9HHGJLK de, vol.9
, e IMe FGMK dYNGADe De 89F?892E eKL D9 f9XGF dGFL MFe HJ9LAIMe KG
, A9De f9AL KeFK 9Ne
,
, A9D IMA DseF;9dJe, eL ;GEEeFL DeK AFdANAdMK HeJHYLMeFL DsGJdJe KG
, A9D
, GEEeFL ADK KseF, vol.9
, AdAfA9FL eF fGF, LAGF deK JaDeK
, GFK9F?MAFKj) IMsADK JeEHDAKKeFL. 'e 89F?892E eKL MF
, , p.9
, Le U LJ9NeJK D9 E9LAZJe dM LAKKM eL Ds9
,
, GMDAKKeK de D9 KG, AYLY AFdAeFFe
,
, DsePeEHDe dM +eFdB9:, eFLJe MFe IFde JMJ9De eL MFe IFde MJ, p.9
, NADDe ds0d9AHMJ Ke KALMe d9FK MF eFLJe-deMP eFLJe D9 LJ9dALAGF (LeDDe IMseDDe eKL eFNAK9?Ye DG;9DeEeFL) eL D9 EGdeJFALY U DsG
,
, FYK deK NADD9?eK dM -9B9KLh9F IMe deK EY?9DGHGDeK dM H9QK, :AeF IMe DeK AFdANAdMK Q dAKHGKeFL ds9MLJeK HGKKA:ADALYK eL HJGHGKeFL ds9MLJeK
, GEHJGEAK d9FK DeK dGE9AFeK eKLhYLAIMeK GM NeKLAEeFL9AJeK, H9J ePeEHDe
, NAeADDe NADDe eKL
, GFfJGFLYe BMKIMe d9FK KeK JeHDAK AFLAEeK, BMKIMe d9FK KeK HDMK YLJGALeK JMeDDeK, 9M ;GFL9;L 9Ne
,
, oC: De NAK9?e, eKL MFe :AR9JJeJAe eL MF KA?Fe de KGMEAKKAGF U DshGEEe, vol.2
,
, GFGEAe EGFdA9DAKYe AEHGJLYeK H9J DeK )-I eF NAKALe JY?MDAZJe 9M H9QK, IMA GFL
, GFdMAL U D9 dAKH9JALAGF dM 89F?892E. '9 N9JA9:ADALY de
, , vol.9
, CeK YDYEeFLK FGMK GFL HeJEAK d9FK MFe IM9LJAZEe H9JLAe de f9AJe De H9JA dsGMNJAJ U MFe, GEH9J9AKGF dseE:DYe HJG:DYE9LAIMe. CGEEe GFL IMeKLAGFFYK 'GMAK DMEGFL, 1966.
,
, Ds9:GJd, AD f9DD9AL YNALeJ dZK De dYH9JL de Ke D9AKKeJ eFfeJEeJ d9FK DeK dY:9LK eL DeK HGDYEAIMeK IMA eF fGFL MF KMBeL HGDALAIMeEeFL KeFKA:De eF !J9F;e. '9 HGKLMJe de Ds9FLhJGHGDG?Me, H9J;e IMseDDe JeHGKe KMJ DsY;GMLe deK KMBeLK eL DsYLMde de DeMJK JeHJYKeFL9LAGFK, sAFLYJeKKeJ U D9 LhYE9LAIMe dM NGADe HJYKeFL9AL HDMKAeMJK dAffA;MDLYK
,
,
, DeK KQKLZEeK dsGJ?9FAK9LAGF f9EADA9De eL D9
, LeEeFL KHY
,
,
, De NGADe d9FK DsAKD9E
, 9M fMJ eL U EeKMJe IMe Ke deKKAF9AeFL de FGMNeDDeK hQHGLhZKeK, eL ;GEHLe LeFMe de D9 HJGPAEALY dM 89F?892E 9Ne
, De NGADe deK EMKMDE9FeK eF IFde dM )GJd, Bs9A dc JeNAKALeJ DeK dAEeFKAGFK eL DeK De
, GEHGJLe Y?9DeEeFL MFe dAEeFKAGF JeD9LAGFFeDDe. )GMK Ds9NGFK
, D9AJeEeFL YNGIMYe d9FK D9 .GMJ9Le 2?-NoFC, IMA dYL9ADDe DeK AFdANAdMK deN9FL
,
, , p.9
,
,
, , p.9
,
, GFKLJMALe 9M fAD de ;e LJ9N9AD MFe 9HHJG;he IMe BseKHZJe GJA?AF9De KeDGF D9IMeDDe De HGJL dM NGADe eKL 9F9DQKY d9FK LGMLeK KeK dAEeFKAGFK. %s9A AKGDY DsAEHGJL9F
,
, CeLLe YLMde eFLeFd JeKLALMeJ De NGADe d9FK K9 dAEeFKAGF fGFd9EeFL9De : De NGADe eKL, LGML KG
,
, GFLeEHGJ9AFe IMA 9
,
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, A De NGADe 9 YLY JYAFLJGdMAL d9FK De dY:9L HM:DA; fJ9FX9AK deHMAK DeK 9FFYeK 1990, vol.9
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, , 2010.
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, , vol.23
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, de HD9FLeK eL ;GEEe ;GE:MKLA:De HGMJ DeK D9EHeK U hMADe MLADAKYeK d9FK DeK LeEHDeK hAFdGMK eL B9ïFK, p.9
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