.. .. Related-work,

, Going Adaptive: the ?-Greedy Policy, vol.87

.. .. Data-center-simulations, Static Peer Policy -Two-Peerstrings Mode

. .. Summary-of-results,

, IV Load-Balancing 97

, 6LB: Scalable and Application-Aware Load Balancing with Segment Routing 99

. .. Statement-of-purpose,

. .. Summary-of-results,

, Cette thèsé etudie l'utilisation de protocoles de couche réseau pour fournir, au sein de réseaux de centres de données, des primitives de mobilité des tâches, de distribution fiable de contenu

. La-partie-i-est-une-mise-en-contexte-introductive, Le chapitre 1 parcourt l'´ etat de l'art sur les architectures de centres de données (data centers) et sur les protocoles réseaux associés. Il introduit ensuite deux architectures réseau intéressantes, IPv6 Segment Routing (SRv6 [7]) et Bit-Indexed Explicit Replication (BIER [8]), qui utilisent le paradigme de routagè a la source afin d'ajouter des fonctionsàfonctionsà la couche réseau. Le chapitre 2 résume ensuite comment ce concept a ´ eté appliqué le long de cette thèse

, VMs) reposent sur la signalisation, par une VM venant de terminer une migration, de sa nouvelle localisationàlocalisationà un répertoire centralisé. Cela crée une période de temps transitoire durant laquelle les paquets destinésdestinésà de telles VMs sont perdus. Pour résoudre ceprobì eme, le chapitre 3 propose de pré-allouer demanì ere conservative, grâcè a SRv6, un chemin de migration comprenant les machines hôtes de laquelle et vers laquelle la migration est initiée. Ainsi, les paquets atteignent toujours la machine correcte, quelle que soit l'´ etape au sein du processus de migration. Ce chemin est alloué par le plan de contrôle avant que la migration en elle-même ne soit lancée, et jusqu'après son accomplissement. Ceci est accompli par l'introduction de deux nouvelles fonctions SRv6 : lapremì ere vérifie (au sein de la machine hôte source) si le lien vers la VM est toujoursétablitoujoursétabli, et selon le cas, transfère les paquets ou bien vers la VM, ou bien vers le second segment ; la seconde vérifie (au sein de la machine hôte destination) si la VM a repriscompì etement son exécution, et en fonction, met en tampon localement les paquets, ou bien les transfère vers la VM. Ce mécanisme a ´ eté implémenté au sein d'un routeur virtuel (VPP [31]), et l'´ evaluation montre qu'il est en effet possible de migrer des VMs sans perte de paquets, ce qui permet de réduire la latence et la durée de service des flux servis, La partie IIétudieIIétudie la mobilité des tâches dans les centres de données. Le chapitre 3 (publié dans [79]) introduit l'utilisation de SRv6 afin de permettre la migration de machines virtuelles sans perte de paquets. Les protocoles réseaux traditionnellement utilisés pour la migration de machines virtuelles (virtual machines

, Les architectures de gestion des centres de données introduites traditionnellement dans la littérature scientifique considèrent ou bien les demandes réseau tâche-` a-tâche, ou bien le coût des migrations de tâches, mais pas les deux. Le chapitre 4 introduit un programme d'optimisation multi-objectif visantàvisantà maximiser le débit inter-tâche total, tout en minimisation le coût induit par la migration des tâches, et en maximisant le nombre de tâches nouvellement allouées. Un programme non-linéaire en variables mixtesentì eres (Mixed Integer Non-Linear Programming, MILNP) est introduit afin de capturer les contraintes et objectives permettant de modéliser ceprobì eme, et ce programme est ensuite linéarisé en une formulation comme programme linéaire en variables mixtesentì eres (Mixed Integer Linear Programming, MILP). La méthode de l'?-contrainte est utilisée pour calculer l'ensemble de solutions Pareto-optimales, ´ etudie comment il est possible de fournir de la migration de tâches utilisant les caractéris-tiques des flux, c'est-` a-dire de migrer des tâches communicant les unes avec les autres de façonfaçonà les rapprocher dans la topologie, et ce pour optimiser le trafic réseau

, Advanced data center network toplogies

]. .. ,

, Example of BIER bitstring processing

, Example of shim-layer running in a virtual router

. .. Toy-network-example,

, Illustration of SR migration: ping experiment for the different mechanisms, p.28

, Evaluation of SR migration: response times for the HTTP workloads, p.29

, Evaluation of SR migration: iperf experiments with 50 clients, p.30

. .. , Evaluation of SR migration: iperf sink experiments with 50 clients, p.41

, Multi-objective model example run: solutions and Pareto-optimal solutions, p.42

. .. , Pareto front approximation: Exact Pareto front and approximate Pareto fronts from Algorithm 4 for ? ? {1, 3, 5}

, Pareto front approximation: throughput improvement for 20 and 30 migrations, p.45

, Pareto front approximation: time to generate the approximate Pareto front, for up to B = 30 migrations

, Comparison of different reliable multicast mechanisms

, 3 Data-center topology used for reliable BIER simulations

, Reliable BIER: uncorrelated localized losses experiment

, Reliable BIER: correlated localized losses experiment

, Reliable BIER: unlocalized bursty losses experiments

, Reliable BIER: influence of the NACK aggregation delay ?t agg, p.60

. .. , 61 5.10 Notation used for the performance analysis of reliable BIER, Reliable BIER: network topology for the ISP simulations

. .. Reliable-bier-examplified,

, 13 Number of packets transmitted in the binary tree of figure 5.1 until all destinations receive a copy

, 14 Number of packets transmitted in the tree of figure 5.3 until all destinations receive a copy: exact values vs approximation from theorem 5.1

, 76 6.2 Illustration of SR-based recovery of a multicast data packet, p.77

, Example of single-and double-peerstring operation

. .. , 82 6.6 Policy analysis: number of destinations able to obtain a retransmission of a packet from a peer, 4 PDF of the recovery at 2k hops (conditioning to a loss)

, Probability that a fraction (1 ? ?) of destinations successfully receive the packet directly from the source in the first transmission, vol.87

. .. , Success ratio (after 1st recovery) for the ?-greedy policy, vol.87

, Number of destinations that did not receive the multicast transmission from the source, and which are selecting peers 0 and 32 under the ?-greedy policy, p.88

. .. , 90 6.12 BIER-PEER data-center simulations: clustered peer selection in two subtrees vs in one subtree, 91 6.13 BIER-PEER data-center simulations: ?-greedy peer selection in subtree vs random 92 6.14 BIER-PEER ISP simulations: ?-greedy peer selection in subtree vs random, p.93

, Closeness centrality of the topology of figure 5.9

, 101 7.4 6LB consistent hashing: example of permutation tables and lookup table, p.107

, Resiliency of consistent hashing to application instance removals, p.107

T. ]. , Performance analysis of 6LB: mean response time E, p.111

. .. ?-t-], Performance analysis of 6LB: worst-case response time with delay, p.112

, Performance analysis of 6LB: fairness index F = E

E. and ]. .. , , p.113

. .. , 113 7.10 Performance analysis of 6LB: CDF of response time for ? = 0.88, p.114

. .. , Performance analysis of 6LB: 90-th percentile of response time, p.114

. .. , 18 6LB evaluation: connection resets when removing x application instances and simultaneously switching to another 6LB instance, Performance analysis of 6LB: reduction in number of instances, vol.118

.. ;. , 123 7.24 6LB Wikipedia replay: CDF of page load time over the 24 hours, 6LB Wikipedia replay: decile 1, p.124

, 6LB VPP implementation: upstream packet forwarding rate evaluation, p.124

. .. Shell-overview,

, Example TCP TLV parsing in the P4 LB, for

, SHELL P4 dataplane evaluation: per-packet latency for a burst, p.133

. Shell-p4-dataplane, evaluation: distribution of per-packet latency for different values of d max off

, Illustration of first-available-instance LB (algorithm 7)

, Markov chain for first-availabe-instance LB with n = 2 instances, p.141

, Markov chain for n = 3 instances, when c = 2

, Expected response time E[T ] and number of VMs needed to satisfy SLA = 2, p.147

, Expected response time E[T ] and number of VMs needed to satisfy SLA = 3, p.148

, ] and number of VMs needed to meet SLA = 2, for diurnal request rate pattern

, SR Autoscaling Wikipedia replay: mean response time and number of needed VMs, p.149

, SR Autoscaling Wikipedia replay: CDF of page load time over the 24 hours, p.149

, Generic mathematical notation

, Evaluation of SR migration: average VM downtimes and number of lost/buffered packets

, Inputs and variables to the data-center model of section 4

, Link capacities for the k-rack topology used for the evaluation of the heuristic introduced in section 4

, Reliable BIER performance analysis: Average number of retransmissions per packet for (k, k/2, k/2) tree topologies, as per theorem 5.1

, 2 6LB: protocol overhead (in bytes) for different steering mechanisms, 6LB: notation for the policies introduced in section 7, p.104

, Handshake protocol state machine for a given flow, p.108

, Handshake protocol state machine for a given flow, p.109

.. .. Example,

.. .. Shell-p4-netfpga-dataplane-resource-usage,

. .. Rrr-technique, 141 9.2 SR Autoscaling Wikipedia replay: energy cost and response time

, Static Connection Acceptance Policy SR c

, Dynamic Connection Acceptance Policy SR dyn

.. .. Consistent-hashing,

, Consistent hashing history table construction

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