C. Duke, Tunneling in solids, 1969.
DOI : 10.1063/1.3128102

D. Lamb, Electrical conduction mechanisms in thin insulating films, 1967.

, Economic and environmental advantages, pp.2017-2029

M. Ieda, Electrical Conduction and Carrier Traps in Polymeric Materials, IEEE Transactions on Electrical Insulation, vol.19, issue.3, pp.162-178, 1984.

A. Rose, Space-Charge-Limited Currents in Solids, Physical Review, vol.97, issue.6, pp.1538-1544, 1955.
DOI : 10.1103/physrev.97.1538

P. Fischer and P. Röhl, Thermally stimulated and isothermal depolarization currents in low-density polyethylene, Journal of Polymer Science: Polymer Physics Edition, vol.14, issue.3, pp.531-542, 1976.
DOI : 10.1002/pol.1976.180140313

R. T. Tung, The physics and chemistry of the Schottky barrier height, Applied Physics Reviews, vol.1, issue.1, p.11304, 2014.

K. Kircher, Chemical reactions in plastics processing, 1988.

G. Marzinotto and M. Mazzanti, Main Principles of HVDC Extruded Cable Design," in Extruded Cables For High-Voltage Direct-Current Transmission, pp.41-98, 2013.

L. Dissado, G. Mazzanti, and G. Montanari, The role of trapped space charges in the electrical aging of insulating materials, IEEE Transactions on Dielectrics and Electrical Insulation, vol.4, issue.5, pp.496-506, 1997.

J. André and G. Leroy, All-electrons band structure of polyethylene in the nearest cell approximation, Chemical Physics Letters, vol.5, issue.2, pp.71-74, 1970.

J. Jones, J. Llewellyn, and T. Lewis, The contribution of Field-induced morphological change to the electrical aging and breakdown of polyethylene, IEEE Transactions on Dielectrics and Electrical Insulation, vol.12, issue.5, pp.951-966, 2005.

D. Foata and A. Fuchs, Processus stochastiques : Processus de Poisson, cha??nescha??nes de Markov et martingales : Cours et exercices corrigés. Dunod, 2006.

W. Thue, Electrical Power Cable Engineering, 1998.
DOI : 10.1201/b11507

S. Kirkpatrick, Percolation and Conduction, Reviews of Modern Physics, vol.45, issue.4, pp.574-588, 1973.

F. Lux, Models proposed to explain the electrical conductivity of mixtures made of conductive and insulating materials, Journal of Materials Science, vol.28, issue.2, pp.285-301, 1993.

L. Flandin, T. Prasse, R. Schueler, K. Schulte, W. Bauhofer et al., Anomalous percolation transition in carbon-black-epoxy composite materials, Physical Review B, vol.59, issue.22, pp.14349-14355, 1999.
URL : https://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/hal-00309769

M. Jeroense, M. Saltzer, and H. Ghorbani, Technical challenges linked to HVDC cable development, 2014.

, Interconnexionélectrique Interconnexionélectrique france-espagne par le golfe de gascogne, pp.2017-2029

L. Zehong, G. Liying, W. Zuli, Y. Jun, Z. Jin et al., R&D progress of±1100 kV UHVDC technology, 2012.

B. Sanden, J. Matallana, J. Parpal, A. Macphail, D. Wald et al., Recommendations for testing dc extruded cable systems for power transmission at a rated voltage up to 500 kv, CIGRE Colloquium on HVDC and Power Electronic Systems, 2012.

J. A. Anta, G. Marcelli, M. Meunier, and N. Quirke, Models of electron trapping and transport in polyethylene: Current voltage characteristics, Journal of Applied Physics, vol.92, issue.2, pp.1002-1008, 2002.

F. Boufayed, G. Teyssèdre, C. Laurent, S. L. Roy, L. A. Dissado et al., Models of bipolar charge transport in polyethylene, Journal of Applied Physics, vol.100, issue.10, p.104105, 2006.

L. Dissado and J. Fothergill, Electrical degradation and breakdown in polymers, IET, 1992.

T. Lewis, Polyethylene under electrical stress, IEEE Transactions on Dielectrics and Electrical Insulation, vol.9, issue.5, pp.717-729, 2002.
DOI : 10.1109/tdei.2002.1038659

S. Hole, T. Ditchi, and J. Lewiner, Non-destructive methods for space charge distribution measurements: what are the differences?, IEEE Transactions on Dielectrics and Electrical Insulation, vol.10, issue.4, pp.670-677, 2003.

Y. Li, M. Yasuda, and T. Takada, Pulsed electroacoustic method for measurement of charge accumulation in solid dielectrics, IEEE Transactions on Dielectrics and Electrical Insulation, vol.1, issue.2, pp.188-195, 1994.

P. Notingher, S. Agnel, and A. Toureille, Thermal step method for space charge measurements under applied dc field, IEEE Transactions on Dielectrics and Electrical Insulation, vol.8, issue.6, pp.985-994, 2001.
DOI : 10.1109/94.971455

URL : https://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/hal-00323816

T. Mizutani, Space charge measurement techniques and space charge in polyethylene, IEEE Transactions on Dielectrics and Electrical Insulation, vol.1, issue.5, pp.923-933, 1994.
DOI : 10.1109/94.326659

B. Qiao, G. Teyssedre, C. Laurent, and N. Shimizu, The significance of electroluminescence in polyolefins, 2016 IEEE International Conference on Dielectrics (ICD), 2016.

M. Goshowaki, I. Endoh, K. Noguchi, U. Kawabe, and Y. Sekii, Influence of antioxidants on electrical conduction in LDPE and XLPE, Journal of Electrostatics, vol.65, issue.9, pp.551-554, 2007.

A. Standard and . D257-07, Standard Test Methods for DC Resistance or Conductance of Insulating Materials, pp.1-18, 2007.

L. W. Meng and J. Pang, The dangers of DC High Voltage test for XLPE cables at site, The Singapore Engineer, pp.18-20, 2011.

H. Ghorbani, T. Christen, and H. Edin, Role of thermal and electrical relaxations for the long-term conduction current in polyethylene, 2016 IEEE International Conference on Dielectrics (ICD), pp.1106-1109, 2016.

N. Ahmed and N. Srinivas, Review of space charge measurements in dielectrics, IEEE Transactions on Dielectrics and Electrical Insulation, vol.4, issue.5, pp.644-656, 1997.

T. Takada, Acoustic and optical methods for measuring electric charge distributions in dielectrics, 1999 Annual Report Conference on Electrical Insulation and Dielectric Phenomena, pp.1-14, 1999.

M. Marzinotto and G. Mazzanti, A procedure for space charge measurements in full-size HVDC extruded cables in order to access the electric field in the insulation wall, CIGRE Session, pp.1-6, 2012.

T. Takada, T. Maeno, and H. Kushibe, An Electric Stress-Pulse Technique for The Measurement of Charges in A Plastic Plate Irradiated by an Electron Beam, IEEE Transactions on Electrical Insulation, vol.22, issue.4, pp.497-501, 1987.

O. Gallot-lavallée, V. Griseri, G. Teyssedre, and C. Laurent, The pulsed electro-acoustic technique in research on dielectrics for electrical engineering. Today's achievements and perspectives for the future, Revue internationale de génié electrique, vol.8, issue.5-6, pp.749-772, 2005.

S. Holé, Resolution of direct space charge distribution measurement methods, IEEE Transactions on Dielectrics and Electrical Insulation, vol.15, issue.3, pp.861-871, 2008.

S. Holé, V. Griseri, L. A. Dissado, and J. C. Fothergill, Improvement of PEA signal analysis using simulations for complex geometry samples, Journal of Physics D: Applied Physics, vol.35, issue.1, pp.19-24, 2002.

S. , L. Roy, and G. Teyssedre, Ion generation and transport in low density polyethylene under electric stress, 2015 IEEE Conference on Electrical Insulation and Dielectric Phenomena (CEIDP), pp.63-66, 2015.

P. Fischer, Electrical conduction in polyolefins, Journal of Electrostatics, vol.4, issue.2, pp.149-173, 1978.

T. Mizutani, H. Semi, and K. Kaneko, Space charge behavior in low-density polyethylene, IEEE Transactions on Dielectrics and Electrical Insulation, vol.7, issue.4, pp.503-508, 2000.

L. Dissado, C. Laurent, G. Montanari, and P. Morshuis, Demonstrating a threshold for trapped space charge accumulation in solid dielectrics under dc field, IEEE Transactions on Dielectrics and Electrical Insulation, vol.12, issue.3, pp.612-620, 2005.

G. Montanari, I. Ghinello, F. Peruzzotti, and M. Albertini, Behavior of voltage-current characteristics and threshold indications for XLPE-based materials, 1998 Annual Report Conference on Electrical Insulation and Dielectric Phenomena, pp.128-131, 1998.

M. Taleb, G. Teyssedre, and S. Roy, Role of the interface on charge build-up in a low-density polyethylene: Surface roughness and nature of the electrode, 2009 IEEE Conference on Electrical Insulation and Dielectric Phenomena, pp.112-115, 2009.

Y. Chong, G. Chen, and Y. Ho, Temperature effect on space charge dynamics in XLPE insulation, IEEE Transactions on Dielectrics and Electrical Insulation, vol.14, issue.1, pp.65-76, 2007.

S. Das and N. Gupta, Space charge accumulation in epoxy resin and polyethylene, 2012 IEEE 10th International Conference on the Properties and Applications of Dielectric Materials, pp.1-4, 2012.

C. Kittel, , 1983.

N. Mott and R. Gurney, Electronic processes in ionic crystals, 1940.

M. Lampert and P. Mark, Current injection in solids, 1970.

R. Bodega, G. Montanari, and P. Morshuis, Conduction current measurements on XLPE and EPR insulation, 2004 IEEE Annual Report Conference on Electrical Insulation and Dielectric Phenomena (CEIDP), pp.101-105, 2004.

G. C. Montanari, G. Mazzanti, F. Palmieri, A. Motori, G. Perego et al., Spacecharge trapping and conduction in LDPE, HDPE and XLPE, Journal of Physics D: Applied Physics, vol.34, issue.18, pp.2902-2911, 2001.

N. Mott and E. Davis, Electronic Processes in Non-Crystalline Materials, 2012.

R. Fowler and L. Nordheim, Electron Emission in Intense Electric Fields, Proceedings of the Royal Society of London, vol.119, issue.781, pp.173-181, 1928.

D. M. Taylor and T. J. Lewis, Electrical conduction in polyethylene terephthalate and polyethylene films, Journal of Physics D: Applied Physics, vol.4, issue.9, p.315, 1971.

T. Mizutani, Behavior of charge carriers near metal/polymer interface, 2005 IEEE Proceedings of 2005 International Symposium on Electrical Insulating Materials (ISEIM), pp.1-6, 2005.

M. Taleb, G. Teyssedre, S. L. Roy, and C. Laurent, Modeling of charge injection and extraction in a metal/polymer interface through an exponential distribution of surface states, IEEE Transactions on Dielectrics and Electrical Insulation, vol.20, issue.1, pp.311-320, 2013.

J. Viertel, L. Petersson, A. Friberg, G. Dominguez, and C. Tornkvist, Electrode influence on DC conductivity measurements of low density poly ethylene, 2013 IEEE International Conference on Solid Dielectrics (ICSD), pp.1048-1051, 2013.

G. Chen, T. Tay, A. Davies, Y. Tanaka, and T. Takada, Electrodes and charge injection in low-density polyethylene using the pulsed electroacoustic technique, IEEE Transactions on Dielectrics and Electrical Insulation, vol.8, issue.6, pp.867-873, 2001.

M. Hao, A. Fazal, A. S. Vaughan, G. Chen, J. Cao et al., The effect of electrode material and semicon bonding on space charge dynamics of XLPE, 2016 IEEE International Conference on Dielectrics (ICD), pp.200-203, 2016.

C. Xiao, Y. Zhang, F. Zheng, W. Wei, H. Xuan et al., Space charge injection in LLDPE from electrode influenced by the interface state of material, 2009 IEEE 9th International Conference on the Properties and Applications of Dielectric Materials (ICPADM), pp.899-902, 2009.

C. Laurent, F. Massines, and C. Mayoux, Optical emission due to space charge effects in electrically stressed polymers, IEEE Transactions on Dielectrics and Electrical Insulation, vol.4, issue.5, pp.585-603, 1997.

G. Blaise, Space charge physics and the breakdown process, Journal of Applied Physics, vol.77, issue.7, pp.2916-2927, 1995.

G. Blaise and W. Sarjeant, Space charge in dielectrics. Energy storage and transfer dynamics from atomistic to macroscopic scale, IEEE Transactions on Dielectrics and Electrical Insulation, vol.5, issue.5, pp.779-808, 1998.

P. Conner, J. Jones, J. Llewellyn, and T. Lewis, A mechanical origin for electrical ageing and breakdown in polymeric insulation, 1998 IEEE 6th International Conference on Conduction and Breakdown in Solid Dielectrics (ICSD), pp.434-438, 1998.

L. C. Struik, Physical aging in amorphous polymers and other materials, 1977.

C. Reddy and T. Ramu, On the intrinsic thermal stability in HVDC cables, IEEE Transactions on Dielectrics and Electrical Insulation, vol.14, issue.6, pp.1509-1515, 2007.

G. Montanari and L. Simoni, Aging phenomenology and modeling, IEEE Transactions on Electrical Insulation, vol.28, issue.5, pp.755-776, 1993.

H. A. Alghamdi, G. Chen, and A. S. Vaughan, Comparison of two schools of polymeric ageing models: Causes and effects of space charge, 2012 Annual Report Conference on Electrical Insulation and Dielectric Phenomena (CEIDP), pp.827-830, 2012.

L. Dissado, G. Mazzanti, and G. Montanari, The incorporation of space charge degradation in the life model for electrical insulating materials, IEEE Transactions on Dielectrics and Electrical Insulation, vol.2, issue.6, pp.1147-1158, 1995.

J. Crine, J. Parpal, and G. Lessard, A model of aging of dielectric extruded cables, 1989 IEEE Proceedings of the 3rd International Conference on Conduction and Breakdown in Solid Dielectrics, pp.347-351, 1989.

D. Kececioglu and J. A. Jacks, The Arrhenius, Eyring, inverse power law and combination models in accelerated life testing, Reliability Engineering, vol.8, issue.1, pp.1-9, 1984.

L. Simoni, A General Approach to the Endurance of Electrical Insulation under Temperature and Voltage, IEEE Transactions on Electrical Insulation, vol.16, issue.4, pp.277-289, 1981.

D. H. Kim and S. C. Kim, Dicumyl Peroxide-Initiated Crosslinking Reaction of Low Density Polyethylene, Polymer Society of Korea, vol.8, pp.44-52, 1984.

A. Smedberg, J. O. Boström, D. Wald, and R. Peters, Comparison of Different Analytical Test Methods to Monitor Crosslinking By-Products in XLPE Insulated Cables, p.2007

, IEEE 7th International Conference on Insulated Power Cables (Jicable), 2007.

F. Xu-zhang, Z. Zhou, M. Yan, H. Liu, J. Li et al., Effect of dicumyl peroxide on space charge accumulation characteristics of cross-linked polyethylene, 2016 IEEE International Conference on Dielectrics (ICD), pp.196-199, 2016.

N. Hussin and G. Chen, Space charge accumulation and conductivity of crosslinking byproducts soaked LDPE, 2010 IEEE Annual Report Conference on Electrical Insulation and Dielectic Phenomena (CEIDP), pp.1-4, 2010.

W. Banks, M. Gordon, R. Roe, and A. Sharples, The crystallization of polyethylene I, Polymer, vol.4, pp.61-74, 1963.

P. Combette and I. Ernoult, Physique des polymères. Tome I, Structure, Fabrication et emploi, 2000.

S. Serra, E. Tosatti, S. Iarlori, S. Scandolo, G. Santoro et al., Interchain states and the negative electron affinity of polyethylene, 1998 IEEE Annual Report Conference on Electrical Insulation and Dielectric Phenomena (CEIDP), pp.19-22, 1998.

T. J. Lewis and J. P. Llewellyn, Electrical conduction in polyethylene: The role of positive charge and the formation of positive packets, Journal of Applied Physics, vol.113, issue.22, p.223705, 2013.

G. Teyssedre, Caractérisation des polymères par analyse thermique. Techniques de l'ingénieur, 1997.

B. Wunderlich, Thermodynamics and kinetics of crystallization of flexible molecules, Journal of Polymer Science: Polymer Physics Edition, vol.46, issue.24, pp.2647-2659, 2008.

K. Illers and H. Hendus, Melting Point and Crystal Size in Polyethylenes Crystallized from Melts and Solution, vol.113, p.1, 1968.

A. M. Cunha and S. Fakirov, Structure development during polymer processing, 2000.

A. Sharples, The formation of nuclei in crystallizing polymers, Polymer, vol.3, issue.110, pp.250-252, 1962.

W. Banks, M. Gordon, R. Roe, and A. Sharples, The crystallization of polyethylene I, Polymer, vol.4, issue.5, pp.61-74, 1963.

M. Avrami, Kinetics of Phase Change. I General Theory, The Journal of Chemical Physics, vol.7, issue.12, pp.1103-1112, 1939.

H. D. Keith, F. J. Padden, and R. G. Vadimsky, Intercrystalline Links in Polyethylene Crystallized from the Melt, Journal of Polymer Science Part B: Polymer Physics, vol.4, issue.2, pp.267-281, 1966.

N. Hannay, Treatise on Solid State Chemistry: Volume 3 Crystalline and Noncrystalline Solids, 2012.

H. Zhao, F. Zheng, and Y. Zhang, Packet-like Space Charge Dynamics in Polyethylene with Various Crystallinity, 2009 IEEE Proceedings of the 9th International Conference on Properties and Applications of Dielectric Materials (ICPADM), pp.879-882, 2009.

Y. Zhou, W. Yunshan, M. Zahn, W. Ninghua, S. Qinghua et al., Morphology Effects on Space Charge Characteristics of Low Density Polyethylene

, Japanese Journal of Applied Physics, vol.50, issue.1R, p.17101, 2011.

R. H. Boyd, Relaxation processes in crystalline polymers: experimental behaviour-a review, Polymer, vol.26, issue.3, pp.323-347, 1985.

J. Muccigrosso and P. Phillips, The Morphology of Cross-Linked Polyethylene Insulation, IEEE Transactions on Electrical Insulation, vol.13, issue.3, pp.172-178, 1978.

A. Ajji and M. M. Dumoulin, Biaxially oriented polypropylene (BOPP) processes, pp.60-67, 1999.

M. Mackey, L. Flandin, A. Hiltner, and E. Baer, Confined crystallization of PVDF and a PVDF-TFE copolymer in nanolayered films, Journal of Polymer Science Part B: Polymer Physics, vol.49, issue.24, pp.1750-1761, 2011.

L. Boudou, Influence des paramètres de mise en oeuvre sur la morphologie et la conductivité ´ electrique d'un polyethylene destinédestinéà la fabrication des cables, vol.3, 2001.

O. L. Hestad, F. Mauseth, and R. H. Kyte, Electrical conductivity of medium voltage XLPE insulated cables, 2012 IEEE International Symposium on Electrical Insulation (ISEI), pp.376-380, 2012.

T. G. Aakre, O. L. Hestad, J. Holto, and S. Hvidsten, The effect of temperature cycling on mechanical and electrical properties of syndiotactic polypropylene, 2016 IEEE International Conference on Dielectrics (ICD), pp.1093-1096, 2016.

R. H. Boyd, Strengths of the Mechanical alpha-, Beta-, and Gamma-Relaxation Processes in Linear Polyethylene, Macromolecules, vol.17, issue.4, pp.903-911, 1984.

Y. P. Khanna, E. A. Turi, T. J. Taylor, V. V. Vickroy, and R. F. Abbott, Dynamic mechanical relaxations in polyethylene, Macromolecules, vol.18, issue.6, pp.1302-1309, 1985.

B. Wunderlich, Motion in Polyethylene. III. The Amorphous Polymer, The Journal of Chemical Physics, vol.37, issue.10, p.2429, 1962.

R. H. Boyd, Relaxation processes in crystalline polymers: molecular interpretation -a review, Polymer, vol.26, issue.8, pp.1123-1133, 1985.

P. R. Mamy, J. Martinez-vega, J. C. Dupre, and N. Bretagne, Quantification of mechanical deformations induced by an electric field in a semicrystalline organic insulator, Journal of Applied Polymer Science, vol.93, issue.5, pp.2313-2321, 2004.

Y. M. Shkel and D. J. Klingenberg, Electrostriction of polarizable materials : Comparison of models with experimental data, Journal of Applied Physics, vol.83, issue.12, pp.415-424, 1998.

I. Diaconu and D. Dorohoi, Properties of polyurethane thin films, Journal of Optoelectronics and Advanced Materials, vol.7, issue.2, pp.921-924, 2005.

Q. M. Zhang, J. Su, C. H. Kim, R. Ting, and R. Capps, An experimental investigation of electromechanical responses in a polyurethane elastomer, Journal of Applied Physics, vol.81, issue.6, p.2770, 1997.

T. Demin, Y. Yi, W. Xuan, and F. Yong, Space charge distribution, TSC and TSL spectra in polyethylene aged by electrical stress, 2000 IEEE Proceedings of the 6th International Conference on Properties and Applications of Dielectric Materials, pp.46-50, 2000.

R. Hoffmann, C. Janiak, and C. Kollmar, A chemical approach to the orbitals of organic polymers, Macromolecules, vol.24, issue.13, pp.3725-3746, 1991.

S. Serra, E. Tosatti, S. Iarlori, S. Scandolo, and G. Santoro, Interchain electron states in polyethylene, Physical Review B, vol.62, issue.7, pp.4389-4393, 2000.

M. Sato, A. Kumada, K. Hidaka, T. Hirano, and F. Sato, Determination of hole mobility in polyethylene: First principle calculation based on Marcus theory, 2015 IEEE Conference on Electrical Insulation and Dielectric Phenomena (CEIDP), pp.10-13, 2015.

T. Tanaka, Optical absorption and electrical conduction in polyethylene, Journal of Applied Physics, vol.44, issue.5, pp.2430-2432, 1973.
DOI : 10.1063/1.1662586

D. K. Davies, Carrier transport in polythene, Journal of Physics D: Applied Physics, vol.5, issue.1, p.322, 1972.
DOI : 10.1088/0022-3727/5/1/322

M. Meunier and N. Quirke, Molecular modeling of electron trapping in polymer insulators, The Journal of Chemical Physics, vol.113, issue.1, p.369, 2000.

G. Teyssedre and C. Laurent, Charge transport modeling in insulating polymers: From molecular to macroscopic scale, IEEE Transactions on Dielectrics and Electrical Insulation, vol.12, issue.5, pp.857-874, 2005.
DOI : 10.1109/tdei.2005.1522182

S. Serra, S. Iarlori, E. Tosatti, S. Scandolo, M. C. Righi et al., Self-trapping vs. non-trapping of electrons and holes in organic insulators: Polyethylene, Chemical Physics Letters, vol.360, issue.5-6, pp.487-493, 2002.

D. Cubero, N. Quirke, and D. F. Coker, Electronic states for excess electrons in polyethylene compared to long-chain alkanes, Chemical Physics Letters, vol.370, issue.1-2, pp.21-25, 2003.
DOI : 10.1016/s0009-2614(03)00046-0

URL : https://idus.us.es/xmlui/bitstream/11441/26585/1/CPL_Cubero_2003_electronic_Post-Print.pdf

S. L. Roy, G. Teyssèdre, and C. Laurent, Modelling space charge in a cable geometry, IEEE Transactions on Dielectrics and Electrical Insulation, vol.23, issue.4, pp.2361-2367, 2016.
DOI : 10.1109/tdei.2016.7556514

S. and L. Roy, Modélisation numérique des phénomènes de transportélectriquetransportélectrique dans un isolant polyéthyì ene sous contrainté electrique, 2004.

S. L. Roy, G. Teyssedre, and C. Laurent, Numerical methods in the simulation of charge transport in solid dielectrics, IEEE Transactions on Dielectrics and Electrical Insulation, vol.13, issue.2, pp.239-246, 2006.

J. P. Runt and J. J. Fitzgerald, Dielectric Spectroscopy of Polymeric Materials, 1997.

Y. Ping, Influence of crystallinity on DC conduction in polyethylene, 1998 IEEE Proceedings of 1998 International Symposium on Electrical Insulating Materials (ISEIM), pp.191-194, 1998.

S. Kolesov, The Influence of Morphology on the Electric Strength of Polymer Insulation, IEEE Transactions on Electrical Insulation, vol.15, issue.5, pp.382-388, 1980.

Y. Sekii, Influence of antioxidants and crosslinking on the crystallinity of XLPE dielectrics, 2007 IEEE Conference on Electrical Insulation and Dielectric Phenomena (CEIDP), pp.719-722, 2007.

U. U. Nilsson, R. C. Dammert, A. Campus, A. Sneck, and J. , Morphology of polyethylene for power cable insulation: effects of antioxidant and crosslinking, 1998 IEEE Proceedings of the 6th International Conference on Conduction and Breakdown in Solid Dielectrics (ICSD), pp.365-367, 1998.

G. Montanari, C. Laurent, G. Teyssedre, A. Campus, and U. Nilsson, From LDPE to XLPE: investigating the change of electrical properties. Part I. space charge, conduction and lifetime, IEEE Transactions on Dielectrics and Electrical Insulation, vol.12, issue.3, pp.438-446, 2005.

L. Boudou, J. Guastavino, N. Zouzou, and J. M. Vega, Conductivity of polyethylenerole of antioxidant and crosslinking by-products, 2001 IEEE Proceedings of the 7th International Conference on Solid Dielectrics (ICSD), pp.245-247, 2001.

E. Nakane, K. Kaneko, T. Mizutani, H. Takino, and M. Ishioka, Comparison of Space Charge behavior between Polypropylene and Polyethylene, 2005 IEEE Proceedings of 2005 International Symposium on Electrical Insulating Materials (ISEIM), pp.42-45, 2000.
DOI : 10.1109/iseim.2005.193432

X. Li, Q. Du, J. Kang, and D. Tu, Influence of microstructure on space charges of polypropylene, Journal of Polymer Science, Part B: Polymer Physics, vol.40, issue.4, pp.365-374, 2002.

. Borealis, Borlink TM Supercure based high voltage cable insulation, pp.2017-2019, 2013.

A. Huzayyin, S. Boggs, and R. Ramprasad, An overview of impurity states and the basis for hole mobility in polyethylene, IEEE Electrical Insulation Magazine, vol.28, issue.6, pp.23-29, 2012.

M. Meunier, N. Quirke, and A. Aslanides, Molecular modeling of electron traps in polymer insulators: Chemical defects and impurities, The Journal of Chemical Physics, vol.115, issue.6, p.2876, 2001.

G. Teyssedre, C. Laurent, A. Aslanides, N. Quirke, L. Dissado et al., Deep trapping centers in crosslinked polyethylene investigated by molecular modeling and luminescence techniques, IEEE Transactions on Dielectrics and Electrical Insulation, vol.8, issue.5, pp.744-752, 2001.

A. Smedberg and D. Wald, Determination of diffusion constants for peroxide byproducts formed during the crosslinking of polyethylene, pp.586-590, 2008.

M. Nagao, I. Konba, T. Tsurimoto, Y. Mizuno, and M. Kosaki, Effect of acetophenone on carrier injection into polyethylene, 1992 IEEE Conference on Electrical Insulation and Dielectric Phenomena (CEIDP), pp.148-153, 1992.

A. Wutzler, H. Radusch, and K. Gehrmann, Diffusion of Acetophenone in Peroxide CrossLinked Cable Compounds, Journal of Macromolecular Science Physics, vol.38, issue.5-6, pp.1095-1099, 1999.

H. Flynn, A collection of kinetic data for the diffusion of organic compounds in polyolefins, Polymer, vol.23, issue.9, pp.1325-1344, 1982.

M. Saleem, A. A. Asfour, D. D. Kee, and B. Harrison, Diffusion of organic penetrants through low density polyethylene (LDPE) films: Effect of size and shape of the penetrant molecules, Journal of Applied Polymer Science, vol.37, issue.3, pp.617-625, 1989.

K. Friedrich, G. Boiteux, and G. Seytre, Physicochemical changes in epoxy-amine systems studied by ionic conductivity and ionic carriers mobility measurements, Polymery, vol.51, issue.9, pp.648-655, 2006.

T. Miyamoto and K. Shibayama, Free-volume model for ionic conductivity in polymers, Journal of Applied Physics, vol.44, issue.12, pp.5372-5376, 1973.

Y. Sekii and T. Maeno, Generation and Dissipation of Negative Heterocharges in XLPE and EPR, IEEE Transactions on Dielectrics and Electrical Insulation, vol.16, issue.3, pp.668-675, 2009.

Y. Sekii, Y. Idei, and K. Asakawa, Influence of antioxidants on polyethylene chemical crosslinking reaction, 2001 IEEE Conference on Electrical Insulation and Dielectric Phenomena (CEIDP), pp.83-87, 2001.

M. Fu, G. Chen, and J. C. Fothergill, The influence of residue on space charge accumulation in purposely modified thick plaque XLPE sample for DC application, 2005 IEEE XIVth International Symposium on High Voltage Engineering (ISH), pp.1-6, 2005.

J. Sahyoun, A. Crepet, F. Gouanve, L. Keromnes, and E. Espuche, Diffusion mechanism of byproducts resulting from the peroxide crosslinking of polyethylene, Journal of Applied Polymer Science, vol.134, issue.9, p.56, 2017.
URL : https://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/hal-01637604

M. Fu, G. Chen, L. A. Dissado, and J. C. Fothergill, Influence of thermal treatment and residues on space charge accumulation in XLPE for DC power cable application, IEEE Transactions on Dielectrics and Electrical Insulation, vol.14, issue.1, pp.53-64, 2007.

T. Yamazaki and T. Seguchi, ESR Study on Chemical Crosslinking Reaction Mechanisms of Polyethylene Using a Chemical Agent -II . The Effect of Phenolic Antioxidants, Journal of Polymer Science Part A: Polymer Chemistry, vol.35, issue.12, pp.2431-2439, 1997.

T. Yamazaki and T. Seguchi, ESR Study on Chemical Crosslinking Reaction Mechanisms of Polyethylene Using a Chemical Agent . III . Effect of amine type antioxidants, Journal of Polymer Science Part A: Polymer Chemistry, vol.37, issue.3, pp.349-356, 1999.

T. Yamazaki and T. Seguchi, ESR Study on Chemical Crosslinking Reaction Mechanisms of Polyethylene Using a Chemical Agent . IV . Effect of sulfur-and phosphorous-type antioxidants, Journal of Polymer Science Part A: Polymer Chemistry, vol.38, issue.17, pp.3092-3099, 2000.

Y. Rolland, Antioxydants naturels végétaux, Oléagineux, Corps gras, Lipides, vol.11, pp.419-424, 2004.

F. Oldervoll and E. Ildstad, Space charge, oxidation and morphology changes in low density polyethylene during high voltage DC ageing, 2000 IEEE Conference Record of the 2000 IEEE International Symposium on Electrical Insulation, pp.477-480, 2000.

A. Aragoneses, I. Tamayo, A. Lebrato, J. Cañadas, J. Diego et al., Effect of humidity in charge formation and transport in LDPE, Journal of Electrostatics, vol.71, issue.4, pp.611-617, 2013.

C. Olsson, B. Kallstrand, and H. Ghorbani, Conductivity of crosslinked polyethylene influenced by water, 2014 IEEE Conference on Electrical Insulation and Dielectric Phenomena (CEIDP), pp.832-835, 2014.

C. Olsson, Diffusion in polymers with temperature dependent properties, International Heat Transfer Conference 13, 2006.

M. Wang, P. Wu, S. S. Sengupta, B. I. Chadhary, M. Cogen et al., Investigation of Water Diffusion in Low-Density Polyethylene by Attenuated Total Reflectance Fourier Transform Infrared Spectroscopy and Two-Dimensional Correlation Analysis, American Chemical society, vol.50, issue.10, pp.6447-6454, 2011.

T. A. Ve, F. Mauseth, and E. Ildstad, Effect of water content on the conductivity of XLPE insulation, 2012 IEEE Conference on Electrical Insulation and Dielectric Phenomena (CEIDP), pp.649-653, 2012.

S. Das and N. Gupta, Charge trapping and transport phenomenon in aged and unaged epoxy resin and polyethylene, Iranian Journal of Science and Technology -Transactions of Electrical Engineering, vol.36, issue.E1, pp.51-66, 2012.

W. Li, J. Li, X. Wang, S. Li, G. Chen et al., Physicochemical origin of space charge dynamics for aged XLPE cable insulation, IEEE Transactions on Dielectrics and Electrical Insulation, vol.21, issue.2, pp.809-820, 2014.

A. Boubakeur, Y. Mecheri, and M. Boumerzou, Comportement diélectrique et mécanique dupolyéthyì ene réticulé chimiquement soumis a un vieillissement thermique continu, Annales de Chimie Science des Matériaux, vol.25, issue.6, pp.457-470, 2000.

C. Banmongkol, T. Mori, T. Mizutani, and M. Ishiokal, Effects of Oxidation on Electrical Conduction and Breakdown of LDPE Films with Different Densities, 1997 IEEE Conference on Electrical Insulation and Dielectric Phenomena (CEIDP), pp.28-31, 1997.

L. Zhang, Y. Zhou, J. Huang, J. Tian, Y. Wang et al., Influence of oxidation on space charge dynamics in DC aged low-density polyethylene, Journal of Electrostatics, vol.71, issue.3, pp.403-406, 2013.

J. Belana, M. Pujal, P. Colomer, and S. Montserrat, Cold crystallization effect on ? and ? amorphous poly(ethylene terephthalate) relaxations by thermally stimulated discharge currents, Polymer, vol.29, issue.10, pp.1738-1744, 1988.

G. Socrates, Infrared and raman characteristic group frequencies : tables and charts, 2007.

B. Read, Mechanical relaxation in isotactic polypropylene, Polymer, vol.30, issue.8, pp.1439-1445, 1989.

C. Laurent, Charge dynamics in polymeric materials and its relation to electrical ageing, 2012 IEEE Conference on Electrical Insulation and Dielectric Phenomena (CEIDP), pp.1-20, 2012.

E. , Comparison between step and pulsed electroacoustic techniques using both PVDF and LiNbO transducers, Journal of Electrostatics, vol.51, pp.530-537, 2001.

S. Holé, Behind space charge distribution measurements, IEEE Transactions on Dielectrics and Electrical Insulation, vol.19, issue.4, pp.1208-1214, 2012.

J. C. Fothergill, Space charge in dielectrics: old theories and new measurements, IET, 2000.

G. Montanari, The electrical degradation threshold of polyethylene investigated by space charge and conduction current measurements, IEEE Transactions on Dielectrics and Electrical Insulation, vol.7, issue.3, pp.309-315, 2000.

R. Courant, K. Friedrichs, and H. Lewy, Uber die partiellen Differenzengleichungen der mathematischen Physik, Mathematische Annalen, vol.100, issue.1, pp.32-74, 1928.

Y. Segui, Diélectriques, Courants de conduction, pp.1-12, 2000.

G. C. Montanari, The Electrical Degradation Threshold of and Conduction Current Measurements, IEEE Transactions on Dielectrics and Electrical Insulation, vol.7, issue.3, pp.309-3015, 2000.

T. L. Nguyen, Approche multi-´ echelles dans les matériaux polymères : de la caractérisation nanométrique aux effets d'echelles, 2014.

D. Fabiani, G. Montanari, C. Laurent, G. Teyssedre, P. Morshuis et al., Polymeric HVDC Cable Design and Space Charge Accumulation. Part 1: Insulation/Semicon Interface, IEEE Electrical Insulation Magazine, vol.23, issue.6, pp.11-19, 2007.

J. Sahyoun, A. Crepet, F. Gouanve, L. Keromnes, and E. Espuche, Diffusion mechanism of byproducts resulting from the peroxide crosslinking of polyethylene, Journal of Applied Polymer Science, vol.134, issue.9, pp.1-11, 2017.
URL : https://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/hal-01637604